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Introduction. The microbiota dynamics of the core biotopes during pregnancy are hardly studied, although changes in these compartments have an important role in both the functioning of the female organism and foetal development.Objective. To study the dynamics and interactions of changes in bladder, vaginal and bowel microbiota in healthy pregnant women over three trimesters (TRI-1, 2, 3).Materials & Methods. Study design: a single-centre comparative observational longitudinal study. Thirty out of first-time 220 pregnant women were selected for screening at the antenatal clinic from 2021 to 2022. All pregnant women underwent sampling at T-1, 2, 3: mid-stream bladder urine samples, posterior vaginal swabs and faecal masses were collected for culture study. After a special pre-culture preparation, samples were examined on an expanded set of nutrient media (n = 13) using special cultivation (aerobic-anaerobic) conditions. Based on the research results, identification frequencies (IDFs), microbial load values (MLVs) and microbial co-occurrence coefficients between the different biotopes were estimated.Results. Culture study revealed various bacteria in each biotope investigated during all TRIs. In the urine, aerobes and anaerobes were observed from TRI-1 to TRI-3 with different IDFs, but no taxa showed a stable IDFs. In the vagina, IDFs of bacteria were similar to urinary. The bowel microbiota was the most stable biotope remained almost unchanged during pregnancy. In the urine and vagina, mean MLVs of most aerobes and anaerobes did not change significantly throughout pregnancy. In the bowel, MLVs were consistently higher than in the urine and vaginal swabs. According to the co-occurrence analysis bladder-vagina and bladder-bowel biotopes showed significantly more interconnections between microorganisms in all TRIs.Conclusion. The observed microbiota structure during all TRIs is associated with uncomplicated gestation. These results will be valuable for studying changes of microbiota in complicated pregnancies.

Introduction. There is evidence of a connection between infectious and inflammatory lesions of the lower urinary tract and bladder cancer (BCa). However, there is virtually no data on the urine microbiota of middle-aged and elderly men with suspected BCa. This knowledge is extremely important from the point of view of studying the role of the infectious-inflammatory hypothesis in the genesis of BCa.Objective. To conduct a comparative assessment of the microbiota of bladder urine obtained during natural urination and bladder catheterization through standard and extended cultural studies in men with a presumptive diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).Materials & methods. The prospective comparative study with consecutive patient recruitment included 23 men older than 45 years with suspected NMIBC based on clinical, laboratory and sonographic data, as well as with no history of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, including sexually transmitted infections and recurrent infections of other organs and systems. A midstream urine samples and catheter-drained urine immediately before urethrocystoscopy were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Urine culture study was carried out using a standard set of nutrient media under aerobic cultivation conditions and an expanded set of nutrient media under aerobic and anaerobic cultivation conditions.Results. An anaerobic spectrum of microorganisms was predominantly detected in the urine of patients with suspected NMIBC. Moreover, Peptococcus spp. was more often found among anaerobic taxa. (70%), Eubacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp. (45% each, respectively), among representatives of the aerobes — Corynebacterium spp. (60%), S. lentus (up to 45%), S. haemolyticus (35%) and E. faecalis (30%). Data from a comparative analysis of the detection frequencies of microorganisms depending on the method of collecting material and the set of media for cultivation showed that more isolates are isolated in the midstream urine samples than in the study of catheter urine (2.9- and 1.9-fold with the standard and extended sets of media, respectively). In addition, when performing an extended bacteriological study compared to the standard method, the detection of microorganisms is 3.5-fold higher when examining an average portion of urine and 5.1-fold higher when examining catheter urine. The average number of microorganisms per one patient is also higher when using the extended method (midstream portion — 4.7 ± 1.9; catheterised urine — 2.3 ± 1.0) in comparison with the standard one (midstream portion — 1.3 ± 0.9; catheterised urine — 0.3 ± 0.5).Conclusion. Middle-aged and older men with NMIBC are characterized by asymptomatic bacteriuria in the form of a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. The urine pattern obtained with a urethral catheter contains a significantly narrower range of bacteria compared to the sample obtained through natural urination. It is advisable to carry out an extended cultural urine examination to study the characteristics of the microbiota / microbiome of the urine of the bladder immediately before the urethrocystoscopy procedure by collecting urine with a urethral catheter.

