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Psychiatric disorders are frequently found in both patients with PNES and DRE, making the differential diagnosis even more complex. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare psychiatric aspects and the quality of life in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and drug resistant epilepsy (DRE).Patients admitted to video-electroencephalograpy (VEEG) unit with confirmed PNES and DRE were included. Demographical characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis according to SCID I and II of DSM IV, pharmacological treatment, general functioning measured with GAF (Global assessment of functionality), quality of life (QoL) using QlesQSF (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form) and depression severity using BDI II (Beck depression inventory), were compared between the groups. Non-parametric tests, chi square test, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.148 patients consecutively admitted to VEEG were included (DRE n = 97; PNES n = 51). Somatization disorder (RR: 13.02, 95% CI: 1.23-137.39, p = 0.03) and a history of trauma (RR: 8.66, 95% CI: 3.21-23.31, p = 0.001) were associated with PNES. The QlesQ score and the GAF score were lower with a higher prevalence of suicide attempts in the PNES group (p 0.01). A negative correlation was observed between the severity of depression and the quality of life (DRE r = - 0.28, p = 0.013; PNES r = - 0.59, p = 0.001).Higher psychiatric comorbidity with poorer QoL were found in PNES patients compared to DRE. However, depression comorbidity negatively affected the QoL in both groups. Future studies based on illness perception will be orientated to complete this analysis.

Objective The aim of this study is to explore explanatory models (EM) about epilepsy in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Design A qualitative approach gathered data through semi-structured interviews, oriented to gain an in-depth and contextual understanding of EM about epilepsy of patients with DRE. Data collection and analysis were followed by an inductive and interpretive approach informed by the principles of thematic analysis. Results 75 patients from two public hospitals participated. Emerging codes were grouped into three categories: Biomedical EM, Psychosocial EM, and Traditional EM. Also, factors that trigger or increase the frequency of seizures were reported. Conclusions Patients’ EM regarding epilepsy are complex, as biological, psychological, and supernatural aspects intertwine. EM represent a method of understanding the way people explain, recognize, and act in relation to a medical condition. Since patients’ beliefs regarding their illness are related to mental disorders, and quality of life, EM could shed light on the real impact of illness in the life of people, and, in turn, guide those intervention strategies to the patients’ subjectivity, in order to improve the treatment compliance, reduce distress, and improve health-related quality of life, among other aspects.

Although Argentina is well known for the popularity of psychoanalysis, in recent years the field of psychotherapy has been expanded to include cognitive behavioural therapy. At present, cognitive behavioural therapy has become much more common in universities and postgraduate educational programmes in Argentina. This work aims to describe the development of cognitive behavioural therapy in Argentina. First, we will depict some general characteristics of psychology in Argentina. Then, we will refer to the first cognitive behavioural therapists in Argentina, highlighting the trajectories of the local main figures, and the events that paved the road for the development of this model in Argentina, such as the visit of Hans Eysenck to Buenos Aires, the impact of Aaron T. Beck's work, and the presence of Vittorio Guidano. Then, we will describe the various institutions that, in the 1990s, established the Argentinian Cognitive Therapies Association. Finally, we will describe the current development of cognitive behavioural therapy in Argentina, and analyse its characteristics and the challenges of local culture. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxystic and episodic events associated with motor, sensory, mental or autonomic manifestations, which resemble epileptic seizures (ES), but are not caused by epileptogenic activity. PNES affect between 20% and 30% of patients attending at epilepsy centers and constitute a serious mental health problem. PNES are often underdiagnosed, undertreated and mistaken with epilepsy. PNES are diagnosed after medical causes (epilepsy, syncope, stroke, etc.) have been ruled out, and psychological mechanisms are involved in their genesis and perpetuation. For psychiatry, there is not a single definition for PNES; the DSM-IV and ICD-10/11 describe the conversion and dissociative disorders, and the DSM-5 describes the functional neurological disorders. However, patients with PNES also have a high frequency of other comorbidities like depression, particularly trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. It has been postulated that PNES are essentially dissociations that operate as a defensive psychological mechanism that use the mind as a defense to deal with traumas. With the advent of VEEG in the 90s, the recognition of PNES has significantly increased, and several psychological treatments have been developed. In this manuscript, we carried out a state-of-the-art review, with the aim to provide a critical approach to the extensive literature about PNES, focusing on diagnostic aspects, the primary management, and the available treatments that have been shown to be effective for the improvement of PNES. Fil: Lanzillotti, Alejandra Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Lombardi, Nicolás Robertino. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro Universitario de Neurologia "dr. Jose Maria Ramos Mejia".; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: D`alessio, Luciana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Centro Universitario de Neurologia "dr. Jose Maria Ramos Mejia".; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentina

Background: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) are disruptive changes in behavior without ictal correlate of epileptic activity and high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity. Differential diagnosis is difficult particularly with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is also associated with high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. Although video electroencephalography is the gold standard for differential diagnosis, clinical semiology analysis may help the clinician in general medical practice. Objective: In this study, the differential semiology, based on video electroencephalography, between PNESs and TLE seizures was analyzed. Methods: The video electroencephalography of patients with diagnosis of PNES and TLE were reviewed and compared between groups. Clinical semiology of all episodes recorded by video electroencephalography in each patient was analyzed and classified in accordance with the presence of behavioral arrest, motor hyperkinetic activity, impaired awareness, aura, and automatisms. Chi square test and binary logistic regression were determined. Results: Thirty-two patients with PNES (32 ± 11 y) and 34 with TLE (32 ± 12 y) were included. Female patients were predominant in the PNES group (P < 0.05). Mean time duration of episodes was 6.8 ± 10 minutes in PNES and 1.6 ± 0.8 minutes in TLE (P < 0.05). Impaired awareness (odds ratio = 24.4; 95% confidence interval = 3.79 –157.3, P < 0.01), automatisms (odds ratio = 13.9; 95% confidence interval = 2.1– 90.5, P < 0.01), and shorter duration of the events (odds ratio = 2.261, 95% confidence interval = 1.149 – 4.449, P = 0.018) were found as independent factors for detecting TLE seizures comparing PNESs. Conclusion: Clinical semiology analysis may orientate the differential diagnosis in general medical practice, between PNESs and TLE seizures. Further studies comparing PNES semiology with other subtypes of epilepsies may complete these preliminary findings. Fil: Lombardi, Nicolás. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Scévola, Laura. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: Giagante, Brenda. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Gargiulo, Angel. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Alonso, Nicolás Federico. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez Stivala, Ernesto. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Oddo, Silvia Andrea. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; Argentina Fil: Fernandez Lima, Monica Lorena. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentina Fil: Kochen, Sara Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: D`alessio, Luciana. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentina

Purpose To examine the effects of a three-session psychoeducational intervention on patients diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in an Argentinian public hospital. It was hypothesized that patients would experience improvements in their understanding of PNES, illness perception and affective scores, but might not necessarily experience a significant change in post-traumatic and dissociative symptoms and in seizure frequency. Methods This study included 12 patients (10 women, 2 men) who were invited to participate in a psychoeducational group after receiving a V-EEG confirmed diagnosis of PNES. The group consisted of 3 sessions lasting 2 h each. Pre and post measures included Psychoeducational Intervention Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Scale 5, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-M). Results This psychoeducational intervention produced results that were similar to interventions reported in US and European studies with regard to changes on psychological measures. Moreover, many patients also reported (on the final day of the intervention) a decrease in seizure frequency. All patients reported that participating in the intervention was a positive experience. Also, all but one patient referred that the participation in the group would have a positive impact on their quality of life. Conclusions Psychoeducational interventions appear to have had positive results in Argentinian patients with PNES. This is initial step in the design of empirically based psychoeducational/supportive initiatives for patients in South America.

