96 results on '"Greene CE"'
Search Results
2. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium--intracellulare complex infection in a miniature schnauzer
- Author
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Miller, MA, primary, Greene, CE, additional, and Brix, AE, additional
- Published
- 1995
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3. Using Web 2.0 Technology (YouTube) to Reach Extension Clientele
- Author
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Greene<ce:sup loc='post">∗</ce:sup>, E.A., Whittle, J.L., Griffin, A.S., Wood, C.H., Anderson, K., and Williams, C.A.
- Published
- 2009
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4. The comparative efficacy of disinfectant wipes on common-use computer keyboards in a veterinary teaching hospital.
- Author
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Wong EK, Burgess BA, Brainard BM, Greene CE, Hurley DJ, and Koenig A
- Subjects
- Animals, Disinfectants, Hospitals, Animal
- Abstract
The efficacies of 3 disinfectant wipes at reducing bacterial contamination on keyboards in a veterinary teaching hospital were studied. Thirty common-use keyboards were randomized into "dirty" and "clean" halves. Cultures were obtained from the "dirty" halves. The "clean" halves were disinfected with a randomly assigned wipe [peroxygen (AHP)-, alcohol-, quaternary ammonium (QAC)-based] or untreated (NT) and cultured. Colony-forming units (CFU) were enumerated after 48 hours. Mean reduction in CFU was 91.5%, 65.3%, 94.9%, and 78.8% for the AHP, alcohol, QAC, and NT groups, respectively. There was a significant reduction in CFUs between the dirty and clean keyboard halves within each group but no statistically significant differences were noted between groups. The reduction in CFUs in the NT group was attributed to the mechanical action of wiping the keyboard surface for culture. The use of disinfectant wipes reduced CFUs on keyboards and may be a useful component of veterinary infection control programs., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)
- Published
- 2020
5. First report of nodular skin lesions caused by Mycobacterium nebraskense in a 9-year-old cat.
- Author
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Niederhäuser S, Klauser L, Bolliger J, Friedel U, Schmitt S, Ruetten M, Greene CE, and Ghielmetti G
- Abstract
Case Summary: A 9-year-old cat was referred with multiple, raised, ulcerative skin nodules in the region of the neck and dorsal head. Histopathological findings of a biopsied nodule were granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis without multinucleated giant cells or caseous necrosis. In addition, by Ziehl-Neelsen staining numerous acid-fast intracellular bacilli were observed within the lesions. Mycobacterial culture showed growth of rough scotochromogenic colonies after 3 weeks of incubation. Molecular characterisation of the isolate identified Mycobacterium nebraskense as the cause of the infection. No phenotypic resistance was detected for the antimycobacterial agents tested. The cat was successfully treated with a combination of surgical excision and a 12 week course of antimicrobial therapy, including rifampicin combined with clarithromycin., Relevance and Novel Information: To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of mycobacterial granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis due to M nebraskense infection in a cat. The successful surgical and antimycobacterial treatment regimen is described., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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- 2018
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6. Clinical Salmonellosis in a Closed Colony of Blood Donor Cats.
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Koenig A, Cooper TL, Greene CE, Sharma A, and Sakamoto K
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- Animal Husbandry, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Blood Donors, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases pathology, Cecum diagnostic imaging, Cecum pathology, Drug Resistance, Enrofloxacin, Feces microbiology, Fluid Therapy, Fluoroquinolones administration & dosage, Male, Salmonella isolation & purification, Salmonella Infections, Animal diagnosis, Salmonella Infections, Animal pathology, Typhlitis diagnostic imaging, Typhlitis microbiology, Ultrasonography, Cat Diseases microbiology, Cats, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Typhlitis veterinary
- Abstract
An adult feline blood donor, group-housed in a closed colony with other blood donor cats in a laboratory animal facility, developed anorexia, abdominal pain, an abdominal mass effect, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Ultimately Salmonella infection was diagnosed. The index cat and 2 additional cats in the closed colony had clinical signs consistent with Salmonella and yielded Salmonella serotype 4,12:i:- in fecal cultures. An extensive search for the source of Salmonella was unrewarding. With the implementation of individual housing and additional barrier precautions, combined with antibiotic treatment of the index case, all the cats survived and subsequently had multiple, negative Salmonella PCR test results. This case report highlights the potential for unlikely infections to occur, even in a closed colony of research animals, as well as the important role of sanitation in the elimination of this enteric pathogen.