Introduction. The tendency of microorganisms to develop resistance mechanisms is a widely discussed and significant problem worldwide. Studying regional differences in the qualitative characteristics of microorganisms provides valuable information for empirically preventing and treating infectious complications, as well as providing an enhanced understanding of the variability in microbial community properties within the clinical context of diseases and patients' comorbidity status.Objective. To assess the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms isolated in high titers from the urine samples of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) prior to surgery.Materials & Methods. This single-center, retrospective study conducted from March 2016 to February 2023 included 59 suprapubic-draining BPH-patients (Group I), 46 drainage-free BPH-patients with leukocyturia (Group II), and 44 drainage-free BPH-patients and no leukocyturia (Group III). Inclusion criteria: indications for BPH surgery, no history of sexually transmitted diseases, no symptoms of urinary tract infection, and no prostate cancer. The patient's voluntary informed consents to participate were also obtained.Results. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin in patients of Group I were statistically significantly higher compared to Group II (85.7% vs 55.6%, p = 0.002). Resistance of gram-negative microorganisms to meropenem and imipenem was higher in Group III compared to Group I (31.1% vs 13.7%, p = 0.006 for meropenem and 44.5% vs 9.8%, p = 0.001 for imipenem, respectively). Resistance of Gram-positive microorganisms to ampicillin in Groups I to III was 13.6%,6.3% and 20.0%, respectively with no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). However, there was extremely high resistance among verified Gram-positive organisms to all the drugs in the fluoroquinolone class (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin) ranged from 63.6% to 80.0%.Conclusion. The present study demonstrates that the isolation frequency of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms from the urine sample of drainage-free BPH-patients or no clinical and laboratory signs of inflammation in the urinary tract is high. The presence of antibiotic resistance provides risks for developing difficult-to-control infectious complications. Currently, assessment of urine-derived microbial antibiotic resistance should be considered in every BPH-patient with indications for surgical management of bladder outlet obstruction, regardless of the presence of risk factors.

Background: The urinary microbiota of healthy children has rarely been studied, and potential differences between boys and girls have not been addressed. Thus, this study aimed to compare the urinary microbiota of healthy prepubescent girls and boys. Methods: We included healthy children aged between 4 and 10 years who were free of functional or organic urinary tract diseases and had no history of urinary tract infection. We collected the mean portion of morning urine during natural micturition and determined aerobic and anaerobic microbiota using HiCrome™ chromogenic growth media. We identified microorganisms on the basis of morphotinctural properties and analyzed α- and β-diversity of microorganisms isolated from the urine of boys and girls. Results: Mean age of the children was 6.1 ± 3.2 years. In general, four-component (28.1%) as well as two-component (15.6%), three-component (15.6%), and six-component (12.5%) combinations of microorganisms prevailed in the urine of children. The urine of boys exhibited four-component combinations significantly more often than that of girls (p ˂ 0.05), while the urine of girls contained seven-component microbial combinations significantly more often than that of boys (p ˂ 0.05). Comparison of multicomponent combinations of microorganisms in boys and girls revealed an overrepresentation of Enterococcus spp. in girls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a trend towards higher microbial α-diversity in the urine of girls, but the difference between girls and boys was not significant. Conclusions: The urine of healthy prepubescent children contained various aerobic–anaerobic combinations of microorganisms. Their diversity in the urine of girls and boys did not differ significantly. However, the level of α-diversity of microorganisms was higher in girls than in boys. We noted differences in the prevalence of certain taxa of microorganisms in the urine of boys and girls. Our study showed a close functional relationship between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms detected in the urine of children in more than half of the cases.

