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The motherland of the olive is considered as east of the Mediterranean Basin. Turkey is partly located within this basin having a rich source of biodiversity. Olive growing in Turkey is carried out in the Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea Regions. Climatic factors determine the cultivation limits of olive which is not very selective in terms of soil demand. In regions where olives are grown, the Mediterranean climate prevails. Winters are warm and rainy in the region, while summers are hot and dry. On the other hand, severe cold damage in some years can cause significant damage especially in the inner parts of Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea Regions. As a matter of fact, it is known that 31.8% of olive plantations in Turkey are exposed to occasional frost damage. This situation has revealed the necessity of determining the varieties with high frost tolerance and determining the suitable varieties for the regions where cold damage may occur. In the study, 40 registered olive cultivars in “Kemalpaşa Olive Germplasm Bank" in Bornova Olive Research Institute, in İzmir were screened in terms of frost tolerance. To evaluate the frost tolerance (LT50) of cultivars, as estimated by ion leakage (electrical conductivity), leaf samples taken in six different periods over two years were exposed to temperatures at +4 °C (control), -2 °C, -5°C, -8 °C, -11°C, -14 °C, -17 °C and -20 °C. In conclusion; it has been determined that frost tolerance of olive varieties revealed significant variability both genetically and seasonally. Butko, Memeli, Otur, Gemlik, Sinop No 5, Yün Çelebi, Kara Yaprak, Satı and Sarı Ulak were determined as cultivars that were more tolerant of frost. Sinop No 1, Marantelli, Ayvalık, Görvele, Çakır, Samsun Tuzlamalık, Erkence, Saurani, Eşek Zeytini (Tekirdağ), Kan Çelebi, İzmir Sofralık, Çilli, Samsun Yağlık, Domat, Eşek Zeytini (Ödemiş), Saçaklı Otur, Sinop No 4, Memecik, Nizip Yağlık, Tekirdağ Çizmelik and Patos were found to be moderately tolerant cultivars while Edincik, Sinop No 6, Çekişte, Mavi, Kiraz, Kilis Yağlık, Çelebi (İznik), Trabzon Yağlık, Uslu and Girit olive cultivars were grouped as cultivars having low tolerance to frost. In addition, data showed that cold acclimation in the olive is quite important, and exposure to low temperatures for a certain period of time has significantly increased the frost tolerance. However, this condition was not stable and could rapidly become reversed when temperature reached to the point at which adapdation did not ensure.

The aim of this study was to determine the information-support needs and level of meeting these needs, the tendency of fatalism trend, and the relationship between these parameters in women having a relative with breast cancer. The research was carried out with 400 women who were the primary relatives of patients treated within oncology units. Participants completed an information form, the information support needs questionnaire and the fatalism tendency scale. There was found to be a high, negative and weak significant relationship between the mean of needs for information-support and the mean of fatalism tendency scale (r = − 343; p

Transmission of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 9 (LA-SA CC9) between pigs raised on industrial hog operations (IHOs) and humans in the United States is poorly understood. We analyzed whole-genome sequences from 32 international S. aureus CC9 isolates and 49 LA-SA CC9 isolates from IHO pigs and humans who work on or live near IHOs in 10 pig-producing counties in North Carolina, USA. Bioinformatic analysis of sequence data from the 81 isolates demonstrated 3 major LA-SA CC9 clades. North Carolina isolates all fell within a single clade (C3). High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of C3 revealed 2 subclades of intermingled IHO pig and human isolates differing by 0–34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Our findings suggest that LA-SA CC9 from pigs and humans share a common source and provide evidence of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant LA-SA CC9 between IHO pigs and humans who work on or live near IHOs in North Carolina.