Resumen La perspectiva del paciente se presenta como algo importante a tener en cuenta para la comprensión del padecimiento y para lograr un tratamiento efectivo. El objetivo de la presente investigación es indagar las trayectorias terapéuticas y las experiencias durante el recorrido terapéutico de pacientes con Crisis No Epilépticas Psicógenas (CNEP) pertenecientes a un Hospital General de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a diez pacientes diagnosticados con CNEP. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó una metodología cualitativa basada en los principios del análisis temático. Se ha identificado una categoría central: Itinerarios terapéuticos dentro del sistema etnomédico y tres subcategorías: (1) Diagnósticos Recibidos; (2) Recursos del sistema etnomédico y (3) Evaluaciones de los recursos utilizados. La dificultad de arribar a un diagnóstico y un tratamiento que permitiera mejorar las CNEP, así como el uso de distintas medicinas, fue destacada por la totalidad de los pacientes. Resumo A perspectiva do paciente se apresenta como algo importante a levar em conta para a compreensão do sofrimento e para se alcançar um tratamento eficaz. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar as trajetórias terapêuticas e as experiências durante a jornada terapêutica de pacientes com crise não epilética psicogênica (CNEP) de um Hospital Geral da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com dez pacientes com diagnóstico de CNEP. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se metodologia qualitativa baseada nos princípios da análise temática. Uma categoria central foi identificada: Itinerários terapêuticos dentro do sistema etnomédico; e três subcategorias: (1) Diagnósticos recebidos; (2) Recursos do sistema etnomédico; e (3) Avaliações dos recursos utilizados. A dificuldade de se chegar a um diagnóstico e a um tratamento que permitisse melhorar a CNEP, bem como o uso de diferentes medicamentos, foi destacada por todos os pacientes. Abstract The patient’s perspective is essential to understand their condition and to achieve an effective treatment. The objective of this paper is to investigate the therapeutic trajectories and experiences of patients with Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Crisis (PNES) under treatment in a General Hospital of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten patients diagnosed with PNES. For data analysis, a qualitative methodology based on thematic analysis was adopted. A central category has been identified: Therapeutic Itineraries within the Ethnomedical System, and three subcategories: (1) Diagnoses received; (2) Resources of the ethnomedical system; and (3) Evaluation of the resources used. The difficulty of finding a diagnosis, a treatment to improve PNES, and proper medicine were highlighted by all the patients. Résumé Le point de vue du patient est présenté comme quelque chose d’important à prendre en compte afin de comprendre la maladie et d’obtenir un traitement efficace. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les trajectoires thérapeutiques et les expériences au cours du parcours thérapeutique des patients atteints de Crise Psychogénique Non Épileptique (CPNE) dans un hôpital général de la ville de Buenos Aires. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés auprès de 10 patients diagnostiqués avec une CPNE. Pour l’analyse des données, une méthodologie qualitative basée sur les principes de l’analyse thématique a été utilisée. Une catégorie centrale a été identifiée : Les itinéraires thérapeutiques au sein du système ethno-médical et trois sous-catégories : (1) Diagnostics reçus ; (2) Ressources du système ethno-médical ; et (3) Évaluations des ressources utilisées. La difficulté d’arriver à un diagnostic et à un traitement permettant d’améliorer la CPNE, ainsi que l’utilisation de médicaments différents, a été soulignée par l’ensemble des patients.

Highlights • Existing evidence-based psychotherapeutic modalities for FNDs are based on different theoretical foundations. • However, there is considerable overlap between modalities regarding tools and targets. • Congruence between treatment rationale and patient characteristics may guide choice of psychotherapeutic modality. • Available treatment modailities may be most useful if applied at different timepoints in the patient’s course of recovery., Functional neurological disorder (FND) frequently presents with comorbid psychopathology (e.g., anxiety, depressive, post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), somatic symptom and pain syndromes, and dissociative and personality disorders). It can become chronic and lead to unemployment and disability for many patients. Psychosocial factors play an important role in the onset and perpetuation of symptoms. Consequently, psychotherapy is recommended for the treatment of FND in general, and especially for the single symptom-based subtype of functional seizures (FS). Some of the psychotherapy approaches that have been utilized for FND include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), third wave approaches, and psychodynamic psychotherapies as well as group therapeutic and psychoeducational interventions. For patients with FS and PTSD, prolonged exposure therapy, a CBT-based treatment has been implemented. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe and analyze specific elements (e.g., theoretical foundations, tools, targets, definitions of success) of the main psychotherapeutic approaches used in patients with FND. Our premise is that these modalities will overlap considerably in some respects. We will conclude by discussing how discrete differences may render them more suitable for subgroups of patients with FND or for patients at different timepoints of their recovery process.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to perform a long-term follow-up of economicallydisadvantaged Latin American patients diagnosed as having psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) andcontribute to the field´s understanding of outcome in this population.Background: A handful of studies have examined outcome of patients once the diagnosis of PNES has beencommunicated. However, the vast majority of these have been conducted in the first world countries withsamples that were predominantly Caucasian. There is limited knowledge about outcome in economicallydisadvantaged Latin American patients diagnosed as having PNES.Methods: This is a study of 23 patients (20women, 3men)with PNES inwhich demographic data (age, education,nationality, presence of psychological trauma, age of onset) were retrospectively retrieved from medical files.Follow-up was done through a telephonic questionnaire in which investigators collected clinical information(seizure characteristics at follow-up, and treatments employed) and changes in demographic data.Results: Patients fromthis Argentinian PNES sample demonstrated havingmany similar demographic and clinicalcharacteristics to samples from US and European studies. Long-term follow-up revealed, however, decreasedseizure frequency and intensity as well as a substantial improvement in occupational status. A majority hadengaged in psychotherapy aswell as alternative and complementary approaches. Amajority had also developedwhat are suspected to be other functional symptoms.Conclusions: Argentinian patients from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, diagnosed as having PNESreported improvements in seizure frequency and occupational status during long-termfollow-up. Future studieswill need to focus on what (e.g., communication of diagnosis, psychotherapy, alternative treatments) may havecontributed to these changes. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: Lanzillotti, Alejandra Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: Areco Pico, Maria Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: Tenreyro, Cristina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Valdez Paolasini, Gabriela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: D`alessio, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Scévola, Maria Laura. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Kochen, Sara Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Myers, Lorna. No especifíca