Introduction. The tactics of managing and treating patients with chronic recurrent bacterial prostatitis (CRBP) in some cases is a difficult-to-treat condition for a practicing urologist. This circumstance occurs because the disease has several predisposing factors, a complex and multifaceted pathogenesis, and certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.Objective. To study the effectiveness of recombinant interferon α-2b medications in post-COVID-19 patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis against the background of antibiotic multi-drug resistance of microorganisms verified in prostate secretion.Materials and methods. The treatment of 52 post-COVID-19 patients with CRBP was analyzed, divided into three therapy-dependent groups. Group 1 patients (n = 18) received antibiotic therapy (ABT): Levofloxacin 500 mg q.d. PO for 28 days. Group 2 patients (n = 18) underwent combined therapy: ABT supplemented with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C (“Viferon®” rectal suppositories) 3.000.000 IU b.i.d. PR q12h for 28 days. Group 3 patients (n = 16) received monotherapy with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C (“Viferon®”rectal suppositories) 3.000.000 IU b.i.d. PR q12h for 28 days. The follow-up period was 6 months with monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters assessed before treatment, after 1, 3 and 6 months from the start of therapy.Results. Based on the monitoring of the clinical picture and laboratory parameters, after 1 follow-up month, there was a significant decrease in the symptoms of the disease in all study groups. However, after 3 and 6 follow-up months, this trend was observed only in patients of groups 2 and 3 receiving recombinant interferon alfa-2b with an antioxidant complex (vitamins E and C).Conclusions. Strengthening the standard CRBP-therapy with recombinant interferon α-2b with an antioxidant complex of vitamins E and C makes it possible to normalize both clinical and laboratory parameters in most patients.

Introduction. It has been established in an animal model that coagulase-negative staphylococci (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) and anaerobes (Peptococcus niger) cause the development of an acute inflammatory process in the prostate when inoculated with 103 CFU/ml. At the same time, data have been published indicating the pathogenic potential of these microorganisms on a titer of 102 CFU/ml. But it was confirmed for the model of acute obstructive pyelonephritis. In addition, the characteristics of the formation of the inflammatory response at different times were determined, which require detailed verification and comparative characteristics with those during infection with a causative uropathogen (Escherichia coli).Objective. Based on the results of the experiment, to carry out: 1) an evaluation of the relationship between the dynamics of microbial load and the degree of pathomorphological changes in prostate tissues during infection with various uropathogens in a titer of 103 CFU/ml; 2) an evaluation of the degree of microbial load and severity of histological changes in prostate tissues on follow-up day 7 with transurethral infection with various uropathogens in a subpathogenic titer of 102 CFU/ml; 3) a fundamental comparative analysis of the indicators of contamination and the severity of inflammatory changes on follow-up day 7 after the inoculation of various uropathogens in titers of 102 and 103 CFU/ml.Materials and methods. The animal model was performed using the FELASA and ARRIVE guidelines. Lab animals: 20 New Zealand rabbits. Uropathogens: E. coli, S. haemolyticus, and P. niger. Infectious titers: 102.3 cfu/ml. Uropathogen inoculation technique: topical transurethral. Randomization: all laboratory animals were divided into 4 groups depending on the uropathogen (3 experimental, 1 control). Follow-up periods: day 1, 3, 7 and 14 for a titer of 103 CFU/ml, and day 7 for a titer of 102 CFU/ml. At the end of the follow-up, euthanasia and autopsy were performed with the extraction of the urogenital organ complex. Hereafter, biopsies were taken from various parts of the prostate. Cultural and histological studies of prostate tissues were carried out using standard methods. The results were analyzed using Statistica 10.2 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA) and GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software Inc., Graphpad Holdings LLC, San Diego, CA, USA) programs through descriptive and nonparametric statistics.Results. Bacterial contamination of prostate tissue was determined in all cases of infection with differences (p 0.05) differences were found both in cases of infection with a titer of 103 CFU/ml, and when compared with the data on contamination for a test titer of 102 CFU/ml, at the same time observations. At once, when E. coli and S. haemolyticus were infected at a subpathogenic titer of 102 CFU/ml, inflammatory changes were recorded that had a mild diffuse character, in relation to those after inoculation of these pathogens in a titer of 103 CFU/ml. In turn, P. niger induced the development of low-intensity focal alteration in isolated areas of prostate tissues.Conclusions. Detailed analysis of culture and histological data showed that E. coli, S. haemolyticus and P. niger have significant pathogenic potential at titer of 103 CFU/ml. In turn, when the titer decreases to 102 CFU/ml, E. coli and S. haemolyticus retain their pathogenic potential, but the severity of the inflammatory reaction is significantly reduced. It was also found that a change in bacterial contamination affects the severity of the inflammatory process in all groups during seven follow-up days at a given test titer.