İnsanoğlu dünyada varoluşuyla birlikte barınma, beslenme ve korunma gibi temel ihtiyaçlarla karşılaşmıştır. Bu ihtiyaçlardan beslenme hemen hemen her dönemde birincil önceliği oluşturduğu için en erken çağlardan itibaren birçok arkeolojik buluntu doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak mutfak kültürü ile ilgili olmuştur. Çalışma konumuzun odak noktasını oluşturan Kültepe’de bulunan tabletler içerisinde Koloni Dönemi’nin beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürü hakkında detaylı bilgi yer almamaktadır. Buna rağmen Kültepe’de gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılarda bulunan muhtelif mutfak gereçleri ve son yıllarda yapılan arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilen veriler kullanılarak, Kaniš sakinlerinin mutfak kültürü hakkında daha detaylı sonuçlara ulaşmak mümkün hale gelmiştir. Bu zamana kadar Koloni Çağı Anadolu’sunda insanlar tarafından tanınıp, tüketilen besin maddeleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, dönem insanlarının beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürlerine dair önemli bilgilere ulaşmamızı sağlamıştır. Ancak Kültepe’de daha önce gerçekleştirilmemiş olan arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik çalışmalar sonucunda önemli verilerin elde edilmesi ve yakın zamanlarda yayınlanan Kültepe tabletleri içerisinde besin maddeleri ile ilgili yeni bilgilere rastlanılması konunun yeniden ele alınması gerektiğini düşündürmüştür. Bu çalışmada Kültepe metinleri, arkeolojik bulgular, arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik veriler ile yer yer etnoerkeolojik bilgiler sentezlenerek Eski Anadolu insanının Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Dönemi’nde beslenme alışkanlıkları ve mutfak kültürüne ilişkin bulguların değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Sumer şehir devletlerini ele geçirdikten sonra Dicle ve Fırat nehirleri arasında dünyanın bilinen ilk imparatorluğunu kuran Sargon, gerçekleştirdiği askeri seferlerle düşman ve isyancılara korku salmayı başarmıştır. Ancak hâkimiyet iddiasında bulunduğu topraklardaki çok kültürlü yapı hayal ettiği büyük imparatorluğa kavuşmasındaki en büyük engellerden biri olarak karşısına çıkmıştır. Sargon bu engeli kaldırıp, Sumer ve Akad ülkelerinin hâkimi olabilmek için iki kültür arasındaki farklılıklara son verip Sumer ve Akadları teolojik ve filolojik açıdan birleştirmek istemiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda en önemli görevi kızı Enḫeduanna’ya vererek onu Sumerlerin önemli kült merkezlerinden biri olan Ur şehrine Ay tanrısı Nanna’nın hizmetine başrahibe olarak göndermiştir. Enḫeduanna başrahibe rolüyle tapınakta dini görevlerini yerine getirirken diğer yandan Sumer dilini ustalıkla kullanarak kaleme aldığı şiir ve ilahileri ile iki kültürün tanrı ve tanrıçalarını birleştirmiştir. Samiler ve Sumerin inançlarını kaynaştıran Enḫeduanna, Akad İmparatorluğu’nda sadece dini bir rol değil aynı zamanda sosyopolitik bir rol de oynamıştır. Bu çalışmada Akad İmparatorluğu’nun kurulmasıyla birlikte Sumer ve Akad kültürleri arasında yaşanan farklılıkların bertaraf edilmesinde Enḫeduanna’nın üstlendiği roller ve Sargon’un Mezopotamya hegemonyasında Enḫeduanna’nın etkileri ele alınmıştır., Sargon, who established the first known empire of the world after conquering Sumerian city-state, succeeded in spreading fear to the enemies and rebels with the military expeditions he made. But the multi-cultural structure in the lands he claimed to dominate became one of the greatest obstacles for the great empire he dreamt of. Sargon wanted to remove this obstacle and end the differences between two cultures and combine Sumerians and Akkadians in terms of theology and philology to dominate Sumerian and Akkadian countries. For this purpose, he gave the most important duty to his daughter, Enḫeduanna, and sent her as the abbess for the service of Moon God Nanna in Ur city which was one of the most important cult centers of Sumerians. Enḫeduanna practiced her religious duties under the role of abbess in the temple and she also combined the gods and goddesses of the two cultures with her poems and hymns she wrote by using Sumerian language masterfully. Enḫeduanna, who combined the beliefs of Semitic people and Sumerians, played a sociopolitical role in Akkadian Empire besides her religious role. In this study, the roles played by Enḫeduanna in eliminating the differences between the Sumerian and Akkadian cultures experienced together with the establishment of Akkadian Empire and the effects of Enḫeduanna in the Mesopotamia hegemony of Sargon were discussed.

Recently a significant proportion of health services are provided in community-based settings. One of the most effective methods to train the health workforce in these settings is community-based education programs. Community-based education is partly taking place in the education programs of nursing schools in Turkey. But there is no community-based curriculum in nursing education. It is necessity put CBE on agenda for an effective and lasting solution to the training of qualified health workforce who will take part of the solve the problems such as; immigration which is a serious problem faced by our country, and the health needs of immigrants; the aging of the population and accompanying health problems; the fight against chronic diseases and similar problems. The main aim of the review is to explain the necessity of community-based nursing education programs in order to train qualified nurses for the needs of the community and the basic features of a community-based nursing program. In this review, the concept of community based education, community based nursing education program applications, strengths and difficulties of the program, basic principles to be considered while preparing community based education program are examined. Extended English summary is in the end ofFull TextPDF (TURKISH)file. Özet Günümüzde sağlık hizmetlerinin önemli bir bölümü toplum temelli ortamlarda verilmektedir. Bu ortamlarda çalışacak nitelikte sağlık insan gücü yetiştirmek için kullanılan en etkin yöntemlerden biri toplum temelli eğitim programlarıdır. Türkiye’de hemşire yetiştiren eğitim kurumlarının programlarında toplum temelli eğitime kısmen yer verildiği ancak toplum temelli eğitim programlarının olmadığı görülmüştür. Ülkemizin yüz yüze kaldığı ciddi bir sorun olan göç ve göçmenlerin sağlık ihtiyaçları, nüfusun yaşlanması ve buna eşlik eden sağlık sorunları, kronik hastalıklarla mücadele ve benzeri sorunların çözümünde rol alacak nitelikli sağlık insan gücünün yetiştirilmesinde etkin ve kalıcı bir çözüm olarak toplum temelli eğitim programlarının gündeme alınması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Derlemenin temel amacı, toplumun ihtiyaçlarına uygun nitelikte hemşire yetiştirmek için toplum temelli hemşirelik eğitim programlarının önemini ve programın temel özelliklerini açıklamaktır. Derlemede, toplum temelli eğitim kavramı, toplum temelli hemşirelik eğitimi programı uygulamaları, programın güçlü yönleri ve yaşanan güçlükler, toplum temelli eğitim programı hazırlanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken temel ilkeler incelenmiştir.

