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Depuis la découverte de l’universalité des capacités rythmiques chez les humains, les caractéristiques temporelles de la communication ont suscité grand intérêt chez les chercheurs. Les modèles rythmiques sont un outil précieux pour discriminer les espèces, les individus, ou pour le choix du partenaire. Une étude récente montre que les chants d'oiseaux et la musique humaine partagent la présence de catégories rythmiques lorsque les intervalles temporels sont distribués de manière catégorielle plutôt qu'uniforme. A la suite de cette étude, nous avons vérifié si les chants des indris (Indri indri), le seul lémurien chanteur, montraient des caractéristiques similaires. Nous avons mesuré les intervalles inter-onset (tk), délimités par les débuts de deux unités consécutives, et les rapports rythmiques entre ces intervalles (rk), calculés en divisant un intervalle par lui-même plus son adjacent : nous avons trouvé une distribution en trois clusters. Deux des clusters correspondaient à des catégories rythmiques 1:1 et 1:2, le troisième s'approchait du ratio 2:1. Nos résultats ont démontré pour la première fois qu'un autre primate produit des rythmes catégoriels, une capacité qui a probablement évolué par convergence chez les espèces qui chantent telles que les oiseaux, les indris et les humains. Il est fondamental de comprendre quelles caractéristiques de la communication sont partagées avec d'autres espèces pour en comprendre l’évolution. Dans cette perspective, grâce à la simplicité du traitement et de l'interprétation des données, notre étude s'est appuyée sur une approche analytique accessible qui pourrait ouvrir de nouveaux domaines d'investigation sur la communication chez les primates, ouvrant la voie à la reconstruction d'une phylogénie des capacités rythmiques au sein de cet ordre. Since the discovery that rhythmic abilities are universal in humans, temporal features of vocal communication have greatly interested researchers studying animal communication. Rhythmic patterns are a valuable tool for species discrimination, mate choice, and individual recognition. A recent study showed that bird songs and human music share rhythmic categories when a signal's temporal intervals are distributed categorically rather than uniformly. Following that study, we aimed to investigate whether songs of indris (Indri indri), the only singing lemur, may show similar features. We measured the inter-onset intervals (tk), delimited by the onsets of two consecutive units, and the rhythmic ratios between these intervals (rk), calculated by dividing an interval by itself plus its adjacent, and finded a three-cluster distribution. Two clusters corresponded to rhythmic categories at 1:1 and 1:2, and the third approached a 2:1 ratio. Our results demonstrated for the first time that another primate besides humans produces categorical rhythms, an ability likely evolved convergently among singing species such as songbirds, indris, and humans. Understanding which communicative features are shared with other species is fundamental to understanding how they have evolved. In this regard, thanks to the simplicity of data processing and interpretation, our study relied on an accessible analytical approach that could open up new branches of the investigation into primate communication, leading the way to reconstruct a phylogeny of rhythm abilities across the entire order.

Rhythm is a fundamental feature characterizing communicative displays, and recent studies showed that primate songs encompass categorical rhythms falling on small integer ratios observed in humans. We individually assessed the presence and sexual dimorphism of rhythmic categories, analyzing songs emitted by 39 wild indris. Considering the intervals between the units given during each song, we extracted 13556 interval ratios and found three peaks (at around 0.33, 0.47, and 0.70). Two peaks indicated rhythmic categories corresponding to small integer ratios (1:1, 2:1). All individuals showed a peak at 0.70, and most showed those at 0.47 and 0.33. In addition, we found sex differences in the peak at 0.47 only, with males showing lower values than females. This work investigates the presence of individual rhythmic categories in a non-human species; further research may highlight the significance of rhythmicity and untie selective pressures that guided its evolution across species, including humans.

We report on a case of an asymptomatic splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) with a large neck in a 53-year-old female with an extreme vessel tortuosity which was treated with a Double Microcatheter Technique. This endovascular procedure consists of embolization of the aneurysm using detachable coils with no application of any glue, stent or balloon. At the end of procedure, no complications occurred. At the three-month follow-up an MRI showed the aneurysm's complete exclusion and patency of the splenic artery.