Objective: to study the microbiota of the vagina, myomatous nodes, their bed in patients with fibroids. Materials and methods: a comprehensive examination of 83 patients aged 26 to 50 years with diagnosed interstitial, interstitial-subserous uterine myoma was carried out. By age, all women are divided into 3 groups. Standard clinical and clinical laboratory studies, colposcopy, microbiological examination of the detachable posterior vaginal fornix, biopsy specimens of myomatous nodes and their bed, as well as morphological examination of biopsy specimens of myomatous nodes and their bed were performed.Results: in the structure of clinical manifestations of uterine fibroids, pain syndrome was the leading one (p0.05). According to the results of a bacteriological study of the detachable posterior vaginal fornix in patients in the 2nd group, a decrease in the frequency of detection and the number of lactobacilli was revealed compared to the 1st group, and in women in the 3rd group, these microorganisms were absent. Among the anaerobic microorganisms in the 1st and 2nd groups, Eubacterium spp. dominated, in the 3rd — Peptostreptococcus spp. In patients of group 3, the frequency of detection of Bacteroides spp. was significantly increased (p

Background: The urinary microbiota of healthy children has rarely been studied, and potential differences between boys and girls have not been addressed. Thus, this study aimed to compare the urinary microbiota of healthy prepubescent girls and boys. Methods: We included healthy children aged between 4 and 10 years who were free of functional or organic urinary tract diseases and had no history of urinary tract infection. We collected the mean portion of morning urine during natural micturition and determined aerobic and anaerobic microbiota using HiCrome™ chromogenic growth media. We identified microorganisms on the basis of morphotinctural properties and analyzed α- and β-diversity of microorganisms isolated from the urine of boys and girls. Results: Mean age of the children was 6.1 ± 3.2 years. In general, four-component (28.1%) as well as two-component (15.6%), three-component (15.6%), and six-component (12.5%) combinations of microorganisms prevailed in the urine of children. The urine of boys exhibited four-component combinations significantly more often than that of girls (p ˂ 0.05), while the urine of girls contained seven-component microbial combinations significantly more often than that of boys (p ˂ 0.05). Comparison of multicomponent combinations of microorganisms in boys and girls revealed an overrepresentation of Enterococcus spp. in girls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a trend towards higher microbial α-diversity in the urine of girls, but the difference between girls and boys was not significant. Conclusions: The urine of healthy prepubescent children contained various aerobic–anaerobic combinations of microorganisms. Their diversity in the urine of girls and boys did not differ significantly. However, the level of α-diversity of microorganisms was higher in girls than in boys. We noted differences in the prevalence of certain taxa of microorganisms in the urine of boys and girls. Our study showed a close functional relationship between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms detected in the urine of children in more than half of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Because of the insufficient efficacy of the current treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), it is justified to search for a more effective antibiotic therapy (ABT). Materials and Methods: This single-centre prospective observational comparative study was conducted in 2012 to 2019 (patients: 60 men with CBP; age: 20–45 y). The clinical examination was performed on admission and at 1, 3, 6, or 12 months. All patients underwent the Meares–Stamey test to obtain expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and/or post-massage urine (PMU) samples for extended bacteriological examination. The patients were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups (30/30 patients): group I, fluoroquinolones (FQs); group II, a combination of FQs with cephalosporins/macrolides with a treatment duration of 1 month. Results: Patients of both groups had severe symptomatic CBP with an average duration of 4 years. Twenty-three microorganisms (15 aerobes, 9 anaerobes) were identified in PMU. At 3 months follow-up, a positive clinical effect was noted in both groups, which was significant (p

The most common extragenital pathology during pregnancy is urinary tract infection (UTI) of various localization. In some cases, untreated UTI can contribute to the development of obstetric, urological, and perinatal pathologies. Factors predisposing to the UTI manifestation may include increased progesterone, delayed peristalsis, urine retention in the ureters, uterine growth, bladder displacement, and increased residual urine volume. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy can increase the risk of pyelonephritis and subsequent maternal and fetal complications. Pregnant women should be screened for ASB at least once at the beginning of pregnancy (aft er 14 weeks). E.coli is the dominant uropathogen in 70 – 95% of UTI cases in pregnant women. The main treatment for ABT and pyelonephritis in pregnancy (PiP) is antibiotic therapy (ABT), which is prescribed empirically in most cases. There is currently no consensus on the choice of ABT and the duration of treatment for UTI in pregnant women. In the case of ineff ective drug therapy of PiP, it is necessary to raise the issue of the upper urinary tract drainage promptly.

