Author: "Gwenaëlle Lashermes" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Soil organic carbon models need independent time-series validation for reliable prediction

Author: Julia Le Noë, Stefano Manzoni, Rose Abramoff, Tobias Bölscher, Elisa Bruni, Rémi Cardinael, Philippe Ciais, Claire Chenu, Hugues Clivot, Delphine Derrien, Fabien Ferchaud, Patricia Garnier, Daniel Goll, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Manuel Martin, Daniel Rasse, Frédéric Rees, Julien Sainte-Marie, Elodie Salmon, Marcus Schiedung, Josh Schimel, William Wieder, Samuel Abiven, Pierre Barré, Lauric Cécillon, and Bertrand Guenet
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Abstract Numerical models are crucial to understand and/or predict past and future soil organic carbon dynamics. For those models aiming at prediction, validation is a critical step to gain confidence in projections. With a comprehensive review of ~250 models, we assess how models are validated depending on their objectives and features, discuss how validation of predictive models can be improved. We find a critical lack of independent validation using observed time series. Conducting such validations should be a priority to improve the model reliability. Approximately 60% of the models we analysed are not designed for predictions, but rather for conceptual understanding of soil processes. These models provide important insights by identifying key processes and alternative formalisms that can be relevant for predictive models. We argue that combining independent validation based on observed time series and improved information flow between predictive and conceptual models will increase reliability in predictions.
Published: 2023
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2. Enzymatic strategies and carbon use efficiency of a litter-decomposing fungus grown on maize leaves, stems and roots

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Angélique Gainvors-Claisse, Sylvie Recous, and Isabelle Bertrand
Subjects: Fungi, Soil, extracellular enzymes, enzyme efficiency, Litter quality, Lignocellulose decomposition, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Soil microorganisms can control the soil cycles of carbon (C), and depending on their C-use efficiency (CUE), these microorganisms either contribute to C stabilization in soil or produce CO2 when decomposing organic matter. However, little is known regarding the enzyme investment of microbial decomposers and the effects on their CUE. Our objective was to elucidate the strategies of litter-decomposing fungi as a function of litter quality. Fungal biosynthesis and respiration were accounted for by quantifying the investment in enzyme synthesis and enzyme efficiency. The basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium was grown on the leaves, stems and roots of maize over 126 days in controlled conditions. We periodically measured the fungal biomass, enzyme activity, and chemical composition of the remaining litter and continuously measured the evolved C-CO2. The CUE observed for the maize litter was highest in the leaves (0.63), intermediate in the roots (0.40), and lowest in the stems (0.38). However, the enzyme efficiency and investment in enzyme synthesis did not follow the same pattern. The amount of litter C decomposed per mole of C-acquiring hydrolase activity was 354 µg C in the leaves, 246 µg C in the roots, and 1541 µg C in the stems (enzyme efficiency: stems > leaves > roots). The fungus exhibited the highest investment in C-acquiring enzyme when grown on the roots and produced 40-80% less enzyme activity when grown on the stems and leaves (investment in enzymes: roots > leaves > stems). The CUE was dependent on the initial availability and replenishment of the soluble substrate fraction with the degradation products. The production of these compounds was either limited because of the low enzyme efficiency, which occurred in the roots, or because of the low investments in enzyme synthesis, which occurred in the stems. Fungal biosynthesis relied on the ability of the fungus to invest in enzyme synthesis and the efficient interactions between the enzymes and the substrate. The investment decreased when N was limited, whereas the efficiency of the C-acquiring enzymes was primarily explained by the hemicellulose content and its embedment in recalcitrant lignin linkages. Our results are crucial for modeling microbial allocation strategies.
Published: 2016
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3. Interacting microbe and litter quality controls on litter decomposition: a modeling analysis.

Author: Daryl Moorhead, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sylvie Recous, and Isabelle Bertrand
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The decomposition of plant litter in soil is a dynamic process during which substrate chemistry and microbial controls interact. We more clearly quantify these controls with a revised version of the Guild-based Decomposition Model (GDM) in which we used a reverse Michaelis-Menten approach to simulate short-term (112 days) decomposition of roots from four genotypes of Zea mays that differed primarily in lignin chemistry. A co-metabolic relationship between the degradation of lignin and holocellulose (cellulose+hemicellulose) fractions of litter showed that the reduction in decay rate with increasing lignin concentration (LCI) was related to the level of arabinan substitutions in arabinoxylan chains (i.e., arabinan to xylan or A∶X ratio) and the extent to which hemicellulose chains are cross-linked with lignin in plant cell walls. This pattern was consistent between genotypes and during progressive decomposition within each genotype. Moreover, decay rates were controlled by these cross-linkages from the start of decomposition. We also discovered it necessary to divide the Van Soest soluble (labile) fraction of litter C into two pools: one that rapidly decomposed and a second that was more persistent. Simulated microbial production was consistent with recent studies suggesting that more rapidly decomposing materials can generate greater amounts of potentially recalcitrant microbial products despite the rapid loss of litter mass. Sensitivity analyses failed to identify any model parameter that consistently explained a large proportion of model variation, suggesting that feedback controls between litter quality and microbial activity in the reverse Michaelis-Menten approach resulted in stable model behavior. Model extrapolations to an independent set of data, derived from the decomposition of 12 different genotypes of maize roots, averaged within
Published: 2014
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4. A primer on predictive techniques for food and bioresources transformation processes

Author: Jason Sicard, Sophie Barbe, Rachel Boutrou, Laurent Bouvier, Guillaume Delaplace, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Laëtitia Théron, Olivier Vitrac, Alberto Tonda, Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Centrale Lille-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering (SayFood), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay)
Subjects: FOOD, bioresource, General Chemical Engineering, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, modeling, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, prediction, guideline, Food Science, process development
Abstract: International audience; To meet current societal demand for more sustainable transformation processes and bioresources, these processes must be optimized and new ones developed. The evolution of various systems (raw material, food, or process attributes) can be predicted to optimize the uses of biomass for better quality, safety, economic benefit, and sustainability. Predictive modeling can guide the necessary changes and influence industrials, governmental policies and consumers decision-making. However, achieving good predictive capability requires reflection on the models and model validation, which can be difficult. This review aims to help scientists begin to predict by presenting the techniques currently used in predictive science for food and related bioproducts. First, a guideline helps readers initiate a prediction process along with final tips and a warning about the risks involved, with a particular focus on the crucial validation step. Threebroad categories of techniques are then presented: empirical, mechanistic, and artificial intelligence (or “data-driven”). For each category, the advantages and limitations of current techniques for prediction are explained in light of their current domains of applications, illustrated with literature studies and a detailed example. Thus this article provides engineering researchers information about predictive modeling which is a recent relevant development in optimization of both food and nonfood bioresources processes.Practical applications Predictive modeling is a recent development of much relevance in the optimizationof both food and nonfood bioresources processes. The goal of this article is to guide those in research or industry who would like to start predicting. Therefore, the article is intended as a primer on prediction concepts and predictive techniques for food and non-food bioresources processing. Three categories of techniques commonly used in these fields are illustrated by various examples of current applications and amore detailed example helps to understand the implementation process. An increased ability of the global scientific body to predict the outcome of various decisions, often linked or sequential, will open new avenues for designing food products with circularity in mind: maintaining value and not creating waste in the process.
Published: 2023

5. Current controversies on mechanisms controlling soil carbon storage: implications for interactions with practitioners and policy-makers. A review

Author: Delphine Derrien, Pierre Barré, Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Lauric Cécillon, Abad Chabbi, Alexandra Crème, Sébastien Fontaine, Ludovic Henneron, Noémie Janot, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Katell Quénéa, Frédéric Rees, Marie-France Dignac, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateforme de géochimie isotopique ASTER-CEREGE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Etude et Compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Carbon storage, POM, InaccessibilityModels, Big data, Environmental Engineering, Management practices, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Chemical recalcitrance, Biomass use, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: There is currently an intense debate about the potential for additional organic carbon storage in soil, the strategies by which it may be accomplished and what the actual benefits might be for agriculture and the climate. Controversy forms an essential part of the scientific process, but on the topic of soil carbon storage, it may confuse the agricultural community and the general public and may delay actions to fight climate change. In an attempt to shed light on this topic, the originality of this article lies in its intention to provide a balanced description of contradictory scientific opinions on soil carbon storage and to examine how the scientific community can support decision-making despite the controversy. In the first part, we review and attempt to reconcile conflicting views on the mechanisms controlling organic carbon dynamics in soil. We discuss the divergent opinions about chemical recalcitrance, the microbial or plant origin of persistent soil organic matter, the contribution of particulate organic matter to additional organic carbon storage in soil, and the spatial and energetic inaccessibility of soil organic matter to decomposers. In the second part, we examine the advantages and limitations of big data management and modeling, which are essential tools to link the latest scientific theories with the actions taken by stakeholders. Finally, we show how the analysis and discussion of controversies can guide scientists in supporting stakeholders for the design of (i) appropriate trade-offs for biomass use in agriculture and forestry and (ii) climate-smart management practices, keeping in mind their still unresolved effects on soil carbon storage.
Published: 2023