- Published
- 2017
7. Evaluation of brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid with broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, spotted fever group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in canine neurological diseases (109 cases).
- Author
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Barber RM, Li Q, Diniz PP, Porter BF, Breitschwerdt EB, Claiborne MK, Birkenheuer AJ, Levine JM, Levine GJ, Chandler K, Kenny P, Nghiem P, Wei S, Greene CE, Kent M, Platt SR, Greer K, and Schatzberg SJ
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA, Bacterial classification, DNA, Bacterial isolation & purification, Dog Diseases cerebrospinal fluid, Dogs, Female, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections cerebrospinal fluid, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Male, Meningoencephalitis microbiology, Brain microbiology, Dog Diseases microbiology, Gram-Negative Bacteria isolation & purification, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections veterinary, Meningoencephalitis veterinary, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Vector-transmitted microorganisms in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia are commonly suspected in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM), but the prevalence of these pathogens in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with MEM is unknown., Hypothesis/objectives: To determine if DNA from these genera is present in brain tissue and CSF of dogs with MEM, including those with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) and histopathologically confirmed cases of granulomatous (GME) and necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis (NME)., Animals: Hundred and nine dogs examined for neurological signs at 3 university referral hospitals., Methods: Brain tissue and CSF were collected prospectively from dogs with neurological disease and evaluated by broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Borrelia species. Medical records were evaluated retrospectively to identify MEM and control cases., Results: Seventy-five cases of MUE, GME, or NME, including brain tissue from 31 and CSF from 44 cases, were evaluated. Brain tissue from 4 cases and inflammatory CSF from 30 cases with infectious, neoplastic, compressive, vascular, or malformative disease were evaluated as controls. Pathogen nucleic acids were detected in 1 of 109 cases evaluated. Specifically, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii DNA was amplified from 1/6 dogs with histopathologically confirmed GME., Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The results of this investigation suggest that microorganisms in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Borrelia are unlikely to be directly associated with canine MEM in the geographic regions evaluated. The role of Bartonella in the pathogenesis of GME warrants further investigation.
- Published
- 2010
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8. Role of latent feline leukemia virus infection in nonregenerative cytopenias of cats.
- Author
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Stützer B, Müller F, Majzoub M, Lutz H, Greene CE, Hermanns W, and Hartmann K
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- Animals, Cats, Female, Hematologic Diseases complications, Hematologic Diseases virology, Immunohistochemistry veterinary, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Retroviridae Infections complications, Tumor Virus Infections complications, Virus Latency, Cat Diseases etiology, Hematologic Diseases veterinary, Leukemia Virus, Feline, Retroviridae Infections veterinary, Tumor Virus Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Nonregenerative cytopenias such as nonregenerative anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia in cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen are assumed to be caused by the underlying FeLV infection. In addition, cats with negative FeLV antigen-test results that have cytopenias of unknown etiology often are suspected to suffer from latent FeLV infection that is responsible for the nonregenerative cytopenias., Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the role of latent FeLV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bone marrow of cats with nonregenerative cytopenias that had negative FeLV antigen test results in blood., Animals: Thirty-seven cats were included in the patient group. Inclusion criteria were (1) nonregenerative cytopenia of unknown origin and (2) negative FeLV antigen test result. Antigenemia was determined by detection of free FeLV p27 antigen by ELISA in serum. Furthermore, 7 cats with positive antigen test results with nonregenerative cytopenia were included as control group I, and 30 cats with negative antigen test results without nonregenerative cytopenia were included as control group II., Methods: Whole blood and bone marrow samples were tested by 2 different PCR assays detecting sequences of the envelope or long terminal repeat genes. FeLV immunohistochemistry was performed in bone marrow samples., Results: Two of the 37 cats (5.4%) in the patient group were positive on the bone marrow PCR results and thus were latently infected with FeLV., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The findings of this study suggest that FeLV latency is rare in cats with nonregenerative cytopenias.