Implants and medical devices are efficient and practical therapeutic solutions for a multitude of pathologies. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in orthopedics, dentistry, and cardiology. Despite very good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, titanium implants can fail due to inflammatory or tissue degradation–related complications. Macrophages are major immune cells that control acceptance of failure of the implant. In this study, for the first time, we have performed a systematic analysis of the response of differentially activated human macrophages, M(Control), M(IFNγ), and M(IL-4), to the polished and porous titanium surfaces in order to identify the detrimental effect of titanium leading to the tissue destruction and chronic inflammation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the highest number of differences between titanium and control settings are found in M(IL-4) that model healing type of macrophages. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that both polished and porous titanium affected expression of cytokines, chitinases/chitinase-like proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Titanium-induced release and activation of MMP7 by macrophages was enhanced by fibroblasts in both juxtacrine and paracrine cell interaction models. Production of titanium-induced MMPs and cytokines associated with chronic inflammation was independent of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. MMP7, one of the most pronounced tissue-destroying factors, and chitinase-like protein YKL-40 were expressed in CD68+ macrophages in peri-implant tissues of patients with orthopedic implants. In summary, we demonstrated that titanium induces proinflammatory and tissue-destructing responses mainly in healing macrophages, and the detrimental effects of titanium surfaces on implant-adjacent macrophages are independent on the bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. There is no consensus on the management of patients with recurrent uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (uLUTI), which makes it difficult to carry out effective therapy.Purpose of the study. To study the microbial patterns of urine and uropathogens' antibiotic resistance in a urological hospital from 2010 to 2017.Materials and methods. The results of bacteriological studies and the data of individual antibiotic susceptibility testing of patients with recurrent uLUTI (n = 502) were retrospectively analyzed. Inclusion criteria of the study: consent of patients to participate in the study, the presence of clinical manifestations of recurrent uLUTI in anamnesis, two episodes within six months or three during the year, leukocyturia in the urinalysis, the absence of sexually transmitted diseases at the time of the study and in anamnesis and also vaginal discharge. Bacteriological studies of the midstream morning urine sample before the prescription of antibiotic therapy were carried out with the determination of antibiotic sensitivity/resistance and production of extended-spectrum p-lactamases. In addition to the standard set of culture media, chromogenic media, aerobic and anaerobic culturing conditions were used. Statistical analysis was performed in the statistical processing and data visualization environment «R ver 3.2» («R Foundation for Statistical Computing», Vienna, Austria).Results. During the 8-year monitoring of the microbiota, the urine of patients with recurrent uLUTI was characterized by a microbial pattern certain constancy, but with the predominance (94.1% - 99.1%) of anaerobic-aerobic associations. The antibiotic resistance of most causative and debatable uropathogens increased, and the detection frequency of enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum p-lactamases also increased. Significant differences in the average levels of bacteriuria in the study period for most taxa of microorganisms were not detected.Conclusion. The detection frequencies of E. coli vary around 50.0%, for other causative pathogens a lower detection rate is noted, while non-clostridial anaerobic bacteria are excreted in 96.6% of cases in patients with recurrent uLUTI. The antibiotic resistance of causative and debatable pathogens and the detection frequencies of enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum p-lactamases are increasing, which necessitates a revision of the etiological structure and approaches to empirical therapy of recurrent uLUTI.