6. Quantifying and simulating carbon and nitrogen mineralization from diverse exogenous organic matters

Author: Laurent Thuriès, Bernard Nicolardot, Sabine Houot, Florent Levavasseur, Bruno Mary, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Thierry Morvan, Virginie Parnaudeau, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Recyclage et risque (UPR Recyclage et risque), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Model parameters, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Fertilizer, Incubation, organic matter, chemistry.chemical_classification, N mineralization, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Compost, Pollution, Environmental chemistry, Minéralisation du carbone, Organic amendment, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Boue résiduaire, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Matière organique du sol, Digesta, Organic matter, Matière organique, Nitrogen cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Decomposition, Amendement du sol, Mineralization (soil science), Fumier, Amendement organique, chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Agronomy and Crop Science, Carbon, Model, F04 - Fertilisation, Minéralisation de l'azote
Abstract: International audience; The potential contributions of exogenous organic matters (EOMs) to soil organic C and mineral N supply depend on their C and N mineralization, which can be assessed in laboratory incubations. Such incubations are essential to calibrate decomposition models, because not all EOMs can be tested in the field. However, EOM incubations are resource-intensive. Therefore, easily measurable EOM characteristics that can be useful to predict EOM behaviour are needed. We quantified C and N mineralization during the incubation of 663 EOMs from five groups (animal manures, composts, sewage sludges, digestates and others). This represents one of the largest and diversified set of EOM incubations. The C and N mineralization varied widely between and within EOM subgroups. We simulated C and N mineralization with a simple generic decomposition model. Three calibration methods were compared. Individual EOM calibration of the model yielded good model performances, while the use of a unique parameter set per EOM subgroup decreased the model performance, and the use of two EOM characteristics to estimate model parameters gave an intermediate model performance (average RMSE-C values of 32, 99 and 65 mg C g(-1) added C and average RMSE-N values of 50, 126 and 110 mg N g(-1) added N, respectively). Because of the EOM variability, individual EOM calibration based on incubation remains the recommended method for predicting most accurately the C and N mineralization of EOMs. However, the two alternative calibration methods are sufficient for the simulation of EOMs without incubation data to obtain reasonable model performances.
Published: 2022

7. Effects of crop residue incorporation and properties on combined soil gaseous N$_{2}$O, NO, and NH$_{3}$ emissions—A laboratory-based measurement approach

Author: Florian Engelsberger, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Pablo Zuazo, Baldur Janz, Felix Havermann, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Seyedeh Mahsa Torabi
Subjects: Crop residue, Topsoil, Residue (complex analysis), Environmental Engineering, biology, Chemistry, Humidity, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Trace gas, Soil respiration, Earth sciences, Field pea, Environmental chemistry, ddc:550, Environmental Chemistry, Sugar beet, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract: Crop residues may serve as a significant source of soil emissions of N$_{2}$O and other trace gases. According to the emission factors (EFs) set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), N$_{2}$O emission is proportional to the amount of N added by residues to the soil. However, the effects of crop residues on the source and sink strength of agroecosystems for trace gases are regulated by their properties, such as the C and N content; C/N ratio; lignin, cellulose, and soluble fractions; and residue humidity. In the present study, an automated dynamic chamber method was used in combination with soil mesocosms to simultaneously measure the effects of nine different crop residues (oilseed rape, winter wheat, field pea, maize, potato, mustard, red clover, sugar beet, and ryegrass) on soil respiration (CO$_{2}$) and reactive N fluxes (N$_{2}$O, NO, and NH$_{3}$) at a high temporal resolution. Specifically, crop residues were incorporated in the 0–4 cm topsoil layer and incubated for 60 days at a constant temperature (15 °C) and water-filled pore space (60% WFPS). Residue incorporation immediately and sharply increased soil N$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ emissions, but these were short-lived and returned to background levels within respectively 10 and 30 days. The magnitude of increase in soil NO flux following residue incorporation was lower than that in CO$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$O fluxes, with peak emissions observed around day 20. Overall, the N content or C/N ratio of the applied residue could not sufficiently explain the variation in soil N2O and NO emissions. The range of the calculated N$_{2}$O EFs over a 60-day period was −0.17 to +4.5, being wider than that proposed by the IPCC (+0.01 to +1.1). Therefore, the residue maturity stage may be used as a simple proxy to estimate the N$_{2}$O + NO emissions from incorporated residue.
Published: 2022
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8. Effects of crop residue incorporation and properties on combined soil gaseous N

Author: Baldur, Janz, Felix, Havermann, Gwenaëlle, Lashermes, Pablo, Zuazo, Florian, Engelsberger, Seyedeh Mahsa, Torabi, and Klaus, Butterbach-Bahl
Subjects: Soil, Climate Change, Data Collection, Gases, Laboratories
Abstract: Crop residues may serve as a significant source of soil emissions of N
Published: 2021

9. N

Author: Gwenaëlle, Lashermes, Sylvie, Recous, Gonzague, Alavoine, Baldur, Janz, Klaus, Butterbach-Bahl, Maria, Ernfors, and Patricia, Laville
Subjects: Soil, Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide, Agriculture, Fertilizers, Nitrification
Abstract: The emission of nitrous oxide (N
Published: 2021

10. N2O emissions from decomposing crop residues are strongly linked to their initial soluble fraction and early C mineralization

Author: Maria Ernfors, Sylvie Recous, Gonzague Alavoine, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Patricia Laville, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, and Baldur Janz
Subjects: Crop residue, Environmental Engineering, Denitrification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Residue (complex analysis), biology, Chemistry, Environmental impact of agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Miscanthus, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Nitrification
Abstract: The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), a strong greenhouse gas, during crop residue decomposition in the soil can offset the benefits of residue recycling. The IPCC inventory considers agricultural N2O emissions proportional to the amount of nitrogen (N) added by residues to soils. However, N2O involves several emission pathways driven directly by the form of N returned and indirectly by changes in the soil induced by decomposition. We investigated the decomposition factors related to N2O emissions under controlled conditions. Residues of sugar beet (SUB), wheat (WHT), rape seed (RAS), potato (POT), pea (PEA), mustard (MUS), red clover (RC), alfalfa (ALF), and miscanthus (MIS), varying by maturity at the time of collection, were incubated in two soils (GRI and SLU) at 15 °C with a water-filled pore space of 60%. The residues contained a wide proportion range of water-soluble components, components soluble in neutral detergent (SOL-NDS), hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Their composition drastically influenced the dynamics of C mineralization and soil ammonium and nitrate and was correlated with N2O flux dynamics. The net cumulative N2O emitted after 60 days originated mostly from MUS (4828 ± 892 g N-N2O ha-1), SUB (2818 ± 314 g N-N2O ha-1) and RC (2567 ± 1245 g N-N2O ha-1); the other residue treatments had much lower emissions ( 25% DM) were also non-senescent and promoted high N2O emissions (representing 1–5% of applied N), likely directly by nitrification and indirectly by denitrification in microbial hotspots. Crop residue quality appears to be valuable information for accurately predicting N2O emissions and objectively weighing their other potential benefits to agriculture and the environment.
Published: 2022

11. Estimating relative cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzyme activities as functions of lignin and cellulose content in decomposing plant litter

Author: Michaela G. Margida, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Daryl L. Moorhead, University of Toledo, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Plant litter decomposition, Ligninolytic enzymes, Extracellular enzyme, Carbon use efficiency, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, macromolecular substances, Microbiology, complex mixtures, Lignin, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Lignocellulose index, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Food science, Cellulose, chemistry.chemical_classification, Decomposition, fungi, technology, industry, and agriculture, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant litter, Nitrogen, Enzyme, chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
Abstract: International audience; Extracellular enzymes catalyze plant litter decomposition, including enzymes that degrade holocellulose (E2) and lignin (E3). To estimate relative enzyme activities associated with observed patterns of hollocellulose (C2) and lignin (C3) decay, we set observed decay rates equal to reverse Michaelis-Menten equations. Results were consistent with empirical studies, showing a negative relationship of E2/(E2+E3) to litter lignin content, C3/(C2+C3), above a minimum threshold at which lignin begins to decay. This threshold was previously reported to be 40% lignin content, but our results demonstrated substantial variability with litter type and environment. To our knowledge, this is the first mechanistic explanation of microbial allocation of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes as a function of the lignin concentration of the lignocellulose complex but raises further questions about factors controlling the threshold for lignin decay, such as nitrogen availability.
Published: 2020

