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Leptus (Leptus) molochinus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) was collected as an ectoparasite on Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Cicadella viridis (L. 1758) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae); the ectoparasitic mite, Solistrus mitrae Saboori, Ueckermann & van Harten, 2008 was also found on an undetermined ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Guilan province, Iran. Additional morphometric data for L. (L.) molochinus larvae are provided. Solistrus mitrae is reported for the second time in the world. Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), P. fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), C. viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are recorded as new host taxa for L. (L.) molochinus and unknown ant species is new host for S. mitrae.

Twenty-one species of digamasellid mites were collected from Guilan province in northern Iran. Oligodentatus shcherbakae Barilo, 1989, O. tridentatus Shcherbak & Bregetova, 1980 and Dendrolaelaspis longisetosus (Shcherbak, 1977) are new records for the Iranian mite fauna. Redescriptions, including figures, of the adult female for these three species are provided, based on the material collected from Iran. This paper provides a checklist for 31 digamasellid species recorded from Iran and a taxonomic key for their identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptus (Leptus) molochinus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) was collected as an ectoparasite on Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Cicadella viridis (L. 1758) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae); the ectoparasitic mite, Solistrus mitrae Saboori, Ueckermann & van Harten, 2008 was also found on an undetermined ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Guilan province, Iran. Additional morphometric data for L. (L.) molochinus larvae are provided. Solistrus mitrae is reported for the second time in the world. Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), P. fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), C. viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are recorded as new host taxa for L. (L.) molochinus and unknown ant species is new host for S. mitrae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental capacity of the southern Caspian Sea to develop Agritourism in rural areas of Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces. Agritourism is considered a service activity in providing currency and income for rural communities and is an economic strategy. Research Method: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of approach. Secondary data analysis was used to assess the agricultural situation and field data were used in the field of environmental landscape, human activities, and infrastructure. Data were collected and monitored, encoded, and analyzed in an SPSS environment. Findings: The results indicate that -- according to the maps drawn in the field of agricultural products in these three provinces and to the opinions of relevant experts -- Guilan Province, with an average of 3.47 in relation to the formation and development of Agritourism from the situation, is the best; Golestan Province, with an average of 3.38, is the next; and finally, with a very small difference, Mazandaran Province with an average of 3.24, is in the third place. As a result, the southern part of the Caspian Sea, especially its rural areas, is suitable for the development of agritourism. Research Limitations: The main challenges in the process of this research are the lack of easy access to experts related to agriculture, tourism and rural issues, as well as the lack of up-to-date statistical data in this field. Originality/Value: This research was conducted for the first time in the southern region of the Caspian Sea and could pave the way for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers play a crucial role as a primary water source for societies, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring of their quality. In this article, we focus on the assessment of water quality in Dinachal River, located in Gilan province. The evaluation was conducted through field studies, sampling, and laboratory methods. Specifically, we measured and analyzed five hydraulic parameters and thirteen water quality parameters, including nitrate, phosphate, temperature, and acidity. The study encompassed seven selected sections along a 25 km stretch of Dinachal River in September 2021. To analyze the data, we employed various methods such as Schoeller, Piper, and Wilcox, along with the FAO and WQI indices. Spatially comparing the river water quality revealed a consistent increase in most parameters from the upstream section, with a steeper rise observed from the station near SafarMahaleh village (section4) towards the river's end. Notably, three parameters electrical conductivity, nitrate, and total dissolved solids experienced significant increases. Electrical conductivity rose from 315.67 µS/cm to 712 µS/cm, total dissolved solids increased from 202.03 to 455.68 mg/l, and nitrate levels elevated from 11.27 mg/l to 69.47 mg/l along the river. Conversely, nitrate levels rose from 19.4 mg/l to 21.4 mg/l, and electrical conductivity increased from 328 µS/cm to 416µS/cm. When comparing data between 1996and2016, specifically for the months of July and June, we noted that agricultural drains had caused nitrates to exceed the permissible limit. The findings indicate an overall deterioration in certain parameters, particularly in relation to electrical conductivity, nitrate levels, and total dissolved solids. These results emphasize the need for effective measures to mitigate pollution sources and preserve the river's water quality for the well-being of the surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the distribution of enteric parasitic infections and related risk factors among rural communities of Guilan province, Northern Iran, and to compare the results with the situation in the past. Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are still considered as a major public health concern, particularly in human communities with poor economy and sanitation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in rural areas of Masal and Shanderman district from February to December 2020. A total of 917 stool samples were collected and examined for presence of intestinal helminthes and protozoa using direct, formalin-ether and Kato-Katz techniques. Results: A total of 156 (17%) out of 917 examined individuals were infected with intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of protozoa, helminths and mixed infections were 11.8% (108/917), 4.5% (41/917) and 0.8% (7/917), respectively. Blastocystis was the most prevalent intestinal protozoa (9.6%) followed by Giardia lamblia (1.9%), Endolimax nana (1.1%), E. coli (0.8%) and Entamoeba hartmani (0.1%). The highest prevalence of intestinal helminths belonged to Trichostongylus spp. (3.5%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%). Statistical analysis showed significant association between giardiasis and sex (P<0.03). On the other hand, prevalence of enteric helminths was influenced by close contact with livestock, keeping herbivorous animals at home, job, education, and consumption of uncooked vegetables (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate a decreasing trend in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Guilan province in comparison to the past few decades. Hookworm infections, which was very prevalent in the area, are now rare, while trichostrongylosis showed a high prevalence in rural residents of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligula intestinalis (Lineaus1758) is one of the most common parasites of freshwater fish. This study was conducted to survey the possibility of infection of freshwater breams (Abramis brama) caught from Siahdarvishan River and their morphological and molecular characteristics were investigated. 75 breams, after dissection, all parts of their abdominal cavity completely were examined for the presence of the L. intestinalis plerocercoids. Then, the morphometric characteristics of parasites were investigated. In the next step, the definitive identification of the genus and species of parasitic samples was confirmed by identification keys. For molecular analysis, the samples were stored at -20°C. Then, molecular studies were done on 10 plerocercoids obtained from 10 separate fish by analysis of ITS2 gene. From 75 A. brama samples, 18 fish (24%) were infected by L. intestinalis. In this study, the minimum, mean and maximum size of the isolated plerocercoids were 8, 26 and 74cm, respectively. Sequencing of the ITS2 gene of L. intestinalis isolates with GenBank samples showed that these isolates had genetic differences in different hosts and based on the comparison of the ITS2 gene locus, and the presence of host-dependent species in the genus Ligula is probable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three species Rutilus frisii, Alburnus chalcoides and Vimba persa are the most valuable fish that migrate to southern Caspian rivers especially Sefidroud river. In this study, the temporal and spatial distribution of was investigated based on presence and abundance of fingerling fish in 8 stations of the Sefidroud River, from the estuary to the Sangar Dam, during one year from March 2021 to December 2022. According to the environmental conditions of stations, the sampling was done with an electrofishing instrument, beach seine and cast net with mesh size 6 mm. The results showed that the abundance of fish fingerlings is minimal in the winter and their maximum abundance coincides with the reproduction time and after their adult spawning. The maximum abundance of these fingerlings along with their spatial distribution, also shows their migration pattern towards the Caspian Sea. The abundance of Rutilus frisii in the pebble and gravel beds of the upstream stations was the highest in April and the abundance of the Alburnus chalcoides and Vimba persa in the gravel-mud beds of the middle stations up to the estuary was the highest in August-September. The presence of Rutilus frisii fingerling, with an average weight of 2g was high in near to estuary in August while the other two species were present in the middle stations with high abundance until November. Rutilus frisii with weigh more than 3 grams in different stations in autumn and winter indicate the adaptability and residency of a number of fish in the river. The present study can provide some guidelines to the fish stocks restoration centers of Caspian Sea for releasing Kutum fry in the upstream areas, or fish fingerling in the middle of the river at an earlier time. This plan can be tested in a pilot program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azolla (Azolla spp.: Salviniaceae) is an aquatic fern that was introduced to the northern region of Iran with the aim of increasing the fertility of paddy fields, but due to suitable climatic conditions and the absence of natural enemies it became a problem in rice production and a destructive factor in aquatic ecosystems. In recent years, the biological control agent of this weed, Azolla weevil Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal (Curculionidae), was introduced in northern region of Iran. In this study, geographical distribution and seasonal population density of S. rufinasus in northern Iran were investigated through regular monthly sampling. The results showed that the time required to complete one generation in semi-field conditions is about two weeks. Both larvae and adults feed on Azolla. Azolla weevil is well distributed and established in the north regions of Iran and by feeding on Azolla, it has reduced its population in wetlands, permanent ponds and paddy fields. Comparing the population density of the weevil in three regions of Guilan province, indicated that the highest number of total density (667 insect in 1 kg Azolla) and adult (363 adults in 1 kg Azolla) belong to the central region of the province, while the density of larvae (397 larvae in 1 kg Azolla) in the eastern region of the province was higher than other regions. In the survey of the density in different cities, the highest density of total (2690 adults and larvae in 1 kg Azolla) and adult insects (2022 adults in 1 kg Azolla) was observed in Shaft city and the highest density of larvae (1920 larvae in 1 kg Azolla) was observed in the Rudbane of Lahijan. Based on the obtained results, the population density of the weevil is higher in spring and winter, which is not far from the mind considering the climatic conditions of the region and the sensitivity of Azolla to heat and low humidity. Based on the findings of this survey, the weevil has spread and settled well in the northern regions