- Published
- 2010
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9. Quality of different in-clinic test systems for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection.
- Author
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Hartmann K, Griessmayr P, Schulz B, Greene CE, Vidyashankar AN, Jarrett O, and Egberink HF
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- Animals, Cats, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay standards, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome virology, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline isolation & purification, Leukemia Virus, Feline isolation & purification, Leukemia, Feline virology, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Antibodies, Viral blood, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diagnosis, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline immunology, Leukemia Virus, Feline immunology, Leukemia, Feline diagnosis
- Abstract
Many new diagnostic in-house tests for identification of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection have been licensed for use in veterinary practice, and the question of the relative merits of these kits has prompted comparative studies. This study was designed to define the strengths and weaknesses of seven FIV and eight FeLV tests that are commercially available. In this study, 536 serum samples from randomly selected cats were tested. Those samples reacting FIV-positive in at least one of the tests were confirmed by Western blot, and those reacting FeLV-positive were confirmed by virus isolation. In addition, a random selection of samples testing negative in all test systems was re-tested by Western blot (100 samples) and by virus isolation (81 samples). Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of each test and the quality of the results were compared.
- Published
- 2007
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10. Long-term cure of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a cat.
- Author
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Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Sessions JK, Sanchez S, Latimer KS, and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Cat Diseases pathology, Cats, Clarithromycin administration & dosage, Clarithromycin therapeutic use, Clofazimine administration & dosage, Clofazimine therapeutic use, Diagnosis, Differential, Doxycycline administration & dosage, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Male, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Mycobacterium avium isolation & purification, Tuberculosis veterinary
- Published
- 2007
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11. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats.
- Author
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Boettcher IC, Steinberg T, Matiasek K, Greene CE, Hartmann K, and Fischer A
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- Age Factors, Animals, Cats, Cerebrospinal Fluid virology, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin G cerebrospinal fluid, Male, Nervous System Diseases blood, Nervous System Diseases cerebrospinal fluid, Nervous System Diseases diagnosis, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antibodies, Viral cerebrospinal fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid immunology, Coronavirus, Feline immunology, Feline Infectious Peritonitis blood, Feline Infectious Peritonitis cerebrospinal fluid, Feline Infectious Peritonitis diagnosis, Nervous System Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Objective: To assess the use of measuring anti-coronavirus IgG in CSF for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) involving the CNS in cats., Design: Prospective study., Sample Population: CSF and serum samples from 67 cats., Procedures: CSF and serum samples were allocated into 4 groups: cats with FIP involving the CNS (n = 10), cats with FIP not involving the CNS (13), cats with CNS disorders caused by diseases other than FIP (29), and cats with diseases other than FIP and not involving the CNS (15). Cerebrospinal fluid was evaluated for concentrations of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and total protein. Anti-coronavirus IgG was measured in CSF and serum by indirect immunofluorescence assay., Results: CSF IgG (range of titers, 1:32 to 1:4,096) was detected in 12 cats, including 6 cats with neurologic manifestation of FIP, 4 cats with FIP not involving the CNS, and 2 cats with brain tumors. Cerebrospinal fluid IgG was detected only in cats with correspondingly high serum IgG titers (range, 1:4,096 to 1:16,384) and was positively correlated with serum IgG titers (r = 0.652; P < 0.01), but not with any other CSF parameter. Blood contamination of CSF resulted in < or = 333 erythrocytes/microL in cats with CSF IgG., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The correlation between serum and CSF IgG and the fact that CSF IgG was detected only in strongly seropositive cats suggested that CSF anti-coronavirus IgG was derived from blood. Measurement of anti-coronavirus IgG in CSF was of equivocal clinical use.