12. Contributors

Author: David J. Abson, Eduardo Aguilera, Bagoré Bathily, Philippe Baveye, Nicolas Béfort, Tim G. Benton, Isabelle Bertrand, Gilles Billen, Juliette Bloor, Timothy M. Bowles, Vincent Bretagnolle, Toby J.A. Bruce, Gianluca Brunori, Mauroni Alves Cangussú, Paulo César de F. Carvalho, Abad Chabbi, Julian Chará, Juan Cruz Colazo, Christian Corniaux, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, Simona D'Amico, William Deen, Leonardo Deiss, Luc Delaby, Christian Dupraz, Michel Duru, Martha Xochitl Flores Estrada, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Doreen Gabriel, Josette Garnier, Francois Gastal, Amélie C.M. Gaudin, Bernard Giroud, John Gowdy, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen, Laura Henckel, John Hendrickson, Olivier Huguenin-Elie, Christian Huyghe, Erik Steen Jensen, Eric Justes, David Kleijn, Katia Klumpp, Hein Korevaar, Scott L. Kronberg, Pierre Labarthe, Claudete Reisdorfer Lang, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Luis Lassaletta, Gerry Lawson, Philippe Lecomte, Gilles Lemaire, Julia Le Noë, Philippe Leterme, Isabelle Litrico, Marie-Benoit Magrini, Marty D. Matlock, Rogerio Martins Mauricio, Vanessa E. McMillan, Zia Mehrabi, Paul Miguet, Anibal de Moraes, Enrique Murgueitio, Thomas Nesme, Paul Neve, Martino Nieddu, Domingos Sávio Campos Paciullo, Cristiano Magalhães Pariz, Sylvain Pellerin, Mark B. Peoples, L.D.A.S. Pontes, Sylvie Recous, John Regan, Leah L.R. Renwick, Rafael Sandin Ribeiro, Aude Ridier, Adanella Rossi, Cornelia Rumpel, Julie Ryschawy, Alberto Sanz-Cobeña, J. Schellberg, Verena Seufert, Gavin Siriwardena, Jonathan Storkey, R. Mark Sulc, J.P. Theau, O. Therond, Clement A. Tisdell, Cairistiona F.E. Topp, Françoise Vertès, Christine A. Watson, Jeroen Watté, Michael Williams, and Clevo Wilson
Published: 2019

13. Multiscale modeling of microbial degradation of outer tissues of fiber-crop stems during the dew retting process

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Brigitte Chabbert, Richard Voinot, Laurent Bleuze, Sylvie Recous, François Lafolie, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), and Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Microbial kinetics, Dietary Fiber, 0106 biological sciences, Retting, Environmental Engineering, Bioengineering, Aerobic biodegradation, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Fiber crop, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Flax, 010608 biotechnology, Multiscale modeling, Fiber, Microbial biodegradation, Bioprocess, Waste Management and Disposal, Cannabis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Dew retting, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Textiles, General Medicine, Biodegradation, Pulp and paper industry, Cellulose fiber, Biodegradation, Environmental, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, engineering, Environmental science, Dew, Plant fiber
Abstract: International audience; Dew retting of fiber crops, such as hemp or flax, in the field after harvest promotes the microbial biodegradation of the tissues surrounding cellulosic fibers, which helps preserve the quality of fibers during their extraction and valorization for industry. This bioprocess is currently the bottleneck for plant fiber valorization because it is empirically managed and its controlling factors have not been properly quantified. A novel multiscale model representing tissue and polymer biodegradation was developed to simulate microbial growth on the stem during retting. The model was evaluated against experimental hemp retting data. It consistently simulated the mass loss of eight plant polymers belonging to two tissues of the stem outer layer, i.e., parenchyma and fiber bundles. Microbial growth was modeled by Monod equations and modulated by the functions of temperature and moisture. This work provides a tool for gaining more insights into microorganism behavior during retting under local climate conditions.
Published: 2020

14. Hemp harvest time impacts on the dynamics of microbial colonization and hemp stems degradation during dew retting

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Brigitte Chabbert, Laurent Bleuze, Sylvie Recous, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Pari Scientifique INRA, Allocation doctorale Métropole Grand Reims, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Retting, microbial colonization, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Dew Retting, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Crop, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lignin, Microbial colonization, Microbial biodegradation, 2. Zero hunger, Cannabis Sativa L, 010405 organic chemistry, food and beverages, hemp, 0104 chemical sciences, Horticulture, chemistry, Biodegradation, Bast fibre, Degradation (geology), Dew, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Dew retting, a selective microbial degradation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stems occurring after harvest under local climatic conditions, is an important field process for plant fibre uses. We investigated how the crop harvest time, which depends on the hemp valorization strategy envisaged by the farmer, affected the initial stem quality and the subsequent microbial degradation dynamics of retting. We used simulated rains and dews to carry out retting under laboratory conditions for 42 days at 15 °C with hemp stems harvested at different times (flowering and seed maturity stage). The microbial colonization and changes in the bast tissue architecture were tracked from day 0 to day 42 using colorimetry, surface infrared spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The early changes in the microbial colonization and color of the stem surface and the degradation of the bast tissue parenchyma followed the same pattern during retting for the two stem qualities. However, the kinetic of these processes was 7–14 days faster for the flowering stems, which had higher initial soluble and lower lignin contents than the mature stems. The results suggest a promising potential use of colorimetry and surface infrared spectroscopy data as candidate indicators for the dew retting progress in the field. Besides the results of this study indicate that differences in hemp stem chemical composition due to different crop harvest time significantly impacted microbial colonization, biofilm formation and eventually dew retting duration.
Published: 2020

15. Tracking the dynamics of hemp dew retting under controlled environmental conditions

Author: Brigitte Chabbert, Gonzague Alavoine, Laurent Bleuze, Sylvie Recous, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Pari Scientifique EA RESIST - CPER MATRICE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CPER MATRICE, and Pari Scientifique EA RESIST
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Retting, enzymic activity, fibre végétale, composition chimique, spectre infrarouge, mesure d'absorbance, plant fibres, Cannabis sativa, 01 natural sciences, atmospheric moisture, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 010608 biotechnology, température, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, cannabis sativa, Fiber, couleur, structure de la tige, humidité atmosphérique, facteur environnemental, étude en plein champ, activité enzymatique, Humidity, pretreatment, Pulp and paper industry, color, infrared spectrum, chanvre, 13. Climate action, Color changes, Air temperature, chemical analysis, Bast fibre, Environmental science, Dew, prétraitement, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The use of natural fibers such as hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as substitutes for nonrenewable fibers increases the life cycle performance of composite materials. The management of retting in fields as a natural pretreatment prior to fiber extraction remains challenging due to a lack of knowledge about the relative importance of environmental and biotic factors, which continually interact under field conditions. Here, we studied the dynamics of hemp retting under controlled air temperature and humidity conditions and with simulated rain. We tracked the color and infrared spectral absorbance of the stem surface, the chemical composition and microbial enzyme activities of the bast tissues, and the stem architecture over 42 days at 15 °C. Color changes on the stem surfaces were the first indicators of retting progress, with a significant decrease in the L*, a* and b* values (CIELAB) from day 14 onward. These findings were closely correlated with the surface colonization progress as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, the changes in enzymatic activities and the decohesion of the bast tissues. Additional investigations are needed to study other environmental scenarios to provide an accurate assessment of the retting process over time.
Published: 2018

16. High carbon use efficiency and low priming effect promote soil C stabilization under reduced tillage

Author: Isabelle Bertrand, Pierre-Alain Maron, Marie Sauvadet, Gonzague Alavoine, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Matthieu Chauvat, Sylvie Recous, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture (IRSTEA), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Sciences Appliquées à L'Environnement (SCALE), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR Agrobiosphère Projet SOFIA, ANR-11-AGRO-0004, ANR-11-AGRO-0004,SOFIA,Agrosystèmes et biodiversité fonctionnelle des Sols(2011), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 ( FARE ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Etude et compréhension de la biodiversité ( ECODIV ), Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Sciences Appliquées à L'Environnement ( SCALE ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: business.product_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, fertilité des sols, C-13, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, Microbial communities, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, complex mixtures, CUE, nord pas de calais, Plough, Soil management, Soil, Litter, carbone organique du sol, litière du sol, Priming effect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Decomposition, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Enzymes, Tillage, Agronomy, labour réduit, 13. Climate action, Loam, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, France, Soil fertility, business
Abstract: Increasing the accumulation of organic carbon (C) in soils is a crucial challenge both for soil fertility and for climate change mitigation. Heterotrophic microbial communities are key drivers of C cycling in the soil and are influenced by cultural practices, among other factors. However, whether changes in microbial communities in turn affect their C degradation functions is not well understood. Here, we studied the effects of prior soil management on the microbial taxonomic composition and activity of soils amended with wheat litter. Prior soil management was either conventional (CONV) (i.e., full inversion ploughing) or reduced tillage (RT) during a 5 year period in the same loamy soil in northern France. Soil samples taken from the top 5 cm of field plots were incubated with C-13-labelled litter of either flowering wheat or mature wheat for 29 days at 15 degrees C. We measured the C-CO2 and C-13-CO2, microbial biomass C (MBC) and C-13, and hydrolytic enzyme activities during decomposition. The initial bacterial and fungal community diversity was studied via high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal genes. The results showed that the MBC in the RT soil was initially 1.5-fold greater than that in the CONV soil; contrasting taxonomic compositions were also recorded. The soil biotic legacy impacted the degradation functions when the soils were amended with wheat litter. Compared with that in the CONV soil, the enzymatic efficiency of microorganisms in the RT soil increased by 49% and 61% in the presence of mature and flowering wheat litter, respectively. Enzyme efficiency was positively correlated with microbial litter C use efficiency (CUE) (r = 0.92, P-Value < 0.001) but negatively associated with the priming effect (PE) (r = -0.85, P value < 0.001) across all soils and litter treatments. These findings demonstrated that the RT soil benefited both from an increase in litter C incorporated in the microbial biomass and from a reduction in soil C loss due to the PE, regardless of the quality of the decomposed litter. Our study indicated that agricultural practices such as RT, which enriches the amount of soil organic C (SOC) in the topsoil layer, can lead to positive feedback against C stabilization functions.
Published: 2018

