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PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin) are critical for immune and inflammatory regulation in health and disease. PINK1 and Parkin have been confirmed to be involved in the progression of apical periodontitis by affecting mitophagy-related osteoblast apoptosis; however, the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in macrophages, one of the most important cells in apical periodontitis, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis lesions, as well as their possible localization in macrophages.Thirty-seven human periapical tissues, including periapical granulomas (PGs, n = 12), radicular cysts (RCs, n = 11) and healthy gingival tissues (n = 14) were examined. The inflammatory infiltrates of lesions were evaluated by haematoxylin staining, and the expression of PINK1 and Parkin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence was used to explore the colocalization of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and TOMM20, as well as the localization of PINK1 and Parkin, in macrophages of human apical periodontitis lesions. The ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria in human apical periodontitis lesions was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analysed by one-way anova with Student-Newman-Keul's test and the Mann-Whitney test. p .05 was considered statistically significant.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significantly higher expression of PINK1 and Parkin proteins in human apical periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingival tissues (p .0001), but no significant difference was demonstrated between PGs and RCs (p .05). The higher expression of LC3 and the presence of more LC3-TOMM20 double-positive cells were also observed in human apical periodontitis. Double-labelling analysis of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 with CD68 indicated that macrophage mitophagy might be present in the progression of human apical periodontitis. Finally, the results of TEM morphological analysis revealed the appearance of double-membraned mitophagosomes and vacuolated mitochondria in macrophage-like cells of apical periodontitis lesions.Our findings indicated that PINK1 and Parkin proteins were highly expressed in clinical apical periodontitis lesions.

To examine the wear occurring in a group of new Gracey curettes due to the sharpening and scaling processes and record the number of service cycles before breakage.This study included 592 working ends of Gracey curettes that were subjected to cycles of sharpening and scaling. Three-dimensional measurements of the blades and the status of the working ends were recorded before and after each process.With an increase in the number of usage cycles, the three-dimensional measurements of the blades decreased. During this study, 184 working ends were broken, of which 38.59% were of #11/12 Gracey curettes, and only 8.15% were of #7/8 Gracey curettes. The average number of cycles required for the fracture of Gracey curettes was 14.34. Cox regression analyses showed that the factors influencing the survival cycles were the tip width before usage and the type of Gracey curette. Moreover, the sharpening process was responsible for approximately half of the total instrument wear. Among the four types of Gracey curettes, the #11/12 Gracey curettes showed the greatest amount of sharpening wear, accounting for50% of the total wear.The service life of Gracey curettes varies according to their types; the #11/12 Gracey curettes are more susceptible to breakage, while #7/8 Gracey curettes tend to have a long service life. Furthermore, the sharpening process was responsible for a considerable amount of curette wear.

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a pathogenic bacterium widely present in subgingival plaques of patients with periodontitis. It induces periodontitis with bone loss as its main feature by changing the number and composition of symbiotic microorganisms, as well as inducing the natural immune response of the host. However, the mechanism of the latter remains unclear. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on regulatory B cells (Breg) in the occurrence and development of periodontitis. Method: We detected the mRNA levels of IL-10 in B cells under the stimulation of P. gingivalis LPS and/or E. coli LPS, distinguished IL-10-producing cells from different B cell subgroups using flow cytometry. Through toll-like receptor (TLR) knockout mice, the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in this process was also evaluated. Results: Results showed that P. gingivalis stimulated B cells to produce IL-10 via TLR2/4. CD5+B1 subset is the main source of IL-10+Breg cell. Under P. gingivalis LPS stimulation, CD5+IgM+CD93-IL-10+B cell subset increased significantly, which was regulated through TLR2/ 4. Conclusion: The results of this study provides new insights into the immunopathogenic mechanism of P. gingivalis, preliminarily discussed the effect of P. gingivalis on the production of Breg, and present a theoretical foundation for subsequent investigations on the occurrence and development of periodontitis.