- Published
- 2007
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12. Effects of human recombinant alpha-2b interferon and feline recombinant omega interferon on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus-1.
- Author
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Siebeck N, Hurley DJ, Garcia M, Greene CE, Köstlin RG, Moore PA, and Dietrich UM
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- Animals, Cats, Humans, Interferon alpha-2, Recombinant Proteins, Species Specificity, Viral Plaque Assay veterinary, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Herpesviridae drug effects, Interferon Type I pharmacology, Interferon-alpha pharmacology, Virus Replication drug effects
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b (rHuIFN-alpha2b) and recombinant feline interferon omega (rFeIFN-omega) on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus (FHV)-1., Sample Population: Cultures of Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells., Procedures: CRFK cells were treated with rFeIFN-omega or rHuIFN-alpha2b at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500,000 U/mL. Cultures were then inoculated with FHV-1. Constant concentrations of interferon products were maintained throughout the study. Reductions in the number and size of plaques were used as indicators of antiviral activity. Six plaque reduction assays were performed in duplicate. A 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect cytotoxic effects of interferon. A 1-way ANOVA and Dunnett test were used to determine significant differences., Results: Treatment with rFeIFN-omega at various concentrations resulted in significant reductions in the number of plaques (100,000 U/mL, 54.7%; and 500,000 U/mL, 59.8%) and in plaque size (100,000 U/mL, 47.5%; 250,000 U/mL, 81.0%; and 500,000 U/mL; 70.5%). Treatment with various concentrations of rHuIFN-alpha2b resulted in a significant reduction in plaque size (100,000 U/mL, 56.0%; 250,000 U/mL, 75.7%; and 500,000 U/mL, 69.0%). None of the tested concentrations of interferon caused significant cellular toxicosis., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: At some of the higher concentrations, the antiviral effect of rFeIFN-omega was greater than the antiviral effect of rHuIFN-alpha2b. Reduction in plaque size appeared to be a good indicator of the antiviral activity of interferon against FHV-1.
- Published
- 2006
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13. Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs.
- Author
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Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Knickman E, Miska KB, Vianna MC, Kwok OC, Hill DE, Jenkins MC, Lindsay DS, and Greene CE
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- Animals, Base Sequence, Biological Assay methods, Cats, Coccidiosis transmission, Dogs, Genes, Protozoan, Gerbillinae, Life Cycle Stages, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Molecular Sequence Data, Neospora genetics, Neospora isolation & purification, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity, Brain parasitology, Coccidiosis parasitology, Dog Diseases parasitology, Neospora classification
- Abstract
Isolation and biologic and molecular attributes of Neospora caninum from three littermate dogs are described. Tissue cysts were confined to the brain and striated muscles. N. caninum was isolated (isolates NC-6, NC-7, and NC-8) in rodents and cell culture that had been inoculated with brain tissue from the dogs. Schizont-like stages reactive with N. caninum antibodies were seen in cell cultures seeded with bradyzoites released from Percoll-isolated N. caninum tissue cysts from the brain of one dog. Tissue cysts were infective orally to mice and gerbils, but not to cats and dogs. The isolates were also identified as N. caninum by PCR and sequence analysis.
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- 2004
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14. Clinical resolution of Brucella canis-induced ocular inflammation in a dog.