17. C-N-P Decoupling Processes Linked to Arable Cropping Management Systems in Relation With Intensification of Production

Author: Isabelle Bertrand, Sylvain Pellerin, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sylvie Recous, Michel Duru, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, Nutrient cycle, decoupling of agricultural support, Biodiversité et Ecologie, organic fertilization, intensification agricole, organic azide, sulphur s (symbol), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, soufre, irrigation, Biodiversity and Ecology, Soil management, Nutrient, azide, fertilisation organique, fertilisation minérale, phosphorus, 2. Zero hunger, pollution agricole, business.industry, carbon, mineral fertilization, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, biogeochemical cycle, travail du sol, Agricultural sciences, phosphore, Agronomy, decouplage, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, impact sur l'environnement, carbone, Arable land, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Sciences agricoles, cycle biogéochimique
Abstract: Biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are naturally coupled in terrestrial ecosystems by elemental stoichiometry of plant autotrophy and of soil biologic heterotrophy. The shift from natural to cropped intensive systems led to major changes in crop land use, nutrient availability, and soil management. This chapter presents the fundamental processes of C, N, and P coupling and how the intensification of agriculture has “opened” and “decoupled” the terrestrial nutrient cycles, leading to major environmental impacts, particularly with nitrogen. Intensification of agriculture has reduced the diversity of plant species and lowered organic carbon inputs to soils, increased the N saturation of agrosystems by fertilization, and to a lesser extent P, the territorial specialization of agriculture has increased nutrient fluxes and imbalances both at regional and world scales. These major changes have modified in turn the nature and amount of plant biomass recycled to soils, the diversity and activities of soil communities, and affected the balance of nutrient mineralization to immobilization by heterotrophs. Lack of synchrony between nutrients supply and plant demand, enhanced by the simplification of crop rotations, is also a major cause of decoupling between cycles. Therefore, new farming strategies should aim, at plot scale, at diversifying crops, increasing the presence of legumes in rotations, and the annual soil occupancy by crops, and at increasing, at farm and regional scales, the complexity of cropping systems (particularly by mixing arable and livestock farming) to enhance local recycling of nutrients and decrease the use of synthetic fertilizers.
Published: 2018

18. Increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A review

Author: Pierre Barré, Lauric Cécillon, Catherine Roumet, Sébastien Barot, Delphine Derrien, Claire Chenu, Marie-France Dignac, Mickaël Hedde, Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Naoise Nunan, Tiphaine Chevallier, Bertrand Guenet, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Grégoire T. Freschet, Pierre-Alain Maron, Katja Klumpp, Patricia Garnier, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris ( IEES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers ( BEF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux ( Bioemco ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecosystèmes montagnards ( UR EMGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Environnement et Grandes Cultures ( EGC ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Physico-chimie et Ecotoxicologie des SolS d'Agrosystèmes Contaminés ( PESSAC ), Unité de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement ( MSE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement ( CEREGE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dignac, Marie-France, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes ( ECOSYS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS ( LGE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 ( FARE ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles ( PSH ), Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CEREGE, Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Poitiers ( IAE Poitiers ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Ouest] )
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Microorganisms, Organomineral associations, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem engineer, C dynamics, Environmental protection, Models, Litter, Stabilisation mechanisms, Indicators, Organic matter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Abiotic component, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Land use, business.industry, Ecology, Soil organic matter, Mineralisation, Root inputs, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Soil organic C, Stabilisation mechanisms Mineralisation, Agricultural practices, Macrofauna, Porosity, Tillage, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; The international 4 per 1000 initiative aims at supporting states and non-governmental stakeholders in their efforts towards a better management of soil carbon (C) stocks. These stocks depend on soil C inputs and outputs. They are the result of fine spatial scale interconnected mechanisms, which stabilise/destabilise organic matter-borne C. Since 2016, the CarboSMS consortium federates French researchers working on these mechanisms and their effects on C stocks in a local and global change setting (land use, agricultural practices, climatic and soil conditions, etc.). This article is a synthesis of this consortium’s first seminar. In the first part, we present recent advances in the understanding of soil C stabilisation mechanisms comprising biotic and abiotic processes, which occur concomitantly and interact. Soil organic C stocks are altered by biotic activities of plants (the main source of C through litter and root systems), microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and ‘ecosystem engineers’ (earthworms, termites, ants). In the meantime, abiotic processes related to the soil-physical structure, porosity and mineral fraction also modify these stocks. In the second part, we show how agricultural practices affect soil C stocks. By acting on both biotic and abiotic mechanisms, land use and management practices (choice of plant species and density, plant residue exports, amendments, fertilisation, tillage, etc.) drive soil spatiotemporal organic inputs and organic matter sensitivity to mineralisation. Interaction between the different mechanisms and their effects on C stocks are revealed by meta-analyses and long-term field studies. The third part addresses upscaling issues. This is a cause for major concern since soil organic C stabilisation mechanisms are most often studied at fine spatial scales (mm–μm) under controlled conditions, while agricultural practices are implemented at the plot scale. We discuss some proxies and models describing specific mechanisms and their action in different soil and climatic contexts and show how they should be taken into account in large scale models, to improve change predictions in soil C stocks. Finally, this literature review highlights some future research prospects geared towards preserving or even increasing C stocks, our focus being put on the mechanisms, the effects of agricultural practices on them and C stock prediction models.
Published: 2017