In this study,fertilization biology of Nizip Yaglik, Uslu and Saurani olive cultivars,which are important in the population of Turkey’s olive trees, hasbeen researched. The aim of the study have been determinated theself-compatibility status of the cultivars and suitable pollinators by openpollination, cross pollination and self- pollination applications in 3 years.As a result of the study, it has been observed that the cultivars self-compatibilityand suitable pollinators may vary from year to year. However, it has been foundthat cross pollination increases the fertility to self-pollination in manycases. For this reason, the necessity of cross pollination has been revealed inthe cultivars even which are thought to be self-pollinated. In the study, theNizip Yaglik cultivar was partially evaluated as self-compatible. Memecik andKilis yaglik are thought to be suitable pollinators for Nizip Yaglik. TheSaurani olive cultivar has been found to be self-compatible according to the fertilityindex value. Nevertheless, It is thought that Halhali çelebi, Gemlik, Memecikand Nizip Yaglik cultivars can be used as suitable pollenizers to increase the fruit set in Saurani. Uslu cultivarhas been found to be self compatible according to the fertility index value. On the other hand Gemlik, Memecik andErkence cultivars have been found to be effective in increasing of fruit set., Bu çalışma ile Türkiye zeytin ağaç varlığında önemlibir yer tutan Saurani, Nizip yağlık ve Uslu çeşitlerinin döllenme biyolojileriaraştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 3 yıl süreile serbest tozlanma, karşılıklı tozlama ve kendileme uygulamalarıyapılarak çeşitlerin kendine verimlilik durumu ve uygun tozlayıcıları incelenmiştir.Çalışma neticesinde çeşitlerin kendine verimliliği ve tozlayıcıların etkinlikderecelerinin yıllar arasında değişebileceği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte,yabancı tozlanmanın kendileme uygulamasına göre birçok durumda meyve tutumunuarttırdığı saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle kendine verimli olduğu düşünülen çeşitlerdedahi yabancı tozlanmanın gerekliliği ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada, Nizip yağlıkçeşidi kısmen kendine verimli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Memecik ve Kilisyağlık çeşitlerinin Nizip yağlık çeşidi için uygun tozlayıcılar olabileceğidüşünülmektedir. Saurani zeytin çeşidi verimlilik indeks değerlerine görekendine verimli olarak bulunmuştur. Ancak meyve tutumunu arttırmak için Halhalıçelebi, Gemlik, Memecik ve Nizip yağlık çeşitlerinin uygun tozlayıcılar olarakkullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Uslu çeşidi de verimlilik indeks değerlerinegöre kendine verimli olarak saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Gemlik, Memecik veErkence çeşitlerinin meyve tutumunu arttırmada etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 630 (ST630) and spa type t4549 is an emerging lineage in Nordic countries, and some representatives carry the CRISPR-Cas system. Here, the complete genome sequences of two isolates from this lineage are presented, comprising chromosomes of 2,918,239 and 2,877,083 nucleotides, respectively, and a 2,473-nucleotide plasmid carrying erm(C).

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type 630 (ST630) and spa type t4549 is an emerging lineage in Nordic countries, and some representatives carry the CRISPR-Cas system. Here, the complete genome sequences of two isolates from this lineage are presented, comprising chromosomes of 2,918,239 and 2,877,083 nucleotides, respectively, and a 2,473-nucleotide plasmid carrying erm (C).

Anadolu’yu doğu-batı, kuzey-güney yönlerinde birbirine bağlayan yolların kavşağında yer alan Sivas, uzun tarihsel geçmişi ve sahip olduğu konumu sayesinde farklı dönemlere ait ticari, askeri ve dini önem taşıyan yollar ile donanmıştır. M.Ö. 3. bin yıldan itibaren kullanıldığını bildiğimiz bu yol ağları tarihi devirlerde, Asurlu tüccarlar, Hititler, Persler ve Romalılar tarafından ekonomik ve askeri önemini koruyarak kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Zamanla yeni yolların eklenmesiyle genişleyen bu yol hattı, Roma’dan sonra Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde de çeşitli amaçlarla tercih edilmiştir. Günümüzdeki modern kara ve demir yollarının büyük kısmı halen bu rotaları takip etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Koloni Dönemi ile Helenistik-Roma dönemleri arasında Sivas ili ve çevresinden geçen ticari, dini ve askeri yollar ele alınmıştır.

Background Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli are increasing worldwide. In recent years, an increase in OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates has been seen in the national surveillance of carbapenemase-producing organisms in Denmark. Aim Molecular characterisation and epidemiological investigation of OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates from January 2016 to August 2019. Methods For the epidemiological investigation, data from the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish register of civil registration were used together with data from phone interviews with patients. Isolates were characterised by analysing whole genome sequences for resistance genes, MLST and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Results In total, 24 OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates were obtained from 23 patients. Among the 23 patients, 13 reported travelling before detection of the E. coli isolates, with seven having visited countries in Northern Africa. Fifteen isolates also carried an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene and one had a plasmid-encoded AmpC gene. The most common detected sequence type (ST) was ST38, followed by ST69, ST167, ST10, ST361 and ST3268. Three clonal clusters were detected by cgMLST, but none of these clusters seemed to reflect nosocomial transmission in Denmark. Conclusion Import of OXA-244 E. coli isolates from travelling abroad seems likely for the majority of cases. Community sources were also possible, as many of the patients had no history of hospitalisation and many of the E. coli isolates belonged to STs that are present in the community. It was not possible to point at a single country or a community source as risk factor for acquiring OXA-244-producing E. coli.