Background: One of the concerns faced by many countries, especially developing countries, is the presence of heavy metals in water, air and food, which directly and indirectly cause adverse effects on human health through inhalation and ingestion. Rudbar city is suitable for growing olives due to its climatic conditions, and most of the people living in the area use this product in their meals. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of heavy metals manganese, iron, copper, zinc (Zn), lead and cadmium in the olives of this area.Methods: For this purpose, 13 olive samples were selected and their heavy metal concentration was measured by ICP-OES device.Results: The results indicated that the concentrations of cadmium, lead, manganese, iron, Zn and copper in the samples of Guilan olives were 0.056 ± 0.019, 0.564 ± 0.170, 2.017 ± 0.211, 7.577 ± 1.312, 1.846 ± 0.387 and 4.147 ± 0.901, respectively. Also, in the imported samples it was 0.065 ± 0.014, 0.494 ± 0.153, 1.295 ± 0.353, 3.465 ± 1.066, 1.357. 0.412 and 4.103 ± 1.335, respectively.Conclusion: Except for one, the amount of lead in all Iranian samples was less than the allowable level. It was also observed that except for lead, the concentration of all metals in foreign samples was lower than Iranian samples. Since olives are one of the most popular food items in the area and considered by travelers, continuous monitoring of the heavy metals in this food is essential.

During the Qajar period, Guilan occupied a central position in the Iranian economy as a leading silk producer and an important hub for the country's foreign trade across the Caspian Sea. Thanks to this importance, the region contributed significantly to the central government's revenues. However, the spread of silkworm disease in Guilan in 1277 AH /1860 AD, coupled with the Qajar government's lack of attention to the problem, led to a decline in crop production in the region. The objections of Guilan silkworm farmers and foreign businessmen based in Iran, as well as the fact that the government suffered significant financial losses due to the decline in silk production, prompted the government to take measures to increase the production of silk cocoons. This study, using a historical approach and descriptive-analytical methodology, examines the state of the silk industry in Guilan during the Qajar era from 1300-1335 AH /1882-1917 AD. It details the central government's policies and the efforts of foreign traders aimed at revitalizing this crucial industry. The research findings indicate that the government's initial step in this area was to facilitate the importation of silkworm eggs by foreign merchants from outside of Iran. The establishment of government departments dedicated to the silk industry, aimed at managing foreign trade, alongside efforts to inspire and incentivize Guilan's silkworm farmers to resume their work, were key initiatives taken to revive Guilan's silk industry.

Leptospirosis is a multi-faceted global disease, which causes great economic and health losses to the livestock and human population of our country each year. The northern provinces of Iran are among the rainy and humid regions of Iran, and the prevalence of waterborne diseases such as leptospirosis is high in these regions. In ruminants, cattle are more susceptible to leptospirosis than small ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in slaughtered cows in Guilan province using the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For this purpose, 300 blood samples were collected from slaughtered cows in Guilan province during the spring and summer of 2023. After separating the serum and sending them to the leptospirosis research laboratory, all the samples were tested by MAT method using five serotypes of Leptospira Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Hardjo. The results of this study showed that 62 samples (20.66 percent) had anti-leptospiral antibodies against one of the above-mentioned 5 serotypes. The highest titer was related to Hardjo serotype with 37 samples (59.6 percent) and the lowest was related to Icterohaemorrhagiae serotype with 5 cases (8.06 percent). Titration of positive samples showed that 59 samples (86.8 percent) had a titer of 1:100 to 1:200 and 9 samples (13.2 percent) had a titer of 1:400. In conclusion, this study revealed that infection with L. interrogans is highly prevalent in slaughterhouse cows of Guilan province and the active presence of the cause of this disease in the province.

