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The production of bioenergy and bioproducts from streams of biowaste has ignited interest in fostering a circular economy worldwide. This study investigates the potential of transforming Grewia asiatica L. waste seed oil into sustainable biodiesel using green-synthesized niobium oxide nanoparticle. Niobium oxide nanocatalyst was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Fumaria indica L. Advanced characterization techniques were employed to confirm the pure and nano-scale nature of the synthesized niobium oxide nanocatalyst. The synthesized nanocatalyst exhibited an average particle size of 31 nm, resulting in efficient catalytic activity that persited through the fifth cycle of transesterification. An optimum biodiesel yield of 90% was achieved under reaction conditions of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, a reaction time of 180 min, a temperature of 60 °C and a catalyst load of 0.32 (wt. %). Results of Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel revealed 5, 8-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester as the primary fatty acid methyl ester, with the highest concentration. The fuel properties of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel complied with international standards. The minimal sulphur content of 0.0001% highlights the clean, environmentally benign and cost-effective nature of biodiesel synthesized from G. asiatica waste seed oil. This study contributes to the renewable alternative effort toward transitioning from a linear economy to a circular bioeconomy.

The current study aimed to explore the phytochemicals, estimate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potentials of polyphenol enriched methanolic bark extract of Grewia asiatica (PEMGa), and perform molecular docking studies with identified phytocompounds. Here, we utilized response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box Behnken design (BBD) to enhance the phenolic content of the methanolic extract from G. asiatica bark by optimizing three crucial parameters like extraction time (h), temperature of extraction (◦C), and solvent ratio (% v/v of methanol: water). Phytochemical quantification of PEMGa illustrated that the bark part contains a good amount of therapeutically potent phytochemical groups like phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Additionally, through HPLC analysis, eight compounds belonging to the phenolic and flavonoid groups have been quantified from PEMGa. By GC-MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis of PEMGa, eleven phytochemicals were identified. Moreover, employing in-vitro bioactivity studies, PEMGa has unveiled its remarkable potential as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. During the insilico molecular docking study, out of eleven phytocompounds identified by the GC-MS study, three compounds, namely, γ-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, formed the most stable docked complex with antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant target proteins. The present study provides justification for the bark part of G. asiatica as a rich source of potent phytochemicals, and its potential against oxidative stresses, inflammations, cancer, and microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to develop a functional cheese using Grewia asiatica fruit extract as a novel additive and demonstrated its functional value in oxidative-stress-induced [single dose of CCl4 (1 mL/kg) given intraperitoneally] male Wistar rats. The kalari cheese was developed using buffalo milk containing different levels of the fruit extract (0.0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 %) and an optimum level of 0.7 % was found sensorily. The products (0.0 and 0.7 %) were stored in a refrigerator for 4 weeks and evaluated for storage quality. The extract improved the lipid (TBARS and free-fatty acids) and microbial (total plate and psychrophilic counts) stability and sensory quality of the cheese. The extract-enriched cheese-based diet ameliorated the impact of oxidative stress in the rats during a 4-week feeding trial and significantly (P

Traditionally, fruits of Grewia asiatica L. are edible and the plant has several pharmaceutical efficacies, against various diseases of skin, heart, liver, blood sugar, cancer, diarrhea and fever. The plant contains several phytocompounds, flavonoids, tannins, amino acids, vitamins and anthocyanins, for use in drug development cascades. Its fruits contain several phytocompounds and the fruit-juice is directly taken as a healthy drink. This review examines ethnobotanical uses, botanical description, nutrient contents, phytochemistry and various known pharmacological activities namely, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory of G. asiatica , the flagship species among the other total 15 Grewia species. The plant had antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, gelling-polymeric, radioprotective, immunomodulator and nootropic activities. Its berries are rich in proteins, vitamins, macro-nutrients, fibers and essential amino acids; those can be directly eaten and several natural