Immune modulation for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has gained more traction in recent years, with an increasing number of compounds designed for targeting different host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These agonistic molecules activate the receptor signaling pathway and trigger an innate immune response that will eventually shape the adaptive immunity for control of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). While definitive recognition of HBV nucleic acids by PRRs during viral infection still needs to be elucidated, several viral RNA sensing receptors, including toll-like receptors 7/8/9 and retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors, are explored preclinically and clinically as possible anti-HBV targets. The antiviral potential of viral DNA sensing receptors is less investigated. In the present study, treatment of primary woodchuck hepatocytes generated from animals with CHB with HSV-60 or poly(dA:dT) agonists resulted in increased expression of interferon-gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) or Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1/DAI) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) receptors and their respective adaptor molecules and effector cytokines. Cytosolic DNA sensing receptor pathway activation correlated with a decline in woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) replication and secretion in these cells. Combination treatment with HSV-60 and poly(dA:dT) achieved a superior antiviral effect over monotreatment with either agonist that was associated with an increased expression of effector cytokines. The antiviral effect, however, could not be enhanced further by providing additional type-I interferons (IFNs) exogenously, indicating a saturated level of effector cytokines produced by these receptors following agonism. In WHV-uninfected woodchucks, a single poly(dA:dT) dose administered via liver-targeted delivery was well-tolerated and induced the intrahepatic expression of ZBP1/DAI and AIM2 receptors and their effector cytokines, IFN-β and interleukins 1β and 18. Receptor agonism also resulted in increased IFN-γ secretion of peripheral blood cells. Altogether, the effect on WHV replication and secretion following in vitro activation of IFI16, ZBP1/DAI, and AIM2 receptor pathways suggested an antiviral benefit of targeting more than one cytosolic DNA receptor. In addition, the in vivo activation of ZBP1/DAI and AIM2 receptor pathways in liver indicated the feasibility of the agonist delivery approach for future evaluation of therapeutic efficacy against HBV in woodchucks with CHB.

Introduction. Difficulties in the management and treatment of patients with uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infection (LUTI) are largely because bacterial, viral and other components remain unexplored in the etiological structure of the disease.Purpose of the study. To study the urine bacterial-viral associations in uncomplicated recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract (LUT).Materials and methods. The study included 14 patients with uncomplicated recurrent infections of the LUT, the average age was 33.0 ± 4.7 years. The object of the study was the average portion of morning urine collected prior to the appointment of empirical antibiotic therapy. Urine was divided into 3 aliquots: 1 for general urine analysis, 2 for bacteriological examination, 3 for polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results. Aerobic-anaerobic associations were found in urine in all cases. Enterobacteriaceae family representatives were discovered in 92.8% of cases; they were represented by E. coli (78.6%), Klebsiella spp. (14.2%), Proteus spp. (7.1%). Moreover, in one patient at the same time (7.1%) E. coli + Klebsiella spp was isolated from urine.The gram-positive microflora pattern consisted of 7 genera and / or species and in various combinations was found in all patients. The taxonomic structure of the gram-positive flora was represented by E. faecalis (64.3%), S. lentus (21.4%), Corynebacterium spp., S. warneri, E. faecium (14.3% each), S. epidermidis + E. coli was recorded in 4 (28.6%) women, E. faecalis + E. faecium + E. coli + Klebsiella spp. - in 1 (7.1%), E. faecalis + E. faecium + E. coli also in 1 (7.1%) patients.Non-clostridial anaerobic bacteria (NAB) were isolated from urine in all cases with Eubacterium spp dominating. (57.1%). The taxonomic structure of NAB was represented by 5 genera: Eubacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Peptococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp.Viruses were detected in urine in 6 (42.9%) patients. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was detected in 4 (28.6%) of them, moreover, in 1 case, in association with human papillomavirus (HPV53), in two other cases (7.1% each), cytomegalovirus (CMV) was verified and human herpes simplex virus type 6 (HHV6), respectively.Conclusions. In patients with uncomplicated recurrent LUTI, viruses with a prevalence of EBV were verified in urine in 42.9% of cases (28.6%). Apparently, the treatment of this patients` cohort should be directed not only to the bacterial, but also the viral components of the urinary microbiota.