19. Stocker du C dans les sols : Quels mécanismes, quelles pratiques agricoles, quels indicateurs ?

Author: Delphine Derrien, Marie-France Dignac, Isabelle Basile-Doelsch, Sébastien Barot, Lauric Cécillon, Claire Chenu, Tiphaine Chevallier, Freschet, Grégoire T., Patricia Garnier, Bertrand Guenet, Mickaël Hedde, Katja Klumpp, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Pierre-Alain Maron, Naoise Nunan, Catherine Roumet, Pierre Barré, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), parent, Département Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (DEPT EFPA), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers ( BEF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes ( ECOSYS ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris ( IEES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecosystèmes montagnards ( UR EMGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes ( Eco&Sols ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 ( FARE ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS ( LGE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement ( CEREGE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux ( Bioemco ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques ( DEPT EFPA ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Subjects: MINERALISATION, microorganismos, STOCKAGE, C dynamics, litter, organo-mineral associations, mineralization, microorganisms, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, BIOLOGIE DU SOL, FERTILITE DU SOL, stabilization mechanisms, MACROFAUNE, mécanismes de stabilisation, C organique du sol, PRATIQUE CULTURALE, root inputs, macrofaune, litières, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, porosité, macrofauna, mecanismo de estabilización, INDICATEUR ECOLOGIQUE, asociaciones órgano-minerales, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics], Soil organic C, aportes radiculares, porosity, prácticas agrícolas, microorganismes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, agricultural practices, apports racinaires, models, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, modelos, C orgánico del suelo, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, mineralización, MICROBIOLOGIE DU SOL, modèles, MATIERE ORGANIQUE, indicadores, hojarasca, indicators, associations organo-minérales, CARBONE ORGANIQUE, porosidad, pratiques agricoles, macro fauna, dinámica del C, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], BIBLIOGRAPHIE, minéralisation, indicateurs, dynamique du C
Abstract: The aim of the international "4 per 1 000" initiative is to support States and non-governmental actors in their efforts towards a better management of carbon (C) stocks in soils. These stocks depend on the inputs and outputs of C in soils. Stocks are the result of intercon¬nected mechanisms acting at fine spatial scales, leading to stabilisation/destabilisation of the C present in organic matter (OM). The need to federate research on these mechanisms and their effects on C stocks in a context of local and global changes (land uses, agricultural practices, climatic and soil conditions, etc.) led to the creation in 2015 of a group of french researchers, CarboSMS. This is the synthesis of the seminar dedicated to this issue. In the first part, we present recent advances in the understanding of soil C stabilisation mechanisms. Biotic mechanisms correspond to the effects of plants (main source of C through litter and root systems), microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and ecosystem engineers (earthworms, termites, ants) on organic C stocks in soils. Abiotic processes are related to the physical structure of soils, to the organization of their porosity and to their mineral fraction : inclusion of the OM in aggregates, association with minerals, etc. These biotic and abiotic mechanisms take place concomitantly and interact. In the second part, we discuss the effects of agricultural practices on soil C stocks. By acting on biotic as well as abiotic mechanisms, land use and management specificities (choice of plant species and density, plant residue exports, amendments, fertilization, tillage, etc.) drive not only the spatial and temporal organic inputs into soils, but also the OM sensitivity to mineralisation. The complexity of the interactions between the different mechanisms and their effects on C stocks are evidenced by meta-analyses and long-term field studies. Organic C stabilisation mechanisms in soils are studied at fine spatial scales (mm-μm) under controlled conditions. The third part of this article addresses the issues of upscaling (up to the plot and to global scale) and validating the action of specific mechanisms in different soil and climatic contexts, before taking them into account in large scale models to improve predictions of the changes in soil C stocks. Finally, this literature review highlights some perspectives for future research aiming at preserving or even increasing C stocks. These perspectives focus on the mechanisms, the effects of agricultural practices on these mechanisms, and on predictive models of C stocks.; La iniciativa internacional "4 por 1 000" tiene como ambición sostener Estados y actores no gubernamentales en sus esfuerzos hacia una mejor gestión de los stocks de carbono (C) de los suelos. Estos stocks dependen de las entradas y salidas de C en los suelos. Los stocks son la consecuencia de mecanismos interconectados, que actúan a una escala espacial fina, que conducen al almacenaje o al desalmacenaje del C presente en las materias orgánicas (MO). Aparece necesario federar los investigadores sobre estos mecanismos y su acción sobre los stocks de C en un contexto de cambio local o global (uso de los suelos, prácticas agrícolas, condiciones climáticas o edáficas, etc.), lo que lleva a la creación del colectivo de investigadores CarboSMS. Este artículo es la síntesis del seminario dedicado a esta cuestión. La primera parte presenta los avances recientes sobre la compren¬sión de los mecanismos de estabilización. Los mecanismos bióticos corresponden a los efectos de las plantas (principal fuente de C, en particular a través de sus sistemas radiculares), de los microorganismos (hongos y bacterias) y de los ingenieros del ecosistema (lombrices, termitas, hormigas) sobre los stocks de C orgánico del suelo. Los procesos abióticos son ligados a la estructura física del suelo, a la organización de su porosidad y a su fracción mineral : inclusión de la MO en los agregados, asociación a los minerales, etc. Estos mecanismos bióticos y abióticos se desarrollan de manera concomitante y en interacción. La segunda parte discute de los efectos de las prácticas agrícolas sobre los stocks de C de los suelos. La elección de las especies vegetales y de su densidad de plantación, la intensidad de la extracción de los vegetales, la enmienda, la fertilización y el trabajo del suelo, etc. condicionan no solamente los aportes de MO al suelo en el tiempo y en el espacio, pero también la sensibilidad de estas MO a la mineralización, actuando sobre los mecanismos bióticos y abióticos. La complexidad de las interacciones entre los mecanismos y sus efectos en el tiempo sobre los stocks de C se constata por los meta-análisis y los estudios de terreno de larga duración. Se estudian los mecanismos de estabilización del C orgánico en los suelos a escala espacial fina (mm-μm), en condiciones especificas. La tercera parte de este artículo discuta proposiciones concretas para abordar las cuestiones del cambio de escala (hasta la parcela y al nivel global) y de la validación de la acción de un mecanismo en diferentes contextos pedo-climáticos antes de tomarlo en cuenta en los modelos a larga escala para mejorar las previsiones de evolución de los stocks de C de los suelos. En fin, en una óptica de preservar mejor los stocks de C, incluso de aumentarlos, esta revisión bibliográfica nos permite hacer proposi¬ciones para los ejes de investigaciones futuras sobre los mecanismos, los efectos de las prácticas agrícolas sobre estos mecanismos, y los modelos de predicción de los stocks de C.; L’initiative internationale "4 pour 1 000" a pour ambition de soutenir États et acteurs non gouvernementaux dans leurs efforts vers une meilleure gestion des stocks de carbone (C) des sols. Ces stocks dépendent des entrées et sorties de C dans les sols. Ils sont la consé¬quence de mécanismes interconnectés, agissant à une échelle spatiale fine, qui conduisent au stockage ou déstockage du C présent dans les matières organiques (MO). Il apparaît nécessaire de fédérer les recherches sur ces mécanismes et leur action sur les stocks de C dans un contexte de changement local ou global (usage des sols, pratiques agricoles, conditions climatiques ou édaphiques, etc.), ce qui a conduit à la création du collectif de chercheurs CarboSMS. Cet article est la synthèse d'un séminaire dédié à cet enjeu. La première partie présente les avancées récentes sur la compréhension des mécanismes de stabilisation. Les mécanismes biotiques correspondent aux effets des plantes (principale source de C, notamment à travers leurs systèmes racinaires), des micro-organismes (champignons et bactéries) et des ingénieurs de l’écosystème (vers de terre, termites, fourmis) sur les stocks de C organique du sol. Les processus abiotiques sont liés à la structure physique du sol, à l’organisation de sa porosité et à sa fraction minérale : inclusion de la MO dans les agrégats, association aux minéraux, etc. Ces mécanismes biotiques et abiotiques se déroulent de façon concomitante et en interaction. La deuxième partie discute des effets des pratiques agricoles sur les stocks de C des sols. Le choix des espèces végétales et de leur densité de plantation, l’intensité du prélèvement des végétaux, l’amendement, la fertilisation et le travail du sol, etc. conditionnent non seulement les apports de MO au sol dans le temps et l’espace, mais aussi la sensibilité de ces MO à la minéralisation, en agissant sur les mécanismes, biotiques comme abiotiques. La complexité des interactions entre les mécanismes et leurs effets dans le temps sur les stocks de C sont mis en évidence par les méta-analyses et les études de terrain de longue durée. Les mécanismes de stabilisation du C organique dans les sols sont étudiés à fine échelle spatiale (mm-μm), dans des conditions spéci¬fiques. La troisième partie de cet article discute de propositions concrètes pour aborder les questions du changement d’échelle (jusqu’à la parcelle et au niveau global) et de la validation de l’action d’un mécanisme dans différents contextes pédo-climatiques avant de le prendre en compte dans des modèles à large échelle pour améliorer les prévisions d’évolution des stocks de C des sols. Enfin, dans une optique de mieux préserver les stocks de C, voire de les augmenter, cette revue bibliographique nous permet de faire des propositions pour les axes de recherches futures sur les mécanismes, les effets des pratiques agricoles sur ces mécanismes, et les modèles de prédiction des stocks de C.
Published: 2016

20. Modeling the release of organic contaminants during compost decomposition in soil

Author: Claire-Sophie Haudin, Chun-Nu Geng, Patricia Garnier, Yuan Zhang, Sabine Houot, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institute of Urban Environment, University of Science & Technology of China [Suzhou], Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, organic contaminant, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Glycine, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, composts, 01 natural sciences, soil, Surface-Active Agents, Adsorption, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Organic matter, Microbial biodegradation, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Pollutant, Air Pollutants, Fluorenes, model, Compost, Herbicides, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Mineralization (soil science), Models, Theoretical, Pollution, Carbon, chemistry, 13. Climate action, adsorption, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, microbial degradation
Abstract: Composts, incorporated in soils as amendments, may release organic contaminants during their decomposition. COP–Soil is presented here as a new model to simulate the interaction between organic contaminants and compost, using one module for organic matter and one for organic pollutants, with these modules being linked by several assumptions. Published results of laboratory soil incubations using labeled carbon pollutants from compost were used to test the model for one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), two surfactants and one herbicide. Several simulation scenarios were tested using (i) the organic pollutant module either alone or coupled to the organic matter module, (ii) various methods to estimate the adsorption coefficients ( Kd ) of contaminants on organic matter and (iii) different degrading biomasses. The simulations were improved if the organic pollutant module was coupled with the organic matter module. Multiple linear regression model for Kd as a function of organic matter quality yielded the most accurate simulation results. The inclusion of specific biomass in the model made it possible to successfully predict the PAH mineralization.
Published: 2015

21. A new equation to simulate the contact between soil and maize residues of different sizes during their decomposition

Author: Patricia Garnier, Sylvie Recous, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Akhtar Iqbal, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR Systerra, Projet PEPITES, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Crop residue, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, nitrogen, soi-residue contact, chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, model, carbon mineralisation, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 15. Life on land, Nitrogen, Decomposition, particle-size, chemistry, Agronomy, Loam, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Particle, Particle size, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Carbon
Abstract: The availability of soil nutrients, which are recycled through the decomposition of crop residues, is important for the management of cropped soils. However, knowledge regarding the influence of contact between crop residues and soil on the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil is limited. In particular, the effect of particle size on decomposition is not well-known, and conceptual approaches for modelling the soil-residue contact in a decomposition model remain scarce. Therefore, we analysed and modelled the effect of maize stem particle length on decomposition. We incubated maize stem residues with particle sizes of 0.02, 0.5, 2 and 5 cm in length in a loamy soil at 25 °C over 301 days. We continuously measured the mineralisation of C and N and determined the chemical evolution of the remaining particles. We used the decomposition model CANTIS which takes into account the soil-residue contact, using a contact factor, KMZ. The decomposition rates of smaller maize particles were higher than those of larger particles during the early phases of decomposition. However, these differences were not maintained after 301 days. These results suggest that a larger size of the maize particles only slowed the rate of mineralisation in the short term but did not modify decomposition in the medium term. We proposed a new formalism for expressing the changes in soil-residue contact with different particle sizes. The contact factor KMZ was calculated using the standardised specific surface area and can be applied more widely to residues that differ in morphology and density.
Published: 2014

