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This study used Green Spinach Leaf Extract for the green synthesis (monocolors) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This search focuses on the optimization of synthesis by evaluating the impact on the each of the size distribution and activity of antibacterial against bacteria (Escherichia coli) of the green spinach leaf extract volume percent. The characterization of AgNP's was carried out utilizing UV-Visible spectrophotometers, size examination of particles, transmission electron microscopes, energy spectrometry with dispersion X rays, Fourier infrared spectrometer transform and x-ray scanning methods. The experimental data show that AgNPs have been produced effectively and size of particle is controlled by the amount of green spinach leaf extract. With the size reaching (5 nm, polydispersity indices = 0.063 nm), the smaller volume percentage creates AgNPswith a spherically formed reach of 20%. The synthesized AgNPs by the spinach leaf extract had a good antibacterial activity especially at the concentration of (500μg/ml) in which the inhibition zone reached 35mm against gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli.

As a consequence of the spread of infectious illnesses caused by numerous harmful bacteria and the development of antibiotic resistance, researchers and pharmaceutical firms are seeking for novel antibacterial medicines. Furthermore, due to their high surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) and unique physical and chemical characteristics, Nano scale materials are emerging as novel antibacterial agents in the contemporary context. In this study, we show how to prepare Ag/ TiO2 NPs that are pure, stable, and high in concentration. By applying a pulsed laser (Nd:YAG) with different wavelengths of 1064 nm and a length of 532 nm resulting from the second harmonic generation using the KDP crystal, and with a wavelength of 355 nm resulting from the third harmonic generation using the nonlinear crystal KTP to a TiO2 plate submerged in Ag nanoparticle suspensions previously produced with various energies of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000mJ, Ag/ TiO2 NPs were created. The absorption peak for the sample obtained at 1000 mJ energy is greater than the absorption peak for the sample prepared at 200 mJ, which is attributable to increased nanoparticle concentration. At 440 nm, the remaining peaks are nearly fixed. The absorption rise when the laser wavelength was reduced from 1064 nm to 355 nm and the energy levels were increased from 200 to 1000 mJ, according to our findings. It was discovered that Ag/ TiO2 has an effect on bacterial activity, with the inhibition area rising as the laser intensity rises. E.coli were shown to be more resistant to Ag/TiO2than S.aureus.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized concurrently by use of a green method and pulsed liquid laser fragmentation (PLFL). The AgNP’s, which were generated in an extract solution of Spincia Olercea in order to regulate their size, were focused on the laser wavelength of 532 nm. The influence on the characteristics of manufactured NPs of liquid medium concentration and irradiation time were investigated. While the pattern of X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified AgNPs, the UV–VIS spectrophotometry indicated a large absorption peak at about 406 &458 nm attributable to the typical plasm surface resonance (SPR) peak of the AgNPs acquired. The SPR peak changed to a shorter wavelength by increasing the irradiation period and the concentration of spincia olercea extract. This movement shows the size of the NPs being reduced. The influence from transmission electron microscopy images of PLFL was clearly demonstrated on size reduction. The PLFL method decreased the size of the AgNPs produced to less than 10 nm, depending on the experimental conditions. Bacterial growth was also efficiently inhibited by AgNPs. When combined with a chemical reduction procedure, the PLFL approach has shown to be an effective tool for checking the volumes of NPs.

In this paper, two different chaotic dynamic systems are coupled using a semiconductor laser to produce a new chaotic system. These two chaotic systems are Rossler and Chua systems. X-dynamic of Rossler system was coupled optically using optical fiber as a carrier of signal with x, y, and z-dynamics of Chua system. The results were analyzed and the behavior of Chua system was found to be changing in time series which, in turn, changed the attractor. The Chua attractor was converted from double scroll to single scroll. The results obtained from connecting two different systems in chaotic behavior showed a remarkable increase in the bandwidth of Chua system. This increase in bandwidth opens up a wide field for many applications, the most important of which is in the field of secure communications.

The present work aims to achieve pulsed laser deposition ofTiO2 nanostructures and investigate their nonlinear properties using z-scan technique.The second harmonic Q-switched Nd: YAG laser at repetition rate of 1Hz and wavelength of 532 nm with three different laser fluencies in the range of 0.77-1.1 J/cm2 was utilized to irradiate the TiO2 target. The products of laser-induced plasma were characterized by utilizing UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force Microscope (AFM),and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). A reasonable agreement was found among the data obtained usingX-Ray diffraction, UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that the prepared TiO2 thin films were all crystallite structure with no impurity peaks of other elements. Also, their peak intensities were increased with increasing the ablating laser fluency. AFM measurements indicated that,during pulsed laser deposition, as the laser fluency was increased, the average diameter of the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs)was decreased from 86 to 57 nm, althoughthe differences were increased with the increase in the laser fluency. The multiphoton absorption was investigated using ultra-fast femtosecond laser with the z-scan method.The impact of thickness of the prepared films on the non-linear absorption coefficient was studied as well.