Background. The prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in general and recurrent lower UTIs, in particular, constantly remains at a high level. Currently, more and more researchers are attempting to study the microbial biocenosis of the urinary tract in patients with UTIs in terms of the relationship between UTIs and patient's colon microbiota in order to detail the etiology and pathogenesis of these conditions as an insufficiently studied issue.Objectives. To study the microbiota of urine and colon, as well as significant correlations in these biotopes.Materials and methods. 169 patients with recurrent lower UTIs from the Urology Clinic and the Department of Microbiology and Virology No. 1 (Rostov State Medical University) were examined. Average age: 36.2 ± 4.7 years. Midstream urine samples for bacteriological examination was taken in accordance with the rules set out in the Clinical recommendations (2014) exactly observing the preanalytical stage. The study of the colon microbiota as well as the collection of material was carried out in accordance with the rules set forth in the industry standard (OS) OST 915000. 11.0004 - 2003, Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 231 of 09/09/03. Guided by this standard, the interpretation of the results was conducted. Results' statistical processing was implemented using the SPSS version 23 package.Results. In patients with recurrent lower UTIs two significant quantitative correlation coefficients were detected. The first correlation coefficient showed inverse correlation between typical E. coli isolated from urine and Eubacterium spp. isolated from feces (r = -0.434, p = 0.009). The second correlation coefficient showed a direct correlation between the amount of Lactobacilli isolated from urine and Coalulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from feces, accordingly (r = -0.434, p = 0.009).When comparing the frequencies of detection of various microbiota taxa, three significant correlation coefficient were found in the loci under study: between Lactobacilli or Peptococci isolated from urine and CoNS verified in feces (PCC - 0.342, p = 0.031 and PCC - 0.341, p = 0.018, respectively), as well as between Peptococci detected in urine and Enterococci in feces (PCC - 0.349, p = 0.028).Conclusion. The data we obtained on significant correlation coefficients between microorganisms isolated from urine and colon indirectly confirm the translocation mechanism. Undoubtedly, further research is needed to study the mechanism of translocation of microorganisms from the intestines and other biotopes into the organs of the urinary system in order to understand the pathogenesis of this common group of diseases.

Host genetic factors influencing the intracellular part of HIV live cycle and regulating of HIV-specific immune response are reviewed. Its include genes coding proteins which support viral replication and assembly of new virions, genes coding antiviral defense proteins, HLA genes and some others. Variants of these genes and its compositions affect individual succeptibility/resistance to HIV infection, influence the pathogenesis of the disease and also associate with efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.

Succeptibility to HIV and the dynamics of HIV infection progression to AIDS are dependent on unique individual factors. Revealing genetic features of natural resistance to HIV infection is of great importance for the development of effective strategies for disease control. This review presents an analysis of host gene alleles coding receptors and their ligands participating in viral entrance to target cell. These allelic variants and their combinations can have a significant influence on the individual resistance/sensitivity to HIV infection and may be associated with the HIV infection progression to AIDS.

Introduction. Urinary tract infections of any localization are rarely considered in the context of the endogenous relationship of patient's urine microbiota and the microbiota of nearby biotopes. Nowadays, there are attempts to study the microbial interrelationships of the urinary system with nearby biotope to find fundamentally new solutions in the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, but now this problem remains almost unexplored.Purpose of the study. Analysis of the correlations between various taxa of the microbiota isolated from urine, vagina and intestines in patients with upper urinary tract infection.Materials and methods. According to the inclusion criteria, bacteriological examination of cystic urine, feces and posterior vaginal fornix discharge was performed on 60 women (18-65 years old) with acute obstructive pyelonephritis. The material was taken, transported and examined by standard methods, but with some modifications of nutrient media. Statistical calculations were performed in R "R ver 3.2" ("R Foundation for Statistical Computing", Vienna, Austria) with generally accepted significance coefficients.Results. 26 significant correlation coefficients were found in the urinary tract and the vagina when conducting a comparative correlation analysis between the microbiota taxa, and 21 in the urinary tract and intestine. Significant correlations between the general taxa were direct and a large proportion of them were in optional anaerobic microbiota. 28 significant correlation coefficients were found in most cases between aerobic and anaerobic taxa of microorganisms in the vagina and intestines.Conclusion. The obtained significant correlation coefficients between various microbiota taxa in the three studied biotopes are evidence of the relationship of these loci. However, further research is needed on the phylotyping and genotyping of the microbiota taxa of the urinary tract, vagina and intestines of patients with urinary tract infection.