22. COP-compost: a software to study the degradation of organic pollutants in composts

Author: Yueqing Zhang, Enrique Barriuso, Sabine Houot, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Patricia Garnier, Yindi Zhu, University of Science & Technology of China [Suzhou], Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: organic pollutants, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biomass, Simazine, engineering.material, soil, modelling, chemistry.chemical_compound, sensitivity analysis, Environmental Chemistry, Soil Pollutants, Organic matter, Organic Chemicals, Soil Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Pollutant, Total organic carbon, microbial biomass, Compost, General Medicine, Models, Theoretical, Pollution, Carbon, organic matters, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, engineering, composting, Degradation (geology), Pyrene, Software
Abstract: Composting has been demonstrated to be effective in degrading organic pollutants (OP) whose behaviour depends on the composting conditions, the microbial populations activated and interactions with organic matters. The fate of OP during composting involves complex mechanisms and models can be helpful tools for educational and scientific purposes, as well as for industrialists who want to optimise the composting process for OP elimination. A COP-Compost model, which couples an organic carbon (OC) module and an organic pollutant (OP) module and which simulates the changes of organic matter, organic pollutants and the microbial activities during the composting process, has been proposed and calibrated for a first set of OP in a previous study. The objectives of the present work were (1) to introduce the COP-Compost model from its convenient interface to a potential panel of users, (2) to show the variety of OP that could be simulated, including the possibility of choosing between degradation through co-metabolism or specific metabolism and (3) to show the effect of the initial characteristics of organic matter quality and its microbial biomass on the simulated results of the OP dynamic. In the model, we assumed that the pollutants can be adsorbed on organic matter according to the biochemical quality of the OC and that the microorganisms can degrade the pollutants at the same time as they degrade OC (by co-metabolism). A composting experiment describing two different (14)C-labelled organic pollutants, simazine and pyrene, were chosen from the literature because the four OP fractions simulated in the model were measured during the study (the mineralised, soluble, sorbed and non-extractable fractions). Except for the mineralised fraction of simazine, a good agreement was achieved between the simulated and experimental results describing the evolution of the different organic fractions. For simazine, a specific biomass had to be added. To assess the relative importance of organic matter dynamics on the organic pollutants' behaviour, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the parameters associated with organic matter dynamics and its initial microbial biomass greatly influenced the evolution of all the OP fractions, although the initial biochemical quality of the OC did not have a significant impact on the OP evolution.
Published: 2014

23. Fate of C-14-organic pollutant residues in composted sludge after application to soil

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Claire-Sophie Haudin, Valerie Dumeny, Sabine Houot, Valérie Bergheaud, Yuhai Zhang, Enrique Barriuso, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ADEME, Environment and Agronomy Division of INRA, Veolia Environment, Research and Innovation, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Glyphosate, Biosolids, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, NON-EXTRACTABLE RESIDUES, Carbon Radioisotopes, Fluoranthene, Nonylphenol (NP), MINERALIZATION, BIOSOLIDS, Sewage, Compost, Benzenesulfonates, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Pollution, Soil contamination, 3. Good health, Environmental chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Engineering, SEWAGE-SLUDGE, Glycine, engineering.material, MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, Sludge compost, Phenols, Environmental Chemistry, ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), Microbial biodegradation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Fluorenes, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Green waste, NONYLPHENOL, LAS, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 4-NONYLPHENOL, Sludge
Abstract: Organic micropollutants may be present in biosolids, leading to soil contamination when they are recycled in agriculture. A sludge spiked with C-14-labelled glyphosate (GLY), sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), fluoranthene (FLT) or 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) was composted with green waste and the fate of the C-14-micropollutant residues remaining after composting was assessed after the compost application to the soil. C-14-residues were mineralised in the soil and represented after 140 d 20-32% of the initial activity for LAS, 16-25% for GLY, 6-9% for FLT and 4-7% for NP. The C-14-residues at the end of composting that could not be extracted with methanol or ammonia were minimally remobilised or even increased for FLT. After 140 d, non-extractable residues represented 38-52% of all of the C-14-residues remaining in the soil for FLT, 50-67% for GLY, 91-92% for NP and 94-97% for LAS and in most cases, less than 1% of the C-14-residues were water soluble, suggesting a low direct availability for leaching and microbial or plant assimilation. FLT was identified as the main compound among the methanol-extractable C-14-residues that may be potentially available. The fate of the C-14-organic pollutant residues in composts after application to soil could be assessed through a sequential chemical extraction scheme and depended on the chemical nature of the pollutant. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013

24. Calculating co-metabolic costs of lignin decay and their impacts on carbon use efﬁciency

Author: Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Michael N. Weintraub, Daryl L. Moorhead, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Deptartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Biology [New Mexico], The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], National Science Foundation Ecosystem Sciences program grants DEB-0918718 and DEB-0946257, and the Environment and Agronomy Division of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, lignin, lignocellulose index LCI, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Botany, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, decomposition, model, Chemistry, carbon use efﬁciency CUE, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant litter, Pulp and paper industry, Decomposition, Yield (chemistry), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Carbon
Abstract: A critical feature of leaf litter decay is the interaction between holocellulose (including both cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin, described by the lignocellulose index (LCI): LCI = lignin/[lignin + holocellulose], which increases during decomposition. We develop a simple model describing the relationships between the first-order decay rate coefficients (k2 and k3, respectively) for holocellulose (C2) and lignin (C3) litter fractions over the full range of LCI values from 0 to an empirical maximum of ∼0.7 (LCImax). We assume that: (1) k2 and k3 are linear functions of LCI; (2) holocellulose degradation (dC2/dt) provides a net energy yield, while lignin decay (dC3/dt) has a net energy cost; and (3) LCImax is the LCI value at which the yield of dC2/dt equals the cost of dC3/dt. This model is consistent with empirical observations of key aspects of litter decay, such as changes in LCI, and can be used to quantify energetic relationships during decomposition, such as the relationship between potential carbon use efficiency (CUE) and litter quality (LCI).
Published: 2013

25. A theoretical model of C- and N-acquiring exoenzyme activities, which balances microbial demands during decomposition

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Daryl L. Moorhead, Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Department of Environmental Sciences [Toledo USA], University of Toledo, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Biology [New Mexico], The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Competitive Grant no. 2005-35107-16281, NSF Ecosystems Program grants DEB-0946257 and DEB-0918718, and the Environment and Agronomy Division of INRA., Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil Science, Context (language use), Extracellular enzymes Model, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chitin, Extracellular, Overﬂow metabolism, Carbon use efﬁciency, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Decomposition, biology, Biofilm, Substrate (chemistry), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Enzyme assay, chemistry, Biochemistry, Ecological stoichiometry, 13. Climate action, Enzyme model, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, biology.protein, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Exoenzyme, Threshold element ratio (TER)
Abstract: We developed an Extracellular EnZYme model (EEZY) of decomposition that produces two separate pools of C- and N-acquiring enzymes, that in turn hydrolyze two qualitatively different substrates, one containing only C (e.g., cellulose) and the other containing both C and N (e.g., chitin or protein). Hence, this model approximates the actions of commonly measured indicator enzymes s-1,4-glucosidase and s-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (or leucine aminopeptidase) as they hydrolyze cellulose and chitin (or protein), respectively. EEZY provides an analytical solution to the allocation of these two enzymes, which in turn release C and N from the two substrates to maximize microbial growth. Model behaviors were both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with patterns of litter decay generated by other decomposition models. However, EEZY demonstrated greater sensitivity to the C:N of individual substrate pools in addition to responding to factors directly affecting enzyme activity. Output approximated field observations of extracellular enzyme activities from studies of terrestrial soils, aquatic sediments, freshwater biofilm and plankton communities. Although EEZY is largely a theoretical model, simulated C- and N-acquiring enzyme activities approximated a 1:1 ratio, consistent with the bulk of these field observations, only when the N-containing substrate had a C:N ratio similar to commonly occurring substrates (e.g., proteins or chitin). This result supported the emerging view of the stoichiometry of extracellular enzyme activities from an environmental context, which suggests that a relatively narrow range of microbial C:N, carbon use efficiency and soil/sediment organic matter C:N across ecosystems explains the tendency towards this 1:1 ratio of enzyme activities associated with C- and N-acquisition. Sensitivity analyses indicated that simulated extracellular enzyme activity was most responsive to variations in carbon use efficiency of microorganisms, although kinetic characteristics of enzymes also had significant impacts. Thus EEZY provides a quantitative framework in which to interpret mechanisms underlying empirical patterns of extracellular enzyme activity.
Published: 2012

26. Modelling of organic matter dynamics during the composting process

Author: Enrique Barriuso, Jean-Philippe Steyer, Yong-Guan Zhu, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Jérémie Doublet, Sabine Houot, Yuan Zhang, Patricia Garnier, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Research and Innovation, VEOLIA France, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Urban Environment, Chinses Academy of Sciences, Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Biomass, Fraction (chemistry), 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Soil, Organic matter, Organic Chemicals, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, organic matter, chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, model, decomposition, Waste management, Compost, sciences du sol, fungi, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Pulp and paper industry, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, soil, Models, Chemical, chemistry, Cellulosic ethanol, Scientific method, Calibration, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, composting, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Degradation (geology)
Abstract: Composting urban organic wastes enables the recycling of their organic fraction in agriculture. The objective of this new composting model was to gain a clearer understanding of the dynamics of organic fractions during composting and to predict the final quality of composts. Organic matter was split into different compartments according to its degradability. The nature and size of these compartments were studied using a biochemical fractionation method. The evolution of each compartment and the microbial biomass were simulated, as was the total organic carbon loss corresponding to organic carbon mineralisation into CO 2 . Twelve composting experiments from different feedstocks were used to calibrate and validate our model. We obtained a unique set of estimated parameters. Good agreement was achieved between the simulated and experimental results that described the evolution of different organic fractions, with the exception of some compost because of a poor simulation of the cellulosic and soluble pools. The degradation rate of the cellulosic fraction appeared to be highly variable and dependent on the origin of the feedstocks. The initial soluble fraction could contain some degradable and recalcitrant elements that are not easily accessible experimentally.
Published: 2012