The production of semitransparent electrical conductive films is even more necessary due to their widespread utilization in research and industry. In this paper, the graphene oxide (GO) effects as an impurity on tin dioxide (SnO2) thin films and the SnO2–GO composite formation before and after plasma treatment have been studied to use in optoelectronic applications. The effects of graphene oxide addition and plasma treatment on the optical, electrical and structural properties of SnO2 thin films were investigated. According to the structural results of X-ray diffraction spectrum before and after applying the plasma, SnO2 thin film has a polycrystalline structure with tetragonal cassiterite phase and no peak related to impurity or other phases is seen. According to the electrical results, due to applying plasma in both pure tin oxide sample and SnO2–GO sample, the strength and resistance of the sheet decreased, but the mobility and density of the carriers increased. According to the optical results, the thin films of SnO2 show a large transfer of 75–90%, and the transfer rate is reduced by adding the graphene oxide to SnO2–GO nanocomposite. The refractive index and extinction coefficient were also evaluated for SnO2 films and SnO2–GO nanocomposite before and after plasma treatment.

Porous silicon (PS) has attracted considerable attention as potential materials for gas/vapor sensing because of very high surface to volume ratio. PS with some metals such as Co3O4 is necessary to create and provide new nanocomposite materials with new properties that combine semiconducting and magnetic properties. In the present work, the samples to be studied were characterized from atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), reflectivity, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and humidity sensor. X-ray diffraction for PS in the range of 20°-70° at 2 theta, show an important peak at 28.35◦ oriented (111), while the Co3O4/PS have four characteristic peaks at 36.758°, 44.738°, 59.177° and 64.980°, were corresponding to the oriented (311), (222), (511) and (440) respectively. PL test for PS/Co3O4 shows a slightly less intensity and slight change in location in case of PS due to Co3O4 NPs granular size which acts as a cover, thus reducing the surface area of the PS which reduces PL. In PS/Co3O4 sample shows that the PL spectra peak is different from PS at shape and the effect of relative humidity (RH) at this peak due to the decrease of intensity at peak. Through these results we conclude that PS/Co3O4 can be used as sensor humidity.

No doubt how much importance the solar electrical energy has become and developed in the recent decades due to the continuous research in trying to maximize the ability of the CuONps based thin film solar cell in increasing its conversion efficiency. Fulfilling this requires that the porous silicon and the other various layers be integrated with each other. Remarkably optically active nanostructure of copper oxides was synthesized by pulse laser deposition (PLD). The synthesized PS and CuO/PS were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscope (AFM), Reflectivity and Photoluminescence (PL) techniques. Besides, this study determines the electrical properties of prepared Al/CuO/PS/Al; namely current-voltage characteristics in dark. The average crystallite size of Copper oxide NPs was found to be 49.93 nm by AFM. According to PL spectrum, one band was observed at 738 nm and 730 nm for PS and CuO/Ps, respectively. The PL band of PS is attributed to quantum confinement. The obtained solar cell efficiency was in the range of 6.99% compared to the typical solar cell efficiency which was (2.11%). Copper may be accreditedtoplay a major role for this enhancement. These nanostructures solar cells can evolve to a new direction in photovoltaic technology.

In this work, we compare the results obtained when with different etching current densities (6, 13, 20, 27, and 34) mA/cm2 on Structural, morphological; Raman, and photoluminescence spectra, Electrical, photodetector of Porous Silicon (PS), and have been studied. A diode laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and a power of 200 mW was utilized to irradiate silicon n-type immersed in HF to the formation of PS by Photoelectrochemical etching method with resistivity (0.1-100 ohm.cm) in hydrofluoric ratio 16% (HF: ethanol) for 10 minutes. XRD results for the PS increasing etching current the decreasing crystallites size while morphological characteristics average diameter increased and pores have been seen cylindrical forms. Raman small shifts of in the left appear between (514 – 493) cm-1and decrease in the crystal size because of the quantum confinement. The energy bandgap (Eg) increases from 1.89 eV to 1.93 eV when current densities increase. (J-V) and (Jph-V) characteristics in both dark and photocurrent density output current reduces as the current density of etching rises and the reduction in photocurrent. Detectivity is a consequence of resonant frequencies, and maximum quantum efficiency of 52% was reached at 800 nm in current density etching at 20 mA/cm2.

