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Examines the language attitudes of parents and secondary school students who are participating in programs where both official languages of Paraguay--Spanish and Guarani--are taught. Studies the relationship between linguistic attitudes and usage. (Author/VWL)

In Paraguay, a majority of the population speaks Guarani, an indigenous language. Guarani is a co-official language along with Spanish and bilingual education has been implemented. Despite these positive measures, literacy education in Guarani is limited to urban areas. The challenge is how to find the political will and economic resources to provide language education to all children in Paraguay. (Author/VWL)

Discusses migration patterns and language maintenance in Paraguay, where the majority of the population are speakers of Guarani, an indigenous South American language. Careful examination of Paraguayan census data reveals that Spanish-Guarani bilingualism is not nearly as widespread as claimed. (Author/VWL)

Provides a study of language attitudes in Paraguay's unique Spanish-Guarani bilingual situation. Suggests issues of public opinion that language policy makers should consider in determining the roles of the two languages, especially with respect to literacy education. (Author/VWL)

Active/agentive case markings are argued to be the products of successive diachronic developments, each individually motivated. Several factors obscure the motivations, including cross-linguistic differences in detail, shifts of defining features over time, grammaticization, and lexicalization. Explanation of case-systems requires understanding of the diversity of features and dynamic forces that underlie and mold them. (99 references) (JL)

Ayvu Rapyta, the set of mythico-poetic texts of the Guarani Mbyá tradition, is a masterpiece for the understanding of Amerindian cosmologies, and its translations (including that of Pierre Clastres in Le grand parler) have given rise to enormous interpretative divergences. We present here a new French translation of one of these texts, along with an analytical-interpretive commentary, in order to highlight the interweaving of its poetic and anthropological aspects.

Whereas the intonation of Spanish varieties has received considerable attention in the past few decades, the research has so far not included the variety of Spanish spoken in Paraguay, where intensive language contact between the Indigenous Guarani language and Spanish since the 16th century has led to widespread bilingualism. This study compares the F0 patterns of yes/no questions in Guarani-dominant bilinguals with those of Spanish-dominant bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals, formalized within the Autosegmental-Metrical model of intonation phonology. Results show no particular differences between the three groups, with all groups producing an H+L*LH% pattern in all types of yes/no questions, the exception being counter-expectational and echo yes/no questions, which were also realized with an L+¡H* L% contour. In spite of the fact that Guarani-dominant bilinguals exhibited more tonal variation in biased yes/no questions, the findings appear on the whole to support the convergence of two intonational systems due to the long period of contact. Furthermore, both bilingual groups made use of Guarani question particles and other Guarani expressions in their productions. Interestingly, across all groups, some speakers occasionally used the calque expression ¿ Será que... ("Will it be that...?") at the beginning of questions; this construction can be considered to have become grammaticalized as a question particle. Taken together, the intonational and syntactic innovations apparent in Paraguayan Spanish point toward language change brought about by intensive contact with Guarani and show how two levels of linguistic structure—intonation and syntax—may evolve differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses some of the long-term tendencies of the Paraguayan political economy, focusing, in particular, on impacts on indigenous peoples and, because of the ongoing agribusiness expansion in the northeast of the country, on the Paĩ Tavyterã nation. This analysis is warranted because of the growing recognition of the importance of land-related disputes affecting indigenous peoples, particularly in countries such as Paraguay that rely heavily on agribusiness exports and on the exploitation of natural resources. It is based on more than six years of research dedicated to the land struggles of the Paĩ Tavyterã (and members of the same ethnic group in Brazil, called Guarani-Kaiowa). Instead of a comparative study, this is a relational storytelling text that draws insights from various actors, communities and situations that were obtained through a qualitative and participative methodology, involving indigenous communities as co-participants and co-investigators in the study. Empirical results demonstrate that, despite the fact that Paraguay is a major exporter of agribusiness commodities the accumulation of multiple forms of subtraction is a prevailing geographical force. The reaction of indigenous peoples is in the form of anti-subtraction. The main implication of this research is that the process of decolonisation is, first and foremost, an anti-subtraction movement that aims to revert the deficit caused by the systemic subtraction of socio-economic and socio-ecological opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Eurasian Inquiries / Avrasya Incelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Eurasian Inquiries / Avrasya Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Tellus is the property of Revista Tellus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This explorative study examines intonation contours in neutral and non-neutral statements of Paraguayan Spanish, a variety shaped by extensive contact with Guarani, a co-official language of Paraguay. Paraguayan Spanish displays both lexical and syntactic borrowings from Guarani, along with innovative intonation patterns not found in other Spanish varieties. Previous but still limited research on yes/no and wh-questions in this variety suggests the emergence of a unique intonational system, possibly of a hybrid nature, in both Spanish monolinguals and Spanish–Guarani bilinguals. To date, no comprehensive description of intonation patterns in Paraguayan Spanish statements exists. The present study addresses this gap by analyzing data obtained through a Discourse Completion Task, covering broad-focus statements, contrastive focus, exclamatives, and statements of the obvious. Data were collected in 2014 from two monolingual speakers, eleven bilingual Spanish-dominant speakers, and eight bilingual Guarani-dominant speakers. The intonation is formalized using the Autosegmental–Metrical model of intonational phonology and the Spanish Tones and Break Indices labeling system. The findings reveal three main realizations of nuclear accents (L+H*, H+L*, and innovative >H+L*) in neutral and non-neutral declarative sentences, lengthening of syllables, diverse syntactical strategies, and lexical borrowings. The study contributes to the understanding of a lesser-studied Spanish variety and offers insights into theoretical aspects of contact linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo analizamos algunos usos alternantes de las formas del subjuntivo del español en emisiones producidas por hablantes en contacto con las lenguas quechua y guaraní. Partimos de la observación de una gradual tendencia en el español actual a la expansión del presente sobre el imperfecto, así como la forma –ra sobre la forma –se de este mismo tiempo verbal (Speranza 2020, 2021a, 2021b). Creemos que la variación analizada se relaciona con la noción de evidencialidad, de manera general, y con la de mediatividad (Guentchèva 1996), de manera específica, para designar la sustancia semántica que subyace a la elección realizada por el hablante. Intentamos establecer la relación entre los usos observados y las conceptualizaciones propias de las lenguas de contacto. Nos interesa estudiar cómo operan las características de las lenguas de adstrato en la selección que los hablantes, con distinto grado de bilingüismo, realizan de estas formas del español y de qué manera estos usos van afianzándose en la conformación de variedades con rasgos propios.

Hacia finales del Holoceno tardío, el delta del Paraná estuvo habitado por diferentes grupos poblacionales, entre ellos los conocidos como “Guaraníes”. En los diversos contextos arqueológicos del área raramente se recuperan objetos metálicos; por lo que estudiar los casos en los que están presentes permite discutir procesos de poblamiento y ocupación del área. Este trabajo se ocupa particularmente del análisis de las piezas recuperadas en el sitio Arroyo Fredes, datado entre 1262 y 1642 AD. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar a través del análisis morfológico y composicional de las piezas su posible vinculación con dos centros metalúrgicos que habrían estado disponibles al momento de ocupación del sitio: la esfera hispánica y el Noroeste argentino. En dos casos, la lámina y el disco, la composición de cobre puro permite establecer una conexión con las poblaciones locales. En el tercero, el alfiler o topu, los resultados no son concluyentes. Los datos, en definitiva, muestran la complejidad del proceso de ocupación del área momentos antes de la ocupación europea.

No ano de 2009 um grupo de indígenas Guarani reocupou uma área onde se encontram as ruínas da Cidade Real do Guairá, no atual município de Terra Roxa no Oeste paranaense. Este aldeamento faz parte de um conjunto que totaliza treze comunidades indígenas Guarani na região, que no geral sobrevivem em situação de conflito e sem o mínimo de qualidade de vida. Segundo pesquisas arqueológicas já realizadas, as ruínas estão sobre antigo território indígena, e esta reocupação contemporânea é um processo de tentativa de retomada desse território que ao longo de séculos foi retirado dos nativos por grupos detentores do poder. Compreender a relação existente entre os Guarani e este local, assim como contribuir para a melhoria das condições básicas de saneamento e qualidade de vida desse grupo é objetivo deste trabalho.

The intense contact between Guarani and Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes has produced a wide array of mutual contact effects, the most visible being widespread borrowing in both directions. This article examines a previously unreported feature of Argentine Guarani loans in Correntino Spanish: the social value they have acquired. Building on the growing body of work in sociolinguistics on internet memes, which are sites of phenomena rich in sociolinguistic value, an analysis is provided of Argentine Guarani loans in Correntino Spanish using an original corpus of memes collected from Correntino Instagram pages. Such memes, whose intended audience is monolingual, are a valuable source of Correntino Spanish features, which are used for humorous, ironic, or nostalgic effect. Via analysis of the relationship between these loans and the kinds of memes they appear in, I show that these loans have undergone enregisterment, i.e., they have taken on additional social meaning that allows them to index a complex variety of ideological stances toward Correntino social phenomena and character types. The results of this process evidence the fact that language contact, as an engine of variation, creates fertile ground for the emergence of social meaning and that memes are a productive and promising window into the (re)creation and evolution of such meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural is the property of Sociedad Espanola para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Horns, a form of headgear carried by Bovidae, have ethical and economic implications for ruminant production species such as cattle and goats. Hornless (polled) individuals are preferred. In cattle, four genetic variants (Celtic, Friesian, Mongolian and Guarani) are associated with the polled phenotype, which are clustered in a 300‐kb region on chromosome 1. As the variants are intergenic, the functional effect is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if the POLLED variants affect chromatin structure or disrupt enhancers using publicly available data. Topologically associating domains (TADs) were analyzed using Angus‐ and Brahman‐specific Hi‐C reads from lung tissue of an Angus (Celtic allele) cross Brahman (horned) fetus. Predicted bovine enhancers and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing peaks for histone modifications associated with enhancers (H3K27ac and H3K4me1) were mapped to the POLLED region. TADs analyzed from Angus‐ and Brahman‐specific Hi‐C reads were the same, therefore, the Celtic variant does not appear to affect this level of chromatin structure. The Celtic variant is located in a different TAD from the Friesian, Mongolian, and Guarani variants. Predicted enhancers and histone modifications overlapped with the Guarani and Friesian variants but not the Celtic or Mongolian variants. This study provides insight into the mechanisms of the POLLED variants for disrupting horn development. These results should be validated using data produced from the horn bud region of horned and polled bovine fetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Horizontes de Linguística Aplicada is the property of Revista Horizontes de Linguistica Aplicada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article seeks to explore the circumstances of the rising as well as the features of bilingual poetry in guarani, considering the concepts of marginality and exception. By analysing the discourse about Paraguayan literature and studying several contemporary bilingual poetry books, we shall try to perceive how the story of this poetry is constructed and reconstructed, from the stigma of marginality and exception to the renegotiation of these notions aiming to build a poetry of the resistance.

This paper proposes a reading of Las aventuras de la China Iron (2017) in relation to the literary canon and the ethnic imaginary in Argentina, to the language of a State that constituted itself as monolingual, and to heteropatriarchal hegemony. For this purpose, I use contributions from cultural (Jameson), gender (Haraway) and anthropological studies (Cadogan, Melià, Clastres), which ratify how the novel challenges pre-established orders, whether it is species, class or gender; or even ethnic, cultural and linguistic that nourish the national imaginary.

This text proposes an approach to the poetry of the Paraguayan Susy Delgado, under the prism of the (de)colonial debate, as a writing that is erected in a border in-between, or in the midst of transits and dynamics of friction between languages and identities, in the contemporary Paraguayan context. In addition to her poetic importance, we also highlight the political activities of Susy Delgado who, as a journalist and manager, has been playing a key role in the official languages of Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early modern European monarchies responded to structural poverty with a series of welfare programs while also implementing repressive measures against the poor. Perceived during the late Middle Ages as virtuous Christians accepting their fate with humility, the poor of the early modern period were accused of vagrancy and immoral laziness, thus posing a threat to the social order. In contrast, in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century chronicles of the Jesuit missions of Paraguay, hardly any mention is made of the material deprivation of Indians. A catechism of work in Guaraní intended to moralize the Indians' labor, however, reveals that poverty was at the core of the missionaries' concerns. Through an analysis of the Guaraní lexicon in connection with poverty, this article demonstrates that destitution in the missions was a daily problem. The article also shows how the term poriahu , glossing the word "poor," covered only part of the meaning of the same word in Europe, where it had positive connotations, having been passed down by medieval tradition. In parallel, stigmatizing representations of the "bad pauper" were set apart and constructed around particular glosses, such as that of "vagrant" or "lazy." This separation allowed for the development of an assistance policy that responded to the needs of all missionary Indians and was indispensable for the sustainability of the missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]