Purpose: To understand the experience of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients from Argentina, a developing nation. Method: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was used to gain an in-depth and contextual understanding of the perspectives of 20 patients with DRE. Data collection and analysis were followed by an inductive and interpretive approach informed by the principles of thematic analysis. Results: Six main themes emerged: 1) Characteristics of the illness, including seizure features -unpredictability, presence of auras, physical and cognitive consequences- and how patients relate with the use of antiepileptic drugs; 2) interactions with health system, regarding the features of the Argentine's health system, and patient's health-seeking behaviours; 3) beliefs about the illness, including psychosocial, biological and folk explanatory models; 4) beliefs about how other people perceive them, which included prejudice, responsibility and overprotection; 5) self-perception, and 6) impact of the illness on their activities. Conclusions: This information might be useful to help in the development of a conceptual model of the impact epilepsy on patients’ lives. Many of the topics mentioned as relevant in Argentina coincide with those highlighted in studies that were carried out in first-world countries. However, additional topics were also reported including the role of traditional healing in health-seeking behaviour and explanatory models of illness. It is important to understand these perspectives to develop appropriate psychosocial interventions for this specific population. Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina Fil: Scévola, Maria Laura. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Oddo, Silvia Andrea. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; Argentina Fil: Kochen, Sara Silvia. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; Argentina Fil: D`alessio, Luciana. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Alta Complejidad en Red El Cruce Dr. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Samic. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Unidad Ejecutora de Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos; Argentina

The growing popularity of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has helped reshape the mental health scene in the city of Buenos Aires, historically the stronghold of psychoanalysis. In the early 1980s, CBT was infrequently used and sometimes overtly resisted in the field of mental health. Almost three decades later, the impact of CBT has increased dramatically in Argentina, not only in private practice, but also in the health system and in everyday life. This paper aims to describe the process by which Argentine psychotherapists first adopted this new theoretical framework. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Viotti, Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Garay, Cristian Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