The current study aimed the syntheses and characterizations of Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using a laser ablation Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with a wave-length of 355 nm at a variety of laser pulse energies (E) and deposited on porous silicon (PS). Optical emission spectrometer was used to diagnosed medium air to study gold plasma characteristics and prepared Au nanoparticles. The laser pulse energy influence has been studied on the plasma characteristics in air. The data showed the emergence of the ionic (Au II) spectral emission lines in the gold plasma emission spectrum. XRD has been utilized to examine structural characteristics. Moreover, AFM results 37.2 nm as the mean value of the diameter that is coordinated in a shape similar to the rod that appears for Au NPs, in addition to that, TEM has been an indication of the fact that synthesized Au NPs were spherical with a mean size of particles, ranging from 25 nm to 30 nm. At high laser pulse energy, the intensity of all emission peaks in the air at atmospheric pressure was considerably greater. Finally, variations in the operating temperature associated with the NH3 gas sensor, created from the samples that have been prepared on the sensitivity of the sensor and response time have been evaluated, the maximal sensitivity is nearly 41% concerning Au NPs that have been ablated via laser energy (E) 400 mJ on the porous silicon of the NH3 gas.

ZnO nanostructures have lately been deemed an effective material for fabricating gas sensors, As a result, ZnO nanoparticles are commonly utilized to make effective gas sensors for detecting a variety of hazardous and poisonous chemicals. The current review article focuses on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensor advances based on ZnO nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction confirmed the wurtzite structure, Surface roughness, layer homogeneity, and morphological structural analysis are studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra were used to study the optical characteristics of the as-prepared ZnO nanostructures, The electrical properties such as the current density-voltage (J-V) measurements, Finally, the effects of adjusting operating temperature of NO2 gas sensor made from the prepared samples on sensor's sensitivity, recovery time and response time have been explored.

The hydro-thermal ZnO nanostructure synthesis is described in this paper. ZnO nanoparticles have been studied with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of ZnO's hexagonal structure of the wurtzite. The produced nanostructure's average crystallite size was 21 nm. From UV–Vis absorption spectra, the bandgap of ZnO nanostructures was estimated, and the bandgap was 3.0 eV for ZnO. The porous silicon (PS) layers have been made from n-type silicon (100) orientation using the photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) process. Electrical attributes and a photodetector are utilized to characterize the product. The findings indicate that such hydrothermal synthetic method may produce high-quality ZnO nanoparticles. The photo-conversion characteristics of ZnO NPs/PS are improved, resulting in an increase in the responsivity. As a result, ZnO NPs/PS might be employed as a photodetector with a broad wavelength spectral range.

In this research, we investigate that Gamma-rays may be used to affect the morphology of pores and the size of porous silicon. Porous silicon (PS) has been produced from the n-type silicon wafers of (111) orientations with the use of the approach of the laser-assisted etching, the samples have been anodized in a solution of HF:C2H2OH concentration 18%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized for the characterization of morphological, optical and structural characteristics of the PS. Before irradiation, the AFM images reveal a dense and randomly dispersed network of pores that cover the whole surface and it is of varying size and pyramidal form. The pores seem more obvious, distinguish, that has larger diameters after 16 Gy Gamma irradiation. Before and after irradiation, the XRD pattern shows significant peaks at 28.3° and 28.6°, respectively, indicating that the structure is cubic. After irradiation with gamma rays, the PL intensity in modified PS samples slight decreased, and the wavelength peaks of the PL spectra shifted to the left. Raman spectra of PS prior to and post the irradiation revealed a highly symmetric band structure. Because of new pores forming inside the first layer of PS the roughness of the samples increases with irradiation indicating that it may be utilized in optoelectronic applications.

In the present work, the characterization and preparation of the ZnO nano-particles (ZnO NPs) through the laser ablation in the methanol at a variety of the laser energies 400, 600 and 800 mJ, XRD analysis When the crystal size is inside a nanometer, shows a large diffraction peak, by Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) study the surface roughness and layer homogeneity and Morphological structural, Photoluminescence (PL) test. Finally, the effect of changing the operating temperature of the gas sensors of NO2 that have been produced from prepared samples on the sensitivity of the sensor, response time, and recovery time was investigated, with the highest sensitivity for ZnO NPs/PS, ablated with laser energy of 600 mJ on porous silicon.