Introduction The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic forced most of the Italian population into lockdown from 11 March to 18 May 2020. A nationwide survey of Italian Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic Services (Obesity Centers or OCs) was carried out to assess the impact of lockdown restrictions on the physical and mental wellbeing of patients with obesity (PWO) who had follow-up appointments postponed due to lockdown restrictions and to compare determinants of weight gain before and after the pandemic. Methods We designed a structured 77-item questionnaire covering employment status, diet, physical activity and psychological aspects, that was disseminated through follow-up calls and online between 2 May and 25 June 2020. Data were analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and multiple linear regression. Results A total of 1,232 PWO from 26 OCs completed the questionnaires (72% female, mean age 50.2 ± 14.2 years; mean BMI 34.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2; 41% obesity class II to III). During the lockdown, 48.8% gained, 27.1% lost, while the remainder (24.1%) maintained their weight. The mean weight change was +2.3 ± 4.8 kg (in weight gainers: +4.0 ± 2.4 kg; +4.2% ± 5.4%). Approximately 37% of participants experienced increased emotional difficulties, mostly fear and dissatisfaction. Sixty-one percent reduced their physical activity (PA) and 55% experienced a change in sleep quality/quantity. The lack of online contact (37.5%) with the OC during lockdown strongly correlated with weight gain (p < 0.001). Using MCA, two main clusters were identified: those with unchanged or even improved lifestyles during lockdown (Cluster 1) and those with worse lifestyles during the same time (Cluster 2). The latter includes unemployed people experiencing depression, boredom, dissatisfaction and increased food contemplation and weight gain. Within Cluster 2, homemakers reported gaining weight and experiencing anger due to home confinement. Conclusions Among Italian PWO, work status, emotional dysregulation, and lack of online communication with OCs were determinants of weight gain during the lockdown period.

espanolObjetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una intervencion educativa sobre higiene de manos (HdM) en unidades de hospitalizacion quirurgica, y su asociacion con el sexo, la categoria profesional y la unidad de hospitalizacion de los profesionales. Metodo: estudio analitico cuasi-experimental pre-post de grupo unico. La intervencion consistio en cursos teorico-practicos de una hora dirigidos a todos los profesionales sanitarios de la hospitalizacion quirurgica del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Espana. La unidad de observacion fue las oportunidades de HdM. Se calculo un tamano muestral de 294 oportunidades. Se realizo una comparacion de proporciones de correcta HdM pre- y post-intervencion empleando el test de Chi cuadrado para muestras independientes, considerandose un nivel de significacion p Resultados: se realizaron un total de 423 observaciones pre- y 466 post-intervencion. Tras la intervencion se produjo una mejora significativa de la HdM (p= 0,002), especialmente los profesionales de Enfermeria (p 0,05). Conclusiones: una intervencion formativa sobre HdM mejora significativamente la adherencia a las recomendaciones de HdM exceptuando las pautas sobre el uso de esmalte de unas y la presencia de joyas, aunque estos datos deben ser interpretados con cautela. EnglishObjective: to assess the efficacy of an educational intervention on hand hygiene (HH) in Surgical Hospitalization Units, and its association with the gender, professional category, and Hospitalization Unit of the professionals. Method: an analytical quasi-experimental, pre-post study, on a single arm. The intervention consisted in theoretical-practical 1-hour courses targeted to all healthcare professionals in Surgical Hospitalization at the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Spain. The opportunities for HH represented the observation unit. A sample size of 294 opportunities was calculated. There was a comparison of adequate HH rates pre and post intervention, using the Chi square Test for independent samples; the level of significance considered was p.05. Prevalence Ratios were calculated with their confidence intervals at 95%. Results: in total, 423 observations were conducted pre-intervention, and 466 post-intervention. After the intervention, there was a significant improvement in HH (p= 0.002), particularly among Nursing professionals (p 0,05). Conclusions: an educational intervention on HH significantly improved the adherence to HH recommendations, except for the guidelines regarding the use of nail polish and jewelry, although these data must be interpreted with caution.