Background and Objective: Today, cigarette butts have become one of the most significant forms of waste. This study aims to assess the level of cigarette butts pollution along the Guilan coasts and explore the factors influencing their distribution. Additionally, this study discusses experiences and management options related to this issue. Materials and Methods: In this study, we implemented a standard sampling method adapted from the "NOAA Marine Debris Program" to collect samples from eight beaches. Each station yielded 18 square quadrant measuring 1 × 1 m2. We estimated the severity of cigarette butt pollution along the Iranian coastline and conducted a review of published articles on the harmful effects of cigarette butts. Results: The density of cigarette butts ranged from 0.22 to 2.11 items/m2. Bojagh National Park showed the lowest contamination of cigarette butts, while Bandar Anzali exhibited the highest. The results indicate an increase in cigarette butt pollution on beaches in densely populated cities compared to less developed coastal areas. Moreover, stations corresponding to tourist beaches and coasts with gentle slopes have a higher potential for cigarette butt accumulation. The level of cigarette butts pollution along the coasts of Bandar Anzali may be attributed to the extensive tourism activities on these beaches. Conclusion: Given the high level of cigarette butt pollution on crowded coasts, it is imperative to identify beaches with a higher potential for waste accumulation and implement plans for coastal waste cleanup. Furthermore, effective management programs should be developed to promote cultural awareness and reduce cigarette butt contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionVolcanic rocks with adakitic nature, are outcropped, in the south of Rudbar city as a part of the Alborz magmatic zone and the northern part of the Alborz zone. Most of the rock units in this area are volcanic and pyroclastic belonging to the Tertiary age and specifically Middle Eocene.For this study, we present new data to understand the origin and tectonic setting of the adakitic early Cenozoic magmatism in the southern part of the western Alborz orogenic belt.Regional GeologyBased on the 1:100,000 Guilan geological map (Nazari and Salamati, 1998), the predominant geological units of the region include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic stratigraphic units. The volcanic activity resulting from the subduction of an oceanic crust beneath the active continental margin of Alborz began in Paleocene and its peak is attributed to the Lutsin period (Nazari and Salamati, 1998).Materials and methods Following microscopic studies, 11 samples were analyzed at Actlabs Lab in Canada by ICP-MS method. IGPET and GCDKIT software were applied to draw diagrams and interpret the data.Petrography and Whole rocks chemistry The studied lavas consist mainly of dacite to trachy-dacite, rhyodacite, and rarely rhyolite. Abundant plagioclase as phenocrysts and microlites and rare amphibole, biotite, and quartz with hyaloporphyritic, microlithic porphyry to felsitic porphyry and microfelsitic textures are the dominant petrographic features of these rocks. Geochemically, they are characterized by mean value of 61.87 wt%< SiO2

Cooperation and mutual cooperation of humans has existed since the beginning of human life in all eras of life in all societies. The culture of cooperation among the women of Gilan is the most deeply rooted native culture, helping not only in production and work, but also includes various aspects of the life of the villagers and affects all relationships and provides women's integration and participation in the social arena and the role of women makes it look bolder. The purpose of presenting this article is to pay attention to one of the long-standing and traditional relations in Gilan, which has provided the background for the emergence of a kind of culture and literature, and has found and influenced all the foundations of life in fusion. This study is a descriptive and analytical research in which an attempt has been made to investigate aspects of the culture of cooperation and cooperation among the women of Gilan with an anthropological approach while paying attention to the lived experience of the people of Gilan. The findings of the research indicate that the forms of help among the women of Gilan are very diverse and diverse, and not only in rice cultivation,

Transitioning from fossil to renewable energy is a global challenge, especially for countries with large fossil-fuel reserves and exports, such as Iran. This study analyses agricultural students' knowledge of, attitudes toward, and perceptions of renewable energies in the agriculture sector in Guilan Province in Iran. The research was based on a structured questionnaire comprising three sections: (i) respondents' socio-demographics; (ii) practicality and relevance of academic material and curriculum; and (iii) respondents' knowledge of and attitudes and perceptions toward renewable energies in agriculture. The results showed that students' attitudes regarding renewable energies ranked highest, and their perception was lowest. The results also showed a positive and significant relationship between the respondents' knowledge, marital status, age, and level of education. Moreover, respondents' age and educational level significantly impacted their attitudes. Cluster analysis divided students' behavior into three different clusters. These clusters were most affected by attitude. In clustering students' behavior towards using renewable energies, 38.5%, 33.5%, and 28% of respondents were positioned in the first, third, and second clusters, respectively. This is a pioneering study analyzing agricultural students' behavior regarding renewable energies in agriculture in Guilan Province, Iran. The results of this study can assist agricultural organizations, politicians in the field of energy, and local authorities in promoting sustainable energy in Guilan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose-This study follows three major purposes including recognizing the input variables in the development of tea tourism in rural areas of Guilan (Gilan) Province, Iran, and identifying the less strategic and dependent variables for promoting tea tourism in the case study of rural areas of Guilan Province . Design/methodology/approach- Structural analysis in a foresight study was used in this paper. Firstly, the researchers recognized the key variables for promoting tea tourism in destinations with the help of the systematic literature review method and the extraction variables were categorized in two codes as tourism facilities and services with tea theme, and policy-making for promoting tea tourism . Finding- The results of structural analysis through Micmac software identified the following variables as influence variables for tea tourism facilities and services: being familiar with tea processing, establishing tea tasting centres, holding tea ceremonies and tea cultural events, and being familiar with tea cuisine. Furthermore, visiting tea gardens and sightseeing, presenting tea culture performances, developing tea museums, creating an innovative tea package, establishing a tea shop/tea auction center, participating in picking tea leaves, and establishing tea restaurants, hotels and accommodations are known as dependent variables. Moreover, according to the direct influence graph adding tea tourism to tour packages and visiting tea factories were recognized as less strategic variables for development of tea tourism facilities and services. In addition, organizing top to bottom level training and a comprehensive policy framework for tea tourism have the most impact on the system and were identified as input variables for policymaking for promoting tea tourism . Practical implications- Analyzing data through Micmac software illustrated that local participation, preserving the environment ecosystem, developing network activities and training tour guides for tea tourism are dependent variables for policy-making for promoting tea tourism. Lastly, accessibility and marketing are excluded as independent variables for policy-making for promoting tea tourism . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, one of the most important threats to the biodiversity is adventive invasive species. In recent years, numerous imported plants with high invasion behavior have been reported from the Caspian coasts, especially Guilan province. During a field mission related to collecting plant specimens from Hyrcanian forests in Guilan province, Oenothera indecora Cambess. from the Onagraceae family was collected and identified for the first time from the Siahkalrud area of Chaboksar and is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. The species, which is native to South America grows outside its native range and it is now established as a neophyte in several tropical and subtropical areas. The most important morphological traits of this species have been compared with its closely related species, O. parodiana Munz. Also, the geographical distribution, photos of the plant, habitat, and distribution of the species in the world and Iran are provided. In the following, the alien species was investigated and compared in terms of some invasive aspects in the world and Iran.IntroductionIn the modern world, one of the most important threats to the biodiversity is adventive invasive species (Mikeladze et al., 2017). In recent years, numerous imported plants with high invasion behavior have been reported from the Caspian coasts, especially Guilan province (Moradi, 2021). Oenothera L. is the second largest genus in Onagraceae and consists of 145 species (Wagner et al., 2007). These plants grow in temperate to subtropical areas of America, many of them are widely naturalized in several areas of the earth (Dietrich, 1977). The genus comprises annual, biennial or perennial herbs, many of which occur in primarily or secondarily open habitats including old fields and roadsides, stream sides, or dunes (Dietrich, 1977). According to the flora of Iran, two species including O. biennis and O. laciniata grow in Iran (Azizian, 2005), and are the naturalized alien species in the country. In the present study, O. indecora Cambess. is reported for the first time from Iran. O. indecora is a species belonging to the sect. Oenothera, subsect. Munzia ser. Allochroa, which includes species with cylindrical capsules rarely enlarged in the upper third or somewhat petiolate, is not fused with the subtending bract (Dietrich, 1977). The species, which is native to South America (Dietrich, 1977), grows outside its native range and it is now established as a neophyte in several tropical and subtropical areas (Crisafulli et al., 2013). Materials and MethodsDuring a floristic study of Hyrcanian forests, the species was collected from the Siahkalrud area of Chaboksar from Guilan province and deposited in the Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The specimen was examined and identified using the flora and relevant literature (Azizian, 2005; Dietrich, 1977; Crisafulli et al., 2013). Results and ConclusionsOenothera indecora Cambess.Annual or biennial plants are unbranched or with ascending branches arising from the rosette, 2o-6o cm tall. The entire plant is sparsely long-villous with erect hairs, densely to sparsely short-villous together glandular hairs. Rosette leaves are narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 4-8 cm long, and 0.2-1.3 cm wide. Cauline leaves are narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, acute, sessile, 2.5-7 cm long, and 0.2-1.2 cm wide. Bracts are narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sessile, and longer than or about the same length as the capsules they subtend, 1.5-5 cm long, 0.2-1 cm wide; leaves plane or undulate at the margins, irregularly serrate with blunt teeth. The inflorescence is branched. The floral tube is 0.5-1.5 cm long. Sepals are green or yellowish green, often densely flecked with reddish brown; apices of the sepals are 1-1.5 mm long, and erect. Petals elliptic to obovate, yellow, turning reddish with age, 4-10 mm long. Anthers are 1.5-4 mm long. Filaments are 1.5- 7 mm long. The style short is 1-2 cm long. Stigma lobes are 1-2 mm long. Capsules are 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm thick; seeds elliptic to rotund in outline.Examined specimensIran, Guilan, Chaboksar, Siahkalrud forest road, near the river, 36° 58' 55.2" N-50° 26' 13.83" E, 180 m, 27/07/1401, 05/08/1401, Moradi & Mahdavi (GILAN-6956, 6966).HabitatsThe species was collected on the sandy soil, near a river with Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. subsp. barbata (C.A.Mey.) Yaltirik -Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach vegetation, and is associated with other plants such as Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f., Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts, Sedum hispanicum L., Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) scop., Oxalis acetosella L., Artemisia annua L., Pimpinella affinis Ledeb., Erigeron canadensis L., Hypericum perforatum L., Eryngium caucasicum Fisch. ex Steud., Phytolaca Americana L., Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. indecora, is closely related to O. parodiana, but it is distinguished from the mentioned species according to some morphological features such as the length of the bracts in the first one is almost the same length as the capsule or longer than it, in the second one, it is half of the length of the capsule or shorter than it. The first one has glandular hairs, the second one does not. indecora is native to several countries in South America. In Europe, it is known as an alien species in the Netherlands, Hungary, France, Germany, Portugal, Greece, Belgium, and Spain (Yuzbasioglu, 2014); and it was recently reported from Italy (Crisafulli et al., 2013).In a study related to the invasiveness of Oenothera species in South Africa, it was concluded that their propensity to invade undisturbed areas potentially makes them a more serious threat than species that occur exclusively in disturbed areas. According to this, 0. rosea, 0. Stricta, and 0. Tetraptera, as well as 0. parodiana and 0. Indecora, are the species that show the greatest potential to become more problematical in the future. O. indecora (native to South America), as a neophyte species that grows in low-altitude Hyrcanian forests, could be more invasive in the future than the two species O. biennis and O. laciniata that originate from North America. There are also previous reports from Iran (Azizian, 2014; Amini & Zare, 2014) that they grow on the sand dunes of the Caspian Sea. There is a possibility of the presence of this species in other lowland Caspian forest areas under similar vegetation conditions which needs further investigation in this field. AcknowledgmentThe authors of the study are very grateful to Dr. Filip Verloove, a specialist in alien flora of the Belgian Botanical Garden, for her sincere cooperation in identifying the species by confirming the photos sent.We are also grateful to Dr. Shahriar Sobh Zahedi, a researcher from the Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, for his cooperation in preparing the distribution map of the studied species.