27. Composting in small laboratory pilots: Performance and reproducibility

Author: Enrique Barriuso, M. Le Villio-Poitrenaud, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sabine Houot, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Research and Innovation, VEOLIA France, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: compost, 020209 energy, pilot, biochemical fractionation, Fraction (chemistry), 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Soil, Bioreactors, Waste Management, in-vessel composting reactor, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Bioreactor, sludge, Organic matter, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Reproducibility, Waste management, Plant Stems, Sewage, Compost, sciences du sol, Temperature, Soil chemistry, Reproducibility of Results, Biochemical evolution, Carbon Dioxide, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water, Oxygen, Plant Leaves, fraction biochimique, chemistry, 13. Climate action, engineering, Environmental science, Sludge
Abstract: Small-scale reactors (
Published: 2012

28. Dissipation pathways of organic pollutants during the composting of organic wastes

Author: Enrique Barriuso, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sabine Houot, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Dodecylbenzene, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Glycine, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, fluoranthene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phenols, glyphosate, Environmental Chemistry, Organic Chemicals, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Fluoranthene, Fluorenes, Compost, Chemistry, Benzenesulfonates, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, nonylphenol (NP), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Mineralization (soil science), Pollution, 6. Clean water, non-extractable residues, Green waste, Solvent, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, 13. Climate action, Glyphosate, Environmental chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, composting, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: The organic pollutants (OPs) present in compostable organic residues can be recovered in the final composts leading to environmental impacts related to their use in agriculture. However, the composting process may contribute to their partial dissipation that is classically evaluated through the concentration decrease in extractable OPs, without identification of the responsible mechanisms as mineralization or stabilization of OP as non-extractable residues (NER) or bound residues. The dissipation of four (14)C-labeled OPs (fluoranthene; 4-n-nonylphenol, NP; sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulfonate, LAS; glyphosate) was assessed during composting of sewage sludge and green waste. The dissipation of LAS largely resulted from its mineralization (51% of initial LAS), whereas mineralization was intermediate for NP (29%) and glyphosate (24%), and negligible for fluoranthene. The NER pathway mostly concerned NP and glyphosate, with 45% and 37% of the recovered (14)C being found as NER at the end of composting, respectively. In the final composts, the proportions of water soluble residues of OPs considered as readily available were11% of recovered (14)C-OPs. However, most fluoranthene remained solvent extractable (72%) and potentially available, whereas only 18% of glyphosate and less than 7% of both NP and LAS remained solvent extractable in the final compost.
Published: 2012

29. Typology of exogenous organic matters based on chemical and biochemical composition to predict potential nitrogen mineralization

Author: Bernard Nicolardot, Virginie Parnaudeau, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Bruno Mary, Marie-Laure Guillotin, Sabine Houot, Christine Villette, Laurent Thuriès, Thierry Morvan, Antoine Tricaud, Laure Metzger, Rémi Chaussod, Monique Lineres, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agrosystèmes et impacts environnementaux carbone-azote (Agro-Impact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Organic Fertilizers, Phalippou-Frayssinet, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement (MSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Laboratoire LCA, Transfert Sol-Plante et Cycle des Eléments Minéraux dans les Ecosystèmes Cultivés (TCEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB), RITTMO Agroenvironnement (RITTMO), SAS Laboratoire, Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherche (LDAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Environnement et Grandes Cultures ( EGC ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Agrosystèmes et impacts environnementaux carbone-azote ( Agro-Impact ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation ( SAS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement ( MSE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), Transfert Sol-Plante et Cycle des Eléments Minéraux dans les Ecosystèmes Cultivés ( TCEM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux ( ENITAB ), RITTMO Agroenvironnement ( RITTMO ), and Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherche ( LDAR )
Subjects: [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, genetic structures, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Minéralisation, Biochemical composition, Organic Chemicals, Waste Management and Disposal, High potential, chemistry.chemical_classification, Minerals, Chemistry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Composition chimique, Classification, hierarchical classification, Disponibilité d'élément nutritif, Cycle de l'azote, Environmental chemistry, Algorithms, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Biochemical fractionation, Environmental Engineering, Nitrogen, Mineralogy, biochemical fractionation, Bioengineering, Fractionation, Teneur en azote, n mineralization, Matière organique du sol, Fertilité du sol, Multiple factor analysis, Organic matter, Computer Simulation, Nitrogen cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, P35 - Fertilité du sol, [ SDV.BIO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Mineralization (soil science), eye diseases, Amendement organique, Models, Chemical, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, sense organs, exogenous organic matter, typology, F04 - Fertilisation
Abstract: Our aim was to develop a typology predicting potential N availability of exogenous organic matters (EOMs) in soil based on their chemical characteristics. A database of 273 EOMs was constructed including analytical data of biochemical fractionation, organic C and N, and results of N mineralization during incubation of soil–EOM mixtures in controlled conditions. Multiple factor analysis and hierarchical classification were performed to gather EOMs with similar composition and N mineralization behavior. A typology was then defined using composition criteria to predict potential N mineralization. Six classes of EOM potential N mineralization in soil were defined, from high potential N mineralization to risk of inducing N immobilization in soil after application. These classes were defined on the basis of EOM organic N content and soluble, cellulose-, and lignin-like fractions. A decision tree based on these variables was constructed in order to easily attribute any EOM to 1 of the 6 classes.
Published: 2010

30. Sorption and mineralization of organic pollutants during different stages of composting

Author: Enrique Barriuso, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sabine Houot, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Time Factors, LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATES (LAS), Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Glycine, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, Surface-Active Agents, Phenols, Environmental Chemistry, Organic chemistry, Organic matter, Organic Chemicals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environmental Restoration and Remediation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Fluoranthene, Persistent organic pollutant, Fluorenes, Compost, Herbicides, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Sorption, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Biodegradation, GLYPHOSATE, Pollution, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs), FLUORANTHENE, NONYLPHENOL (NP), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Glyphosate, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental Pollutants, Adsorption
Abstract: The organic pollutant (OP) content is a key factor when determining compost quality. The OPs present in feedstock materials may either be degraded during composting or stabilized in the compost by sorption interactions with organic matter (OM), which may reduce the availability of OP to microorganism degradation. It is particularly important to identify the key stages during composting that are involved in OP mineralization so as to be able to optimize the composting process and determine whether OP sorption on OM is a limiting factor to OP mineralization. Four 14C-labeled OPs were used during the study: a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (fluoranthene), two surfactants (4-n-nonylphenol – NP and sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulfonate – LAS) and a herbicide (glyphosate). The potential for compost microflora to degrade OP, and compost sorption properties, were characterized at different stages of composting. The highest levels of LAS and glyphosate mineralization were found during the thermophilic stage, at the beginning of maturation for NP and at the end of maturation for fluoranthene. A specific microflora was probably involved in the biodegradation of fluoranthene while NP, LAS and glyphosate mineralization were linked to total microbial activity. OP sorption on compost was linked to their hydrophobicity, decreasing in the order: fluoranthene > NP > LAS > glyphosate. Moreover, sorption decreased as compost maturity increased, except for glyphosate. The sorption coefficients were positively correlated to mineralization kinetics parameters for NP, LAS and glyphosate, suggesting a positive effect of sorption on increasing mineralization rates.
Published: 2010