Review text is a valuable source of information for recommendation systems and often contains rich semantics with user preferences and item attributes. Recently, mainstream recommendation approaches have been using deep learning techniques to utilize review text. These efforts employ an affinity matrix to model the correlations between users and items and in turn aggregate the contextual features of users and items to form latent representations with some interpretability. However, constructing this simple interaction does not capture the complex correlations between users and items. Furthermore, a single representation of latent features is not sufficient to express user preferences and item attributes in reviews with multiple granularities. To this end, we propose an aspect-based capsule network and mutual attention for recommendation systems, named Acapnet. We design a novel contextual mutual attention mechanism for modeling the fine-grained correlations in the contextual features of users and items. We employ reverse dynamic routing to aggregate user and item context features into aspect features (capsules) for rating predictions; the vector length of a capsule can be used as a basis for estimating aspect importance. Extensive experiments are conducted on five real-world datasets with different features. The results show that the proposed Acapnet is superior to recent state-of-the-art models in terms of performance. Further analysis reveals that our model effectively mitigates the homogeneity among various aspect capsules with strong interpretability. Impact Statement—On e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and Yelp, recommendation systems play a key role as a filtering technology that helps consumers find the best product or service among many choices. However, recent studies have shown that although it can provide relatively accurate services, it often fails to explain why that product is recommended to the user. The model we propose in this article, Acapnet, effectively overcomes the limitation. Compared to state-of-the-art recommendation methods, Acapnet not only outperforms in terms of performance, but also offers some superiority on interpretability.

Periodontitis is a major cause of tooth loss in adults that initially results from dental plaque. Subgingival plaque pathogenesis is affected by both community composition and plaque structures, although limited data are available concerning the latter. To bridge this knowledge gap, subgingival plaques were obtained using filter paper (the fourth layer) and curette (the first-third layers) sequentially and the phylogenetic differences between the first-third layers and the fourth layer were characterized by sequencing the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA. A total of 11 phyla, 148 genera, and 308 species were obtained by bioinformatic analysis, and no significant differences between the operational taxonomic unit numbers were observed for these groups. In both groups, the most abundant species were Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus intermedius, and Prevotella intermedia possessed relatively high proportions in the first-third layers; while in the fourth layer, both traditional pathogens (Treponema denticola and Campylobacter rectus) and novel pathobionts (Eubacterium saphenum, Filifactor alocis, Treponema sp. HOT238) were prominent. Network analysis showed that either of them exhibited a scale-free property and was constructed by two negatively correlated components (the pathogen component and the nonpathogen component), while the synergy in the nonpathogen component was lower in the first-third layers than that in the fourth layer. After merging these two parts into a whole plaque group, the negative/positive correlation ratio increased. With potential connections, the first-third layers and the fourth layer showed characteristic key nodes in bacterial networks.

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a cytosolic protein involved in multiple biological functions, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, tumorigenesis, and vascular diseases. Human periapical lesions are induced by bacterial infections. However, the expression of CypA in human periapical lesions remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the presence of CypA in human periapical lesions and the possible association of CypA with angiogenesis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar bone degradation during inflammatory development.Fifty-eight human periapical tissues, including periapical granulomas (PGs, n = 28), radicular cysts (RCs, n = 24), and healthy control tissues (control group, n = 6) were collected. Samples were fixed and analyzed. CypA expression was detected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry in different cross sections. Double immunofluorescence was assessed to colocalize CypA with CD34, CypA with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and CD147 with MMP-9.CypA was significantly overexpressed in the RC and PG groups compared with the control group (P.05), but the difference between the RC and PG groups was insignificant (P.05). CypA-positive cells were mainly lymphocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and plasma cells. The double-labeling analysis of CypA with CD34 suggested that CypA expression was associated with angiogenesis during periapical lesions. MMP-9 colocalized with both CypA and CD147 indicated that CypA may colocalize with CD147 and may be associated with the degradation of soft and hard tissues around human periapical lesions.CypA may be involved in the development of periapical lesions with an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, angiogenesis acceleration, and alveolar bone degradation.

Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is critical for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in health and diseases. However, the presence of IRF5 in human apical periodontitis remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the expression and colocalization of IRF5 with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and AKT2 in human apical periodontitis.A total of 39 human periapical tissues, including healthy gingival tissues (n = 12), periapical granulomas (PGs, n = 13), and radicular cysts (RCs, n = 14), were used in this study. The inflammatory infiltrates of lesions were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of IRF5 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence assessment was performed to colocalize IRF5 with CD68, TRAF6, and AKT2, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly higher expressions of IRF5 in PGs and RCs than the healthy control group. IRF5-CD68 double-positive cells were more predominant in RCs and PGs than the healthy control group. Significant differences of the IRF5-TRAF6 and IRF5-AKT2 double-positive cells were detected in periapical lesions compared with the healthy control tissues.IRF5 was highly expressed in macrophages of human periapical tissues and was colocalized with TRAF6 or AKT2 in human periapical tissues. These findings may provide new clues for understanding the pathogenesis of periapical diseases.

Wenmin Zeng,1 Guojing Liu,1 Qingxian Luan,1 Chunyu Yang,1 Shiyi Li,1 Xiaoqian Yu,1 Li Su2 1Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaoqian YuDepartment of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail Y_PK@163.comLi SuCenter of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail lisu76@bjmu.edu.cnObjective: Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent chronic oral infectious diseases in humans, is induced by the breakdown in the balance between the biofilm and host immune system. Previous studies have shown the presence of large numbers of B cells in periodontitis lesions, implicating that B lymphocytes play a predominant role during the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the role of all B cells in the initiation of periodontitis.Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in B cell-deficient (CD19Cre) mice and wild-type (WT) control mice by 5-0 silk ligation around the maxillary second molar. Four weeks after ligation, alveolar bone loss was determined by micro-computed tomography. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin in periodontal lesions were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Lymphocyte populations in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen and among the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by flow cytometry.Results: B-cell deficiency resulted in increased severity of alveolar bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis, which was associated with increased osteoclast activity and upregulated RANKL expression in the periodontal lesions. In addition, gingiva cytokine expression profiles were shifted to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 in the CD19Cre mice with ligature-induced periodontitis compared with WT mice. In addition, a reduced CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was observed in the CD19Cre mice.Conclusion: B-cell deficiency exacerbates the inflammation and alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice, implicating that B cells may overall play a protective role in the initiation of periodontitis.Keywords: periodontitis, experimental periodontitis, alveolar bone loss, B lymphocytes

The aim of this study was to clinically and histologically evaluate the efficacy of using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for peri-implant vertical soft tissue augmentation at implant placement.Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. According to the initial thickness of vertical soft tissue, patients were assigned into the ADM group (≤2 mm) or the control group (2 mm) prior to implant surgery +ADM grafting or implant surgery alone. Second-stage surgery was carried out 3 months later, and a small piece of ridge membrane was harvested for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were also assessed 1 week, 1 month, and 5 months after second-stage surgery. Clinical parameters were recorded to evaluate peri-implant health at 1 week and 3 months after implant restoration.All 20 implants healed uneventfully and successfully. Soft tissue thicknesses were comparable in the two groups at second-stage surgery (3.20 ± 0.42 mm vs. 3.50 ± 0.58 mm). In the ADM group, the mean increase in soft tissue thickness was 1.85 ± 0.34 mm. Histological and immunohistochemical outcomes showed no differences between the two groups. VEGF and PDGF-BB levels in PICF were significantly lower in the ADM group 1 week after second-stage surgery (p .01), yet they decreased in both groups later. The difference between the groups had disappeared by 5 months after second-stage surgery. The clinical peri-implant parameters were good and stable by the end of the study (3 months after restoration).Our results suggested that using ADM at implant placement was effective in increasing the thickness of peri-implant vertical soft tissue and achieved comparable clinical and histological performance to the control group. However, the incremental soft tissue showed inferior angiogenic ability in the early stage of wound healing.