The application of the Haddon matrix in identifying drowning prevention solutions in the north of Iran is necessary. We dealt with drownings on three levels of prevention including before, during, and after the injury in northern Iran (Guilan province). This study aimed to investigate the use of Haddon's matrix in preventing three-level drowning cases before, during, and after the accident in the north of Iran. This qualitative study consisted of 9 focus groups with a sample size of 78 people including 48 nursing staff, 21 emergency medicine specialists, and 30 people from non-medical personnel (local community leaders, executive officials of relevant organizations, lifeguards, staff working in health centers, and families of victims). All group discussions were recorded and the questions were based on the focus group table. According to Haddon's table of results, the major risk group was the young and adolescent boys and more in the area of neglect in culture-building and education. In this study, the role of factors was investigated separately and the necessary solutions were presented that can be used as a scientific and practical basis to achieve the main goal of drowning prevention. These strategies require cross-sectoral collaboration, which seems to be a strong interaction with a greater focus on major risk groups to address deficiencies and prevent the recurrence of potential accidents. The study aimed to investigate the use of Haddon's matrix in the prevention of three-level drowning cases before the event, during the event, and after the event in northern Iran.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is associated with many factors related to fertility. Identifying the link between metabolic syndrome and reproductive conditions can help us identify high-risk groups for the disease. The present study was performed aimed to investigate the relationship between the age of first pregnancy and number of deliveries with metabolic syndrome and its components. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study at the first stage of the Guilan cohort study with 10520 individuals and a part of the PERSIAN adult cohort study with 5243 women who had experienced at least one pregnancy. Patients' demographic information as well as information about reproductive conditions such as first gestational age and number of pregnancies and indicators related to metabolic syndrome were collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 21) and Chi-square test, t-test and adjusted odds ratio. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study population was 55.5% (n=2909). After adjusting other factors such as age, socioeconomic status and place of residence, the chance of developing metabolic syndrome in those who experienced their first pregnancy between the ages of 20-25 were 54% higher than those under the age of 20 (P = 0.029). After adjusting to other factors, those who had 3, 4 and more than 5 deliveries were 1.43, 1.80, and 2.55 times more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, respectively, than those who had one delivery (P