31. Indicator of potential residual carbon in soils after exogenous organic matter application

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Sabine Houot, Virginie Parnaudeau, Antoine Tricaud, Bruno Mary, Laurent Thuriès, Christine Villette, Monique Lineres, Thierry Morvan, Bernard Nicolardot, Laure Metzger, Rémi Chaussod, Marie-Laure Guillotin, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agrosystèmes et impacts environnementaux carbone-azote (Agro-Impact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Organic Fertilizers, Phalippou-Frayssinet, Recyclage et risque (UPR Recyclage et risque), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement (MSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Laboratoire LCA, Transfert Sol-Plante et Cycle des Eléments Minéraux dans les Ecosystèmes Cultivés (TCEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB), RITTMO, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), SAS Laboratoire, Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherche (LDAR), ADEME, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Recyclage et risque (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 78 Recyclage et risque), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures ( EGC ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Agrosystèmes et impacts environnementaux carbone-azote ( Agro-Impact ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), UPR Risque Environnemental Lié au Recyclage, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement ( MSE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), Transfert Sol-Plante et Cycle des Eléments Minéraux dans les Ecosystèmes Cultivés ( TCEM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux ( ENITAB ), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation ( SAS ), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), and Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherche ( LDAR )
Subjects: P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Carbone, [ SDV.SA.SDS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Matière organique du sol, Organic matter, Cellulose, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Soil conditioner, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Carbon, F04 - Fertilisation
Abstract: An indicator to evaluate the proportion of exogenous organic matter (EOM) remaining in soils over the long-term after application has been developed. A database was constructed with analytical data corresponding to 83 EOMs, including sludges, composts, animal wastes, mulches, plant materials and fertilizers. The data included results of proximal analysis (soluble, SOL, hemicellulose-, HEM, cellulose-, CEL, and lignin-like, LIC, fractions, in g kg-1 total organic matter) and of carbon (C) mineralization during long-term incubations under laboratory conditions (in g kg-1 exogenous organic C, EOC). The potential residual organic C after EOM application to soil was assessed from the extrapolation of the incubation results. Then, partial least square regression was used to relate EOM characteristics to the proportion of potentially residual organic C previously determined from the incubations. The biochemical fractions of EOM were not predictive enough to develop the indicator. The proportion of organic C mineralized during 3 days of incubation (C3d) was cumulated and appeared to be the most predictive variable of residual organic C. The proposed indicator of residual organic carbon in soils (expressed as g EOC kg-1) was IROC = 445 + 0.5 SOL - 0.2 CEL + 0.7 LIC - 2.3 C3d. The indicator was calculated for the main types of EOM applied to soils. When compared with the few field data of residual C measured in long-term field experiments, the values provided by the indicator seemed to be over-estimated (i.e. EOC degradation could be faster under field conditions than during laboratory incubations). (Resume d'auteur)
Published: 2009

32. Réponses des fonctions microbiennes de dégradation des matières organiques des sols à un gradient d’anthropisation d’agrosystèmes

Author: Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Gonzague Alavoine, Juliette Bloor, Pascal Carrère, Xavier Charrier, François Gastal, Mickaël Hedde, Katja Klumpp, Frédérique Louault, Bruno Mary, Thomas Pommier, Guillaume Vitte, Sylvie Recous, ProdInra, Migration, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan (FERLUS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, sol, [SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.IDA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], matière organique, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, fonction microbienne, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience

33. Émissions gazeuses d'oxyde nitreux et d'ammoniac provenant de la décomposition des résidus de culture dans les sols

Author: Chandra, Varunesh, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sorbonne Universites, UPMC University of Paris 6, Benjamin Loubet, Raia Silvia Massad, and Gwenaëlle Lashermes
Subjects: sustainable agriculture, cycle de l'azote, cycle du carbone, agriculture durable, organic inputs, soil organic matter, carbon cycle, action microbienne du sol, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, nitrogen cycle, soil microbial action, intrants organiques, matière organique du sol
Abstract: Agriculture is a prime source of gaseous mineral nitrogen emissions. The strong greenhouse gas nitrous oxide and the strong air pollutant ammonia are some of them, whose mitigation has become a necessity in the modern world. These gases are usually produced from organic and inorganic inputs to soil. In the present scenario of sustainable agriculture, the contributions of crop residue incorporation to these gas fluxes are increasing year by year. To study how this agriculture methodology influences soil biophysical and chemical properties yielding gas fluxes, we have done an extensive literature review. Our findings show that the crucial factor determining the extent of these gaseous emissions is the position of the residue incorporation. We carried out laboratory incubations of soil microcosms with a large particled soil and two small particled soils with nitrogen rich red clover and nitrogen deficient wheat residues incorporated in them in three positions - on the soil surface, mixed in top soil layer and layered at a depth of 4 cm in soil. Gas measurements were made in an incubator for 50-60 days at 15°C and 60% Water Filled Pore Space (WFPS). We found the mixed and layered residue treatment to have higher nitrous oxide fluxes than the surface treatments. In case of ammonia, fluxes were higher from surface treatment than the others. Next, we tried to create a coupled model (CANTIS-NOE-NH3 Volatilisation) to simulate these gaseous emissions. We used the experimental data to optimise the model parameters and we then ran a simulation and compared the results with experimental data. Our model qualitatively performed well but quantitatively fluxes were underestimated. This probably arose due to the usage of default parameters of NOE model rather than soil specific parameters. More work on microbial diversity is needed to refine these outcomes for better predictability of these gas emissions.; L'agriculture est une source principale d'émissions d'azote minéral gazeux. Le puissant gaz à effet de serre protoxyde d'azote et le fort polluant atmosphérique ammoniacal sont quelques-uns d'entre eux, dont l'atténuation est devenue une nécessité dans le monde moderne. Ces gaz sont généralement produits à partir d'apports organiques et inorganiques dans le sol. Dans le scénario actuel d'agriculture durable, les contributions de l'incorporation de résidus de récolte à ces flux de gaz augmentent d'année en année. Pour étudier comment cette méthodologie agricole influence les propriétés biophysiques et chimiques du sol produisant des flux de gaz, nous avons effectué une revue de littérature approfondie. Nos résultats montrent que le facteur crucial déterminant l'étendue de ces émissions gazeuses est la position d'incorporation des résidus. Nous avons effectué des incubations en laboratoire de microcosmes de sol avec un sol à grosses particules et deux sols à petites particules contenant du trèfle rouge riche en azote et des résidus de blé déficients en azote incorporés dans trois positions - à la surface du sol, mélangés dans la couche supérieure du sol et stratifiés en profondeur de 4 cm dans le sol. Les mesures de gaz ont été effectuées dans un incubateur pendant 50 à 60 jours à 15°C et 60 % d'espace poreux rempli d'eau (WFPS). Nous avons trouvé que le traitement des résidus mélangés et stratifiés avait des flux d'oxyde nitreux plus élevés que les traitements de surface. Dans le cas de l'ammoniac, les flux provenant du traitement de surface étaient plus élevés que les autres. Ensuite, nous avons essayé de créer un modèle couplé (CANTIS-NOE-NH3 Volatilisation) pour simuler ces émissions gazeuses. Nous avons utilisé les données expérimentales pour optimiser les paramètres du modèle, puis nous avons effectué une simulation et comparé les résultats avec les données expérimentales. Notre modèle a bien fonctionné qualitativement mais quantitativement les flux ont été sous-estimés. Cela est probablement dû à l'utilisation de paramètres par défaut du modèle NOE plutôt que de paramètres spécifiques au sol. Des travaux supplémentaires sur la diversité microbienne sont nécessaires pour affiner ces résultats et améliorer la prévisibilité de ces émissions de gaz.
Published: 2021

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33 results on '"Gwenaëlle Lashermes"'

1. Soil organic carbon models need independent time-series validation for reliable prediction

2. Enzymatic strategies and carbon use efficiency of a litter-decomposing fungus grown on maize leaves, stems and roots

3. Interacting microbe and litter quality controls on litter decomposition: a modeling analysis.

4. A primer on predictive techniques for food and bioresources transformation processes

5. Current controversies on mechanisms controlling soil carbon storage: implications for interactions with practitioners and policy-makers. A review

6. Quantifying and simulating carbon and nitrogen mineralization from diverse exogenous organic matters

7. Effects of crop residue incorporation and properties on combined soil gaseous N$_{2}$O, NO, and NH$_{3}$ emissions—A laboratory-based measurement approach

8. Effects of crop residue incorporation and properties on combined soil gaseous N

9. N

10. N2O emissions from decomposing crop residues are strongly linked to their initial soluble fraction and early C mineralization

11. Estimating relative cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzyme activities as functions of lignin and cellulose content in decomposing plant litter

12. Contributors

13. Multiscale modeling of microbial degradation of outer tissues of fiber-crop stems during the dew retting process

14. Hemp harvest time impacts on the dynamics of microbial colonization and hemp stems degradation during dew retting

15. Tracking the dynamics of hemp dew retting under controlled environmental conditions

16. High carbon use efficiency and low priming effect promote soil C stabilization under reduced tillage

17. C-N-P Decoupling Processes Linked to Arable Cropping Management Systems in Relation With Intensification of Production

18. Increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A review

19. Stocker du C dans les sols : Quels mécanismes, quelles pratiques agricoles, quels indicateurs ?

20. Modeling the release of organic contaminants during compost decomposition in soil

21. A new equation to simulate the contact between soil and maize residues of different sizes during their decomposition

22. COP-compost: a software to study the degradation of organic pollutants in composts

23. Fate of C-14-organic pollutant residues in composted sludge after application to soil

24. Calculating co-metabolic costs of lignin decay and their impacts on carbon use efﬁciency

25. A theoretical model of C- and N-acquiring exoenzyme activities, which balances microbial demands during decomposition

26. Modelling of organic matter dynamics during the composting process

27. Composting in small laboratory pilots: Performance and reproducibility

28. Dissipation pathways of organic pollutants during the composting of organic wastes

29. Typology of exogenous organic matters based on chemical and biochemical composition to predict potential nitrogen mineralization

30. Sorption and mineralization of organic pollutants during different stages of composting

31. Indicator of potential residual carbon in soils after exogenous organic matter application

32. Réponses des fonctions microbiennes de dégradation des matières organiques des sols à un gradient d’anthropisation d’agrosystèmes

33. Émissions gazeuses d'oxyde nitreux et d'ammoniac provenant de la décomposition des résidus de culture dans les sols

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33 results on '"Gwenaëlle Lashermes"'

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