products could be utilized for the synthesis of druggable phytochemical agents. Indeed, this plant has several well-known phytochemicals with a wide range of biomedical values unlike several other tree species; since the berries of this plant are edible, it has promises of yielding nontoxic druggable agents. [Display omitted] • Traditional uses and phytochemical compounds of curio of the plant are linked. • Pharmacological activities of the plant are related to phytochemistry study. • Providing insightful suggestions for future research on drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The current study was conducted to find out an eco-friendly and cost-efficient way to prepare copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by utilizing Grewia asiatica L. leaf extract, which was found to be a very effective antimicrobial and larvicidal chemical. Methods Characterization of nanoparticles was also carried out by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscope along with X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The artificially prepared nanoparticles in the laboratory were approximately in the range of 2 µm in size and crystalline in nature. The CuNPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity against different types of fungi and bacteria, also some mosquito and termite. All the results and observations were tested with a one-way analysis of variance keeping the probability level at

Phalsa or falsa (Grewia asiatica L., family Malvaceae) is a promising, yet underutilized berry fruit of tropical regions. It contains a rich source of various bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids. In the present study, morphological and pomological diversity of 48 accessions of this species was evaluated to introduce superior selections. Considerable variability was detected among the accessions studied based on the characteristics recorded. Fruit shape exhibited the highest CV (69.66%), while seed length showed the lowest CV (7.98%). Fruit color showed strong diversity, including red, red‐purple, purple‐cream, purple, and dark purple. Fruit weight ranged from 0.29 to1.14 g, and fruit flesh thickness varied from 1.90 to 3.91 mm. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that 82.64% of the variability observed was explained by the first 13 components. A dendrogram created using cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two major clusters. Based on the traits related to fruit quality, such as fruit weight, fruit color, fruit flesh color, and fruit taste, 14 accessions, including Talsar‐6, Talsar‐8, Ganjabad‐31, Talsar‐4, Ganjabad‐18, Ganjabad‐24, Talsar‐5, Ganjabad‐25, Ganjabad‐30, Ganjabad‐17, Talsar‐7, Talsar‐3, Talsar‐2, and Talsar‐1, were superior. It is recommended to use the best accessions selected in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia asiatica L. is a potential medicinal plant used for various diseases in traditional medicine. Current study was aimed to evaluate the cardio protective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and CNS depressant activities of Grewia asiatica L. fruit extract. In cardio protective activity myocardial injury was produced by injection of Isoproterenol (200 mg/kg, s.c), G. asiatica 250 and 500mg/kg treated groups significantly (p<0.05) decreased the level of serum AST, ALT, LDH and CKMB, hence produced cardio protective effect. In analgesic activities G. asiatica produced significant (p<0.05) analgesic effects in acetic acid induced writhing, formalin, paw pressure and tail immersion test. G. asiatica at 250 and 500mg/kg oral dose, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the rat paw edema in carrageen an induced rat paw edema test. G. asiatica extract also produced significant CNS depressant effects in open field, hole board and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time. Findings of the current study suggest that G. asiatica fruit extract showed potential pharmacological effects and can be utilized in alternative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study was conducted to find out an eco-friendly and cost-efficient way to prepare copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by utilizing Grewia asiatica L. leaf extract, which was found to be a very effective antimicrobial and larvicidal chemical. Methods: Characterization of nanoparticles was also carried out by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscope along with X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The artificially prepared nanoparticles in the laboratory were approximately in the range of 2 µm in size and crystalline in nature. The CuNPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity against different types of fungi and bacteria, also some mosquito and termite. All the results and observations were tested with a one-way analysis of variance keeping the probability level at < 0.0001. Results: The copper nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial and antifungal activities and are also found lethal for many mosquito and termite species. Antibacterial activity was checked against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, their