The mites of the genus Dendrolaelaps Halbert (Digamasellidae) from Guilan province in Northern Iran were investigated. A total of twelve species were determined. Dendrolaelaps lignicolusn. sp. is described and illustrated based on adult females collected from a rotten stump of Persian ironwood (Parrotia persica) in Rasht County, Saravan Forest Park. Moreover, Dendrolaelaps brevipiloides Hirschmann & Wiśniewski 1982, D. latior, D. markewitschi, D. paradoxa, D. punctatulus, D. saprophilus and D. stammeriformis Hirschmann and Wiśniewski, 1982 are new species records for Iran. A checklist and a key for identification of the subgenera and species of Dendrolaelaps in Iran is also provided. Lsid for paper: Lsid for new species: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the nutritional status of kiwi vineyards (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') in Guilan province by multiple diagnosis (CND) method, 40 vineyards in two years (2018-2019) were surveyed. The leaf samples from the dominant variety (Hayward), from 30 vines and 10 leaves in four different geographical directions, (total of 100 leaves) in each vineyard were collected in August. The vines have been over ten years old in the east (Roodsar) and west (Talesh) of Gilan province. Then concentrations of nutrients B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, P and N were determined In this study, using the cumulative function model of variance ratio of (Fic (Vx) nutrients, multiple detection method and solving the equations of the third degree cumulative function related to nutrients, the average yield of 37.5 (ton/ha) was determined as a separator between high and low yield groups. The results showed that there is a significant difference between high and low yield orchards in terms of nutrient concentrations. From the mean numbers of nutrients for the high-yield population, the desired concentrations of the 10 elements were obtained, including nitrogen 2.64 ± 0.28%, phosphorus 0.26±0.06%, potassium 1.62 ±0.58 %, magnesium 0.31 ± 0.08%, calcium 2.33 ±0.26 %, manganese 71 ± 0.0047 mg/kg, copper 14 ± 0.001 mg/kg, iron 173±0.00330 mg/kg, zinc 28±0.0006 mg/kg and boron 55±0.0029 mg/kg. According to the resulting norms, the frequency of elements deficiency of boron, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and potassium was more than 50%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Greenhouse gas emission estimation and submitting a regular national report on climate change has been underway since 2003. Given the importance of this issue, estimating emissions at the provincial level and assessing local emission management capacities will make the country more agile in reporting and emission control. Materials and Methods: The greenhouse gas emission in four sectors as energy, industry, agriculture, forestry and other landuse and wastes and all sub-sectors of these areas was determined in Guilan Province. The annual emission has been estimated using the 2019 activity data and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) software. Results: The gross and per capita greenhouse gases’ emission of the province are 18.5 Mt and 7.31 tons per year carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively, so that the annual ecological supply of forests to capture greenhouse gases is estimated at 2 Mt. The thermal power plants, residential consumption (except electricity) and transportation sectors are the major emission sectors in the province with 36, 23 and 19% share, respectively. Out of four scenarios, the wind farms development scenario (nominal capacity 3 GW) and 10% energy savings in the residential sector reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 9% and 2.9%, respectively. The cumulative impact of all the proposed scenarios by 2030 will also lead to a 13% reduction in emissions compared to the current situation. Conclusion: Considering the existing capacities in the clean power generation and energy saving in the residential sector, it is possible to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 13% by 2030. Since the proposed scenarios are regionalized and do not depend on management decisions in other provinces, they have good feasibility. Consequently, if clean power generation plans are established in other provinces and energy consumption management in the transport sector is applied at the national scale, it may be expected that the country's minimum commitments (4% reduction compared to 2010) will be met.

Objective: To find out factors that influence the use/non-use of pedestrian bridges in Northern Iran. Methods: In this observational study, 4 pedestrian bridges at four different places in Rasht, North of Iran was studied. In addition to demographic data, pedestrians were interviewed for reasons of use/not use the pedestrian bridge. The data analyzed with SPSS software version 18 by non-parametric tests such as Chi Square. Results: From all 499 participants, more than one-third of pedestrians had not used pedestrian bridges. The most reasons for bridges use among respondents were feeling of safety and security (79.2%) and obey the rules (53.6%). The reasons for the non-use of bridges were time saving (63.7%), laziness (48.7%) and inappropriate of the bridge (34.2%). There were no significant differences in age, sex, education level, and road accidents’ history with use of bridge but there was a significant difference between the bridge usage with having a driver’s license, rash-hour time, and the presence of a mechanical elevator (p

Chamatoo intrusive body with monzonite to granite composition located south of Amlash city and east of Guilan in the Western Alborz. Petrographically, the Chamatoo intrusive body is mostly made of alkali feldspars and plagioclase with biotite, pyroxene, opaque minerals, and different textures from granular to porphyry granular as the main textures and perthitic, graphic, poikilitic as the accessory textures. In the chondrite-normalized spider diagram, the granitoid rocks display subparallel, linear and homogeneous REE profiles with LILE enrichment as well as Ta and Ti negative anomalies. In addition, all samples have the characteristics of WPG. Overall, the Chamatoo body was formed during the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Southern Caspian Sea and owing to the activity of an subducted mid oceanic ridge towards south, in an extensional regime above the supra-subduction zone a Slab Window was formed. Finally, Slab Window tectonic regime caused the rise of asthenosphere and the alkaline OIB magmatism in the region, followed by the generation of A1- type granite and the per-alkaline Chamatoo granitoid from fractional crystallization of OIB magma source.

Abstract Purpose: To estimate carrier frequencies of CYP1B1 mutations p.Gly61Glu and p.Arg368His, respectively, in Talesh and the east of Guilan province in Iran with a maximum error of 2%. Previously, it was shown that these CYP1B1 mutations may be relatively prevalent in these regions. Methods: Population-based screenings were performed. DNA was extracted from saliva samples of 1036 individuals from Talesh and 3029 individuals from the east of Guilan. P.Gly61Glu and p.Arg368His screenings were performed, respectively, by RFLP and ARMS-based PCR protocols. For confirmation, the DNA of individuals with mutations was sequenced using the Sanger protocol. Results: Nine individuals from Talesh (0.86%; 95%CI: 0.45–1.64%) carried the p.Gly61Glu mutation, and 73 from the east of Guilan (2.41%; 95%CI: 1.91–3.04%) carried p.Arg368His. There was no significant difference in frequencies between urban and rural regions of the various cities, nor among four cities within the east of Guilan. Conclusion: The frequencies of p.Gly61Glu carriers in Talesh and of p.Arg368His carriers in the east of Guilan were within the 95% confidence interval of a previous study based on screenings of fewer individuals. The reliability of the recent estimates is higher, as the confidence interval for p.Gly61Glu decreased from 6.5% to 1.19% and the interval for p.Arg368His decreased from 4% to 1.13%. Based on the new findings, the maximum expected frequency of p.Gly61Glu carriers in Talesh is 1.64%, and of p.Arg368His carriers in the east of Guilan is 3%. The need for performing premarital screenings in the respective cities can be evaluated.

