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Maize has important role in agriculture of Latvia. Area planted with maize has increased rapidly from 5.1 thousand ha in 2008 to 20.6 thousand ha in 2012. Maize in Latvia is mostly used as forage (silage) and as raw material for biogas production. Some farmers in despite of temperate climate harvest maize for grain. In regions where moderate temperatures and relatively high humidity during growing season are typical the most important leaf disease is Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB). The same weather conditions favour the development of Northern Corn Leaf Spot (NCLS). In previous studies on maize leaf diseases it has been found that NCLB is present in Latvia and if the conditions are favourable for disease the use of fungicides can significantly reduce symptoms of disease and increase the yield and quality of production. (Treikale, Vilcans, Javoisha, 2012; Treikale et. al., 2014). NCLB is caused by Exserohilum turcicum Leonard & Suggs (Helminthosporium turcicum Pass.), which is the teleomorph of Setosphaeria turcica (Lutterell) Leonard & Suggs. Favourable conditions for NCLB development are temperatures between 20 and 25°C, relative humidity from 90 to 100% and low luminosity. NCLB can cause serious yield losses up to 50%. However in studies which confirms such a serious yield reductions artificial inoculation has been used. The aim of study was to evaluate NCLB incidence and severity in different maize hybrid performance comparison trial in Research and Study farm "Vecauce" (latitude: N 56°28', longitude: E 22°53') of Latvia University of Agriculture. Hybrids were arranged in randomized blocks with 4 replications, plot size 16.8 m2 (4 rows). In this trial 26 different maize hybrids were tested. The trial was carried out in Calcaric Luvic Epigleyic Phazeozem soil (pH KCl -- 6.9, P2 O5 -- 583 mg kg-1, K2O -- 219 mg kg-1, organic matter -- 3.0%) Pre-crops in trial were maize in 2010, 2011 2013 and sunflower in 2012. Conventional soil tillage technology was used. Planting date was 6th May and planting density 83000 seeds ha-1. Maize was harvested for silage on 6th October, average dry matter content -- 33.5% and average dry matter yield -- 18.51 t ha-1. Observations was started at growth stage BBCH 65-67, the first symptoms appeared at growth stage BBCH 71-73, then assessments of severity were carried out two times on 6th and 18th September. Assessment data were used to calculate area under disease pressure curve (AUDPC). AUDPC data were submitted to analysis of variance to compare means between hybrids. Disease symptoms observed were elliptical lesions initially in grey-green colour, but later tan in colour. The spots weren't restricted by the leaf veins and their size was from 1 to 6 cm. These symptoms are typical for Exserohilum turcicum, but can be confused with symptoms of NCLS (anamorph Helminthosporium carbonum) however the lesions of NCLS usually elongate linearly between the veins of the leaf. Overall the disease severity was low and only in some cases area of leaf damaged was higher than 2%. The slight increase of disease severity was observed between 1st and 2nd (twelve days later) assessment. The average disease incidence on 1st assessment in trial was about 41%, but severity only about 0.5% and on 2nd assessment about 53% and 0.6% respectively. The average AUDPC was 16.34 ± 4.55. AUDPC difference between hybrids was significant. In several studies has been confirmed that susceptibility level of genotypes can be reason for significant differences in leaf disease severity and incidence. The maize hybrids were divided in three groups. The group average AUDPC ± SE (16.34 ± 4.55) includes 11 genotypes from 26. In group of genotypes below average AUDPC ± SE were 9 hybrids. The AUDPC in this group were between 7.80 and 11.73. In group above average AUDPC ± SE were 6 cultivars and here AUDPC was between 23.10 and 30.08. Although severity of maize leaf diseases is not very high in Latvia yet, this can change especially if the total area of maize continues to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kviešu graudos, tāpat kā kukurūzas graudos un pupu sēklās ir sastopamas dažādas sēnes, tajā skaitā augu patogēni, mikotoksīnu producētāji, kā arī sēnes, kuru ekoloģiskā niša nav zināma. Lai noskaidrotu, kādi apstākļi veicina graudu un sēklu inficēšanos, vispirms ir nepieciešams identificēt sēnes, kas atrodamas dažādos graudos un sēklās. Sēklu mikoflora tika noskaidrota, izmantojot mikoloģiskās un molekulāri ģenētiskās metodes. Kviešu graudos bieži tika konstatēts Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, kviešu lapu dzeltenplankumainības ierosinātājs. Šie rezultāti liecina, ka šis patogēns saglabājas arī sēklās, līdz šim uzmanība tika pievērsta tikai augu atliekām kā galvenajam inficēšanās avotam. Alternaria spp. tika konstatēta gan kviešu un kukurūzas graudos, gan arī pupu sēklās. Alternaria spp. izraisa dažādas augu slimības (plankumainības, puves u.c.), turklāt atsevišķu sugu sporas ir alergēni. Alternaria ģintī ir vairāki desmiti sugu, to sistemātika ir sarežģīta, ir iespējams, ka viena un tā pati suga var inficēt dažādus saimniekaugus. Botrytis spp. dominēja pupu graudos, pārējās sēklās tas tika atrasts tikai atsevišķos gadījumos. Pelējuma ierosinātāji - Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. un Cladosporium spp. bija sastopami reti. Dažādas sēnes no Fusarium ģints tika atrastas gandrīz visos, graudu un sēklu paraugos, taču sugu spektrs bija atšķirīgs. F. avenaceum visbiežāk tika izolēts no kviešu graudiem, taču tika atrasts arī kukurūzā un pupās. Pupu graudos konstatēts F. oxysporum, kas citos paraugos identificēts ļoti reti. Visos paraugos atrasts arī F. poae, lai gan salīdzinoši retāk. Vienu un to pašu Fusarium sugu konstatēšana dažādu kultūraugu sēklās, iespējams, izskaidro, kādēļ augu maiņa būtiski nesamazina to kviešu slimību izplatību, ko ierosina Fusarium ģints sēnes. Visnozīmīgākā Fusarium suga ir F. graminearum, kas izraisa kukurūzas un kviešu graudu inficēšanos un ir pazīstams kā visagresīvākais mikotoksīnu producētājs. Kviešu graudos šis patogēns tika atrasts reti (2% no visiem izolātiem), tomēr tika pierādīts, ka minimālā augsnes apstrāde un bezmaiņas kviešu sējumi veicina inficēšanos ar F. graminearum. Šis patogēns bieži (36%) atrasts kukurūzas graudos, tas nozīmē, ka kukurūzas iekļaušana augu maiņā var veicināt kviešu vārpu fuzariozes attīstību. Līdzšinējie pētījumu rezultāti ir pretrunīgi, ir nepieciešama turpmāka sugu identificēšana un izmēģinājumi, lai pētītu atsevišķu patogēnu, it īpaši cilvēkiem bīstamo Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. un citu populāciju, bioloģiskās īpatnības un saimniekaugu loku. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]