- Author
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Vinayak A, Greene CE, Moore PA, and Powell-Johnson G
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- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Brucella canis immunology, Brucella canis isolation & purification, Brucellosis diagnosis, Brucellosis drug therapy, Diagnosis, Differential, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases microbiology, Dogs, Female, Hyphema drug therapy, Hyphema microbiology, Hyphema veterinary, Recurrence, Treatment Outcome, Uveitis, Anterior diagnosis, Uveitis, Anterior drug therapy, Uveitis, Anterior microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Brucella canis drug effects, Brucellosis veterinary, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Uveitis, Anterior veterinary
- Abstract
A 2-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was referred with an 8-month history of recurrent bilateral anterior uveitis and hyphema secondary to infection with Brucella canis. Treatment with doxycycline PO and atropine and prednisone acetate topically prior to referral had failed to resolve the ocular inflammation. Successful control of ocular inflammation was achieved after initiation of treatment with gentamicin SC and ciprofloxacin and doxycycline PO. The finite indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titer was reduced by half, and results of an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test became negative after rifampin was added to the treatment protocol. Treatment with gentamicin was eventually discontinued because of evidence of renal toxicosis and cutaneous reactions to repeated injections. Thirty-five months after initial examination of the dog, results of the AGID test were still negative, the finite IFA titer was stable, and ocular inflammation had resolved, suggesting that the ocular infection may have been eliminated. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of the successful treatment of ocular inflammation caused by B canis infection in a dog.
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- 2004
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15. Predominant outer membrane antigens of Bartonella henselae.
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Chenoweth MR, Greene CE, Krause DC, and Gherardini FC
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- Angiomatosis, Bacillary microbiology, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antibodies, Bacterial immunology, Bartonella henselae pathogenicity, Blotting, Western, Cat Diseases microbiology, Cats, Cell Membrane immunology, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Heat-Shock Proteins immunology, Angiomatosis, Bacillary veterinary, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins immunology, Bartonella henselae immunology, Cat Diseases immunology
- Abstract
A hallmark of Bartonella henselae is persistent bacteremia in cats despite the presence of a vigorous host immune response. To understand better the long-term survival of B. henselae in cats, we examined the feline humoral immune response to B. henselae outer membrane (OM) proteins in naturally and experimentally infected cats. Initially, a panel of sera (n = 42) collected throughout North America from naturally infected cats was used to probe B. henselae total membranes to detect commonly recognized antigens. Twelve antigens reacted with sera from at least 85% of cats, and five were recognized by sera from all cats. To localize these antigens further, OMs were purified on discontinuous sucrose density step gradients. Each membrane fraction (OM, hybrid or inner membrane [IM]) contained less than 1% of the total malate dehydrogenase activity (soluble marker), indicating very little contamination by cytoplasmic proteins. FtsI, an integral IM cell division protein, was used to identify the low-density fraction (rho = 1.13 g/cm3) as putative IM (<5% of the total FtsI localized to the high-density fraction) while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Pap31, a homolog of the Bartonella quintana heme-binding protein A (HbpA), defined the high-density fraction (rho = 1.20 g/cm3) as putative OM. Additionally, little evidence of cross-contamination between the IM and OM was evident by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When purified OMs were probed with feline sera, antigenic proteins profiles were very similar to those observed with total membranes, indicating that many, but not all, of the immunoreactive proteins detected in the initial immunoblots were OM components. Interestingly, two-dimensional immunoblots indicated that B. henselae LPS and members of the Hbp family of proteins did not appear to stimulate an humoral response in any infected cats. Seven proteins were recognized by at least 70% of sera tested, but only three were recognized by all sera. Nanospray-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify OM components, including the immunodominant OM proteins. Recognition of the nonimmunogenic nature of the major OM components, such as LPS, and identification of the predominant immunogens should elucidate the mechanisms by which B. henselae establishes persistent bacteremic infections within cats. Additionally, the common antigens may serve as potential feline vaccine candidates to eliminate the pathogen from its animal reservoir.
- Published
- 2004
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16. Lobar holoprosencephaly in a Miniature Schnauzer with hypodipsic hypernatremia.