Публікація присвячена аналізу декотрих правових нюансів переходу права власності за договором купівлі-продажу. Спершу в статті проведено загальну характеристику договорів, спрямованих на перехід права власності та визначено місце договору купівлі-продажу в їх системі. Далі встановлено, що момент переходу права власності на підставі договору купівлі-продажу не завжди прив’язаний до моменту укладення договору. Проаналізовано спеціальні норми про перехід права власності, які містяться в загальних положеннях про купівлю-продаж і виявлено їх обмеженість та поверхневість. Відсутність спеціального правового регулювання зумовила потребу звернення до загальної частини Цивільного кодексу України, де для всіх договорів загальним правилом закріплено практику визнання моментом набуття права власності моменту передачі речі. Тому надалі в роботі проаналізовано припис про те, коли обов’язок продавця щодо передачі речі вважається виконаним, що й породило сумніви з приводу вдалості надання законодавцем настільки вагомого значення передачі при одночасному вкладенні в неї тільки однобічного сенсу. Висловлено та обґрунтовано позицію, що перехід права власності не може відбутися в момент передачі товару продавцем у випадку неприйняття його покупцем. Важливим аргументом на користь останньої тези в роботі визначено розведення законодавцем в окремих нормах положень про момент переходу права власності та про момент переходу ризику випадкового знищення або випадкового пошкодження товару, вірно припускаючи можливість неспівпадіння вказаних моментів. В публікації підкреслено, що навіть врахування моменту прийняття товару покупцем при визначенні моменту переходу права власності не завжди здатне вирішити практичні проблеми, що можуть виникати при переході права власності за договором купівлі-продажу, тому сформульовано висновок про необхідність перегляду загального законодавчого підходу до визначення моменту переходу права власності та здійснення його прив’язки не до одностороннього акту (передання речі), а до моменту здійснення дій й іншою стороною договору, спрямованих на досягнення мети останнього. Враховуючи, що договір купівлі-продажу має оплатний характер, визначено, що моментом переходу права власності слід вважати момент отримання зустрічного задоволення контрагентом за договором (оплата покупцем ціни за придбану річ).

The antiviral property of small agonist compounds activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like and RIG-I receptors, have been preclinically evaluated and are currently tested in clinical trials against chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The involvement of other PRRs in modulating hepatitis B virus infection is less known. Thus, woodchucks with resolving acute hepatitis B (AHB) after infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were characterized as animals with normal or delayed resolution based on their kinetics of viremia and antigenemia, and the presence and expression of various PRRs were determined in both outcomes. While PRR expression was unchanged immediately after infection, most receptors were strongly upregulated during resolution in liver but not in blood. Besides well-known PRRs, including TLR7/8/9 and RIG-I, other less-characterized receptors, such as IFI16, ZBP1/DAI, AIM2, and NLRP3, displayed comparable or even higher expression. Compared to normal resolution, a 3–4-week lag in peak receptor expression and WHV-specific B- and T-cell responses were noted during delayed resolution. This suggested that PRR upregulation in woodchuck liver occurs when the mounting WHV replication reaches a certain level, and that multiple receptors are involved in the subsequent induction of antiviral immune responses. Liver enzyme elevations occurred early during normal resolution, indicating a faster induction of cytolytic mechanisms than in delayed resolution, and correlated with an increased expression of NK-cell and CD8 markers and cytolytic effector molecules. The peak liver enzyme level, however, was lower during delayed resolution, but hepatic inflammation was more pronounced and associated with a higher expression of cytolytic markers. Further comparison of PRR expression revealed that most receptors were significantly reduced in woodchucks with established and progressing CHB, and several RNA sensors more so than DNA sensors. This correlated with a lower expression of receptor adaptor and effector molecules, suggesting that persistent, high-level WHV replication interferes with PRR activation and is associated with a diminished antiviral immunity based on the reduced expression of immune cell markers, and absent WHV-specific B- and T-cell responses. Overall, the differential expression of PRRs during resolution and persistence of WHV infection emphasizes their importance in the ultimate viral control during AHB that is impaired during CHB.