Resumen En este trabajo nos proponemos describir algunas de las causas que llevan a Aaron T. Beck a abandonar el psicoanálisis y a participar de la creación de la terapia cognitiva. Para ello, describiremos los trabajos de investigación desarrollados por Beck entre los años 1959 y 1962. En ellos se empiezan a procesar los datos que darán lugar a la caída de la hipótesis explicativa psicoanalítica de la depresión. Dentro de este análisis incluiremos algunos elementos que consideramos esenciales para entender este proceso de cambio: la obtención de un subsidio para investigar la depresión y la aparición de colaboradores como Marvin Hurvich y Seygmour Feshbach, cuyas nuevas herramientas y metodologías ayudaron a Beck a poner a prueba la hipótesis psicoanalítica de la depresión. Por último, incluiremos cuestiones referidas a las políticas de investigación del Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental, así como motivos personales y de la política institucional. Résumé Cet article a l’objectif de décrire quelques-unes des causes qui mènent Aaron T. Beck à abandonner le psychanalyse et de participer à la création de la thérapie cognitive. Avec cet intérêt, l’article explore ce travail de recherche développé par Beck entre les années 1959 et 1962. Dans cette période, se commencent à traiter les données qui mèneront à la chute de l’hypothèse explicative psychanalytique de la dépression. Dans cette analyse l’article inclut certains éléments que nous considérons essentiels afin de comprendre ce processus de changement : l’obtention d’une subvention pour étudier la dépression et l’entrée en scène de collaborateurs comme Marvin Hurvich et Seymour Feshbach, qui ont apporté de nouveaux outils et méthodologies pour tester l’hypothèse psychanalytique de la dépression. Enfin, nous allons inclure des questions liées à la recherche sur les politiques à l’Institut National de la Santé Mentale, ainsi que des raisons personnelles et de la politique institutionnelle. Resumo Neste trabalho, descrevemos algumas das causas que levam Aaron T. Beck a abandonar a psicanálise e participar da criação da terapia cognitiva. Com este objetivo, vamos descrever os trabalhos de investigação desenvolvidos por Beck entre 1959 e 1962, quando começa a processar os dados que derrubarão a hipótese explicativa psicanalítica da depressão. Nesta análise, incluiremos alguns elementos que consideramos essenciais para entender esse processo de mudança: a obtenção de um subsídio para pesquisar a depressão e a presença de colaboradores como Marvin Hurvich e Seygmour Feshbach, cujas novas ferramentas e metodologias ajudaram Beck a testar a hipótese psicanalítica da depressão. Por último, incluiremos questões que se referem às políticas de investigação do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Mental, assim como motivos pessoais e de política institucional. Abstract In this study we describe some of the reasons that lead Aaron T Beck to move away from psychoanalysis and participate in the creation of cognitive therapy. With this aim in view, we describe the research developed by Beck between 1959 and 1962. In these studies the data that promotes the fall of the psychoanalytic explanatory hypothesis for depression began to be processed. Within this analysis we include some elements that we consider essential to understand this process of change: From Beck´s obtaining a grant to investigate depression and his starting to work with collaborators like Marvin Hurvich and Sigmour Feshbach, whose new tools and methodologies helped Beck to test a psychoanalytic hypothesis of depression. Finally, we will include questions related to the research policies of the National Institute of Mental Health, and some commentaries about personal and institutional policy reasons that influenced Beck’s work.

Purpose: To analyse the methods of reasoning with regard to patients’ experiences of living with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Method: A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was used to gain an in-depth and contextual understanding of the perspectives of five patients with PNES. Data collection and analysis were followed by an inductive and interpretive approach informed by the principles of thematic analysis. Results: Explanatory models and prototypes were identified from the patients’ narratives. Four patients related their suffering regarding psychosocial causes –family conflicts, sexual harassment, and life changes, among others-. Hereditary and organic hypotheses appeared to be unspecific. Folk explanations were common to all participants (magic, witchcraft, energetic causes). Four patients used the term epilepsy as an illness prototype, focusing on seizures and the use of antiepileptic drugs. Three of them also compared their illness to other people’s “attacks” (heart attacks, panic attacks, nervous breakdown). Only one of them referred to someone who was suspected of having epilepsy. Conclusion: Patients’ psychosocial explanatory models are different from the results of previous studies because these studies indicate that most patients support somatic explanations. Patients also use folk explanations related to traditional medicine, which highlights the interpersonal aspects of the disease. Doctor-patient communication is essential for a correct understanding of PNES, resulting in better outcomes. It could also help to reduce the cultural distance between professionals and patients, leading to narrowing inequalities present in multicultural healthcare services. Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Lanzillotti, Alejandra Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Areco Pico, Maria Marta. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Tenreyro, Cristina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Scévola, Maria Laura. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Kochen, Sara Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: D`Alessio, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