The present study aimed at evaluating the presence of tick-borne apicomplexan parasites including Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi, Theileria annulata, and Theileria orientalis in 92 cattle and 105 sheep from 6 different districts of Guilan and Mazandaran Provinces, in the southern littoral of Caspian Sea. Furthermore, ixodid ticks were collected from the same animals. Stained blood smears were microscopically evaluated for the presence of blood parasites, and a specific PCR was applied for the detection of Theileria species. Besides, ticks were subsequently examined by species-specific PCR. Microscopic examination of blood smears demonstrated no evidence of intraerythrocytic piroplasms. Species-specific diagnostic PCRs demonstrated that 52.17% of sheep blood samples were positive for T. ovis. In addition, 31.03% and 24.13% of cattle blood samples were positive for T. annulata and T. orientalis, respectively. Moreover, 3 species of the ixodid ticks, namely, Rhipicephalus annulatus (58.47%), Ixodes ricinus (29.82%), and Haemaphysalis inermis (11.69%), were identified in Guilan Province, while Hyalomma detritum (73.03%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (26.92%) were found in Mazandaran Province. Additionally, by obtaining the data with respect to tick-borne apicomplexan parasites in 122 infected ticks, 35.24%, 22.95%, and 2.45% of tick samples were positive for T. annulata, T. orientalis, and T. ovis, respectively. Species-specific PCR revealed that H. inermis and R. annulatus were positive for T. orientalis. In addition, T. annulata was found in R. annulatus, H. inermis, and H. detritum. Besides, T. ovis was the only species of Theileria found in R. sanguineus. In conclusion, the results revealed that T. annulata infection was prevalent among cattle and ovine theileriosis caused by T. ovis was the only Theileria species found in sheep in the studied areas of the southern littoral of Caspian Sea. R. annulatus, H. inermis, and H. detritum were the main vectors for T. annulata, followed by H. inermis and R. annulatus for T. orientalis, and R. sanguineus for T. ovis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the important role of rural cooperatives in sustainable rural development, Evaluating the efficiency and performance of these organizations plays an important role in the decision making of planners and managers.The main purpose of this study is to investigating the profit efficiency of rural cooperative and its Effective Factors in Guilan Province using stochastic frontier function production method and the behavioral profit model. The statistical population of the present study was 110 active rural cooperatives in Guilan province in 2017 and the sampling method was census. The results showed the average of profit efficiency of rural cooperatives in Guilan province is 63%. Also, the results of estimating the profit function showed the current capital and costs related to the activities of these cooperatives have a direct and significant relationship with frontier profit. In addition, investigating the effective factors on profit inefficiency of rural cooperatives showed the duration of activity of these cooperatives, second job, manager's wage and management Experience have a positive and significant effect on profit inefficiency. On the other hand, the number of shareholders, number of villages, cooperative distance to city, establishment of cooperative in the center of province, education of manager and the number of training courses for cooperative managers have a negative and significant effect on profit inefficiency of rural cooperatives in Guilan province

Background and Objective: Greenhouse gas emission estimation and submitting a regular national report on climate change has been underway since 2003. Given the importance of this issue, estimating emissions at the provincial level and assessing local emission management capacities will make the country more agile in reporting and emission control. Materials and Methods: The greenhouse gas emission in four sectors as energy, industry, agriculture, forestry and other landuse and wastes and all sub-sectors of these areas was determined in Guilan Province. The annual emission has been estimated using the 2019 activity data and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) software. Results: The gross and per capita greenhouse gases’ emission of the province are 18.5 Mt and 7.31 tons per year carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively, so that the annual ecological supply of forests to capture greenhouse gases is estimated at 2 Mt. The thermal power plants, residential consumption (except electricity) and transportation sectors are the major emission sectors in the province with 36, 23 and 19% share, respectively. Out of four scenarios, the wind farms development scenario (nominal capacity 3 GW) and 10% energy savings in the residential sector reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 9% and 2.9%, respectively. The cumulative impact of all the proposed scenarios by 2030 will also lead to a 13% reduction in emissions compared to the current situation. Conclusion: Considering the existing capacities in the clean power generation and energy saving in the residential sector, it is possible to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 13% by 2030. Since the proposed scenarios are regionalized and do not depend on management decisions in other provinces, they have good feasibility. Consequently, if clean power generation plans are established in other provinces and energy consumption management in the transport sector is applied at the national scale, it may be expected that the country's minimum commitments (4% reduction compared to 2010) will be met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

شهدای دفاع مق دس نقش مهمیدر حفظ مرزهای جغرافيایی و عقيدتی و هوی تی و در نتيجه، تداوم حيات جامعۀ ایرانی ایفا نمودند؛ بنابراین، مطالعه و بررسی اندیشهها و آرمانهای شهدا میتواند موجب بازتوليد عناصر هوی تی و فرهنگی و ارزشهای جامعه باشد. وصي تنامهها بازتابی است از مجموعۀ اندیشهها و باورها و عقاید و مطالبات و آرزوهای شهدا که بهعنوان ميراث مقد س مکتوب بر جای مانده و شایستۀ توجه و مطالعه است. در این مطالعه تلاش شد تا با استفاده از روش تحليل محتوا ضمن بررسی محتوایی تعداد 97 وصي تنامۀ شهيد گيلانی دفاع مق دس، برجستهترین و مهمترین مضامين مورد اشاره در وصي تنامهها احصا و مورد بررسی قرار گيرد. با تحليل محتوای وصي تنامههای شهدای گيلان، 17 مقوله استخراج گردید و این مقولهها در قالب سه مقولۀ کلان تعریف گردیدند؛ در مجموع، وصي تنامۀ شهدای گيلانی شامل سه دسته مضامين مذهبی و اعتقادی، سياسی- اقتصادی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی است. در ميان مضامين مذهبی و اعتقادی، امام حسين)ع(و مهدوی ت و در ميان مضامين سياسی- اقتصادی، امام خمينی)ره(، ولایت فقيه و مبارزه با ابرقدرتهای جهانی و در ميان مضامين اجتماعی- فرهنگی، خانواده و وحدت و همگرایی اجتماعی، از جمله پربسامدترین مقولههای مورد اشاره در وصي تنامههای شهدای گيلانی به شمار میروند. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the main cause of acute and subacute flaccid paralysis in western nations since the eradication of poliomyelitis. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate epidemiology and mortality characteristics of GBS in the north of Iran. Material and methods: In this study, the hospital information system (HIS) was used to access each patient's information. The final 174 cases were examined in terms of age, sex, place of residence, the year of referral, the month of referral, the season of referral, client city, accompanying background disease, and the type of GBS. Results: The mean incidence rate in Guilan province was about 0.69 in 100,000 persons, and the case fatality rate was 10.34%. The most reported type of GBS was AIDP (33.90%), and the most common symptom was upper and lower limbs paresis in 65 cases (37%). Respiratory distress (P = < 0.001), complications during hospitalization (P = 0.0001), and ICU requirement (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in dead patients. Conclusion: In this study, the incidence of GBS was higher in men than women and the highest number of cases was in the age group of 60 to 75 years. The significant point was the high-case fatality rate in Guilan province compared to the previous studies. The complications during hospitalization such as respiratory distress, ICU requirement, and underlying disease had a significant relation with the fatality of GBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Animal-vehicle accidents are a growing concern in many parts of the world not only because of its environmental consequences but also because of its economic and social costs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of accidents involving animals in Northern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the data of all animal-vehicle accidents which had occurred during 2014–2018 were obtained from the traffic police database. Results: According to the regression model, fatalities and injuries associated with animal-vehicle collisions on main roads were significantly lower than those on the secondary and rural roads (P < 0.001). The reports showed a significantly lower number of accidents on wet, slippery than the dry roads (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study reports on the high number of accidents involving animals in Guilan which lead to injuries and fatalities of both humans and animals. Importantly, the pattern of such accidents was found to be different from that of motor vehicle collisions, suggesting a model for changing human behavior and reducing accidents that involve animals.