Background Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli are increasing worldwide. In recent years, an increase in OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates has been seen in the national surveillance of carbapenemase-producing organisms in Denmark. Aim Molecular characterisation and epidemiological investigation of OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates from January 2016 to August 2019. Methods For the epidemiological investigation, data from the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish register of civil registration were used together with data from phone interviews with patients. Isolates were characterised by analysing whole genome sequences for resistance genes, MLST and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Results In total, 24 OXA-244-producing E. coli isolates were obtained from 23 patients. Among the 23 patients, 13 reported travelling before detection of the E. coli isolates, with seven having visited countries in Northern Africa. Fifteen isolates also carried an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene and one had a plasmid-encoded AmpC gene. The most common detected sequence type (ST) was ST38, followed by ST69, ST167, ST10, ST361 and ST3268. Three clonal clusters were detected by cgMLST, but none of these clusters seemed to reflect nosocomial transmission in Denmark. Conclusion Import of OXA-244 E. coli isolates from travelling abroad seems likely for the majority of cases. Community sources were also possible, as many of the patients had no history of hospitalisation and many of the E. coli isolates belonged to STs that are present in the community. It was not possible to point at a single country or a community source as risk factor for acquiring OXA-244-producing E. coli.

INTRODUCTION: Electromagnetic pollution results from an electric and magnetic field being over the limit of the area formed by the component waves and has negative impacts on the environment and human health. It is important for social and individual health that nursing students, who will provide healthcare in the future, be aware of electromagnetic pollution. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted with 906 nursing students who volunteered to participate. The study aimed to determine nursing students’ awareness of electromagnetic pollution and related factors. An information form and the Electromagnetic Pollution Awareness Scale were used as data collection tools. The scale consists of subdimensions concerning electromagnetic pollution and ecosystem, electromagnetic pollution perception, effects of electromagnetic pollution on health, and electromagnetic pollution awareness. In the evaluation of the data obtained by using the SPSS 21.00 package program, descriptive statistical methods (average, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distributions) and parametric and nonparametric tests were used. RESULTS: The majority of students were women, and more than half lived in an apartment. Of the students, 71.3% stated they had knowledge about electromagnetic pollution. The majority of the respondents thought that the responsibility for electromagnetic pollution belonged to individuals. Of the students, 98.8% stated that they used mobile phones/computers, but 90% of them did not pay attention to SAR values. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The students’ awareness about electromagnetic pollution was found to be good but developable. In line with the results, it is recommended that studies be conducted aimed at improving nursing students’ awareness about electromagnetic pollution.

BackgroundSince 2012, the incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) has increased dramatically in Copenhagen and vanA E. faecium has become endemic and polyclonal.ObjectivesTo examine whether a patient with a positive VRE clinical sample had the same VREfm in a preceding screening sample (within 60 days).MethodsWe performed a 30 month retrospective study. From our laboratory information system (LIS), we identified all patients with an invasive VREfm isolate and a VREfm rectal screening isolate within 60 days before infection. VREfm pairs (screening isolate and invasive isolate) were whole-genome sequenced. All isolates were analysed using SeqSphere and core-genome MLST (cgMLST) types were determined. We examined all isolates for the presence of the three most dominant vanA plasmids in the Capital Region of Denmark. Two novel vanA plasmids were closed by Nanopore/Illumina sequencing.ResultsWe found a total of 19 VREfm pairs. Of these, 13 patients had pairs with matching cgMLST types and vanA plasmids and a median number of 6 days from identification of carriage to clinical infection. One patient had a pair with non-matching cgMLST types but matching vanA plasmids and 24 days between identification of carriage to clinical infection. Five patients had pairs with non-matching cgMLST types and non-matching vanA plasmids and a median number of 18 days from identification of carriage to clinical infection.ConclusionsOf our 19 pairs, 13 were a match regarding cgMLST types (68%) and 1 more (5%) had matching vanA plasmids. Infection was thus preceded by colonization with the same isolates in 13 out of 19 patients. The five mismatches (26%) could be explained by the longer interval between colonization and infection.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

We describe clonal shifts in vanA Enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical samples obtained from patients in Denmark from 2015 to the first quarter (Q1) of 2019. During Q1 2019, the vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE) ST1421-CT1134 vanA E. faecium became the most dominant vanA E. faecium clone and has spread to all five regions in Denmark. Among 174 E. faecium isolates with vanA, vanB or vanA/vanB genes in Q1 2019, 44% belonged to this type. We describe the clonal shift for vanA Enterococcus faecium during the last 4 years and the national spread of a vancomycin-variable vanA E. faecium ST1421-CT1134 clone in Denmark. The aim is to highlight the importance of using molecular methods for detecting vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE), and to alert other countries about this emerging nosocomial clone.