zone of inhibition was 17 nm and 20 nm, respectively. The antifungal potential was checked against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae and the zone of inhibition was recorded at 20 mm and 23 mm, respectively. CuNPs were also found lethal for many mosquitoes and maximum efficacy of CuNPs against Aedes aegypti larva was observed at 100 mg/ml after 24 h. Termite species such as Heterotermes indicola were exposed to CuNPs and the highest mortality rate in termites was seen at 100 ppm concentration of CuNPs. Current research provides the first investigation of CuNPs of G. asiatica as a larvicidal and as an anti-termite. G. asiatica garden-fresh leaves were collected from Railway colony Mughalpura. Conclusions: This study proves that CuNPs have a toxic effect on insects and can also be utilized as a biological control of insects. By using such a scientific approach, the scientists can lower the costs of chemical usage and a biodegradable alternative could be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, enactments and separation characteristics of five extensively utilized adsorbents for enhancement and purification of Grewia asiatica Anthocyanins (ACNs) extracts were analysed. Among five tested resins (AB-8, Sepabeads Sp-700, C18SPE Cartridge, Sepabeads Sp-207 and AB-80), AB-8 resin exhibited the best adsorbent ability for Grewia asiatica ACNs (84.24mg/mL resin). Results of static adsorption tests revealed that AB-8 resin selected for kinetics and isotherm experiments followed a pseudo 2nd order model along with Langmuir isotherm. In order to improve operational procedure, dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were done on a packed column of AB-8 resin. Optimum factors for subsequent adsorption-desorption experiments; processing volume 20ml, flow rate 2 mL/min with elution solvent of acidified methanol (1%v/v) were used. HPLC and LC-MS/MS profiles of the purified extract confirmed seven ACNs in Grewia asiatica samples, out of which cyanidin-3-O-(6"acetylglucoside) comprises 44-63% (695 µg/g) of total ACNs composition. Moreover, pigment purification using AB-8 resin did not alter ACNs mixture composition after purification but enhance the peak intensity and gives effective purification. Hence present work reveals that the separation procedure established through column chromatography providing an effective methodology to enhance the purification of ACNs from Grewia asiatica.

Grewia asiatica Linn. is a well-known plant for its nutritional and therapeutic attributes. It has been mentioned in ancient Indian literature as Rasayana due to its stimulant and tonic effects. Thus, present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antiepileptic and anxiolytic action of G. asiatica Linn. leaves using animal models. Methanol extract at dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg was capable of providing protection against both pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock induced seizures in mice. Extract also showed significant anxiolytic activity in elevated plus maze, light/dark box and mirror chamber mice models at same dose levels. Results of this study indicated that the methanol extract of leaves of G. asiatica plant possess significant antiepileptic and anxiolytic effect.

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is extensively used in various industries and induces oxidative stress in humans. Unfortunately, it is one of the neglected potent male reproductive toxicants. Objective: The present research reports the testicular histopathology of CCl4 and ameliorations by four medicinal fruit pulp extracts (FPEs) in mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (10/group) as per the following: 1. Vehicle control (Vc); 2. CCl4 (C); 3-6. CCl4+Basella alba (CBa), CCl4+Solanum nigrum (CSn), CCl4+Ficus carica (CFc) and CCl4+Grewia asiatica (CGa). Except for the control group, CCl4 (0.1 mL of 0.2 mL kg-1) was given to the animals in corn oil. The four plant extracts (0.1 mL each) were respectively given to the relevant FPE group animals for the next five consecutive days, while the animals in the Vc and CCl4 groups received water instead of FPE. Results: The CCl4 exposure led to various histometric and histological alterations (loss of interstitial tissue and various dislodged tailless spermatids with enlarged heads) that were recovered in all except Solanum nigrum FPE mice post-treatment. The micrometric data of testicular sections also indicated significant decline in the number of spermatogonia, while the cross-sectional area of the sperm heads remained significantly higher in the CSn and C groups. Conclusion: Except for Solanum nigrum, the three FPEs, especially Ficus carica, showed rehabilitative properties against CCl4 exposure-related modifications in testicular histopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, enactments and separation characteristics of five extensively utilized adsorbents for enhancement and purification of Grewia asiatica Anthocyanins (ACNs) extracts were analysed. Among five tested resins (AB-8, Sepabeads Sp-700, C18SPE Cartridge, Sepabeads Sp-207 and AB-80), AB-8 resin exhibited the best adsorbent ability for Grewia