Cooperative governance mechanisms play an important role in the organization's strategic decisions. Post-crisis studies of any cooperative have shown that the board's inadequacy is one of the most important causes of the crisis, as the board can affect the quality of risk management and risk disclosure. This study examines the impact of cooperative governance mechanisms on cooperative risk-taking. This study is a survey and library research and is an applied, descriptive and correlational research that has been done by selecting information of agricultural production cooperatives in Guilan province. The model used in this study consisted of panel regression model and the tests used were Lemar test, Fisher test and t test. Eviews software was used to fit the model. Co-operative governance mechanisms include board size, board independence, and CEO duality, and risk indices include three indicators, including special risk, survival risk, and activity risk. The results showed that the specific risk was significantly correlated with the coefficients of board size, managerial dichotomy, and board independence. Survival risk was significantly correlated with board duality variables and board independence. There is a significant relationship between activity risk and board duality and board independence.

According to methods and standpoints, most accounts written by Jangali worriers or eyewitnesses to this movement are categorized as those supporting or rejecting the movement. Yeghikian, however, gives a narrative, both accurate and informed, of the movement from a bird’s eye view. He emphasizes the Soviet Union of Guilan and chronicles the movement. He employing a scientific method that is both rigorous and disinterested. However, there are overt signs of tilting towards the British and criticizing the Ottomans and Axis powers in his book. The research question is: What is Yeghikian’s approach to the historical development of the movement from the perspective of historiographical method and standpoint? The findings indicate that the account he provides is more documented than those presented by other historians. This stems from his association with a diverse range of warriors involved in the movement and having access to confidential documents. The desk method is employed in the study. The analytical-critical approach in historiography is applied to The Soviet Union and Jangal (Jungle) Movement and other works by Yeghikian revolving around this topic.

Chamatoo intrusive body with monzonite to granite composition located south of Amlash city and east of Guilan in the Western Alborz. Petrographically, the Chamatoo intrusive body is mostly made of alkali feldspars and plagioclase with biotite, pyroxene, opaque minerals, and different textures from granular to porphyry granular as the main textures and perthitic, graphic, poikilitic as the accessory textures. In the chondrite-normalized spider diagram, the granitoid rocks display subparallel, linear and homogeneous REE profiles with LILE enrichment as well as Ta and Ti negative anomalies. In addition, all samples have the characteristics of WPG. Overall, the Chamatoo body was formed during the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Southern Caspian Sea and owing to the activity of an subducted mid oceanic ridge towards south, in an extensional regime above the supra-subduction zone a Slab Window was formed. Finally, Slab Window tectonic regime caused the rise of asthenosphere and the alkaline OIB magmatism in the region, followed by the generation of A1- type granite and the per-alkaline Chamatoo granitoid from fractional crystallization of OIB magma source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate carrier frequencies of CYP1B1 mutations p.Gly61Glu and p.Arg368His, respectively, in Talesh and the east of Guilan province in Iran with a maximum error of 2%. Previously, it was shown that these CYP1B1 mutations may be relatively prevalent in these regions. Methods: Population-based screenings were performed. DNA was extracted from saliva samples of 1036 individuals from Talesh and 3029 individuals from the east of Guilan. P.Gly61Glu and p.Arg368His screenings were performed, respectively, by RFLP and ARMS-based PCR protocols. For confirmation, the DNA of individuals with mutations was sequenced using the Sanger protocol. Results: Nine individuals from Talesh (0.86%; 95%CI: 0.45--1.64%) carried the p.Gly61Glu mutation, and 73 from the east of Guilan (2.41%; 95%CI: 1.91--3.04%) carried p.Arg368His. There was no significant difference in frequencies between urban and rural regions of the various cities, nor among four cities within the east of Guilan. Conclusion: The frequencies of p.Gly61Glu carriers in Talesh and of p.Arg368His carriers in the east of Guilan were within the 95% confidence interval of a previous study based on screenings of fewer individuals. The reliability of the recent estimates is higher, as the confidence interval for p.Gly61Glu decreased from 6.5% to 1.19% and the interval for p.Arg368His decreased from 4% to 1.13%. Based on the new findings, the maximum expected frequency of p.Gly61Glu carriers in Talesh is 1.64%, and of p.Arg368His carriers in the east of Guilan is 3%. The need for performing premarital screenings in the respective cities can be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the consumption is the main target of production and desired items of manufactures must be in the same direction with consumer demands through seller, evaluation of purchase and sale trends have specially importance. Therefore, this study was conducted in 1393 in order to evaluate the purchase and sale trend in the fish market of Guilan province’s in Bandar Anzali, Astara, and Kiashahr ports. Using a questionnaire data were collected from 30 fish store. Friedman test and chi-squared test were used to analyze the data from descriptive statistics. The results showed that most (26.6%) of fish sellers in Guilan ports were 31 to 40 years old. Most of them have had middle school or high school educations. About half of them have had 10 to 20 year experience, and 65% had 3 or 4-person families. 70% of fish market sellers in these ports possess facilities such as refrigerators to appropriately supply fish, but over 80% of them were lacking in counters. The research findings showed that sellers believed that the buyer and the consumer should give the most attention to freshness and quality when buying fish. In order to evaluate the priorities on not to be consumed fish by consumers from suppliers’ perspective, the unpleasant smell, the tiny bones and the difficulty of cleaning were first to fourth priorities. Sellers found that the healthiness and freshness were as the most important factors in consuming fish from the viewpoint of consumers. In addition, it was discovered that, regarding sellers, lack of access to final consumers, high rent, high municipal taxes, lack of buyers’ awareness lack of awareness, and low space in stores are not among problems with which fish sellers are faced in the markets of Guilan ports. Therefore, organizing these markets and equipping them with counters and standards and, modernizing the traditional market is an essential factor.

Background and Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common injuries in dentists. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between students' level of knowledge of the principles of ergonomics and body position during dental treatments. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 41 dental students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences at the clinical level were enrolled in 2017. Ergonomic condition was assessed using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) standard index. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient test and independent t-test. Results: The results showed 21 (51.2%) students were at high and also 15 (36.6 %) students were at very high-risk levels. Also a negative correlation was found between the level of knowledge and REBA score (r=-0.137, p=0.036). Conclusion: Most students were at high risk for musculoskeletal problems and low ergonomic awareness. The results of the study raise the need for ergonomic knowledge training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide susceptibility map (LSM) provide useful tool for decision makers in hazard mitigation concerns. In the present paper, a novel hybrid block-based neural network model (HBNN) for the purpose of producing high-resolution LSM was developed. This hybrid approach was found through the mixture of expert modular structures and divide-and-conquer strategy incorporated with genetic algorithm (GA). The introduced HBNN then was applied on southern part of Guilan province (north of Iran) using 14 causative factors covering topographic and geomorphologic features, and geological and tectonical factors as well as hydrology, land data, and climate conditions. The landslide inventory map was provided using a synergy work from monitored events, interpretation of aerial photographs, and carried out geotechnical investigations in the area as well as field surveys. To insight, the predictability of proposed HBNN was compared with two developed models using multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and generalized feed forward neural network (GFFN). The generated LSM was validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, statistical error indices, and sensitivity and weight analyses as well as monitored landslides. Based on the compared metrics, HBNN with 86.52% and 90.15% in prediction and success rate as well as 89.36% for precision-recall curve demonstrated more consistent tool for future landslide susceptibility zonation. This implies on capability of developed HBNN in producing higher resolution and more reliable LSM for urban and land-use planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 is an unprecedented challenge to the health systems in Iran. We aimed to assess the psychological impact of this outbreak on nurses in the hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences that is one of the top provinces of incidence of COVID-19. Methods: In a web-based cross-sectional study, 441 nurses working were selected from the hospitals, from 7 to 12 April 2020. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the factors related to anxiety and depression. Results: The majority were in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases (93.4%) and their relatives had been infected with COVID-19 (42%). The mean of anxiety-7 and depression total scores were 8.64 ± 5.60 and 8.48 ± 6.19, respectively. Female (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.01–10.64), working in COVID-19 designated hospital (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.13–2.93), being suspected with COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.25–3.26), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.68–4.06) were associated with anxiety. Depression was significantly associated with female sex (OR = 4.62, %95 CI = 1.24–17.16), having chronic disease (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.20–3.74), being suspected or confirmed with COVID-19 infection (OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 2.11–5.59, and OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.04–4.70, respectively), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.19–2.91). Conclusion: The finding declares healthcare workers are at high risk for mental illness. Continuous supervision of the psychological consequences following infectious diseases outbreaks should be a part of the preparedness efforts of health care systems.