OBJECTIVES: In enterococci, resistance to linezolid is often mediated by mutations in the V domain of the 23S rRNA gene (G2576T or G2505A). Furthermore, four genes [optrA, cfr, cfr(B) and poxtA] encode linezolid resistance in enterococci. We aimed to develop a Web tool for detection of the two mutations and the four genes encoding linezolid resistance in enterococci from whole-genome sequence data.METHODS: LRE-Finder (where LRE stands for linezolid-resistant enterococci) detected the fraction of Ts in position 2576 and the fraction of As in position 2505 of the 23S rRNA and the cfr, cfr(B), optrA and poxtA genes by aligning raw sequencing reads (fastq format) with k-mer alignment. For evaluation, fastq files from 21 LRE isolates were submitted to LRE-Finder. As negative controls, fastq files from 1473 non-LRE isolates were submitted to LRE-Finder. The MICs of linezolid were determined for the 21 LRE isolates. As LRE-negative controls, 26 VRE isolates were additionally selected for linezolid MIC determination.RESULTS: LRE-Finder was validated and showed 100% concordance with phenotypic susceptibility testing. A cut-off of 10% mutations in position 2576 and/or position 2505 was set in LRE-Finder for predicting a linezolid resistance phenotype. This cut-off allows for detection of a single mutated 23S allele in both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, while ignoring low-level sequencing noise.CONCLUSIONS: A Web tool for detection of the 23S rRNA mutations (G2576T and G2505A) and the optrA, cfr, cfr(B) and poxtA genes from whole-genome sequences from enterococci is now available online.

Industrial hog operation (IHO) workers are at increased risk of carrying Staphylococcus aureus in their nares, particularly strains that are livestock-associated (LA) and multidrug-resistant. The pathogenicity of LA-S. aureus strains remains unclear, with some prior studies suggesting reduced transmission and virulence in humans compared to community-associated methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA) S. aureus. The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which LA-S. aureus strains contracted by IHO workers cause disease relative to a representative CA-MRSA strain in a mouse model of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Mice infected with CC398 LA-S. aureus strains (IHW398-1 and IHW398-2) developed larger lesion sizes with higher bacterial burden than mice infected with CA-MRSA (SF8300) (p S. aureus infected mice had decreased IL-1β protein levels compared with CA-MRSA-infected mice (p S. aureus SSTIs. WGSA revealed heterogeneity in virulence factor and antimicrobial resistance genes carried by LA-S. aureus and CA-MRSA strains. The observed pathogenicity suggest that more attention should be placed on preventing the spread of LA-S. aureus into human populations.

Eski Anadolu tarihini aydınlatan ilk yazılı belgeler olan Kültepe tabletleri Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’na (M.Ö. 1975-1725) aittirler. Belgelerin içeriği daha çok ticaret, iktisat ve hukuk hakkındadır ve belgeler bu alanlarla ilgili prosedürleri ihtiva etmektedir. M.Ö. II. binde şehir hayatında faaliyet göstermiş pek çok kadının adının öğrenilmesi bu belgelerin neşredilmesi sayesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Asurlu tüccarlara ait arşivlerin sayısının daha fazla olmasından dolayı Asurlu ailelere mensup kadınlar hakkındaki bilgiler ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Kültepe metinlerine göre, Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda yerli ve Asurlu kadınların ticaret yapma, gayrimenkul ve köle alıp-satma, nişanlanma, evlilik ve boşanma hallerinde sosyal haklara sahiptirler ve mirastan pay alma hakları bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanında Anadolu kadınının ülke yönetiminde kral ile birlikte söz sahibi olduğu bilinmektedir. Biz bu çalışmada doğumdan itibaren kadınların şehir hayatında hangi rolleri nasıl üstlendiklerini ele alınmaya çalışacağız. Kültepe Tablets, which are the first written documents enlightening the history of Ancient Anatolia, belong to Assyrian Trade Colonies Age (1975-1725 BC).The content of the documents are mostly about commerce, finance and law and they include procedures related to these fields. Names of many women who were active in city life in the 2nd century BC has been learnt mostly by these published documents. Thanks to abundance of archives related to Assyrian merchants, the information about the women from the Assyrian families has gained importance. According to Kültepe texts, local and Assyrian women had the rights of trading, real estate and slave dealing, having social rights in case of engagement, marriage and divorce and receiving a share from inheritance, in the Assyrian Trade Colonies Age. In addition to this, it is known that the Anatolian women had a say in the government of the country together with the king. In this study we try to discuss the role of women in urban life.

Lozano, Roberto/0000-0003-0760-4977; Jannink, Jean-Luc/0000-0003-4849-628X; Kaya, Hilal Betul/0000-0002-2543-7212, WOS: 000502006600001, PubMed: 31822760, Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most economically and historically important fruit crops worldwide. Genetic progress for valuable agronomic traits has been slow in olive despite its importance and benefits. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies provide inexpensive and highly reproducible genotyping approaches such as Genotyping by Sequencing, enabling genome wide association study (GWAS). Here we present the first comprehensive GWAS study on olive using GBS. A total of 183 accessions (FULL panel) were genotyped using GBS, 94 from the Turkish Olive GenBank Resource (TOGR panel) and 89 from the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR panel) in the USA. After filtering low quality and redundant markers, GWAS was conducted using 24,977 SNPs in FULL, TOGR and NCGR panels. in total, 52 significant associations were detected for leaf length, fruit weight, stone weight and fruit flesh to pit ratio using the MLM_K. Significant GWAS hits were mapped to their positions and 19 candidate genes were identified within a 10-kb distance of the most significant SNP. Our findings provide a framework for the development of markers and identification of candidate genes that could be used in olive breeding programs., Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-BIDEPTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK), Hilal Betul Kaya acknowledges the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-BIDEP for the 2214 scholarship program. We thank Dr. Marnin Wolfe for helpful suggestions on statistical analysis.