Las Crisis No Epilépticas Psicógenas (CNEP) representan un desafío clínico, debido a la complejidad de sus manifestaciones, etiología y comorbilidad. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los tratamientos psicológicos disponibles para abordar y tratar las CNEP. Se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline, Latindex, Redalyc, Cochrane Collaboration EBSCO y Lilacs. Dentro de los abordajes diseñados para el tratamiento de las CNEP, se destacan tres modelos de intervención psicoterapéutica que han obtenido resultados favorables en la puesta a prueba de sus intervenciones: dos modelos cognitivo conductuales y el tratamiento aumentado de Terapia Interpersonal. Se discuten estos hallazgos en función de las limitaciones, tanto metodológicas como provenientes de los distintos estudios clínicos encontrados. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) pose a clinical challenge because of the diagnostic difficulty due to the complexity of their manifestations, etiology and comorbility. The aim of this paper is to outline the available psychological treatments developed to deal with PNES. To fulfill this purpose a literature search was carried out across the databases Medline, Latindex, Redalyc, Cochrane Collaboration EBSCO and Lilacs. Within the designs intended to deal with PNES, three models of psychotherapeutic approach stand out, due to the positive outcome measurements of their interventions: two cognitive-behavioral based interventions and the augmented model of Interpersonal Therapy. These findings are analyzed taking into account their methodological and clinical limitations. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Lanzillotti, Alejandra Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Areco Pico, Maria Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Tenrreyro, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Scévola, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Kochen, Sara Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: D`Alessio, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Los autores exploran la relación entre la psicoterapia y la religión. En primer lugar, examinan el fenómeno religioso en la práctica clínica. En segundo término, indaga el lugar de lo religioso en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-IV). En tercer lugar, describe la relación entre desconocimiento y patologización de las creencias religiosas. En cuarto término, refiere el acercamiento entre la terapia cognitiva y la religión. En quinto lugar, describe la creciente importancia de la incorporación dentro de los modelos cognitivos de distintos sistemas de creencias a la práctica clínica y relaciona esta situación con el eclecticismo técnico propio de la terapia cognitiva. Por último, describe las distintas religiones existentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el conurbano bonaerense a fi n de manifestar la diversidad religiosa en nuestro medio.

The paper presents the reasons that led to the incorporation of mindfulness as part of a cognitive therapy approach to the prevention of relapse of recurrent depressive disorders. It describes the context in which models focused on the contents of cognition gave way to models focused on cognitive processes. We highlight the problems encountered by the standard cognitive model when trying to account for the cognitive vulnerability of individuals who, having experienced a depressive episode, are in remission. We briefly describe the theoretical foundations of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and its therapeutic approach.

El psicoanálisis en el que Beck se formó tenía como objetivo incluir al psicoanálisis dentro del modelo científico. Esto era consistente con los intereses de un gran número de investigadores clínicos en los Estados Unidos durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960. Este trayecto intelectual lo llevará, años después, a desarrollar la terapia cognitiva. En este trabajo nos enfocaremos en el entrenamiento psicoanalítico de Beck así como en las primeras publicaciones de éste como especialista en psiquiatría durante su práctica hospitalaria en la Clínica de Austen Riggs y en el Hospital Valley Forge Army. Analizaremos sus primeras hipótesis, intentando rastrear los indicios de su modo de actuar como psicoanalista. Esta misma formación posteriormente lo llevará a un replanteo del modelo psicoanalítico, hecho que será clave para explicar las características que adoptará la terapia cognitiva. A psicanálise em que Beck se formou tinha como objetivo incluir esse campo dentro do modelo científico. Isso era coerente com os interesses de numerosos pesquisadores clínicos nos Estados Unidos durante as décadas de 1950 e 1960. Esse percurso intelectual o levará, anos depois, a desenvolver a terapia cognitiva. Neste artigo, enfocaremos a formação psicanalítica de Beck, assim como suas primeiras publicações como especialista em psiquiatria durante sua prática hospitalar na clínica Austen Riggs, no Hospital Valley ForgeArmy. Analisaremos suas primeiras hipóteses, com o objetivo de rastrear os indícios de seu modo de atuação como psicanalista. Essa mesma formação, posteriormente, o levará a repensar o modelo psicanalítico, fato que será capital para explicar as características que a terapia cognitiva adotará. The psychodynamic model in which Beck was formed tried to include psychoanalysis into the scientific model. This was consistent with the aims of many clinical researchers in the 1950-1960 decades in the United States. This will take him, years later, to develop the cognitive therapy. In this paper we will focus on Beck psychoanalytic training and his firsts publications as a specialist in psychiatry during his hospital practice (at the Austen Riggs Clinic and in the Valley Forge Army Hospital). We will analyze his first hypotheses, trying to trace the evidence of his mode of action as a psychoanalyst. This formation will subsequently lead him to rethink the psychoanalytic theory, a fact that will be the key to explain the features that will adopt cognitive therapy. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

In this study, the authors present the appropriation of Eastern notions in cognitive behavioral therapy in theAutonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina, inscribing this phenomenon on a wider field of interest for social scienceand psychotherapy. The supply of Eastern alternative therapies and the new developments of cognitive behavioraltherapy in the area of study are introduced. Based on a survey conducted in CBT training institutions of the AutonomousCity of Buenos Aires, three categories are proposed to understand the phenomena: 1) the desacralization of yoga; 2) theincorporation of Eastern traditions into cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and 3) scopes and limits of therapeuticcomplementariness between cognitive behavioral therapy and Eastern practices. The authors conclude that thisappropriation produces a desacralization of the original contents of the Eastern tradition, because in this fusion the focusis on the practice that produces well-being more than on the Eastern practices. Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Saizar, María Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina

En las últimas décadas las terapias alternativas se han convertido en una opción cada vez más frecuente entre la población general de las ciudades industrializadas, aunque su aceptación como opciones válidas en el sistema de salud aún se encuentra en discusión. A pesar de ello, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) han surgido talleres dentro de los hospitales generales que ofertan terapias alternativas/complementarias, asociadas a servicios o profesionales de la salud mental. A partir de un estudio cualitativo en dos hospitales públicos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, indagaremos los motivos que dan origen a dicho fenómeno, destacando las formas de expresión que adquiere y la complejidad de un campo en construcción. Nas últimas décadas, terapias alternativas têm se tornado cada vez mais comuns entre a população geral em cidades industrializadas, embora sua aceitação como opções válidas no sistema de saúde ainda esteja em discussão. No entanto, na Cidade de Buenos Aires (Argentina), oficinas emergiram dentro de hospitais gerais que oferecem terapias alternativas / complementares, serviços associados e profissionais de saúde mental. A partir de um estudo qualitativo em dois hospitais públicos da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, vamos investigar as razões que dão origem a este fenômeno, destacando as formas de expressão que adquirem e a complexidade de um campo em construção. In recent decades, alternative therapies have become an increasingly common option among the general population in industrialized cities, although their acceptance as valid options in the health system is still under discussion. Nevertheless, in the City of Buenos Aires (Argentina) workshops have emerged within general hospitals that offer alternative / complementary therapies, associated to mental health professionals and departments. From a qualitative study in two public hospitals in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, we will investigate the reasons that lead to this phenomenon, emphasizing the forms of expression they acquire and complexity of a field under construction. Fil: Saizar, María Mercedes. Centro Argentino de Etnologia Americana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sarudiansky, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

1. Mercedes Saizar[1][1] 2. Guido Korman[1][1] 1. 1National Council of Scientific and Technical Researches, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1. Mercedes Saizar, Centro Argentino de Etnografia Americana—CONICET, Avenida de Mayo 1437 1o A, Buenos Aires (CP 1085), Argentina Email: mercedessaizar{at}conicet.gob.ar In this article, the authors describe the phenomenon of therapeutic complementarity between alternatives therapies and biomedicine in public hospitals of Buenos Aires (Argentina). They contextualize the phenomenon in a global and local field. Features specific to Argentina make this phenomenon interesting. The first of these is that biomedicine is the only type of medicine that is legally authorized to act on the body; nevertheless, alternative practices have flourished not only in the private health sector but also in the public hospitals run by the state. A second feature refers to the alternative practices in the Mental Health Area that bring about a singular interaction between two different therapeutic models. Based on a qualitative study in public hospitals, the authors look into the reasons that generate the phenomenon, underlining the forms in which it expresses itself and the complexity of a field under construction that implies the resignification of the concepts related to health and disease. [1]: #aff-1

El presente trabajo explora la formación a la cual los psicólogos estadounidenses y argentinos pueden acceder con el objeto de capacitarse como instructores certificados del Programa MBSR. A lo largo de las últimas décadas, el incremento en el interés que Mindfulness genera en el campo de las psicoterapias resultó en un aumento en la demanda de profesionales que desean capacitarse como instructores de MBSR. Luego de presentar el constructo, se introducen las ofertas indagadas a fin de puntualizar las diferencias halladas. El trabajo finaliza con algunos interrogantes sobre los estándares existentes en la formación alcanzable en Argentina al momento de la investigación. This article reviews and compares the available training, both in Argentina and United States of America, to become an MBSR instructor. Within the past few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the investigation of Mindfulness as a psychological construct and as a form of clinical intervention. This growing interest has resulted in an increased demand for mindfulness-based program teachers. First, we introduce the construct of Mindfulness. Second, the collected data on six institutions where mindfulness-based teacher training is offered, is described in order to establish the differences and similarities between the teaching training processes in both countries.The paper ends raising questions around safeguarding teaching standards that exists in Argentina. Fil: Cúneo Romer, Soledad. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Korman, Guido Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina