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Inferior vena cava (IVC) aneurysms are uncommon. It is only 54 cases reported in English medical literature. Venous aneurysms are associated with long standing systemic venous hypertension, trauma, inflammatory processes or congenital malformation. Herein we report a case of spontaneous aneurysm of IVC which was not associated with any of the above mentioned predisposing factors.

We study the dynamical behavior of D-dimensional (D >= 1) additive cellular automata where the alphabet is any finite abelian group. This class of discrete time dynamical systems is a generalization of the systems extensively studied by many authors among which one may list [Masanobu Ito et al., 1983; Giovanni Manzini and Luciano Margara, 1999; Giovanni Manzini and Luciano Margara, 1999; Jarkko Kari, 2000; Gianpiero Cattaneo et al., 2000; Gianpiero Cattaneo et al., 2004]. Our main contribution is the proof that topologically transitive additive cellular automata are ergodic. This result represents a solid bridge between the world of measure theory and that of topology theory and greatly extends previous results obtained in [Gianpiero Cattaneo et al., 2000; Giovanni Manzini and Luciano Margara, 1999] for linear CA over Z_m i.e. additive CA in which the alphabet is the cyclic group Z_m and the local rules are linear combinations with coefficients in Z_m. In our scenario, the alphabet is any finite abelian group and the global rule is any additive map. This class of CA strictly contains the class of linear CA over Z_m^n, i.e. , with the local rule defined by n x n matrices with elements in Z_m which, in turn, strictly contains the class of linear CA over Z_m. In order to further emphasize that finite abelian groups are more expressive than Z_m we prove that, contrary to what happens in Z_m, there exist additive CA over suitable finite abelian groups which are roots (with arbitrarily large indices) of the shift map. As a consequence of our results, we have that, for additive CA, ergodic mixing, weak ergodic mixing, ergodicity, topological mixing, weak topological mixing, topological total transitivity and topological transitivity are all equivalent properties. As a corollary, we have that invertible transitive additive CA are isomorphic to Bernoulli shifts. Finally, we provide a first characterization of strong transitivity for additive CA which we suspect it might be true also for the general case.

Resumen Objetivos: Las fracturas atípicas de fémur (FAF) son un tipo de fracturas poco frecuentes, a menudo relacionadas con un tratamiento prolongado con bisfosfonatos (BPs). Actualmente no se conocen con exactitud sus mecanismos patogénicos y no hay pruebas para identificar aquellos pacientes con un alto riesgo de sufrir una FAF. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar las bases genéticas de las FAFs. Material y métodos: Se secuenció el exoma completo de 3 hermanas y de 3 pacientes adicionales no relacionadas, todas tratadas con BPs durante más de 5 años. Se seleccionaron variantes compartidas por las hermanas, de baja frecuencia y potencialmente patogénicas, y se construyó una red de interacciones de genes y proteínas con los datos hallados. Resultados: Identificamos 37 variantes raras (en 34 genes) compartidas por las 3 hermanas, algunas de ellas no descritas anteriormente. La variante más llamativa fue la mutación p.Asp188Tyr en el enzima geranilgeranil pirofosfato sintasa (codificada por el gen GGPS1), de la vía del mevalonato y esencial para la función del osteoclasto. Otro hallazgo interesante fueron dos mutaciones (una en las 3 hermanas y una en una paciente no relacionada) en el gen CYP1A1, implicado en el metabolismo de los esteroides. Identificamos otras variantes que también podrían estar involucradas en la susceptibilidad a las FAFs o en el fenotipo osteoporótico subyacente, tales como las presentes en los genes SYDE2, NGEF. COG4 y la FN1. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos son compatibles con un modelo donde la acumulación de variantes de susceptibilidad podría participar en la base genética de las FAFs. Abstract Objectives: Atypical femoral fractures (AFF) are rare, often related to long-term bisphosphonate (BPs) treatment. Their pathogenic mechanisms are not precisely known and there is no evidence to identify patients with a high risk of AFF. The aim of this work is to study the genetic bases of AFFs. Materials and methods: Whole-exome sequencing was carried out on 3 sisters and 3 unrelated additional patients, all treated with BPs for more than 5 years. Low frequency, potentially pathogenic variants shared by the 3 sisters, were selected, were selected and a network of gene and protein interactions was constructed with the data found. Results: We identified 37 rare variants (in 34 genes) shared by the 3 sisters, some not previously described. The most striking variant was the p.Asp188Tyr mutation in the enzyme geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (encoded by the GGPS1 gene), from the mevalonate pathway and essential for osteoclast function. Another noteworthy finding was two mutations (one in the 3 sisters and one in an unrelated patient) in the CYP1A1 gene, involved in the metabolism of steroids. We identified other variants that could also be involved in the susceptibility to AFFs or in the underlying osteoporotic phenotype, such as those present in the SYDE2, NGEF, COG4 and FN1 genes. Conclusions: Our data are compatible with a model where the accumulation of susceptibility variants could participate in the genetic basis of AFFs.

Resumen Objetivos: En las últimas décadas se han identificado genes asociados a la masa ósea y al riesgo de fractura osteoporótica, varios de los cuales pertenecen a la vía de Wnt. En este proyecto se estudió la funcionalidad de 7 mutaciones de cambio de sentido del gen DKK1 –un inhibidor de la vía de Wnt– presentes en la población general. Material y métodos: Se realizaron estudios in vitro del gen reportero luciferasa para medir la actividad de la vía de Wnt en presencia o ausencia de DKK1 silvestre o mutada, y estudios de western blot, para evaluar si las distintas mutaciones afectan a su síntesis y/o a su estabilidad. Resultados: La proteína DKK1 con la variante p.Ala41Thr presenta menor actividad inhibidora de la vía en comparación con la proteína silvestre. También se observaron diferencias significativas entre los experimentos realizados en ausencia de DKK1 y los que incluyen DKK1 con la mutación p.Ala41Thr. Los western blots mostraron que la cantidad de proteína era similar para todas las variantes, tanto las mutadas como la silvestre, por lo que la pérdida de actividad de p.Ala41Thr no parecía deberse a falta de proteína. El resto de las mutaciones no presentaron un comportamiento diferente al de la proteína DKK1 silvestre. Conclusiones: La variante de cambio de sentido p.Ala41Thr de la proteína DKK1, con una frecuencia poblacional de 0,013%, presenta una pérdida parcial de su función inhibidora, que no es debida a la falta de expresión de ésta. Esta variante génica podría conllevar un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea en las personas de la población general portadoras de esta mutación. Abstract Objectives: In recent decades, genes associated with bone mass and osteoporotic fracture risk have been identified, several of which belong to the Wnt pathway. In this project, the functionality of 7 missense mutations of the gene DKK1 –an inhibitor of the Wnt pathway– present in the general population was studied. Materials and methods: In vitro studies of the luciferase reporter gene were carried out to measure Wnt pathway activity in the presence or absence of wild-type or mutated DKK1, and western blot studies, to evaluate if the different mutations affect its synthesis and/or stability. Results: The DKK1 protein with the p.Ala41Thr variant shows lower pathway inhibitory activity compared to the wild-type protein. Significant differences were also observed between the experiments performed in the absence of DKK1 and those that include DKK1 with the p.Ala41Thr mutation. Western blots showed that the amount of protein was similar for all variants, both mutated and "wild-type, so the loss of p.Ala41Thr activity did not seem to be due to a lack of protein. The rest of the mutations did not show different behavior from that of the wild DKK1 protein. Conclusions: The missense variant p.Ala41Thr of the DKK1 protein, with a population frequency of 0.013%, shows a partial loss of its inhibitory function, which is not due to the lack of expression. This gene variant could lead to an increase in bone mineral density in those people in the general population who carry this mutation.

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are a rare but potentially devastating event, often but not always linked to bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying AFFs remain obscure, and there are no tests available that might assist in identifying those at high risk of AFF. We previously used exome sequencing to explore the genetic background of three sisters with AFFs and three additional unrelated AFF cases, all previously treated with BPs. We detected 37 rare mutations (in 34 genes) shared by the three sisters. Notably, we found a p.Asp188Tyr mutation in the enzyme geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, a component of the mevalonate pathway, which is critical to osteoclast function and is inhibited by N-BPs. In addition, the CYP1A1 gene, responsible for the hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and vitamin D, was also mutated in all three sisters and one unrelated patient. Here we present a detailed list of the variants found and report functional analyses of the GGPS1 p.Asp188Tyr mutation, which showed a severe reduction in enzyme activity together with oligomerization defects. Unlike BP treatment, this genetic mutation will affect all cells in the carriers. RNAi knockdown of GGPS1 in osteoblasts produced a strong mineralization reduction and a reduced expression of osteocalcin, osterix, and RANKL, whereas in osteoclasts, it led to a lower resorption activity. Taken together, the impact of the mutated GGPPS and the relevance of the downstream effects in bone cells make it a strong candidate for AFF susceptibility. We speculate that other genes such as CYP1A1 might be involved in AFF pathogenesis, which remains to be functionally proved. The identification of the genetic background for AFFs provides new insights for future development of novel risk assessment tools. We thank the patients for their kind participation. Funds for the study include grants SAF2014‐56562R, SAF2016‐75948‐R (Spanish MINECO), PI12/02315 (FIS, ISCII), 2014SGR932 (Catalan Government), and CIBERER (U720). This work was also supported by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES; CB16/10/00245) and FEDER funds. JED was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. NR is recipient of an FPU predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte. The work was also supported by a grant from the US government, NIH, NIAMS (R01 AR062054) to RB.