Aim. Cyclophilin A (CypA)/CD147 signaling plays critical roles in the regulation of inflammation and bone metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the participation of CypA/CD147 in mice periapical lesions progression and its relationship with bone resorption.Methodology. Periapical lesions were induced by pulp exposure in the first lower molars of 40 C57BL/6J mice. The mice were sacrificed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49. Mandibles were harvested for X-ray imaging, microcomputed tomography scanning, histologic observation, immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, and double immunofluorescence analysis. Western blot was employed to further detect the related molecular signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with CypA inhibitor.Results. The volume and area of the periapical lesions increased from day 0 to day 35 and remained comparably stable until day 49. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the CypA expression levels also increased from day 0 to day 35 and decreased until day 49, similar to CD147 expression (R2= 0.4423, P < 0.05), osteoclast number (R2= 0.5101, P < 0.01), and the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) (R2= 0.4715, P < 0.05). Serial sections further confirmed the colocalization of CypA and CD147 on osteoclasts with immunohistochemistry. And the distribution of CypA-positive or CD147-positive cells was positively correlated with the dynamics of MMP-9-positive cells by using immunofluorescence analysis. Furthermore, CD147 and MMP-9 expression in RAW 264.7 cells were both downregulated with CypA inhibitor treatment (P < 0.05).Conclusions. The present study reveals the positive correlation of CypA/CD147 signaling and osteoclast-related MMP-9 expression in mice inflammatory periapical lesions progression. Therefore, intervention of CypA/CD147 signaling could probably provide a potential therapeutic target for attenuating inflammatory bone resorption.

We propose a novel sequence-to-sequence model for multi-label text classification, based on a “parallel encoding, serial decoding” strategy. The model combines a convolutional neural network and self-attention in parallel as the encoder to extract fine-grained local neighborhood information and global interaction information from the source text. We design a hierarchical decoder to decode and generate the label sequence. Our method not only gives full consideration to the interpretable fine-gained information in the source text but also effectively utilizes the information to generate the label sequence. We conducted a large number of comparative experiments on three datasets. The results show that the proposed model has significant advantages over the state-of-the-art baseline model. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that our model is competitive with the RNN-based Seq2Seq models and that it is more robust at handling datasets with a high label/sample ratio.

The energy hub(EH) integrates data center, energy storage station, and charging station, forming a hub-type node that gathers power flow, information flow, and business flow. Therefore, the reasonable location of EH contributes to the smooth and reliable operation of the cyber-physical system (CPS) of the power grid. This paper proposed a CPS-based EH location planning model according to the influence on the reliability and delay of the information system, as well as the load fluctuation and load saturation of the power system. Then the simulation of the IEEE30-node system was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The optimal site for EH was node 6 through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Finally, the improvement of the information system delay and power system flow fluctuation after the installation of EH at different nodes was compared through the simulation, and the effectiveness of the proposed location model was verified.

As the application of electrochemical energy storage in the power grid becomes more and more extensive, the centralized control of many small-capacity distributed energy storages becomes more difficult and costlier. Therefore, the study on applying electrochemical energy storage into high frequency third defense line based on on-site frequency signal has considerable engineering significance in dealing with the increasingly serious frequency safety and stability problems. To address high frequency problems caused by high power surplus, the function of energy storage in high frequency third defense line of power grid is analyzed firstly. Then, the frequency response model of the third defense line of frequency containing electrochemical energy storage is established by using a single generator with concentrated load model. Furthermore, the tuning method of strategy for corrective control of high frequency containing energy storage is proposed. It is verified that the control strategy tuned by the proposed method has better control effect and adaptability by simulations based on PSASP, which is helpful to expand the application scenarios of electrochemical energy storage into the power grid.

Under the background that the country advocates green travel and vigorously promotes the development of new energy industry, electric vehicles are bound to be gradually popularized in China, and the demand of electric vehicle users for charging service is also increasing. In order to let electric vehicle users know the location and availability of the charging pile station nearby in real time, it is a feasible scheme to build an intelligent pile station management platform by applying the rapid development of cloud computing technology and mobile app based on map navigation function. However, with the increase of the number of charging piles and charging stations, it is bound to put forward higher requirements for the performance of the management platform. This paper proposes an optimization scheme based on LBS cloud retrieval technology to update the available status of a large number of piles.