asiatica ACNs (84.24mg/mL resin). Results of static adsorption tests revealed that AB-8 resin selected for kinetics and isotherm experiments followed a pseudo 2nd order model along with Langmuir isotherm. In order to improve operational procedure, dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were done on a packed column of AB-8 resin. Optimum factors for subsequent adsorption-desorption experiments; processing volume 20ml, flow rate 2 mL/min with elution solvent of acidified methanol (1%v/v) were used. HPLC and LC-MS/MS profiles of the purified extract confirmed seven ACNs in Grewia asiatica samples, out of which cyanidin-3-O-(6"acetylglucoside) comprises 44-63% (695 μg/g) of total ACNs composition. Moreover, pigment purification using AB-8 resin did not alter ACNs mixture composition after purification but enhance the peak intensity and gives effective purification. Hence present work reveals that the separation procedure established through column chromatography providing an effective methodology to enhance the purification of ACNs from Grewia asiatica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia asiatica L. fruit natively called phalsa is a popular berry of Pakistan and widely consumed in the form of fresh juices and carbonated drinks in the summer season. The berry is enriched with antioxidants such as phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C. Scientifically, it is the least explored berry in terms of neuromodulatory activities, and therefore, in the designed study, chronically fed rats with the different dilutions (5%−30%) of fruit juice were subjected to behavioral assessment for anxiety, depression, and cognition (spatial memory) followed by biochemical analysis of isolated brains. Results revealed a prominent impact of 20 and 30% dilutions of fruit exudate as treated animals showed anxiolytic behavior to central zone (P < 0.05) of open field test (OFT) and open arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) (P < 0.05) in anxiety models. Overall, immobility of rats treated with a higher concentration of exudate in forced swim test (FST) was reduced (P < 0.05) presenting antidepressant-like activity. Moreover, in learning and memory experimental models, the treated animals reversed scopolamine-induced amnesic effects as evident from improved step-through latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; passive avoidance test), spontaneous alternation behavior (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Y-maze test), discrimination index (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; novel object recognition test), and escape latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Morris water maze). Biochemical studies of isolated brains from treated rats demonstrated significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), whereas levels of acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde level (P < 0.05) were reduced, indicating its potential to reduce oxidative damage in the brain and modulation with the cholinergic system. The outcomes of studies support the benefits of phytoconstituents possessed by G. asiatica fruit in the amelioration of neurological disorders that could be due to their antioxidative capacity or due to interaction with GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems in the brain.

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) is a food plant originating from Southeast Asia, and is cultivated primarily for its fruit. Phalsa fruit is consumed raw or used as a drink or food additive. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies have found that extracts from various parts of phalsa plants (especially the fruit) possess strong antioxidant, radioprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and cardio‐protective properties. However, despite the identification of numerous nutritional and health benefits of phalsa, research into nutraceutical applications of the plant are somewhat limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to explore the pharmacological, nutritional, phytochemical, and other potential uses of the phalsa plant. Recommendations for food scientists, nutritionists, and members of other allied disciplines are provided to help direct future research into the production, value addition, preservation, and phytochemical characterization of phalsa. Moreover, its potential health benefits are highlighted, along with the underlying mechanisms of action. Practical applications: The aim of the present review is to explore functional aspects of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) bioactive compounds, their role in improving health, as well as their possible application as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Berries indigenously grown in Asia are known for their diversified nutritional and health promoting properties. Establishing a link between berry consumption and their classical uses in health management however requires detailed research in exploring varied biochemical factors and their therapeutic role in averting risks of chronic disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating anti-inflammatory and anticancer responses of fruit extracts of Grewia asiatica locally known as Phalsa. METHODS: Dichloromethane, methanol and 50% hydro-methanolic fractions of fruit were evaluated for polyphenols characterization, quantification and antioxidant assays. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive responses of fruit extracts were evaluated in rats and mice models, respectively, and cytotoxic activities were measured against MCF-7, HeLa, HEp-2, NCI-H522, HEK-293 cancer cell cultures. RESULTS: Phenolics quantification and biological study data suggested 50% hydro-methanolic extracts as maximum carrier of flavonoids (7.92 mgQE/g), anthocyanins (8.1 mg/Kg) and tannins (187.2 mgGAE/g) that significantly (p < 0.05)resulted in higher oxidation inhibition (IC50 41.1 ug/ml), paw edema inhibition (68–74%) and pain mediation in neurogenic phase(31–62%) when administrated at the rate of 400 mg/kg b.w. Maximum cytotoxic activity of G. asiatica (50% hydro-methanolic extracts) was observed against MCF-7 (IC50 34.9 ug/mL), HEp-2 (IC50 80.4 ug/mL) and NCI-H522 (IC50 73 ug/mL) cancer cell lines. LC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of hydro-alcoholic fractions bearing potent biological activities revealed Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quinic acid, Calycosin, Vidalenolone, Quercetin, Myricetin, Liquitrigenin and 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone. Human equivalent doses of the extracts calculated on the basis of total phenolic contents for anti-inflammatory and nociceptive assays were in range between 6.2–15.8 mg/kg b.w., and 3.1–7.9 mg/kg b.w., respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the study suggest G. asiatica fruit extracts are a potential source of bioactive compounds that might further be explored for anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug discovery and its clinical exploitation. Study concludes supplementation of G. asiatica extracts as possible approach to acquire curative properties in human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Grewia asiatica were extracted by Petroleum ether and then Ethanol till all the constituents were separated out. Phytochemical screening of Ethanolic extract of Grewia asiatica reveals the presence of Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, and Phenolic compounds. To find out the Immunomodulator properties of the extract, different parameters of Immunomodulator were performed on Swiss albino rats, like Carbon Clearance study and Phagocytic index, Delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction, Albumin : Globulin ratio, Sheep red blood cell agglutination test, Estimation of Immunoglobulin, and Total leukocytes count. The results obtained with various experiments suggested that the Ethanolic extract of Grewia asiatica leaves exhibited immunomodulatory properties with satisfactory immunostimulation. Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the extract found to contain Flavonoids. It is reported that flavonoids and their derivatives also contribute to macrophage activation. Hence, the presence of flavonoids may contribute to immune stimulating activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at Horticultural Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2013-2015 to evaluate the effect of pruning intensities (factor A) with different pruning times (factor B) on the growth and yield characteristics of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.). Four pruning intensities above ground (25, 50, 75 and 100 cm) with three pruning dates (1st January, 16th January and 1st February) were studied. Pruning intensities significantly affected the number of branches per plant, number of leaves per branch, days taken to sprout, flowering time, days taken to fruit setting, fruit weight, fruit yield, total soluble solids and titratable acidity. The results showed maximum number of branches per plant (49.87), maximum number of leaves per branch (28.8), least days taken to sprouting (26.1), least days taken to flowering (39.89), least days taken to fruit setting (83.56), maximum yield (6.08 kg), highest total soluble solids (14.48 brix) and lowest titratable acidity (3.51%) at pruning level of 100 cm 1st February. It is suggested that pruning level of 100 cm on 1st February can be effective to maximize yield and quality of phalsa fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia (G.) asiatica L., family Tiliaceae is grown as minor fruit native to Pakistan, India, Cambodia and many other tropical countries. During the past few decades, rapid development of industrial sector and high anthropogenic pressures have resulted in contamination of soil by heavy metals. Among these metal contaminants, Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd) are rated as top pollutants near metropolitan cities. The G. asiatica plants were exposed to Ni and Cd singly by using 20, 40 and 60 mg of NiSO4 and Cd (NO3)2.4H2O per kg soil and in combination of both by using 20, 40, and 60 mg of each compound per kg of soil for 8 weeks. The extent of membrane damage via Malondialdehyde (MDA) (a product of lipid peroxidation) and mitigation of metal stress through antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutases (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidases (POD) were assessed in leaves. The extent of membrane damage was more profound when Ni and Cd were given collectively thus metal ions seemed to exert a nonantagonistic effect. The mitigation of metal stress appeared to be acquired by the enhanced production of antioxidant enzymes. SOD activity increased in a dose dependent manner profoundly for Cd and Ni+ Cd. The activity of CAT showed a consistent decline due to its possible transformation from tetrameric to monomeric subunits that is POD which then served as a potential stress mitigation factor which can break down the obnoxious compounds as well as cell wall strengthening factor. These findings contributed towards mechanistic explanation of antioxidant defense mechanism in G. asiatica L. leaves. Thus, it can serve as a model species for plants of arid and semi-arid regions and the biomarkers (MDA, SOD, CAT and POD) as useful tools to evaluate metal stress and its mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main objective of this study was to appraise the variation and to acquiring extremely valuable bioactive compounds by using different solvent systems and drying techniques. The antioxidant activities of different extracts of Grewia asiatica were evaluated by different antioxidant assays which included estimation of total flavonoid contents, individual phenolic acid composition, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and phenolics by HPLC. Biological activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. The total crude extract yield from G. asiatica using different solvents and drying techniques, ranged from 4.3–60.0%. Maximum extract yield was obtained with distilled water while least with methanol. The values of TPC, TFC, DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP (EC50) for G. asiatica extracts ranged from 1331 to 236 GAE mg/g of dry weight (DW), (89.33 to 22.69) CE mg/g DW, (74.13 to 6.16) mg/g and (57.10 to 4.02) mg/ml, respectively. All extracts of Grewia contained a considerable amount of phenolic acids among which gallic acid was most prevalent. In case of antibacterial activity it is observed that 100% methanol and 100% ethyl acetate showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Shigella, respectively. Antibacterial activity of 100% ethyl acetate (sun dry) shows strongest values against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. In 100% methanol (sun dry) sample shows strongest activity against Escherichia coli. The highest amount of total phenolic acids was found with 80% methanol extract while the least with 100% methanol. Overall, results showed that different solvent extracts of Grewia have good antioxidant and biological activity as well as higher amounts of phenolic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia asiatica L., is a species native to south Asia from Pakistan, east to Cambodia, cultivated primarily for its edible fruit and well-reputed for its diverse medicinal uses. Fruits are a rich source of nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals and contain various bioactive compounds, like anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids. Different parts of this plant possess different pharmacological properties. Leaves have antimicrobial, anticancer, antiplatelet and antiemetic activities; fruit possess anticancer, antioxidant, radioprotective and antihyperglycemic properties; while stem bark possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the botanical description, phytochemistry, nutritional studies and pharmacological properties of this plant.

Background: Grewia asiatica Linn. (Family: Tiliaceae), called Phalsa in Hindi is an Indian medicinal plant used for a variety of therapeutic and nutritional uses. The root bark of the plant is traditionally used in rheumatism (painful chronic inflammatory condition). Aims: The present study demonstrates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of root bark of G. asiatica in rodents. Settings and Design: The methanolic extract of Grewia asiatica (MEGA) and aqueous extract of Grewia asiatica (AEGA) of the bark were prepared and subjected to phytochemical tests and pharmacological screening for analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect in rodents. Materials and Methods: Analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and hot plate analgesia in rats while anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. The MEGA or AEGA was administered orally in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day of body weight. Statistical Analysis: Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett′s test. Results: The extracts showed a significant inhibition of writhing response and increase in hot plate reaction time and also caused a decrease in paw oedema. The effects were comparable with the standard drugs used. Conclusions: The present study indicates that root bark of G. asiatica exhibits peripheral and central analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory activity, which may be attributed to the various phytochemicals present in root bark of G. asiatica.