OBJECTIVES We unexpectedly identified MRSA isolates carrying mecC (mecC-MRSA) from a Danish swine farm located in eastern Zealand. The objective of the present study was to investigate the origin of these isolates and their genetic relatedness to other mecC-MRSA isolates from Zealand. METHODS WGS was used to infer the phylogenetic relationship between 19 identified mecC-MRSA isolates from the swine farm and 34 additional epidemiologically unrelated human isolates from the same geographical region of Denmark. Variations in the accessory genome were investigated by bioinformatics tools, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were assessed by MIC determination. RESULTS mecC-MRSA was isolated from a domestic swine farm, but not from cattle reared at the same farm. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all mecC-MRSA isolates from both farm animals and workers formed a separate cluster, whereas human isolates from the same municipality belonged to a closely related cluster. Analysis of the accessory genome supported this relationship. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mecC-MRSA isolated from domestic swine. The investigation strongly indicates that transmission of mecC-MRSA has taken place on the swine farm between the farmers and swine. The close clustering of farm isolates and isolates from the same municipality suggests a local transmission of mecC-MRSA.

Background: Values are ideals and beliefs that individuals and groups uphold and lie at the core of the diverse world of human behaviour and are expressed in every human decision and action, both consciously and unconsciously. They represent basic beliefs of what is right, good or desirable and motivate both personal and professional behaviour. In the context of nursing profession, values are essential in order to maintain high standards of the nursing care. Objectives: This study was planned to examine changes in nursing students’ personal and professional values between entering and graduating from an undergraduate nursing programme. Ethical considerations: Measures to protect participants included obtaining Deaconship of Nursing Faculty approval, obtaining signed informed consent and maintaining confidentiality. Methods: This study was designed as longitudinal quality. The research population included 143 students registered at a first grade of a nursing faculty for the 2009–2010 academic year. Data were collected with a Questionnaire Form, the Value Preferences Scale, the Professional Values Precedence Scale and the Nursing Professional Values Scale. Findings: According to the results, social values have statistical differences in 4-year nursing education. Nursing students in second class have higher score in terms of social values than those in third class. Also, majority of students ranked human dignity as first and justice as second and third from first to fourth classes, and they have very high scores on Nursing Professional Values Scale and its subscales and stated that all items of Nursing Professional Values Scale are very important. Conclusion: As a result, nursing education has vital role in acquiring and maintaining professional values.

Can, Gulbeyaz/0000-0002-5368-0893; Kaya, Hulya/0000-0001-6769-7613 WOS:000503426000001 PubMed ID: 31858680 Aim This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable tool for assessing the frequency of nurses' implementation of patient education in line with the stages of determining needs, assessment and planning, implementation, and evaluation and documentation. Background Patient education is important in terms of the patient's completion of a reliable and effective treatment process. Patient education is one of the main responsibilities of a nurse. No valid and reliable study that assessed nurses' patient education process implementation was found in the literature. Methods This instrument development study was conducted with 583 nurses working at university, private, and research and training hospitals located in the province of Istanbul in Turkey. The items of the Patient Education Implementation Scale were developed in line with the literature and expert opinions. The analyses involved descriptive statistics and psychometric analyses. The level of statistical significance was accepted as P < .05. Results The content validity index was calculated as 0.96 for the 42-item Patient Education Implementation Scale, which explained 63.37% of the total variance. The scale items whose factor loads were 0.45 or higher were divided into four factors as (a) determining education needs, (b) assessment and planning, (c) implementation, and (d) evaluation and documentation. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.78-0.95 for the subdimensions and 0.97 for the general scale. Conclusion It was determined that the Patient Education Implementation Scale is a valid and reliable tool.

Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important in infection control and surveillance. The current nomenclature of MRSA includes the genetic background of the S. aureus strain determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) or equivalent methods like spa typing and typing of the mobile genetic element staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ), which carries the mecA or mecC gene. Whereas MLST and spa typing are relatively simple, typing of SCC mec is less trivial because of its heterogeneity. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides the essential data for typing of the genetic background and SCC mec , but so far, no bioinformatic tools for SCC mec typing have been available. Here, we report the development and evaluation of SCC mec Finder for characterization of the SCC mec element from S. aureus WGS data. SCC mec Finder is able to identify all SCC mec element types, designated I to XIII, with subtyping of SCC mec types IV (2B) and V (5C2). SCC mec elements are characterized by two different gene prediction approaches to achieve correct annotation, a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)-based approach and a k -mer-based approach. Evaluation of SCC mec Finder by using a diverse collection of clinical isolates ( n = 93) showed a high typeability level of 96.7%, which increased to 98.9% upon modification of the default settings. In conclusion, SCC mec Finder can be an alternative to more laborious SCC mec typing methods and is freely available at https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SCCmecFinder. IMPORTANCE SCC mec in MRSA is acknowledged to be of importance not only because it contains the mecA or mecC gene but also for staphylococcal adaptation to different environments, e.g., in hospitals, the community, and livestock. Typing of SCC mec by PCR techniques has, because of its heterogeneity, been challenging, and whole-genome sequencing has only partially solved this since no good bioinformatic tools have been available. In this article, we describe the development of a new bioinformatic tool, SCC mec Finder, that includes most of the needs for infection control professionals and researchers regarding the interpretation of SCC mec elements. The software detects all of the SCC mec elements accepted by the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements, and users will be prompted if diverging and potential new elements are uploaded. Furthermore, SCC mec Finder will be curated and updated as new elements are found and it is easy to use and freely accessible.