به منظور جمع‌آوری و شناسایی فون زنبورهای پارازیتویید متعلق به جنس Förster Encarsia حاشیه جنوبی دریای خزر، مطالعاتی در فاصله سال‌های 95-1393 انجام شد. در این بررسی 12 گونه متعلق به این جنس جمع‌آوری و شناسایی شد که از این میان گونة Encarsia gennaroi Pedata & Giorgini, 2017 برای اولین بار از ایران گزارش می‌شود و شش گونه برای استان مازندران، سه گونه برای استان گلستان و دو گونه برای استان گیلان گزارش جدید هستند. همچنین، چندین گونة میزبان جدید برای این گروه از زنبورهای پارازیتوئید معرفی می‌شوند. علاوه‌براین، کلید شناسایی برای گونه­های جنس مادة Encarsia ارائه شده است. گونه‌های شناسایی شده شامل:E. aleurochitonis (Mercet, 1931) ، E. aurantii (Howard)، E. azimi Hayat، E. berlesei (Howard)، E. brimblecombei (Girault)، E. citrina (Craw)، E. fasciata (Malenotti)، E. formosa Gahan، E. gennaroi Pedata & Giorgini، E. inaron (Walker)، E. inquirenda (Silvestri) و E. lutea (Masi) هستند.

One of the most significant events of the history of Safavid era is Esmaeil Mirza’s immigration to Guilan which has been reported differently in the historic sources of this dynasty. Lahiji’s report , among all the other sources of safavid period , has got a special importance. Since he observed Esmaeil Mirza’s social, political and intellectual developments in person, he had the opportunity to write the first report about him in his history book. This report is rather brief , eventough it is so significant. There are other sources which refer to some aspects of Esmaeil Mirza’s presence in Guilan. Such writers had an access to some documents and compiled this part of Esmaeil Mirza’s life based on these documents, although they didn’t witness his presence in Lahijan. The most important question of the present research paper is: How have Safavid sources regarded Esmaeil Mirza’s immigration to Guilan? Considering the above mentioned question, one can propose the theory that sources of this era, at first under the impact of Lahiji’s report, and then under the influence of fictional narratives as well as verbal quotations reported this historic event. In the current research, the researcher is trying to present the most authentic report about Esmaeil Mirza’s presence in Lahijan through a comparative assessment of five major sources of the safavid peroid.

Sericulture and silk production are among the activities that can, along with other agricultural activities, generate income for rural households in a short period of time. The objective of the present study was to identify factors influencing the adoption of sericulture by farmers in Guilan province, Iran. The sericulture farmers of Langarud and Shaft counties (N = 4187), were included in the statistical population of the study. The sample size was determined to be 198, using the least sample size table of Bartlett et al. (2001) and subsequently, the size of the second group, i.e., non-sericulturists, was specified from these regions. The research tool was a questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the research tool was evaluated by alpha Cronbach estimated α value to be 0.78. The results revealed that sericulture adoption was significantly related to all demographic characteristics except gender including age, number of dependents, education level, and experience in sericulture as well as technical and economic characteristics including the type of cocoonary ownership, profitability of sericulture given its shorter rearing period compared to other agricultural activities, willingness to rehabilitate coronary, and willingness to attend sericulture and other relevant courses. The studied groups differed significantly in terms of the impact of all supportive policies including the provision of loans and facilities for the rehabilitation and construction of coronaries, the insurance of silkworm rearing, the training and promotion of sericulture and relevant activities, free distribution of improved saplings, distribution of high-yielding silkworm eggs, and the guaranteed purchase of cocoons. The results revealed that all supportive policies played an effective role in the adoption of sericulture. However, free distribution of improved saplings, distribution of high-yield silkworm eggs, and the guaranteed purchase of cocoons were found to the most effective policies in both sericulturist and non-sericulturist groups.

Climate has always been changing during the lifetime of the earth, and has appeared in the form of the ice age, hurricanes, severe and sudden temperature changes, precipitation and other climatic elements, and has dramatically influenced the environment, and in some cases has caused severe changes and even destructions. Some of the most important aspects of climate changes can be found in precipitation types of different regions in the world and especially Guilan, which is influenced by drastic land conversions and greenhouse gases. Also, agriculture division, industrial activities and unnecessary land conversions are thought to have a huge influence on climate change. Climate change is a result of an abnormality of meteorological parameters. Generally, the element of precipitation is somehow included in most theories about climate change. In the present study, climate change and precipitation abnormalities and their impacts on water balance in Guilan Province have been studied. The stations possessing climate change were determined and ranked. The GIS software was used to present the distribution and severity of climate changes in the province as a map. In the next step, the water balance of five stations was estimated using the Thornthwaite method. To do so, the mean data of thirty years, precipitation elements, temperature, and evaporation were used first, and the second time, the estimation was done using the data of the critical year (climate change in the drought trend). The charts related to the mean and critical years were compared. The highest and most severe climate change in drought trend was observed in Lahijan, and therefore this station was introduced as the sample of climate change. These results can be used in planning and identifying the effects of these changes on the environment.in the study station rankings have been determined based on the significance level in drought trend. The intensity of climate change in drought trend is observable in this ranking.

Goldfish rearing is common in most countries of the world. In this study, 150 specimens of Goldfish were taken from four fish farms (12 pools) seasonally and selectively, and transferred alive in the bacteriological laboratory of Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center. The bacteria were isolated from professional test and biochemical methods. The results showed that Goldfish and pool water bacteria isolations were included Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Sterptococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Mycobacterium sp. In different seasons of the year, the highest and lowest abundance of bacteria in Goldfish, respectively, belonged to the genus Pseudomonas spp. (33/6%) and Streptococcus spp. (7/3%).