- Author
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Sullivan SA, Harmon BG, Purinton PT, Greene CE, and Glerum LE
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- Animals, Dehydration etiology, Dehydration veterinary, Dog Diseases etiology, Dog Diseases pathology, Dogs, Euthanasia, Animal, Holoprosencephaly complications, Holoprosencephaly genetics, Holoprosencephaly pathology, Hypernatremia etiology, Male, Thirst, Dog Diseases genetics, Holoprosencephaly veterinary, Hypernatremia veterinary
- Abstract
A 9-month-old male Miniature Schnauzer was examined because of a lifelong history of behavioral abnormalities, including hypodipsia. Diagnostic evaluation revealed marked hypernatremia and a single forebrain ventricle. The behavioral abnormalities did not resolve with correction of the hypernatremia, and the dog was euthanatized. At necropsy, midline forebrain structures were absent or reduced in size, and normally paired forebrain structures were incompletely separated. Findings were diagnostic for holoprosencephaly, a potentially genetic disorder and the likely cause of the hypodipsia. Similar evaluation of affected Miniature Schnauzer dogs may reveal whether holoprosencephaly routinely underlies the thirst deficiency that may be seen in dogs of this breed.
- Published
- 2003
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17. Immunotherapy for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a dog.
- Author
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Hensel P, Greene CE, Medleau L, Latimer KS, and Mendoza L
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- Animals, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dogs, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Male, Pythium isolation & purification, Recurrence, Skin Diseases, Infectious diagnosis, Skin Diseases, Infectious therapy, Treatment Outcome, Dog Diseases therapy, Immunotherapy veterinary, Pythium immunology, Skin Diseases, Infectious veterinary, Vaccines therapeutic use
- Abstract
A 4-year-old Labrador Retriever was referred for evaluation of 2 ulcerative nodular cutaneous lesions. One lesion was located on the medial aspect of the right carpus; the other was located on the medial aspect of the left tarsus. The dog had spent its entire life in the southeastern part of the United States and approximately half of its time outdoors with free access to a nearby lake. Histologic examination of full-thickness wedge biopsy specimens from both lesions revealed severe, multifocal, puruloeosinophilic to pyogranulomatous deep dermatitis with intralesional filamentous structures, fibroplasia, and neovascularization. Examination of sections stained with Gomori methenamine silver stain revealed a moderate number of wide, bulbous, irregularly septate, branching hyphae. Results of an immunodiffusion test and an ELISA for anti-Pythium insidiosum antibodies were positive. Amputation was eliminated as a treatment option because lesions involved 2 limbs. Long-term systemic antifungal treatment was also rejected because of the cost, lack of therapeutic effect in many cases, and potential for adverse effects. The dog was treated with 2 doses of an anti-P insidiosum vaccine administered 2 weeks apart. One month later, the lesions were nearly completely healed, and values obtained via the immunodiffusion test and ELISA had decreased. Results of the immunodiffusion test and ELISA were negative 1 year later, and the dog had not had any recurrences.
- Published
- 2003
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18. Fungal rhinitis and sinusitis in three cats.