Resumen FLJ42280 es un posible gen de susceptibilidad a la osteoporosis. Distintos estudios de GWAs han identificado 4 SNPs no-codificantes en este gen que se asocian a la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el riesgo de fractura. Para descubrir la causa de la asociación entre estos SNPs y la osteoporosis, se realizó una búsqueda de variantes genéticas mediante resecuenciación de 28 kb que contienen el gen, en una selección truncada de mujeres con DMO muy baja (n=50) o muy alta (n=50) de la cohorte BARCOS (Barcelona Cohorte Osteoporosis, cohorte de mujeres postmenopáusicas de Barcelona). Las variantes encontradas se filtraron y se analizó su frecuencia en cada grupo. Se analizó el solapamiento de las variantes con elementos funcionales del proyecto ENCODE y también se calculó el desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los SNPs de la región. Finalmente, se hizo un análisis de eQTL de los 4 SNPs no-codificantes respecto a los niveles de expresión de genes cercanos a FLJ42280 en linfoblastos. Se seleccionaron 110 variantes. Las diferencias de sus frecuencias entre los dos grupos estuvieron por debajo del poder estadístico del diseño experimental. Sin embargo, 3 variantes solaparon con posibles enhancers y una solapó con un enhancer activo en osteoblastos (rs4613908). Se observó un fuerte desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los 4 SNPs no-codificantes y el SNP rs4613908, que pertenecen a un bloque que abarca el gen casi por completo. Ninguno de los SNPs no-codificantes mostró asociación con los niveles de expresión de genes cercanos a FLJ42280. En conclusión, el SNP rs4613908 podría estar implicado funcionalmente en la determinación de la DMO. Serán necesarios experimentos concretos para confirmarlo. FLJ42280 es un posible gen de susceptibilidad a la osteoporosis. Distintos estudios de GWAs han identificado 4 SNPs no-codificantes en este gen que se asocian a la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el riesgo de fractura. Para descubrir la causa de la asociación entre estos SNPs y la osteoporosis, se realizó una búsqueda de variantes genéticas mediante resecuenciación de 28 kb que contienen el gen, en una selección truncada de mujeres con DMO muy baja (n=50) o muy alta (n=50) de la cohorte BARCOS (Barcelona Cohorte Osteoporosis, cohorte de mujeres postmenopáusicas de Barcelona). Las variantes encontradas se filtraron y se analizó su frecuencia en cada grupo. Se analizó el solapamiento de las variantes con elementos funcionales del proyecto ENCODE y también se calculó el desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los SNPs de la región. Finalmente, se hizo un análisis de eQTL de los 4 SNPs no-codificantes respecto a los niveles de expresión de genes cercanos a FLJ42280 en linfoblastos. Se seleccionaron 110 variantes. Las diferencias de sus frecuencias entre los dos grupos estuvieron por debajo del poder estadístico del diseño experimental. Sin embargo, 3 variantes solaparon con posibles enhancers y una solapó con un enhancer activo en osteoblastos (rs4613908). Se observó un fuerte desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los 4 SNPs no-codificantes y el SNP rs4613908, que pertenecen a un bloque que abarca el gen casi por completo. Ninguno de los SNPs no-codificantes mostró asociación con los niveles de expresión de genes cercanos a FLJ42280. En conclusión, el SNP rs4613908 podría estar implicado funcionalmente en la determinación de la DMO. Serán necesarios experimentos concretos para confirmarlo. Abstract FLJ42280 is a possible gene for susceptibility to osteoporosis. Different studies of GWAs have identified 4 non-coding SNPs in this gene associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. In order to ascertain the cause of the association between these SNPs and osteoporosis, we searched for genetic variants by resequencing the 28-kb gene, in a truncated selection of women with very low (n=50) or very high BMD (N=50) of the BARCOS cohort (Barcelona Cohort Osteoporosis, cohort of postmenopausal women in Barcelona). The variants found were filtered and their frequency analyzed in each group. The overlap of the variants with functional elements of the ENCODE project was calculated. Finally, an eQTL analysis of the 4 SNPs-coding was performed on the expression levels of FLJ42280 neighbor genes in lymphoblasts. In all, 110 variants were selected. The differences in their frequencies between the two groups were below the statistical power of the experimental design. However, three variants overlapped with possible enhancers and one overlapped with an active enhancer in osteoblasts (rs4613908). A strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the 4 non-coding SNPs and the SNP rs4613908, which belong to a block spanning the gene almost completely. None of the non-coding SNPs showed association with the expression levels of FLJ42280 neighbor genes. In conclusion, the SNP rs4613908 could be involved functionally in determining BMD. Tangible experiments will be required to confirm this.

Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a neurovisceral lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or the NPC2 gene. It is a cellular lipid trafficking disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and various sphingolipids in the lysosomes and late endosomes, and it exhibits a broad clinical spectrum. Today, over 420 disease-causing mutations have been identified in the NPC1 and the NPC2 genes. We present the clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in 14 cases diagnosed in Greece during the last 28 years. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2.5 months to 48 years. Systemic manifestations were present in 7/14 patients. All developed neurological manifestations (age of onset 5 months to 42 years). Six patients are still alive (age: 5–50 years). Classical filipin staining pattern was observed in all but four patients (3 NPC1, 1 NPC2). The rate of LDL-induced cholesteryl ester formation was severely reduced in 4/7 and significantly reduced in 3/7 patients studied. Increased chitotriosidase activity was observed in 9/12 patients. Mutation analysis in 11 unrelated patients identified 12 different mutations in the NPC1 gene: eight previously described p.E1089K (c.3265G>A), p.F284Lfs*26 (c.852delT), p.A1132P(c.3394G>C), del promoter region and exons 1-10, p.R1186H (c.3557G>A), p.P1007A (c.3019C>G), p.Q92R(c.275A>G),p.S940L (c.2819C>T), and four novel ones: (p.N701K fs*13 (c.2102-2103insA), p.K1057R (c.3170A>G), IVS23+3insT(c.3591+3insT), p.C1119*(c.3357T>C); and the previously described IVS2+5G>A(c.190+5G>A) mutation in the NPC2 gene. All patients were of Greek origin. Assuming a birth rate of 100,000/year, a rough incidence estimate for NPC disease in Greece would be 0.5/100,000 births. © SSIEM and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017.

International audience; OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility and safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) through a left transcarotid approach in patients previously operated on for ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA). BACKGROUND: The healthcare impact of extracranial carotid artery disease is essential as stroke is the third-leading cause of death in industrialized nations and CEA is often present in the history of patients awaiting TAVI. METHODS: The primary endpoint was to evaluate 30-day mortality and freedom from major TAVI-related complications in an observational analysis. RESULTS: From December 2011 to February 2014, we performed 9 TAVI. The mean age was 84.6 years. The procedure was performed without any technical complication or vascular injury in every patient. There was neither intraoperative mortality nor intraoperative major complications. One (11.1%) patient experienced spatial-temporal disorientation but cerebral computed tomography did not show any sign of stroke. Two (22.2%) patients needed the implantation of a pacemaker due to third-degree atrioventricular block appearance. Three (33.3%) patients were transfused with packed red blood cells and 1 (11.1%) patient developed a groin hematoma. Only 1 (11.1%) patient showed a residual paravalvular regurgitation \textgreater/= 2. At 30-day follow-up there was neither mortality nor other TAVI-related complications and echocardiography parameters remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI through a left transcarotid approach in patients previously operated on for ipsilateral CEA is feasible and safe. The presence of a previous ipsilateral CEA represents no more a limitation to the utilization of this promising access route. At short-term follow-up, mortality and major complications rates are low.

Background: Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been implicated in the genetic regulation of bone mineral density (BMD). However, the clinical impact of these variants remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the relation between VDR polymorphisms, BMD, and fractures. Design: Prospective multicenter large-scale association study. Setting: The Genetic Markers for Osteoporosis consortium, involving 9 European research teams. Participants: 26 242 participants (18 405 women). Measurements: Cdx2 promoter, FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms; BMD at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine by dual x-ray absorptiometry; and fractures. Results: Comparisons of BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck showed nonsignificant differences less than 0.011 g/cm2 for any genotype with or without adjustments. A total of 6067 participants reported a history of fracture, and 2088 had vertebral fractures. For all VDR alleles, odds ratios for fractures were very close to 1.00 (range, 0.98 to 1.02) and collectively the 95% CIs ranged from 0.94 (lowest) to 1.07 (highest). For vertebral fractures, we observed a 9% (95% CI, 0% to 18%; P = 0.039) risk reduction for the Cdx2 A-allele (13% risk reduction in a dominant model). Limitations: The authors analyzed only selected VDR polymorphisms. Heterogeneity was detected in some analyses and may reflect some differences in collection of fracture data across cohorts. Not all fractures were related to osteoporosis. Conclusions: The FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI VDR polymorphisms are not associated with BMD or with fractures, but the Cdx2 polymorphism may be associated with risk for vertebral fractures.