In the present study, synthesis and characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano-particles with the pulsed laser ablation (PLD), from a zinc metal target in methanol at a variety of the laser pulse energy values 400, 600 and 800 mJ with 200 shots and 1064 nm laser wavelength. Porous silicon (PS) layers were prepared from n-type silicon with orientation (100) by photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) method. The morphological properties of ZnO NPs deposited on PS presented a good adhesion between these nanostructures leading to improve the structural stability of the PS substrate. UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical characteristics and Photodetector are utilized for the characterization of the products. So the detector measurements of ZnO NPs/PS exhibited a higher responsivity (0.04 A/W).

In this study, synthesis and characterizing of Gold:Zinc Oxide (Au:ZnO) as a core:shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) has been prepared via Laser Ablation at various Laser Pulses Energy 400, 600, and 800 mJ with 200 strokes. Further confirmation of the production of Au:ZnO CSNPs by analyzing the structural and optical properties from aggregated Au:ZnO. CSNPs obtained via drop casting Au:ZnO CSNPs colloidal solutions into silicon wafers. Nanoparticles were identified via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum. It was found particle size increased with energy, and the shell of ZnO on the surface of gold nanoparticles is strongly affected on absorptions, while the absorption of Au:ZnO CSNPs decreased when the decorated surface of Au by ZnO corresponding to Au and ZnO as an individual.

The presented study synthesized C:Se NPs via a combination of the laser along with magnetic field at various laser pulse energies 200, 600 and 1000mJ with 100 shots, have been deposited on the porous silicon (PS) through the use of drop-casting method. The pattern of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) had indicated the nanocrystaline of specimens. In Atomic force microscopy (AFM), which shows agglomeration of C:Se NPs increased, the distribution of the granularity showed that the distribution of part was almost Gaussian, also the transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that the synthesized C:Se particles have an average particle size of 35 nm. Bright-field TEM images show complementary contrast, confirming the formation of core/shell structures. The optical measurements in wavelength range ultraviolet-visible near infrared (UV–vis–NIR) as well as a transition of indirect type with 4 eV band gap is specified. Also, the electrical characteristics like barrier height (ΦB), ideal factor (n) for Al/C:Se NPs/PS/Si/Al heterojunction were concluded with measurements of current-voltage (I-V). Lastly, the operation temperature variations associated with NO2 and NH3 gas sensors are subjected to fabrication from the prepared samples on response time, sensor sensitivity and recover time was examined. The maximum sensitivity of C:Se/PS at 1000 mJ gas sensor to 60 ppm of NO2 about 202.5% at around 100 °C,also the maximum sensitivity of C:Se/PS at 1000mJgas sensor to 200 ppm of NH3 can reach 17.9%, and the optimum sensing temperature of C: Se/PS sensor is at around 150 °C.

The effectiveness of applying an external magnetic field in the C:Se/PS was studied nanoparticle (NPs) synthesized in a laser wavelength generated by a Q-switched- laser via pulsed Laser Ablation in 1064 nm. The pattern of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) had indicated the nano-crystaline of specimens. Results of the Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis for C:Se/PS showed have decreased the average roughness after magnetic field application. UV–vis result displayed that the gap of the optical energy of nano-particles increase from 3.6 to 4.2 eV following the application of magnetic field throughout ablation. The electrical characteristics like the ideal factor (n) and barrier height (ΦB) for Al/C:SeNPs/PS/Si/Al heterojunction have been determined with measurements of current-voltage (I-V). In addition, the effectiveness of C:Se/PS photodetectors was improved across a wide range of wavelengths, the quantum efficiency (Q.E) of C:Se/PS photodetectors decreased from 85% to 23% at 600 nm following the application of magnetic field throughout ablation.

The present work investigated the discharge characteristics in the magnetized hollow cathode system. Also, the gas pressure effect on the discharge characteristics has been examined with a gas pressure between (0.08 and 0.4) Torr. The voltage-current curve of magnetized hollow cathode discharges has the voltage become approximately constant with slight increases in current. The normal glow discharge was established with constant voltage and increasing current. When the current is increased even more, then, the discharge turns into a mode comparable to the normal glow discharge between the parallel electrodes. The increasing of the pressure causes compressing of the cathode falls inside the cathode cavity and the negative glow becomes thin and more luminous. The spectroscopic method used depends on analyzing the argon’s emission atomic spectra. The electron temperature has been evaluated with the use of Boltzmann plot approach. The influence of the pressure on electron temperature observed the reduction in electron temperature when the pressure is increased. The electron number density has been calculated with the use of the Stark broadening method. The density curve indicated that the increase in electron number density with increasing of pressure until 0.4 Torr and then reduced with pressure exceeds 0.4 Torr.