SCCmec in MRSA is acknowledged to be of importance not only because it contains the mecA or mecC gene but also for staphylococcal adaptation to different environments, e.g., in hospitals, the community, and livestock. Typing of SCCmec by PCR techniques has, because of its heterogeneity, been challenging, and whole-genome sequencing has only partially solved this since no good bioinformatic tools have been available. In this article, we describe the development of a new bioinformatic tool, SCCmecFinder, that includes most of the needs for infection control professionals and researchers regarding the interpretation of SCCmec elements. The software detects all of the SCCmec elements accepted by the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements, and users will be prompted if diverging and potential new elements are uploaded. Furthermore, SCCmecFinder will be curated and updated as new elements are found and it is easy to use and freely accessible., Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important in infection control and surveillance. The current nomenclature of MRSA includes the genetic background of the S. aureus strain determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) or equivalent methods like spa typing and typing of the mobile genetic element staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), which carries the mecA or mecC gene. Whereas MLST and spa typing are relatively simple, typing of SCCmec is less trivial because of its heterogeneity. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides the essential data for typing of the genetic background and SCCmec, but so far, no bioinformatic tools for SCCmec typing have been available. Here, we report the development and evaluation of SCCmecFinder for characterization of the SCCmec element from S. aureus WGS data. SCCmecFinder is able to identify all SCCmec element types, designated I to XIII, with subtyping of SCCmec types IV (2B) and V (5C2). SCCmec elements are characterized by two different gene prediction approaches to achieve correct annotation, a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)-based approach and a k-mer-based approach. Evaluation of SCCmecFinder by using a diverse collection of clinical isolates (n = 93) showed a high typeability level of 96.7%, which increased to 98.9% upon modification of the default settings. In conclusion, SCCmecFinder can be an alternative to more laborious SCCmec typing methods and is freely available at https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SCCmecFinder. IMPORTANCE SCCmec in MRSA is acknowledged to be of importance not only because it contains the mecA or mecC gene but also for staphylococcal adaptation to different environments, e.g., in hospitals, the community, and livestock. Typing of SCCmec by PCR techniques has, because of its heterogeneity, been challenging, and whole-genome sequencing has only partially solved this since no good bioinformatic tools have been available. In this article, we describe the development of a new bioinformatic tool, SCCmecFinder, that includes most of the needs for infection control professionals and researchers regarding the interpretation of SCCmec elements. The software detects all of the SCCmec elements accepted by the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements, and users will be prompted if diverging and potential new elements are uploaded. Furthermore, SCCmecFinder will be curated and updated as new elements are found and it is easy to use and freely accessible.

Background Emotional Intelligence and critical thinking are regarded as important traits that nurses have which may influence the quality of their work including clinical decision-making and reasoning ability and adoption of evidence-based practice and practice-based knowledge. Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate nursing students' critical thinking dispositions and emotional intelligence as an essential skill, over the course of the undergraduate nursing program. Design A longitudinal design. Setting and Participants. The research study was conducted as a longitudinal design. The target group of this study consists of 182 students studying at the faculty of nursing. Asymmetrical cluster sampling method has been applied to select the sample group and all students in their first academic year were included in the study. Method Information Form, California Critical Thinking Disposition Scale and Emotional Intelligence Assessment Scale were used in order to collect data. The data was analyzed by using frequency, standard deviation, Kruskal Wallis and Bonferroni test. Results There was no relationship between sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence respectively; awareness of emotions, empathy, social skills in the first academic year and critical thinking disposition and the end of academic year. A moderate correlation was found in the positive direction between the self-motivation at the beginning of the academic year and critical thinking disposition at the end of the final academic year. Conclusion It is recommended that the nursing scholarship investigates the current issues on the subjects of emotional intelligence and critical thinking in detail, discuss different aspects of the subjects and debate over the criticisms. Briefly, the discussion should go beyond the scope of nursing and include different aspects.