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Tomsa K, Glaus TM, Zimmer C, and Greene CE
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- Administration, Intranasal, Administration, Oral, Animals, Antifungal Agents administration & dosage, Antifungal Agents adverse effects, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Aspergillosis diagnosis, Aspergillosis drug therapy, Aspergillosis veterinary, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cat Diseases microbiology, Cats, Clotrimazole administration & dosage, Clotrimazole therapeutic use, Euthanasia, Animal, Female, Itraconazole administration & dosage, Itraconazole adverse effects, Itraconazole therapeutic use, Male, Mycoses diagnosis, Mycoses drug therapy, Nasal Cavity diagnostic imaging, Nasal Cavity microbiology, Nasal Cavity pathology, Penicillium isolation & purification, Rhinitis diagnosis, Rhinitis drug therapy, Sinusitis diagnosis, Sinusitis drug therapy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed veterinary, Treatment Outcome, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Mycoses veterinary, Rhinitis veterinary, Sinusitis veterinary
- Abstract
Localized infection of the nasal or paranasal cavities caused by Aspergillus spp or Penicillium spp was diagnosed in 3 cats. Clinical signs included chronic mucopurulent nasal discharge, epistaxis, and mandibular lymphadenopathy. Rhinoscopic and diagnostic imaging findings were compatible with severe inflammation of the nasal mucosa and destruction of the turbinates. Fungal plaques were observed rhinoscopically in 2 cats, and histologic examination of biopsy specimens revealed fungal colonies with surrounding inflammatory infiltrates in all 3. Results of fungal culture were negative for all 3 cats. Results of serum immunoelectrophoresis for antibodies against Aspergillus spp were positive in 2 cats. Treatment with itraconazole was effective in controlling clinical signs in 1 cat, but hepatotoxicosis developed. A single intranasal infusion of clotrimazole subsequently led to long-term resolution of clinical signs in this cat. Localized aspergillosis-penicilliosis is clinically indistinguishable from other pathologic conditions of the nasal and paranasal cavities in cats and should be considered when examining cats with chronic nasal discharge.
- Published
- 2003
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19. Suspected pseudohypoparathyroidism in a domestic ferret.
- Author
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Wilson GH, Greene CE, and Greenacre CB
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- Animals, Calcium blood, Calcium Carbonate therapeutic use, Diagnosis, Differential, Dihydrotachysterol therapeutic use, Male, Parathyroid Hormone metabolism, Phosphorus blood, Pseudohypoparathyroidism blood, Pseudohypoparathyroidism diagnosis, Pseudohypoparathyroidism drug therapy, Seizures etiology, Seizures veterinary, Thyroid Gland, Treatment Outcome, Ferrets, Parathyroid Hormone blood, Pseudohypoparathyroidism veterinary
- Abstract
A 1.5-year-old ferret examined because of seizures was found to have low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus, and extremely high serum parathyroid hormone concentrations. Common causes of these abnormalities, including nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, tumor lysis syndrome, and hypomagnesemia, were ruled out, and a tentative diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism was made. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a hereditary condition in people that, to our knowledge, has not been identified in ferrets previously and is caused by a lack of response to high serum parathyroid hormone concentrations, rather than a deficiency of this hormone. The ferret improved after treatment with dihydrotachysterol (a vitamin D analog) and calcium carbonate. It was still doing well after 3.5 years of continued treatment.
- Published
- 2003
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20. Infection with Basidiobolus ranarum in two dogs.
- Author
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Greene CE, Brockus CW, Currin MP, and Jones CJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Infective Agents adverse effects, Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use, Antifungal Agents adverse effects, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Dog Diseases pathology, Dogs, Enrofloxacin, Fatal Outcome, Female, Itraconazole adverse effects, Itraconazole therapeutic use, Liver drug effects, Quinolones adverse effects, Quinolones therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Water Microbiology, Zygomycosis diagnosis, Zygomycosis drug therapy, Zygomycosis pathology, Antifungal Agents therapeutic use, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Entomophthorales, Fluoroquinolones, Zygomycosis veterinary
- Abstract
Basidiobolus ranarum is a saprophytic fungus in the environment that also is a part of the endogenous microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrates. These organisms may penetrate skin or muscosa of humans and other animals, causing granulomatous inflammation. Two dogs infected with B. ranarum had prolonged or repeated exposure to water or soil in their environment. One dog had progressive subcutaneous infection of all the limbs, and the other dog had recurrent coughing and dyspnea caused by tracheobronchitis. In both dogs, secondary bacterial infection of the lesions was evident. Treatment of the dog with subcutaneous infection involved cutaneous dressings and sequential use of enrofloxacin and itraconazole; however, this resulted in suspected liver damage without clinical improvement. Subsequent treatment with potassium iodide and a lipid formulation of amphotericin B was also unsuccessful, and the dog was euthanatized. The other dog was treated alternately with enrofloxacin and itraconazole. When the clinical signs and infection returned, combination treatment with both drugs was more effective; however, the dog developed liver damage. Subsequent treatment with enrofloxacin on an intermittent basis controlled the dog's coughing during a 3-year period.
