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This study aimed to analyze the height growth pattern and the incidence of significant growth deceleration in girls with CPP and EFP on GnRHa treatment, and thereby identify relevant predictors of growth deceleration. The data of 99 girls diagnosed with CPP and 47 girls with EFP were included in this retrospective analysis. The incidence of growth deceleration was calculated in both the first and second years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors indicative of growth deceleration. Growth velocity (GV) trajectories showed gradual decreases to the nadir at 18 months of treatment, and then they recovered till the 24th month of treatment, especially in girls with CPP. Nevertheless, the recovery was significantly greater in the CPP group than EFP. In the first year, no significant difference in the incidence of growth deceleration was found between the CPP group and the EFP group [17.35 vs. 25.53 %, p=0.249]; in the second year, the CPP group had a lower incidence than the EFP group [42.86 vs. 76.92 %, p=0.027]. The multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that bone age (BA) was an independent predictor of growth deceleration (OR=2.264, 95 % CI: 1.268–4.042, p=0.006). The result of ROC curves showed the cut-off value of BA was 11.05 years. GV varies at different periods during GnRHa treatment. GnRHa should be used with more caution for EFP treatment than for CPP. BA can be used to predict the occurrence of growth deceleration during GnRHa treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus yunnanensis (Franch), a species endemic to southwestern China, provides significant ecological and economic benefits. The quality of afforestation can be enhanced by promoting high-quality sprout growth. This study analyzed the effects of six fertilization treatments following top pruning: T1 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 0 g/plant−1), T2 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 2 g/plant−1), T3 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 4 g/plant−1), T4 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 0 g/plant−1), T5 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 2 g/plant−1), and T6 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 4 g/plant−1). The accumulation and allocation of aboveground biomass in roots, stems, and leaves of P. yunnanensis were measured, as well as changes in biomass per plant at 90 days (early stage), 180 days (middle stage), and 270 days (late stage) post-fertilization. At 90 days, root biomass accumulation in T3 was significantly higher, by 13.31%, compared to that in T1 (p < 0.05). The growth rates of stem and plant biomass followed the order T6 > T1 > T3 > T5 > T4 > T2. The biomass of sprouts and individual plants exhibited allometric growth under T1, T5, and T6 treatments. At 180 days, needle biomass allocation in T1 and T4 increased by 7.47% and 8.6%, respectively, compared to 90 days. Combined nitrogen–phosphorus fertilization significantly influenced aboveground biomass allocation, promoting growth more effectively than other treatments. By 270 days, the stem and individual biomass in T2 and T3 treatments showed significant differences (p < 0.01) compared to other treatments. Overall, root, stem, and sprouts were primarily influenced by phosphorus fertilization, while nitrogen fertilization notably promoted needle and leaf growth in later stages. The aboveground components were more affected by phosphorus fertilization. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers enhanced early-stage stem and sprouts, as well as late-stage root development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was carried out to find the length-weight relationship and condition factor of two Teraponid fishes (Terapon jarbua and T. puta) from Karachi coast, Pakistan. The value of coefficient b in LWR equation for T. jarbua indicates isometric growth pattern (b=3.014) in combined sexes, positive allometric growth in males (b=3.119) and negative allometric growth (b=2.933) in females. Whereas for T. puta, the values of coefficient b were examined higher than the ideal value (b=3.486 for combined sexes, b=3.324 for males and b=3.482 for females) shows the positive allometric growth pattern. The isometric pattern illustrates that the body shape of T. jarbua remains same with an increase in its length, while positive allometric growth shows that T. puta gets rounder with an increase in its length. The results of condition factor (K) were observed 1.43, 1.42 and 1.44 for combined, male and female sexes of T. jarbua. The condition factor (K) was obtained as 1.20, 1.18, 1.21 for combined, male and female sexes of T. puta. The higher K-values then the ideal value (K=1) shows that environmental conditions of Karachi coast, Pakistan which is supports the good health of Teraponid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the catch of the ponyfish (Leiognathus equulus) landed at Muara Kintap Fishing Port in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Local fishermen used various gear types especially bottom trawls, beach seines, drift gillnets, and encircling gillnets within Indonesia's Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 712. While bottom trawls displayed the highest efficiency, peaking at 65,956kg, representing 98.26% of the annual total catch. Moreover, they also indicated potential overfishing, particularly in 2022. The ponyfish catches were dominated by individuals measuring between 130- 134mm and weighing 35- 39g. Length-weight relationship data revealed an isometric growth pattern (b = 2.98) for the ponyfish, suggesting good overall health (K = 1.68± 0.17). However, CPUE (Catch per Unit Effort) data from 2022 raised concerns. The peak CPUE of 89.13kg/ trip, alongside a substantial total catch of 67,122kg across 753.1 trips, significantly surpassed the catch-maximum sustainable yield (CMSY) of 28,748kg/ trip and the optimal effort (Fopt) of 882 trips/year. This suggests overfishing and a potential decline in the ponyfish stock by 2023, representing a substantial loss of USD 3,934. Monthly catch data for 2022 further supported this, highlighting a fishing season from August to October, peaking in October (16,376kg) and continuing into December. To ensure the sustainability of the ponyfish population and fish processing industry, the fishing port authority should prioritize addressing the impact of overfishing practices, particularly trawling. Furthermore, continuous monitoring efforts are crucial to establish data-driven fisheries management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Length-weight relationship (LWR) is an important parameter in the fish biology study since genetic and environmental factors govern fish growth. This study aimed to understand the growth pattern of Sardinella lemuru, related to different locations and seasons, to estimate S. lemuru fishing grounds with good growth patterns of this fish. Specimens (n=3282) of S.lemuru catch were collected at Pengambengan fishing port, Bali, from April 2022 to January 2023. S.lemuru landed at Pengambengan fishing port were caught from three zones of the fishing grounds in Bali Strait(zones 2, 5, and 6). Monthly data of the study area's environmental parameters, including SST and Chl-a, were downloaded from the Ocean Color-SeaDAS website. The relationship between LWR and the environmental parameters was statistically analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) model. The LWR parameters, intercept 'a' and regression coefficient 'b', varied from 0.00261 to 0.12607 and 2.201 to 3.382, respectively. The condition factor ranged from 0.14 to 1.84. Simultaneously, both environmental variables play an important role in the growth of S.lemuru in all zones of the fishing grounds. The PLS analysis of the regression coefficient of the SST and CHL -a variable has a positive relationship with LWR. Environmental variables proved to have an indirect effect on the growth pattern of S. lemuru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is the most famous species of Oleaceae family that has edible fruits. The olive tree has a tendency to alternate bearing, leading often to the production of massive fruit yield in one year (on) and a very low fruit yield in the next year (off). Knowing the changes of nutrients in different stages of olive fruit growth and development in the "on" and "off" years provides the possibility of timely and correct application of fertilizers. This research was conducted in order to investigate the changes in the concentration of mineral elements, starch, and protein of olive fruit in the on and off-years. Materials and Methods This research was carried out in the years 2018-2019 at Olive Dalaho Research Station in 2018 and 2019 at Dalahu Olive Research Station in Kermanshah (Lat. 32° 30´ N, Long. 45° 51´, Alt. 560 m.), west of Iran. The experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications and three local olive varieties, namely Deira, Zagros and Meshkat. All tested 11-year-old trees were under similar conditions in terms of pruning, drip irrigation, fertilization and pest and disease control. Measurement were carried out on N, P, K, Zn, B, starch, and protein in young leaves, fruits, old leaves, and roots from the time of kernel hardening (in early June) until fruit ripening (in mid-November) every 40 days using both "on" and "off" year trees. The samples included 20 broad leaves from the middle part of one-year-old and newly-formed vegetative branches, the growing fruits of the current year, and the feeding roots of 30 cm depth under the canopy of the tree crown. Measurements on potassium concentration were made by a flame photometer (model PFP7 made by JENWAY, England), phosphorus by colorimetric method using spectrophotometer, nitrogen and protein by Kjeldahl method, boron and zinc elements using an atomic absorption device (Perking Elmer model 31/40). Starch concentration of the dry matter was measured by Morley's method. Results and Discussion Monthly changes of mineral elements in leaves and young fruits, starch, and protein concentration in old leaves and roots were significant in the on and off years. The monthly changes in the concentration of the mineral elements corresponded to the pattern of the fruit growth curve (double sigmoid). The concentration of N, K, B, and Zn in young leaves decreased from the beginning of June to the middle of July (the time of endocarp hardening) and then increased slightly. The monthly changes in concentration of mineral elements in leaves and young fruits, starch, and protein in old leaves and roots were significant in the on and off years. The monthly changes of the mineral elements corresponded to the pattern of the fruit growth curve (double sigmoid). The concentration of N, K, B and Zn in young leaves decreased from the beginning of June to the middle of July (the time of endocarp hardening) and then increased slightly. Mashkat cultivar had the highest and Deira and Zagros cultivars had the lowest concentration of nitrogen in young leaves. The concentration of nitrogen has a direct effect on vegetative growth, fruit formation, fruit yield, and shoot growth. There was a positive and significant relationship between fruit nitrogen and phosphorus and zinc concentration of the fruit, but young leaf nitrogen had a negative and significant correlation with phosphorus and zincof the fruit. Deira cultivar had the highest and Meshkat the lowest zinc concentration of the young leaves. Zinc plays a significant role in the function of enzymatic systems, synthesis of nucleic acids, protein and auxin metabolism. There was a positive correlation between phosphorus concentration in young leaves with phosphorus concentration in fruit and leaf starch, but there was a negative correlation with leaf and root protein concentration. The concentration of starch in the old leaves and roots increased and then decreased in the on-year until June. The concentration of root starch decreased slowly from June to November in off-year trees. The concentration of protein in old leaves and roots followed a double sigmoid curve, it decreased sharply until mid-July. From the mid-July to the end of August, the protein concentration of the old leaves slowly and strongly in old leaves and roots, respectively. Conclusions Considering the observed changes in the concentration of mineral elements in the leaves and fruits according to the fruit growth pattern, especially in the spring, soil application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in January (before flowering), foliar spraying of nitrogen, potassium, zinc, and boron in June (after fruit set) and nitrogen and potassium amendments in August (after endocarp hardening) is recommended for the olive orchards of the studied region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides information on deep-water shrimps, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus, which are trawled in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea off Damietta, Egypt, between January 2019 and December 2019. The catch comprised 62.68% of A. foliacea with a range from 16 to 65 mm in carapace length (CL) and 37.32% of A. antennatus with a range from 17 to 57 mm in CL. The overall sex ratio of females to males was 1.00:0.22 for A. foliacea and 1.00:0.47 for A. antennatus. Studying the length-weight relationship (LWR) revealed that A. foliacea and A. antennatus, females, males, and combined sexes, had negative allometric growth. Abdomen weight- total body weight relationship showed that A. antennatus had bigger mean abdomen weight indices than A. foliacea for females, males, and combined sexes. Age was studied based on the Bhattacharya length frequency method and four cohort age groups were predicted for A. antennatus and six cohort age groups for A. foliacea. The second cohort was the dominant age group for both species. For combined sexes, the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were K = 0.244, to = −0.072, and L∞ = 77.109 mm (CL) for A. foliacea, and K = 0.246, to = −0.689, and L∞ = 67.688 mm (CL) for A. antennatus. Total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were calculated as: Z = 0.670, M = 0.423, and F = 0.247 for A. foliacea, and Z = 1.295, M = 0.441, and F = 0.854 for A. antennatus. The exploitation ratio (E) revealed that the stock of A. foliacea was rationally exploited (E = 0.368) and the stock of A. antennatus was over-exploited (E = 0.659). At the current level of explotation, 39.23% of A. foliacea stock biomass and 15.35% of A. antennatus stock biomass were protected. Further studies are recommended to shed lights on the reproductive biology of these deep-water shrimp species.

Abstract Traditional settlements are vital carriers of Chinese history and culture, reflecting the direct and original needs of generations. However, the modernization of settlements will inevitably disrupt the spontaneous growth patterns inherent in traditional settlements. The degree of disorder of the settlement is not only the embodiment of its form, but also the concrete manifestation of its construction intention. We use the degree of disorder in settlements to assess the construction intentions of the settlements, the results allow us to assess whether new planning aligns with the original construction logic, thereby assessing the extent of interference by modernization in traditional villages. This can provide guidance and assistance for settlement conservation and future planning. By using the Delaunay triangulation network, street polar histogram and direction entropy, and comprehensibility of settlements, this paper quantitatively analyzes the degree of disorder in the three levels of architecture, street and local environment of the settlement. Liangjia Village, the example in this research, is divided into three areas—two new and one old. degree of disorders in architecture, streets, and local environment are calculated and compared with the overall settlement. The study finds that the construction logic for buildings and streets remains stable throughout development. However, notable differences exist in environmental construction principles between new and old sections. The analysis suggests that traditional settlements, guided by inherent principles, maintain stability under external influences, serving as a benchmark for future planning and modernization decisions.

This study explores the life‐history parameters of female Merluccius capensis off South Africa (N = 1819) during 2014–2016, including gonadosomatic index (GSI), length‐at‐maturity, length–weight relationships, and condition indices (relative condition [k] and Fulton's condition factor [K]). We detected weak indications of two peaks of spawning within the year, the first in austral autumn from March to May, whereas the other in austral spring around August. GSI was slightly higher in spring and autumn, though still low at all maturity stages (≤7%), though the opposite was true for the actively spawning stage (≥7%) as well as access to less such data during winter‐ and summertime. The length (L) at 50% maturity was around 38 cm (L50), though differences occurred between the two applied staging methods, histology and visual (macroscopic) classification, when L approached infinity. The latter method presented underestimated length at maturity values at the 75 and 95 percentiles (48 and 60 cm) compared to the corresponding percentiles given by histology (50 and 65 cm). There were trivial across‐method differences in L50. However, we found a clear reduction in L50 in view of published information in prior years when this estimate was 48 (1985), 42 (2008), 53 (2011), and 24.8 (2015) cm. Overall, L explained 90% of the variation in whole body weight (W). As the bootstrapped, grand mean growth coefficient was b = 2.98, indicating a slight allometric growth function, there were no significant variations between years, though an isometric growth existed for 2016 with b = 3.0, whereas for 2014 and 2015 this b was 2.98 and 2.93, respectively. In terms of demography, females <60 cm generally showed isometric growth (b = 3) as opposed to allometric growth (b = 2.95) at >60 cm. The relative condition index (k = 1) exhibited higher values than Fulton's K, which was 0.80. Overall, the maternal stock of M. capensis along the south coast seems to be in good condition and likely spawns throughout the year, but we found that the macroscopic data tend to give biased maturity ogives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to understand the growth of startups because they are a driver of economic prosperity and wealth. However, due to their short history and high failure rate, research measuring startup growth has been limited and has relied on qualitative data. This study uses monthly active user (MAU) data of mobile-based startups (n = 266) collected by InnoForest, a startup growth analysis platform in South Korea, to classify the patterns of their growth curves using GA-NLS-based Bass model estimation. We also investigate how growth patterns differ depending on several popular business characteristics across mobile apps. The Bass model was used to categorise the pattern of the growth curve, resulting in the four growth patterns: Stealthy Influencer, Rapid Scaler, Late Bloomer, and Niche Dominator. Furthermore, there were differences in growth patterns between the platform and non-platform businesses, and between fixed-fee and pay-per-transaction services. This study reveals that the growth of mobile-based startups, as measured by MAUs using Bass model, follows different patterns depending on the attitudes of the users of startups’ apps and the speed at which apps’ growth peaks. The results can be useful for developing startup growth strategies, making investment decisions, and formulating policies for startup growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To look at patients with -thalassemia's skeletal patterns. Study Design: Cross sectional, Observational. Setting: Karachi Medical and Dental College, Baqai Dental College Baqai Medical University, Husaini Institute of Heamatological Studies and Fatmid Foundation. Study Period: 2012 to 2020. Methods: Fifty patients with major thalassemia were voluntarily chosen at random, and 50 lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken using the Steiner Analysis inclusion criteria major Thalassemia Patient under 35 without any systemic disorders. exclusion criterion any additional forms of thalassemia, as well as other systemic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and down syndrome, patient age is greater than 35. Results: Patients with 50 thalassemic patients have an average ANB angle of 4.8 degree. No patients fit into Skeletal Class III, as indicated by the ANB ranges for 21 (42%) patients being between 2 and 2 o (0 to 4 o) and for 29 (58%) patients being above 4 o degree. Conclusion: 42% of beta thalassemia patients with Class 1 skeletal and orthoganathism. In 58% of cases, Class II and mandibular retroganathism are present. and there were no patients in skeletal class III found. The effects of anemia are less severe in patients from Karachi's thalassemia community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides information on deep-water shrimps, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus, which are trawled in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea off Damietta, Egypt, between January 2019 and December 2019. The catch comprised 62.68% of A. foliacea with a range from 16 to 65 mm in carapace length (CL) and 37.32% of A. antennatus with a range from 17 to 57 mm in CL. The overall sex ratio of females to males was 1.00:0.22 for A. foliacea and 1.00:0.47 for A. antennatus. Studying the length-weight relationship (LWR) revealed that A. foliacea and A. antennatus, females, males, and combined sexes, had negative allometric growth. Abdomen weight- total body weight relationship showed that A. antennatus had bigger mean abdomen weight indices than A. foliacea for females, males, and combined sexes. Age was studied based on the Bhattacharya length frequency method and four cohort age groups were predicted for A. antennatus and six cohort age groups for A. foliacea. The second cohort was the dominant age group for both species. For combined sexes, the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were K = 0.244, t o = −0.072, and L ∞ = 77.109 mm (CL) for A. foliacea, and K = 0.246, t o = −0.689, and L ∞ = 67.688 mm (CL) for A. antennatus. Total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were calculated as: Z = 0.670, M = 0.423, and F = 0.247 for A. foliacea, and Z = 1.295, M = 0.441, and F = 0.854 for A. antennatus. The exploitation ratio (E) revealed that the stock of A. foliacea was rationally exploited (E = 0.368) and the stock of A. antennatus was over-exploited (E = 0.659). At the current level of explotation, 39.23% of A. foliacea stock biomass and 15.35% of A. antennatus stock biomass were protected. Further studies are recommended to shed lights on the reproductive biology of these deep-water shrimp species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brown algae are multicellular organisms that have evolved independently from plants and animals. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in their embryogenesis is available only for the Fucus, Dictyota, and Ectocarpus, which are brown algae belonging to three different orders. Here, we address the control of cell growth and cell division orientation in the embryo of Saccharina latissima, a brown alga belonging to the order Laminariales, which grows as a stack of cells through transverse cell divisions until growth is initiated along the perpendicular axis. Using laser ablation, we show that apical and basal cells have different functions in the embryogenesis of this alga, with the apical cell being involved mainly in growth and basal cells controlling the orientation of cell division by inhibiting longitudinal cell division and thereby the widening of the embryo. These functions were observed in the very early development before the embryo reached the 8-cell stage. In addition, the growth of the apical and basal regions appears to be cell-autonomous, because there was no compensation for the loss of a significant part of the embryo upon laser ablation, resulting in smaller and less elongated embryos compared with intact embryos. In contrast, the orientation of cell division in the apical region of the embryo appears to be controlled by the basal cell only, which suggests a polarised, non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Altogether, our results shed light on the early mechanisms of growth rate and growth orientation at the onset of the embryogenesis of Saccharina, in which non-cell-specific cell-autonomous and cell-specific non-cell-autonomous processes are involved. This complex control differs from the mechanisms described in the other brown algal embryos, in which the establishment of embryo polarity depends on environmental cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut is an important crop with numerous economic uses. However, it is not clear how coconut production has performed overtime considering policy inconsistencies within the Nigerian agricultural space. The study therefore measures growth rates, patterns of growth, sources of production growth and instability from a policy standpoint centered on the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). Data used for the study covers 1961 – 2017, broken into three sub-periods. The findings reveal slow and stagnant pace of growth across the Pre-SAP, SAP, post-SAP periods. To this end, in a bid to reverse this trend, the study recommends investment in the coconut sector from government and private sector as well as providing favourable long-term land leases. There is a further need to address research and innovation in the coconut ecosystem, support input suppliers, strengthen marketing and transportation opportunities, and provide training on maintenance and protection of coconut from diseases and adverse environmental conditions. In addition, there is need to manage post-harvest losses through proper bagging and packaging which ultimately will enhance processing coconut into a variety of consumer products. These initiatives should accelerate the growth performance of coconut considering the immense benefit coconut offers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is one of the most important commercial species along the coast of the Oman Sea. In this study, with the aim of an investigation some biological characteristics of Black Pomfret in coastal waters of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Oman Sea). Sampling were carried out from November to December 2020 using gillnet with mesh size of 14.7 cm and 130 black pomfret were collected and the length range of Black Pomfret was 18-45.40 cm. The range of minimum and maximum weight was 112-1900 g with a mean weight of 396.453 g in Black Pomfret. The length-weight relationship of Black Pomfret was calculated as W=0.0094TL3.2016. The results showed that the calculated value of b parameter (3.2016), which indicates the natural growth pattern of this species in Oman Sea, is positive allometric. The total length-girth relationship of Black Pomfret was calculated as Gmax=1.0555Gg+1.7124 and the optimal catch length was 29.6 cm. The L∞ was estimated at 47.3 cm. The length maturity (Lm50) of Black Pomfret was calculated to be 26.6 cm. The results show 65% of the fish caught were immature and did not have a chance to spawn. Obtaining such parameters with studies and long-term planning of these stocks and the information related to the length frequency, weight, length-weight relationships, length-girth relationships and optimum length can have a great impact on the knowledge of the stocks and fishing pressure on aquatic stocks such as black Pomfret in Sistan and Baluchistan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a special breast cancer type characterized by noncohesive growth and E‐cadherin loss. Focal activation of P‐cadherin expression in tumor cells that are deficient for E‐cadherin occurs in a subset of ILCs. Switching from an E‐cadherin deficient to P‐cadherin proficient status (EPS) partially restores cell–cell adhesion leading to the formation of cohesive tubular elements. It is unknown what conditions control EPS. Here, we report on EPS in ILC metastases in the large bowel. We reviewed endoscopic colon biopsies and colectomy specimens from a 52‐year‐old female (index patient) and of 18 additional patients (reference series) diagnosed with metastatic ILC in the colon. EPS was assessed by immunohistochemistry for E‐cadherin and P‐cadherin. CDH1/E‐cadherin mutations were determined by next‐generation sequencing. The index patient's colectomy showed transmural metastatic ILC harboring a CDH1/E‐cadherin p.Q610* mutation. ILC cells displayed different growth patterns in different anatomic layers of the colon wall. In the tunica muscularis propria and the tela submucosa, ILC cells featured noncohesive growth and were E‐cadherin‐negative and P‐cadherin‐negative. However, ILC cells invading the mucosa formed cohesive tubular elements in the intercryptal stroma of the lamina propria mucosae. Inter‐cryptal ILC cells switched to a P‐cadherin‐positive phenotype in this microenvironmental niche. In the reference series, colon mucosa infiltration was evident in 13 of 18 patients, one of which showed intercryptal EPS and conversion to cohesive growth as described in the index patient. The large bowel is a common metastatic site in ILC. In endoscopic colon biopsies, the typical noncohesive growth of ILC may be concealed by microenvironment‐induced EPS and conversion to cohesive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes a study conducted in a tertiary care center in South India on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The study found that growth was more compromised in children with salt wasting (SW) CAH compared to simple virilizing (SV) CAH, and higher doses of hydrocortisone were associated with greater growth faltering. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate growth assessment and optimizing steroid therapy for children with CAH. The document also mentions that diagnosis is often delayed in male infants, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, and acknowledges the need for further research due to limitations in sample size. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim and Objective: To evaluate, compare, and correlate the mandibular third molar orientation and available retromolar space with arch length discrepancy in subjects with skeletal class II malocclusion and different growth pattern. Material and Method: A total of 250 patients (age >18 yrs) having skeletal class II malocclusion (based on YEN angle and WITS appraisal) were divided into two groups. Both the groups (Group I with erupted mandibular third molars {N = 150} and Group II with impacted mandibular third molars {N = 100}) were subdivided into subgroups IA (n = 71), IB (n = 19), IC (n = 71) and Group IIA (n = 54), IIB (n = 30) and IIC (n = 16) for normo-, hypo- and hyperdivergent growth patterns, respectively (based on Jarabak ratio and Sn-Go-Gn angle). Four parameters, that is, retromolar space, width of third molar, third molar angulation, and mandibular incisor angulation were measured on orthopantomogram whereas arch length discrepancy was calculated with the help of lateral cephalogram and study model. Intragroup, intergroup comparisons (using unpaired Student's 't' test), and Pearson's correlation coefficient for assessed parameters were obtained. Result: Third molar angulation and retromolar space were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II (hyperdivergent pattern of Group II had highest value). The width of third molar was less than retromolar space in Group II and vice versa for Group I. Mandibular incisor angulation and arch length discrepancy were more in Group II than in Group I, but difference was statistically nonsignificant. Strong positive correlation was observed for mandibular third molar angulation and available retromolar space in normo- and hyperdivergent growth patterns. Conclusion: Lack of retromolar space along with increased amount of arch length discrepancy and mandibular incisor angulation is responsible for increased chances of third molar impaction in some subjects with class II malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Leuser Ecosystem Area (LEA) is one of the largest conservation areas in Southeast Asia. However, the explorations of ichthyofauna at LEA are still relatively scarce compared to other vertebrates fauna. We report the first ichthyofauna studies of the northern river of LEA in Aceh Province. This study aimed to determine the composition, diversity, biometric condition, potency, and conservation status of freshwater fish in Merbau River, LEA, Indonesia. Fish sampling was carried out at six research stations using selective gill nets, throwing net, hook, tray net, and scoop net. A total of 434 individual fish belonging to 21 species, nine families and six orders were collected from the sampling location. Cyprinidae was the predominant family obtained, namely 42.9%. Based on their conservation status, 85.7% of collected fish were categorized as Least Concern, 9.5% as Data Deficient, and 4.8% as Near Threatened. A total of 14 fish have the potential as consumption fish, two species have the potential as ornamental fish, and five others have the potential both as consumption and ornamental fish. All fish species collected had negative allometric growth patterns with growth coefficient values (b) ranging from 1.17–2.51. The diversity and evenness index of fish was categorized as moderate (H’ = 2.52) with stable conditions (E = 0.85).

Background: Thalassemia major is a genetic disorder characterized by severe anemia and the need for lifelong blood transfusions. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical profile of transfusion-dependent thalassemia major children with reference to serum ferritin levels and liver function. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study included 100 children aged 1–12 years with beta-thalassemia major, who were receiving blood transfusions. Clinical data, including growth parameters, serum ferritin levels, and liver function tests, were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Results: The study population predominantly consisted of children aged 1–5 years (54%) and males (51%). Hindu children accounted for 85% of the participants. Most children were diagnosed with thalassemia major before the age of 1 year (84%) and were diagnosed through Hb electrophoresis (77%). The majority of children received blood transfusions every 15–30 days (49%). Pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels ranged from

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the density and the thickness of the cortical and the cancellous bone at selected inter-radicular areas in subjects with different facial growth patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in order to choose the optimal area for miniscrew insertion. Materials and methods From 150 CBCT scans, 45 scans were included in the study. The subjects were categorized into three groups based on their skeletal growth pattern according to SN-GoMe angle and facial height index. Cortical and cancellous bone density and thickness were measured at the selected inter-radicular areas. Results Compared to the other two groups, the hyperdivergent group had thinner cortical bone in the anterior region of the maxilla between the central and the lateral incisors on the buccal side at 4 mm from the alveolar crest (P-value: 0.012) and on the palatal side at 7 mm from the alveolar crest (P-value: 0.030). Cancellous bone density values in these areas were higher in subjects with hypodivergent and hyperdivergent growth pattern. Furthermore, in hyperdivergent group less dense cortical bone in the posterior region of the maxilla on the palatal side between the second premolar and the first molar (p-value: 0.020) and on the buccal side between the first molar and the second molar (p-value: 0.038 & 0.047) was observed. No significant differences were found in the mandible between the three groups. No significant differences were found between the male and the female subjects. Conclusion Hyperdivegents presented thinner cortical bone in the anterior of the maxilla between the central and the lateral incisors. Less dense cortical bone was found between maxillary second premolar and first molar on the palatal side and also between the maxillary first molar and the second molar on the buccal side in this group too. Normal showed higher density values in the posterior of the maxilla compared to the other two groups. No significant differences were found among three groups in mandible.

Pinus yunnanensis (Franch), a species endemic to southwestern China, provides significant ecological and economic benefits. The quality of afforestation can be enhanced by promoting high-quality sprout growth. This study analyzed the effects of six fertilization treatments following top pruning: T1 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 0 g/plant−1), T2 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 2 g/plant−1), T3 (N: 0 g/plant−1; P: 4 g/plant−1), T4 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 0 g/plant−1), T5 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 2 g/plant−1), and T6 (N: 0.6 g/plant−1; P: 4 g/plant−1). The accumulation and allocation of aboveground biomass in roots, stems, and leaves of P. yunnanensis were measured, as well as changes in biomass per plant at 90 days (early stage), 180 days (middle stage), and 270 days (late stage) post-fertilization. At 90 days, root biomass accumulation in T3 was significantly higher, by 13.31%, compared to that in T1 (p < 0.05). The growth rates of stem and plant biomass followed the order T6 > T1 > T3 > T5 > T4 > T2. The biomass of sprouts and individual plants exhibited allometric growth under T1, T5, and T6 treatments. At 180 days, needle biomass allocation in T1 and T4 increased by 7.47% and 8.6%, respectively, compared to 90 days. Combined nitrogen–phosphorus fertilization significantly influenced aboveground biomass allocation, promoting growth more effectively than other treatments. By 270 days, the stem and individual biomass in T2 and T3 treatments showed significant differences (p < 0.01) compared to other treatments. Overall, root, stem, and sprouts were primarily influenced by phosphorus fertilization, while nitrogen fertilization notably promoted needle and leaf growth in later stages. The aboveground components were more affected by phosphorus fertilization. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers enhanced early-stage stem and sprouts, as well as late-stage root development.

The Leuser Ecosystem Area (LEA) is one of the largest conservation areas in Southeast Asia. However, the explorations of ichthyofauna at LEA are still relatively scarce compared to other vertebrates fauna. We report the first ichthyofauna studies of the northern river of LEA in Aceh Province. This study aimed to determine the composition, diversity, biometric condition, potency, and conservation status of freshwater fish in Merbau River, LEA, Indonesia. Fish sampling was carried out at six research stations using selective gill nets, throwing net, hook, tray net, and scoop net. A total of 434 individual fish belonging to 21 species, nine families and six orders were collected from the sampling location. Cyprinidae was the predominant family obtained, namely 42.9%. Based on their conservation status, 85.7% of collected fish were categorized as Least Concern, 9.5% as Data Deficient, and 4.8% as Near Threatened. A total of 14 fish have the potential as consumption fish, two species have the potential as ornamental fish, and five others have the potential both as consumption and ornamental fish. All fish species collected had negative allometric growth patterns with growth coefficient values (b) ranging from 1.17-2.51. The diversity and evenness index of fish was categorized as moderate (H' = 2.52) with stable conditions (E = 0.85). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowtail Fusilier (Caesio cuning) is one of the fish caught by fishermen landed in Kaliadem, which is then sold at Muara Angke Fish Market, Jakarta. (Caesio cuning) has high economic value and has been widely consumed by various circles of society. This study aims to determine the heavy relationship with morphometric variation of (Caesio cuning) to obtained fish growth pattern. The collection of 30 fish samples was carried out in April 2018 with a survey method at the Muara Angke Fish Market. Morphological observations were carried out traditionally using a ruler with 0.01 mm accuracy and weighed using analytical scales with an accuracy of 0.01 gr. The analysis used for morphometric and fish weight measurement data is multiple linear regression. The results obtained that the overall morphometric character affects fish weight by 98.4%, where the morphometric characters in the mouth length (PM) have a positive effect on fish body weight with a p-value of 0.048 and coefficients of 21.843. This figure can be assumed that every time there is an addition to the mouth length of 1cm, it will increase by 21.8gr fish body weight with category positive allometric growth pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kutum of the Caspian Sea has long been familiar with the life of coastal people, so that it has played a significant role in the economy of the coastal cities of the south of the Caspian Sea, and the living resources of the Caspian Sea, especially its economic fish stocks, have been seriously attacked in the past few years due to various crises. The study of growth parameters and intra-population structure makes interpretation, analysis and predictions related to the abundance of populations of a species possible, and Sefidrood River, as the most important fishing river of the country in Gilan province, plays a very important role in reproduction and stock enhancement of kutum. It was studied for a period of 10 years (2010 to 2019).The highest average total length and total weight for both males and females was obtained in 2014, which was 44.41 cm and 943.72 grams for males, and 50.49 cm and 1401.98 grams for females, respectively. Other years had significant differences (P<0.05). The type of growth pattern for kutum population was obtained in 2013, 2014 and 2017 from isometric type, in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, positive allometric type and in 2018-2019 from negative allometric type. The highest value of the condition coefficient was obtained in 2019 and the lowest in 2015 (P<0.05). The results showed that in all the studied years, total length and total weight also increased with increasing age for the population. The infinite length (L∞) in the populations in the 10-year period was between 73.11-87.74 cm. The range of growth rate (K) in this study for populations was between 0.08-0.19. Zero age index (t0) for populations was between -0.46 until -0.93, and Monro's Phi index (ф) was obtained between 6.18 until 7.28 in populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed a coarse-grained Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to investigate the radiation-induced polymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) in an aqueous solution. This method provides an alternative to traditional kinetic models, enabling a detailed examination of the micro-structure and growth patterns of MAA polymers, which are often not captured in other approaches. In this work, we generated multiple clones of a simulation box, each containing a specific chemical composition. In these simulations, every coarse-grained (CG) bead represents an entire monomer. The growth function, defined by the chemical behaviour of interacting substances, was determined through repeated random sampling. This approach allowed us to simulate the complex process of radiation-induced polymerisation, enhancing our understanding of the formation of poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogels at a microscopic level; while Monte Carlo simulations have been applied in various contexts of polymerisation, this study's specific approach to modelling the radiation-induced polymerisation of MAA in an aqueous environment, utilising the data obtained by quantum chemistry modelling, with an emphasis on micro-structural growth, has not been extensively explored in existing studies. This understanding is important for advancing the synthesis of these hydrogels, which have potential applications in diverse fields such as materials science and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the skeletal calcification pattern of batoid Raja asterias with the endochondral ossification model of mammalians Homo sapiens and teleost Xiphias gladius. Skeletal mineralization serves to stiffen the mobile elements for locomotion. Histology, histochemistry, heat deproteination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/EDAX analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) have been applied in the study. H. sapiens and X. gladius bone specimens showed similar profiles, R. asterias calcified cartilage diverges for higher water release and more amorphous bioapatite. In endochondral ossification, fetal calcified cartilage is progressively replaced by bone matrix, while R. asterias calcified cartilage remains un‐remodeled throughout the life span. Ca2+ and PO43− concentration in extracellular matrix is suggested to reach the critical salts precipitation point through H2O recall from extracellular matrix into both chondroblasts or osteoblasts. Cartilage organic phase layout and incomplete mineralization allow interstitial fluids diffusion, chondrocytes survival, and growth in a calcified tissue lacking of a vascular and canalicular system. Highlights: Comparative physico‐chemical characterization (TGA, DTG and DSC) testifies the mass loss due to water release, collagen and carbonate decomposition of the three tested matrices.R. asterias calcified cartilage water content is higher than that of H. sapiens and X. gladius, as shown by the respectively highest dehydration enthalpy values.Lower crystallinity degree of R. asterias calcified cartilage can be related to the higher amount of collagen in amorphous form than in bone matrix.These data can be discussed in terms of the mechanostat theory (Frost, 1966) or by organic/inorganic phase transformation in the course evolution from fin to limbs.Mineral analysis documented different charactersof R. asterias vs H. sapiens and X. gladius calcified matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate variability in growth pattern and evaluate abundance of A. persicus based on catch data in the southern Caspian Sea water in a period of 27 years (1991-2018). The data of 72704 specimens were analyzed separately by sex (male, female and population), time (years) and region (coastal waters of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces). The highest catch of this species was recorded in 1991 (6038 pieces of the fish) and the lowest catch was recorded in 2018 (292 pieces). During the period, the Golestan province had the highest number of catches (30851 pieces) and Gilan province had the lowest ones (11129 pieces). The maximum recorded fork length of this species was 240 cm in 2006. The results showed that the highest annual average fork length was 151 cm in 2007 and 2010 and the highest annual average total weight in 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997 and 2007, which was 26000 grams. The lowest annual average fork length was 139 cm in 2018 and the lowest annual average total weight was 600 grams in 2010 and 2012. The highest length frequency corresponded for the ranges of 136-148 and 148-160 cm in males and females, respectively. The females showed the highest catches in 1991, and the lowest in 2018, while the males had the highest in 1991, and the lowest in 2014. The females dominated the population in the period of 1991-2013, and after that this ratio was reversed. The allometric coefficient of growth (b) varied between 1.03 and 3.49 in the study period. The growth pattern was mostly positive allometric in first decade of study (1991-2001), isometric or negative allometric in the second decade of study period (2001-2011), and negative in third decade (2011-2018). During the study period, the condition factor of the fish varied between 0.61 and 0.80, and the average of the factor for the whole period of study was 0.72. Generally, the catch of A. persicus in the southern Caspian waters decreased more than 95% from 1991 to 2018 (a period of 27 catch-years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equilibrium geometries and properties of self-assembled (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters (nanowires and nanosheets) are studied using the GGA-PBE (general gradient approximation with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerh) method. The relative stabilities and growth patterns of semiconductor (InN)12n nanoclusters are investigated. The odd-numbered nano-size (InN)12n (n is odd) have weaker stabilities compared with the neighboring even-numbered (InN)12n (n is even) ones. The most stable (InN)48 nanosheet is selected as a building unit for self-assembled nano-size film materials. In particular, the energy gaps of InN nanoclusters show an even–odd oscillation and reflect that (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters are good optoelectronic materials and nanodevices due to their energy gaps in the visible region. Interestingly, the calculated energy gaps for (InN)12n nanowires varies slightly compared with that of individual (InN)12 units. Additionally, the predicted natural atomic populations of In atoms in (InN)12n nanoclusters show that the stabilities of (InN)12n nanoclusters is enhanced through the ionic bonding and covalent bonding of (InN)12n (n = 1–9) nanoclusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thalassemia major is a genetic disorder characterized by severe anemia and the need for lifelong blood transfusions. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical profile of transfusion-dependent thalassemia major children with reference to serum ferritin levels and liver function. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study included 100 children aged 1–12 years with beta-thalassemia major, who were receiving blood transfusions. Clinical data, including growth parameters, serum ferritin levels, and liver function tests, were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Results: The study population predominantly consisted of children aged 1–5 years (54%) and males (51%). Hindu children accounted for 85% of the participants. Most children were diagnosed with thalassemia major before the age of 1 year (84%) and were diagnosed through Hb electrophoresis (77%). The majority of children received blood transfusions every 15–30 days (49%). Pre-transfusion hemoglobin levels ranged from <5 g/dL to 8.0 g/dL, while post-transfusion levels ranged from 7.1 g/dL to 10.1 g/dL. Liver function tests indicated the mean values for total serum bilirubin (0.81±0.2), direct bilirubin (0.34±0.10), indirect bilirubin (0.49±0.10), aspartate transaminase (47.22±11.06), alanine transaminase (45.45±8.97), alkaline phosphatase (97.74±4.39), total proteins (6.28±0.29), and serum albumin (3.72±0.2). No significant changes were observed in growth parameters over the 18-month study period. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the clinical profile of children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia major, emphasizing the significance of early diagnosis, regular transfusions, and monitoring of serum ferritin levels and liver function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the density and the thickness of the cortical and the cancellous bone at selected inter-radicular areas in subjects with different facial growth patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in order to choose the optimal area for miniscrew insertion. Materials and methods: From 150 CBCT scans, 45 scans were included in the study. The subjects were categorized into three groups based on their skeletal growth pattern according to SN-GoMe angle and facial height index. Cortical and cancellous bone density and thickness were measured at the selected inter-radicular areas. Results: Compared to the other two groups, the hyperdivergent group had thinner cortical bone in the anterior region of the maxilla between the central and the lateral incisors on the buccal side at 4 mm from the alveolar crest (P-value: 0.012) and on the palatal side at 7 mm from the alveolar crest (P-value: 0.030). Cancellous bone density values in these areas were higher in subjects with hypodivergent and hyperdivergent growth pattern. Furthermore, in hyperdivergent group less dense cortical bone in the posterior region of the maxilla on the palatal side between the second premolar and the first molar (p-value: 0.020) and on the buccal side between the first molar and the second molar (p-value: 0.038 & 0.047) was observed. No significant differences were found in the mandible between the three groups. No significant differences were found between the male and the female subjects. Conclusion: Hyperdivegents presented thinner cortical bone in the anterior of the maxilla between the central and the lateral incisors. Less dense cortical bone was found between maxillary second premolar and first molar on the palatal side and also between the maxillary first molar and the second molar on the buccal side in this group too. Normal showed higher density values in the posterior of the maxilla compared to the other two groups. No significant differences were found among three groups in mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmland shelterbelt, as a category of shelterbelt in forestry ecological engineering, has an important influence on agricultural sustainability in agricultural systems. Timely and accurate acquisition of farmland shelterbelt age is not only essential to understanding their shelter effects but also directly relates to the adjustment of subsequent shelterbelt projects. In this study, we developed an age identification method using growth pattern to extract the age of shelterbelt (i.e., years after planting) based on Landsat time series images. This method was applied to a typical area of shelterbelt construction in the north of Changchun, China. The results indicated that the accuracy of age identification reached a stable situation when the permissible age error exceeded 3 years, achieving an accuracy of approximately 90%. Moreover, the accuracy at different growth phases (1–3 years, 4–15 years, 16–30 years, and >30 years) decreased with increasing age, and the accuracy of each growth phase can reach more than 80% when the permissible age error is beyond 7 years. Compared to building the typically weak statistical relationship between the shelterbelt age and remote sensing characteristic information to derive age, this method presented a direct age identification method for fine-scale age extraction of the shelterbelt. It introduced a novel perspective for shelterbelt age identification and the assessment of shelterbelt project advancement on the regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a special breast cancer type characterized by noncohesive growth and E‐cadherin loss. Focal activation of P‐cadherin expression in tumor cells that are deficient for E‐cadherin occurs in a subset of ILCs. Switching from an E‐cadherin deficient to P‐cadherin proficient status (EPS) partially restores cell–cell adhesion leading to the formation of cohesive tubular elements. It is unknown what conditions control EPS. Here, we report on EPS in ILC metastases in the large bowel. We reviewed endoscopic colon biopsies and colectomy specimens from a 52‐year‐old female (index patient) and of 18 additional patients (reference series) diagnosed with metastatic ILC in the colon. EPS was assessed by immunohistochemistry for E‐cadherin and P‐cadherin. CDH1/E‐cadherin mutations were determined by next‐generation sequencing. The index patient's colectomy showed transmural metastatic ILC harboring a CDH1/E‐cadherin p.Q610* mutation. ILC cells displayed different growth patterns in different anatomic layers of the colon wall. In the tunica muscularis propria and the tela submucosa, ILC cells featured noncohesive growth and were E‐cadherin‐negative and P‐cadherin‐negative. However, ILC cells invading the mucosa formed cohesive tubular elements in the intercryptal stroma of the lamina propria mucosae. Inter‐cryptal ILC cells switched to a P‐cadherin‐positive phenotype in this microenvironmental niche. In the reference series, colon mucosa infiltration was evident in 13 of 18 patients, one of which showed intercryptal EPS and conversion to cohesive growth as described in the index patient. The large bowel is a common metastatic site in ILC. In endoscopic colon biopsies, the typical noncohesive growth of ILC may be concealed by microenvironment‐induced EPS and conversion to cohesive growth.

BackgroundPreterm and small for gestational age (SGA) remain significant public health concerns worldwide. Yet limited evidence exists on their growth patterns during childhood from low-or middle-income countries.ObjectivesWe investigated the postnatal growth patterns of preterm and SGA compared to term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children from birth to 10–11y, and examined the impact of birth status on child nutritional status during the school age years.MethodsChildren born to women who participated in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial of preconception micronutrient supplementation in Vietnam were classified into three groups: preterm AGA (n = 130), full-term SGA (n = 165) and full-term AGA (n = 1,072). Anthropometric data (weight and height) were collected prospectively at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months and at 6–7 and 10–11y. We used ANOVA and multiple regression models to examine the differences in growth patterns from birth to 10–11y as well as child undernutrition and overnutrition by birth status.ResultsChildren who were born preterm exhibited rapid postnatal growth, but still had lower HAZ at 1y and 2y and showed catch up to the AGA group at 6y. Compared to those born AGA, SGA infants had higher risk of thinness (BMIZ < −2) at 2y and 6y (adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR [95% CI] 2.5 [1.0, 6.1] and 2.6 [1.4, 4.6], respectively); this risk reduced at 10–11y (1.6 [0.9, 2.8]). The risk of stunting (HAZ

This study investigates the growth pattern of 33 fish species caught by gillnets from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters off Alexandria between 2018 and 2020. This is accomplished by studying the length-weight relationship (LWR), Fulton’s condition factor (kc), the allometric condition factor (ka), and the relative weight condition factor (kn). The b-values of the length-weight relationship of the studied species varied between 2.1382 and 3.6868 according to the results. Only Dentex macrophthalmus (b = 2.1382), Etrumeus golanii (b = 2.4197), and Trichiurus lepturus (b = 3.6868) exhibited different values than the expected range of 2.5 1) is not necessarily a better condition for the fish. The study of the allometric condition factor (ka) assessed that the difference between ka and kc values influenced by the feeding intensity and the b-value. The values of the relative weight condition factor (kn) were within the range from 0.929 to 1.038, and 24 fish species reflected a good growth condition while the kn values for the remaining 9 species were less than 1.0. The obtained results add new data about specific species and provide updated data on the remaining species in the area of study. The obtained results can have useful effects on the stock assessment of fish species.

The near-threatened Ailia coila, commonly referred to as Gangetic ailia, is a catfish species in the Ailiidae family that is indigenous to Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and India. This study describes the comprehensive explanation of life-history traits of Ailia coila, including length-frequency distribution (LFD), growth pattern (length-weight relationships, LWRs and length-length relationship, LLR), form factor (a3.0), condition factors (allometric, KA; Fulton’s, KF; relative, KR and relative weight, WR), size at first sexual maturity (Lm), optimum catchable length (Lopt) and natural mortality (Mw) from the Tetulia River in southern Bangladesh. Additionally, Lα, a3.0, Lm, Mw and Lopt from various water bodies worldwide using the existing literature were calculated in this study. A total of 316 samples were randomly collected occasionally using traditional gear for a year from July 2021 to June 2022. With an accuracy of 0.01 cm and 0.01 g, each fish’s total length (TL), standard length (SL), and body weight (BW) were measured. The group from 10.00 to 10.99 cm TL was numerically leading and the b values of LWRs indicate positive allometric growth. The a3.0 was 0.005 and KF was the best for assessing the well-being of A. coila. Additionally, WR indicates that the habitat was imbalanced with higher predators. The calculated Lm, Lopt and Mw were 9.19 (~ 9.2 cm TL), 10.7 cm TL and 1.37 year−1 for A. coila in the Tetulia River, respectively. These insights are vital for future research and recommending suitable management strategies for A. coila in the Tetulia River and neighboring basins.

Abstract Background Abnormal fetal growth pattern during pregnancy including excessive fetal size and intrauterine growth restrictions are the major determinants for perinatal outcomes and postnatal growth. Ultrasonography is a useful tool in monitoring fetal growth for appropriate care and interventions. However, there are few longitudinal studies using serial ultrasonography in low and middle-income countries. Moreover, the reference charts used for fetal growth monitoring in low-income countries comes from high income countries with distinct population features. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the intrauterine growth pattern of the fetus using serial ultrasonography. Methods We conducted a prospective community-based cohort study from March 2018 to December 2019. Pregnant women with gestational age of 24 weeks or below living in the Butajira HDSS were enrolled. We followed the pregnant women until delivery. Serial ultrasound measurements were taken, and fetal weight was estimated using the Hadlock algorithm based on biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length. The z-scores and percentiles of biometric measurements were calculated and compared to the INTERGROWTH-21st International Standards for Fetal Growth. Results We reviewed a total of 2055 ultrasound scans and 746 women who fulfill the inclusion criteria were involved”. We found similar distribution patterns of biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight compared to the previous study done in Ethiopia, the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st references. In our study, the 5th,50th and 95th percentiles of estimated fetal weight distribution have a similar pattern to the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st charts. The 50th and 95th percentile had also a similar distribution pattern with the previous study conducted in Ethiopia. We found that 10% of the fetus were small for gestational age (below the 10th percentile) based on the Z-score of estimated fetal weight. Conclusion Our study evaluated the fetal growth patterns in rural community of Ethiopia using serial ultrasound biometric measurements. We found similar IUG patterns to the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st reference standards as well as the previous study conducted in Ethiopia.

Introduction: The vertical dimension of a face is crucial in determining facial aesthetics and harmony. It is important for the orthodontist to understand the relationship between dental arch width and facial morphology for correct diagnosis and proper treatment plan. Aim: To determine the relationship between the vertical face pattern, dental arch width and also, to compare arch widths among both untreated female and male adults. Materials and Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The duration of the study was 1 month, from June 2019 to July 2019. Dental casts and lateral cephalograms were collected from 50 untreated adults (25 males and 25 females), aged between 18 to 30 years, who had minimal spacing, crowding and no crossbite. On every patient’s cephalogram, the angle between the plane of the mandible to the cranial base anterior Sella Nasion (SN) angle was calculated. Intercanine, intermolar, and interpremolar widths were measured on dental casts. Females and males arch width were compared. The significance of the differences was assessed using Student’s t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and regression analysis. Results: The mean age of male study participants in the study was 24.44±5.04 years, whereas, mean age of females was 24.88±3.08 years. There were 25 males and 25 females of 18-30 years with mean age of 24 and 25 years, respectively. Arch widths of males were found to be significantly greater than, those of females (p

The study was to explore the factors influencing the first-born milk production performance and the optimal growth pattern of Holstein cows in reserve stage by using cluster analysis. Based on the data of growth, development, disease and breeding, 2 236 Holstein heifers in a ten thousand head of pasture in northwestern China were analyzed through clustering, difference comparison and correlation test. The results showed that through k-means cluster analysis, the optimal clustering results were displayed into three categories, which were defined as excellent level heifers (EH: 25%), good level heifers (GH: 21%) and medium level heifers (MH: 54%). Four variables, including total sick days before calving, weaning weight, number of sick days before calving and average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADG1), were the key factors affecting the future first-born performance of heifers, and the difference between classes reached a significant level (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that birth weight, weaning weight, ADG1, average daily gain from weaning to 6 months of age (ADG2), average daily gain from 6 months of age to 12 months of age (ADG3), age of initial mating (AFB) and age of initial childbirth (AFC) were significantly correlated with 305 d milk yield and peak milk volume (P<0.05). The study indicates that the optimum growth pattern of heifers is selected: The average weaning weight reaches 103.25 kg, the ADG1 increases rapidly to 1.11 kg/d, control the disease situation of heifers, minimize the number of sick days and times, timely treatment of sick cattle, strengthen follow-up maintenance, and ensure growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts the expansion intensity index, equal sector method, spatial autocorrelation, PCA-STIRPAT model, and geographic detectors to quantitatively reveal the characteristics and spatial-temporal driving factors of the construction land growth pattern in the CZT metropolitan area from 1990 to 2018. The results show that: (1) The construction land of CZT metropolitan area expanded slowly from 1990 to 2000, expanded rapidly from 2000 to 2010, and expanded slowly from 2010 to 2018. In the three stages, the main expansion directions of the construction land in the CZT metropolitan area are different. The direction of expansion of the Changsha metropolitan area changed from northeast to southwest, the expansion direction of Zhuzhou metropolitan area changed from southwest to west, and the expansion direction of Xiangtan metropolitan area changed from south to north. It can be seen that under the influence of the integrated construction of the CZT urban agglomeration, the expansion direction of the three cities tends to move closer to the central intersection. (2) From 1990 to 2018, the expansion of construction land in the CZT metropolitan area showed an overall trend of agglomeration. Wangcheng District and Changsha County of Changsha City were hot spots for construction land growth, while Lukou District of Zhuzhou City and Xiangtan County of Xiangtan City were extremely cold spots for construction land growth. (3) The dominant time driving factors for the expansion of construction land are local fiscal expenditure, fixed asset investment, highway passenger traffic, total population, number of employees, and number of patent authorizations. In a comprehensive view, socio-economic investment, population growth and technological progress are important driving forces for the expansion of construction land. Population and GDP are the dominant spatial driving factors for the expansion of built space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the growth pattern of 33 fish species caught by gillnets from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters off Alexandria between 2018 and 2020. This is accomplished by studying the length-weight relationship (LWR), Fulton's condition factor (k c), the allometric condition factor (k a), and the relative weight condition factor (k n). The b -values of the length-weight relationship of the studied species varied between 2.1382 and 3.6868 according to the results. Only Dentex macrophthalmus (b = 2.1382), Etrumeus golanii (b = 2.4197), and Trichiurus lepturus (b = 3.6868) exhibited different values than the expected range of 2.5 < b less than 3.5. The 95 % confidence interval (CI) and Bailey's t -test of b -values were tested. In terms of growth pattern, the results showed 20 fish species with an isometric growth pattern, 10 fish species with negative allometric growth, and only 3 fish species with positive allometric growth. The study of Fulton's condition factor (k c) assessed the differences between species to the differences in fish shape, and proposed that each fish family has its own range depending on the fish shape, and (k c > 1) is not necessarily a better condition for the fish. The study of the allometric condition factor (k a) assessed that the difference between k a and k c values influenced by the feeding intensity and the b -value. The values of the relative weight condition factor (k n) were within the range from 0.929 to 1.038, and 24 fish species reflected a good growth condition while the k n values for the remaining 9 species were less than 1.0. The obtained results add new data about specific species and provide updated data on the remaining species in the area of study. The obtained results can have useful effects on the stock assessment of fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal fetal growth pattern during pregnancy including excessive fetal size and intrauterine growth restrictions are the major determinants for perinatal outcomes and postnatal growth. Ultrasonography is a useful tool in monitoring fetal growth for appropriate care and interventions. However, there are few longitudinal studies using serial ultrasonography in low and middle-income countries. Moreover, the reference charts used for fetal growth monitoring in low-income countries comes from high income countries with distinct population features. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the intrauterine growth pattern of the fetus using serial ultrasonography. Methods: We conducted a prospective community-based cohort study from March 2018 to December 2019. Pregnant women with gestational age of 24 weeks or below living in the Butajira HDSS were enrolled. We followed the pregnant women until delivery. Serial ultrasound measurements were taken, and fetal weight was estimated using the Hadlock algorithm based on biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length. The z-scores and percentiles of biometric measurements were calculated and compared to the INTERGROWTH-21st International Standards for Fetal Growth. Results: We reviewed a total of 2055 ultrasound scans and 746 women who fulfill the inclusion criteria were involved". We found similar distribution patterns of biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight compared to the previous study done in Ethiopia, the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st references. In our study, the 5th,50th and 95th percentiles of estimated fetal weight distribution have a similar pattern to the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st charts. The 50th and 95th percentile had also a similar distribution pattern with the previous study conducted in Ethiopia. We found that 10% of the fetus were small for gestational age (below the 10th percentile) based on the Z-score of estimated fetal weight. Conclusion: Our study evaluated the fetal growth patterns in rural community of Ethiopia using serial ultrasound biometric measurements. We found similar IUG patterns to the WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st reference standards as well as the previous study conducted in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant architecture strongly influences plant growth habits, as it determines the arrangement, function and fate of meristems. How architecture could be involved in the monocarpic life history, i.e. dying after flowering, remains poorly investigated. Monocarpy is evident in some species since they are annual or because their single stem flowers apically. However, monocarpy in long-lived branched trees is rare and remains poorly understood. We aim to highlight the architectural features involved in the monocarpic strategy of Cerberiopsis candelabra , a rainforest tree endemic to New Caledonia. We conducted a comparative analysis of the genus, which comprises three species with different growth habits. Twenty plants of each species were studied at different ontogenic stages. We compared their developmental sequence and analysed their processes of growth, branching, flowering and reiteration. We identified a combination of traits that distinguish the species, and we found a syndrome of two architectural features that support the monocarpic strategy in C. candelabra : the synchronous flowering of all terminal meristems and the absence of delayed branching. Flowering in C. candelabra preferentially occurs when the complete architectural sequence is developed, but the plant never shows signs of senescence, suggesting that environmental stresses, such as wind disturbance, could be the main trigger for flowering. The architecture of C. candelabra is suggested to be the most derived in the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ekiti State, southwest Nigeria, Oreochromis niloticus is significant to live. This investigation was conducted to improve its sustainable management and access the length-weight relationship and condition factor of O. niloticus across important reservoirs in Ekiti State from November 2017 to October 2019. Collected specimens were weighed to the nearest gram, while the entire lengths were measured to the closest centimetre. Log-transformed regression was used to determine the fish's growth pattern in the reservoirs. The gradient comparison was done using the T-test. The length and weight of the species in the reservoirs showed a significant association. All length-weight relationships had r2 values greater than 0.8150 and were significant at P < 0.05. In the length-weight relationship of O. niloticus, the values of the exponent b in Egbe, Ero, and Ureje reservoirs varied from 2.45 to 2.87, 3.02 to 3.20, and 2.45 to 2.82, respectively. The results of regression coefficient b obtained showed that in the combined season, male, female and combined sexes from the Ero reservoir had isometric growth patterns with growth exponent b values of 3.18, 3.20 and 3.19 respectively that were not statistically different from 3. These results contradicted the negative allometric growth pattern in the Egbe and Ureje reservoirs. The condition factor during the dry season ranged from 1.93-2.05, 2.05-2.11, and 1.93-2.03 for fish in Egbe, Ero, and Ureje reservoirs, respectively while in the rainy season, it ranged from 2.00-2.02; 2.08-2.09 and 1.96-2.01 respectively. The fish species studied in the reservoirs lived aboveaverage life and thus indicate that the prevailing ecological conditions in the reservoirs were not beyond the forbearance range for the fish species since their condition factors were within the range considered adequate for freshwater fishes in tropical waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm named Tree Optimization Algorithm (TOA) for solving mathematical benchmark functions and engineering problems. This algorithm, which is inspired from the growth of trees, starts from a random initial population and improves their performance according to the growth pattern of trees. Indeed, the purpose of this new optimization method is to find the highest leaf of a tree by utilizing the position of the best leaf, and also replacing yellow dried leaves by new random fresh green ones. These strategies prevent the algorithm from the premature convergence and getting stuck in local minima. This modern optimization method is evaluated by solving several mathematical test functions and a real world constrained design problem. The obtained results are compared with those of some prominent evolutionary algorithms introduced in the literature. The numerical and simulation results verify the superiority of the TOA in terms of the solution accuracy and the convergence speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to comprehend the variation of the growth pattern and the physiological status of Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton, 1822) reared in the pond from July 2021 to September 2021. A total of 90 brood individuals were collected from the Meghna River and studied for the present experiment. The overall growth pattern for P. pangasius was isometric (b = 3.00) in the Meghna River, while the male fish showed positive (b > 3.00) and the female showed a negative allometric growth pattern (b < 3.00). The Fulton's condition factor (KF) value was greater than 1, indicating a healthy population and a habitat with abundant food sources. Moreover, the KF value was found to be substantially related to total body mass. On the other hand, both sexes of P. pangasius had relative weight average values of more than 100, simply indicates the fish is naturally obese and has enough stored energy to maintain its physiology. The calculated form factors suggested an elongated body shape, which is typical of many riverine fishes. In addition, a small number of morphological traits varied significantly in the current study. Likewise, in the case of morphometric features, the principal component analysis showed a considerable degree of connectedness between the male and female individuals. The blood values showed no significant difference between the sexes. This might result from feeding fish the same kind of food and maintaining them in the same environment. However, the higher temperature might have caused slight blood abnormalities in both sexes. The current findings strongly support raising this fish in captivity and would offer useful information for fish farm owners, entrepreneurs, stakeholders, and other concerns in Bangladesh and surrounding nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]