The binding property of Grewia asiatica mucilage was evaluated at 0.25-0.1% concentrations. The mucilage was extracted by cold maceration method and characterized for its swelling index, moisture absorption capacity, solubility, organoleptic characters and purity. The mucilage was also investigated for its toxicity, microbial growth and texture. Tablets were prepared by a wet granulation using paracetamol as a model drug. The granules were evaluated for micromeritics properties, percentage of fines and moisture content. The tablets were evaluated for appearance, weight variation, friability, thickness, hardness, disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release. It was observed that the friability percentage was decreased with an increase in mucilage concentration. Hardness of the tablet was increased with an increase in mucilage concentration and was found to be in the acceptable range. Disintegration time was found to be less than 15 min for all the four batches. Drug content was found to be in the range of 93.0- 98.08% for all the formulations. More than 80% of the drug was released within 30 min during the in vitro dissolution study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inspite of introduction of oral hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and its related complications remains to be a major clinical problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of Grewia asiatica (Linn) stem bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (110 mg/kg) in Norwegian Long Evans rats. Ethanol extract of barks from Grewia asiatica (GAE 200 and 400 mg/kg) and metformin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered once daily for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of rats were measured on 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of oral treatment. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed and blood sample were collected for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), SGOT and CK-MB. Analysis of liver glycogen content and histopathlogy of pancreas were carried out. In vitro DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of GAE were also determined. Results: After 15 days of oral administration of GAE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased survival rate and showed a significant attenuation in blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Oral ingestion of GAE significantly reduced the SGOT and CK-MB levels and restored liver glycogen content when compared to diabetic control. The effects of GAE on SGOT, CK-MB and liver glycogen content were dose-dependent. The diabetic rats treated with GAE showed significant improvement in normal cellular population size of islets. Phytochemical screening of GAE revealed the presence of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content was 44.65 ± 3.17 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gm of GAE extract and the total flavonoid content was 39.11 ±4.65 mg of quercetin equivalent per gm of GAE extract. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 values of GAE and ascorbic acid were found 76. 45 and 12.50 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated that ethanol extract of barks from G asiatica possess glucose, lipid lowering efficacy, restored liver glycogen and protects pancreas from oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thus, the results of the present study provide a scientific rationale for the use of G. asiatica in the management of diabetes and its related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the shelf life of laboratory developed phalsa juice at room temperature. Phalsa was purchased from local market, juice was prepared and kept in sterilized bottles at room temperature. Physicochemical and microbial and oragnoleptic quality of the juice was examined till two weeks. Microbial activity in phalsa juice increased while organoleptic attributes such as texture (mouth feel), flavour, taste, colour and overall acceptability of phalsa juice were decreased during the study period. The pH and TSS value were decreased from 3.99 to 3.54 and from 11.22 to 9.55, respectively after 2 weeks storage. Total plate count also showed decline from 6.2×10-1 to 3.2 × 10-1 cfuml-1 whereas yeast and mould counts increased simultaneously from 2.6×10-1 and nil to 5.5×10-1 and 2.4×10-1 cfuml-1, respectively during the storage. To increase shelf life of phalsa juice storage at refrigerated temperature with/without preservatives is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia asiatica L., is a species native to south Asia from Pakistan, east to Cambodia, cultivated primarily for its edible fruit and well-reputed for its diverse medicinal uses. Fruits are a rich source of nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals and contain various bioactive compounds, like anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids. Different parts of this plant possess different pharmacological properties. Leaves have antimicrobial, anticancer, antiplatelet and antiemetic activities; fruit possess anticancer, antioxidant, radioprotective and antihyperglycemic properties; while stem bark possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the botanical description, phytochemistry, nutritional studies and pharmacological properties of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the brine shrimp lethality and hemagglutination activity of the fruit, stem bark and leaves of Grewia asiatica L. (Family: Tiliaceae). Materials and Methods: The crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of the fruit, stem bark, and leaves were subjected to cytotoxic assay using brine shrimps and were also investigated for hemagglutination activity. Results: Brine shrimps survived easily and hemagglutination activity was not observed. Conclusions: The fruits, leaves and stem bark of G. asiatica have insignificant brine shrimp lethality and hemagglutination activity was found to be absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grewia asiatica Linn. is a well-known plant for its nutritional and therapeutic attributes. It has been mentioned in ancient Indian literature as Rasayana due to its stimulant and tonic effects. Thus, present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antiepileptic and anxiolytic action of G. asiatica Linn. leaves using animal models. Methanol extract at dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg was capable of providing protection against both pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock induced seizures in mice. Extract also showed significant anxiolytic activity in elevated plus maze, light/dark box and mirror chamber mice models at same dose levels. Results of this study indicated that the methanol extract of leaves of G. asiatica plant possess significant antiepileptic and anxiolytic effect., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)