In this work, synthesis and characterizing of carbon: selenium nanoparticles (C:Se NPs) are synthesized by laser ablation Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with wavelength of 1064 nm at different laser pulses energy 200, 600 and 800 mJ with 100 shots and porous silicon (PS) was presented. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized for examining the structural properties. In addition, the results of the Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis an 39.76 nm as average diameter which is coordinated in rod-like shape appearing for C:Se NPs, also the transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that the synthesized C:Se particles have been spherical with average particle size in range of (25 and 75) nm. Lastly, the variations of operation temperature related toNH3 and NO2 gas sensors that are fabricated from prepared samples on the sensor sensitivity, recover time and response time were examined, the maximum sensitivity is approximately 205% with regard to (C:Se NPs) ablated via laser energy 800 mJ on PS of gas NO2, also the maximum sensitivity is approximately 43% in terms of(C:Se NPs) ablated via laser energy 200 mJ on PS of gas NH3.

In this work, Carbon:Selenium (C:Se) nanoparticles (NPs) are preparation by laser ablation at diverse laser energy 200, 400, 600,800 and 1000 mJ with 100 shots and laser wavelength 1064 nm then deposited on porous silicon (PS). PS are fabricated using electrochemical etching (ECE) method for p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers of (100) orientation.The pattern of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the sample's nanocrystaline.Results of the Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis an average diameter of 39.76 nm coordinated in a rod-like shape appears for C:Se NPs. UV–vis result displayed that the optical energy gap of the nanoparticles increases. The electrical properties such as barrier height (ΦB) and ideality factor (n) of the Al/C:SeNPs/PS/Si/Al heterojunction were determined from the current density-voltage (J-V) measurements.

This work aim to achieving laser nano-textured Si structures by means of an ultra-fast ultra-violet femtosecond (fs) laser texturing technique. The evidences of the impact of the duration of irradiation of the femtosecond laser pulses on Silicon (Si) have been investigated experimentally. A Ti:Sapphire laser at 800 nm (130 fs pulse duration with 1 kHz rate of repetition) has been employed to create nano-textured surfaces in an n-type (111) Si wafer of 0.015 Ω.cm resistivity and 508 ± 5 μm thickness. The average sizes of diameters were estimated to be in the 25−45 nm. From PL measurements of Si nanostructures, size dependent shifts in the direction of the blue spectral region have been emphasized. A highly symmetrical band shape was recognized from the samples' Raman spectra after the irradiation, the phonon frequency (phonon peak shift) shifted below 520 cm−1. The surface nanostructured Si showed lower reflectance values compared with bulk Si (un-irradiated). The observed enhancement of the fabricated Si nanostructures broad spectral response, which is in the range between the visible to the near infrared (NIR) 400−1150 nm, was attributed to increasing light absorption within sub-nanostructures. Thus, the proposed technique could be a promising approach to enhance the performance of Si-based photo-detector.

A photoconversion device was fabricated based on SnO2 film prepared by a chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The SnO2 nanofilms were grown on the porous silicon (PS) nanosurface. Various affecting parameters were studied such as different current densities 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mA/cm2 with 16% HF concentration for 10 min at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. The structural, morphological and detector properties were measured. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of porous silicon and the crystal size was reduced toward the nanometric scale of the face centered cubic structure, while the diffraction peaks of other SnO2 peaks were found to be much weaker compared to standard SnO2NPs. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) investigation showed the sponge-like structure of PS, the width of surface pits and surface roughness increased to a specific value then decreased with etching current density. This could be attributed to the different filling process depending on the pore sizes and homogenous distribution of PS. From the found photodetector measurements, the spectral responsivity and quantum efficiency curves included two regions; the first region was due to the absorption of UV light by SnO2NPs. The second region corresponded to the visible light absorption with the PS layer and strongly depended on fabrication conditions.