Aim To explore the perceptions of nurses and nurse educators regarding the future of nursing by the year 2050 in Turkey. Background Social changes, rapid population growth, globalization and worldwide environmental problems will cause greater changes in the field of health and health care in the near future than they have in the past. Undoubtedly, these changes will directly affect nursing. It is important that nurses and nurse educators forecast and direct the future and nursing to benefit from the effects of the changes that will occur in the future. Design A qualitative descriptive study which employed the use of individual in-depth interviews. Methods The study's sample participants were 21 hospital nurses and 16 nurse educators from universities in Istanbul, Turkey. They undertook individual in-depth interviews during July 2013-July 2014. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Findings The study revealed that the participants' perceptions were based on the ideas that the future of nursing will be shaped in accordance with changes in humanity, environment and healthcare system, as well as worldwide future trends. Results indicated that participants were aware of the factors that will affect future of nursing and nursing education. Conclusion and implications for nursing policy Research showed that participants had focused on the near future; they were not forecasting distance future. Also research found that not only future scenarios are needed for nurses, but also three kinds of scenarios are required related to factor such as humanity, environment and healthcare system those effect nurses. Futurists, health policymakers and nurse educators should work collaboratively with each other.

Motivation Designing PCR primers to target a specific selection of whole genome sequenced strains can be a long, arduous and sometimes impractical task. Such tasks would benefit greatly from an automated tool to both identify unique targets, and to validate the vast number of potential primer pairs for the targets in silico. Results Here we present RUCS, a program that will find PCR primer pairs and probes for the unique core sequences of a positive genome dataset complement to a negative genome dataset. The resulting primer pairs and probes are in addition to simple selection also validated through a complex in silico PCR simulation. We compared our method, which identifies the unique core sequences, against an existing tool called ssGeneFinder, and found that our method was 6.5–20 times more sensitive. We used RUCS to design primer pairs that would target a set of genomes known to contain the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. Three of the predicted pairs were chosen for experimental validation using PCR and gel electrophoresis. All three pairs successfully produced an amplicon with the target length for the samples containing mcr-1 and no amplification products were produced for the negative samples. The novel methods presented in this manuscript can reduce the time needed to identify target sequences, and provide a quick virtual PCR validation to eliminate time wasted on ambiguously binding primers. Availability and implementation Source code is freely available on https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/rucs. Web service is freely available on https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/RUCS. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Research was planned to figure out opinions of the nursing students on project based learning approach. Research was realized with qualitative method in type of descriptive phenomenology. The work group consisted of 4 th grade volunteer students inscribed to the course of Education at Nursing at a nursing graduate school, in spring semester 2010-2011 (N:146) During the research, oriented sample method was used. Among the data, student presenter features were gathered in the Information Form whereas, their opinions about project based learning were gathered by using Semi-Structured Interview Form. Following questions took place in the Semi-Structured Interview Form concerning the levels of project based learning: How did …. level contributed to you in terms of individually and professionally? What are the most challenging and pleasuring points in …. level? The data was analyzed by qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (frequency) data decoding techniques. Students introductory features’ frequency and percentage was calculated with SPSS 16.0 packaged software. While 94,5% of the participating students were females, among them, 24,7% were 21 years old, making the average 22,92±2,53. 31,5% of them graduated from super high school. 67,8% of the students never took place in a project. In the research, common view is that even though students struggled at some points, it is a contributing learning approach. In line with these conclusions, project based learning might be regarded as an approach improving individual and team work, creative and critical thinking, problem solving and decision making skills of nursing students.

The study was designed as descriptive and cross-sectional to determine the relation between students’ views about web-based Patient Education course and anxiety. The study group consisted of all students registered the web-based Patient Education course (N: 148) at 2010–2011 semester at a nursing school. Data were collected using "Information Form", "Patient Education Course Assessment Form" and "State-Continuous Anxiety Scale." Most of students are female and average age were 20.30 ± 1.24. Most of students had not participated in any course/program given by distance education. Before the course the students state anxiety is light level, however after education the students state anxiety is moderate level. It was found that the students had positive views about the "Course Design" and the "Gains of Course", but they were hesitative about the method of the course. Findings were thought to be due to the fact that the students’ experiences distance education course for first time. As a result students had positive views about web-based patient education course, there is relation between state anxiety before course and views about course. The findings suggested that the students had positive views about the web-based education, but they were anxious as they had a new experience, and the distance education could be used particularly in theoretical courses in nursing education, but the necessary changes needed to be made on the basis of the results of the longitudinal assessments.

Aim of this descriptive-correlational research is to determine the relationship between high school students’ attitudes toward future and subjective well-being. Universe of research is included final year students who attended high school at Istanbul in Turkey. Research was performed with 696 students. Data were collected with “Information Form”, “Attitudes toward Future Scale”, “Adolescents’ Subjective Well Being Scale”. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Results of the research showed that high school students have positive attitude toward future and high subjective well-being. There is poor positive significant correlation between high school students’ attitudes toward future and subjective well-being. This research is important in terms of lighting future and life feelings of teens who are future of nation.

The purpose of experimental study was to develop a simulation software related “Intravenous Therapy and Drug Administration” and determine the effects of simulation software on learning of psychomotor skills and anxiety level in nursing education. Study sample included 69 students who met inclusion criteria of study at Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Nursing School. Data were collected three times as to before practice, after practice and before practice on humans by using an “Information Form”, “Intravenous Therapy and Drug Administration Skill Checklist”, “State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)”, “Intravenous Therapy and Drug Administration Simulation Software” and “Advanced Injection Arm”. Results present that simulation software is an effective method for learning and improving psychomotor skills and decreasing anxiety in nursing education. Generalizing simulation software in nursing education could be suggested.