Nickel oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates as the main gas sensor for H2 by the DC sputtering technique at various discharge voltages within the range of 1.8–2.5 kV. Their structural, optical and gas sensing properties were investigated by XRD, AFM, SEM, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and home-made gas sensing measurement units. A diffraction peak in the direction of NiO (200) was observed for the sputtered films, thereby indicating that these films were polycrystalline in nature. The optical band gap of the films decreased from 3.8 to 3.5 eV when the thickness of the films was increased from 83.5 to 164.4 nm in relation to an increase in the sputtering discharge voltage from 1.8 to 2.5 kV, respectively. The gas sensitivity performance of the NiO films that were formed was studied and the electrical responses of the NiO-based sensors toward different H2 concentrations were also considered. The sensitivity of the gas sensor increased with the working temperature and H2 gas concentration. The thickness of the NiO thin films was also an important parameter in determining the properties of the NiO films as H2 sensors. It was shown in this study that NiO films have the capability to detect H2 concentrations below 3% in wet air, a feature that allows this material to be used directly for the monitoring of the environment.

Besides public awareness and specialist knowledge and training of physicians, their self-confidence plays a key role for clinical decision-making in the respective area.This exploratory study investigated the influence of the discipline on differences in self-confidence in dealing with antibiotics and in the self-rated knowledge.In 2015 the multi-institutional reconnaissance of practice with multiresistant bacteria (MR2) questionnaire containing items on antibiotic prescription and multiresistant pathogens was sent out to 1061 physicians working in departments for internal medicine, general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics and urology. In 2017 a similar MR2 survey was sent to 1268 specialist and assistant physicians in anesthesiology in Germany. Besides demographic data 4 items on self-confidence in the use of antibiotic treatment and 11 items concerning self-rated knowledge about rational antibiotic therapy and multiresistant pathogens were included in the present analysis. Logistic regression analysis, the χThe response rates were 43% (456 out of 1061) from the non-anesthetists and 56% (705 out of 1268) from the anesthetists. Of the non-anesthetists 44% and 57% of the anesthetists had had no advanced training on antibiotic stewardship during the year before the study. In the overall analysis anesthetists (mean±SD: 2.53±0.54) were significantly less self-confident about antibiotics than colleagues from other departments (internal medicine: 3.10±0.50, general surgery: 2.97±0.44, gynecology and obstetrics: 3.12±0.42 and urology: 3.15±0.44) in the unadjusted (all p0.001) and adjusted comparison. The analysis of self-rated knowledge about rational antibiotic prescription showed similar results. Senior consultant status and advanced training in infectiology were significantly associated with self-confidence and self-rated knowledge about antibiotics.Anesthetists showed significantly less self-confidence in dealing with antibiotics than colleagues from other disciplines. Advanced training on a rational prescription of antibiotics was associated with a greater self-confidence, so that the implementation of compulsory courses on rational antibiotic stewardship in the respective residency curriculum needs to be considered.

In this research, C:Se (core:shell) nanoparticles(NPs) are laser ablated at various laser energies of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mJ with 100shots and 1064 nm laser wavelength then deposited on porous silicon (PS). The XRD study showed that C:Se NPs are crystalline and belong to the monoclinic symmetry α-phase. Results of the AFM (i.e. atomic force microscope) analysis for PS has shown sponge-like structure, and a 39.76 nm average diameter coordinated in a rod-like shape appearing for C:Se NPs, are watched and electrical characteristics are studied to identify samples. From current-voltage (I-V) measures, the electrical characteristics, like height of the barrier (ΦB) and ideality factor (n) of Al/PS/Si/Al and Al/C:Se NPs/PS/Si/Al heterojunction have been determined. Finally, a wide variety of wavelengths has increased the efficacy of C:Se NPs/PS photodetectors.

Q-switch Nd: YAG laser of wavelengths 235nm and 1,460nm with energy in the range 0.2 J to 1J and 1Hz repetition rate was employed to synthesis Ag/Au (core/shell) nanoparticles (NPs) using pulse laser ablation in water. In this synthesis, initially the silver nano-colloid prepared via ablation target, this ablation related to Au target at various energies to creat Ag/Au NPs. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), surface morphology and average particle size identified employing: UV-visible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The absorbance spectra of Ag NPs and Ag/Au NPs showed sharp and single peaks around 400nm and 410nm, respectively. The average diameter achieved for Ag/Au NPs were as 30nm and 25nm corresponding to 532nm and 1064nm, respectively. The TEM images showed that Ag/Au NPs possess a spherical shape, while the samples average size were in range from 20 to 30nm. There was an obvious increase in size during the use of 532nm laser. As for the effects of toxicity, results on human blood components showed that these nanoparticles have no effect on RBCs, WBCs and HB Therefore; these particles considered promising in the biological and medical applications.