- Published
- 2002
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21. Duodenal obstruction caused by infection with Pythium insidiosum in a 12-week-old puppy.
- Author
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Liljebjelke KA, Abramson C, Brockus C, and Greene CE
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- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Dogs, Duodenal Diseases microbiology, Fatal Outcome, Infections microbiology, Intestinal Obstruction microbiology, Male, Dog Diseases microbiology, Duodenal Diseases veterinary, Infections veterinary, Intestinal Obstruction veterinary, Pythium isolation & purification
- Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an aquatic fungus-like organism that causes a serious chronic granulomatous disease called pythiosis in animals and humans in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In North America, pythiosis is most often diagnosed in the Gulf Coast states. Early recognition of the disease is crucial to successful treatment, which includes surgical resection of granulomatous lesions and administration of antifungal agents. Despite increasing availability of diagnostic tests, intestinal pythiosis is insidious and is often not detected until lesions are extensive. Intestinal pythiosis was diagnosed in a 12-week-old puppy from South Carolina examined because of vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Pythiosis was not initially suspected because of the young age of the patient and because pythiosis is uncommon in this area.
- Published
- 2002
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22. Canine vaccination.
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Greene CE, Schultz RD, and Ford RB
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Rabies Vaccines, Vaccination standards, Bacterial Vaccines, Dog Diseases prevention & control, Vaccination veterinary, Viral Vaccines
- Abstract
New technologies for vaccine development and infectious disease diagnosis are likely to be introduced in the near future. With this new technology comes the opportunity to vaccinate companion animals against even more infectious agents than is currently practiced in the United States. As we look forward, it becomes particularly important to review current vaccination standards applied to dogs with respect to current knowledge of duration of immunity, awareness of incidence, and likelihood of injurious or even fatal adverse events associated with vaccination, and individual risk factors that dictate which vaccines are most appropriate at which stage of life.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Administration of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate for treatment of cytauxzoonosis in cats.
- Author
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Greene CE, Latimer K, Hopper E, Shoeffler G, Lower K, and Cullens F
- Subjects
- Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents administration & dosage, Blood parasitology, Blood Transfusion veterinary, Body Temperature, Cat Diseases parasitology, Cats, Diminazene administration & dosage, Diminazene therapeutic use, Erythrocyte Count veterinary, Hematocrit veterinary, Hematologic Diseases drug therapy, Hematologic Diseases parasitology, Heparin therapeutic use, Imidocarb administration & dosage, Imidocarb therapeutic use, Injections, Intramuscular veterinary, Isotonic Solutions therapeutic use, Leukocyte Count veterinary, Male, Protozoan Infections drug therapy, Urinalysis veterinary, Antiprotozoal Agents therapeutic use, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Diminazene analogs & derivatives, Hematologic Diseases veterinary, Imidocarb analogs & derivatives, Piroplasmida drug effects, Protozoan Infections, Animal
- Abstract
Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are the reservoir hosts for Cytauxzoon felis, the causative agent of cytauxzoonosis. Cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal tickborne blood protozoal disease of domestic and exotic cats. Treatment of clinically affected cats has generally been unrewarding. In our report, 6 of 7 cats had signs of illness and laboratory findings indicative of cytauxzoonosis and were successfully treated with 2 i.m. injections of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb] of body weight, each). One cat died after the first injection of diminazene. Additional treatment with isotonic fluids i.v. and heparin s.c. were used as supportive care for dehydration and disseminated intravascular coagulation that were detected by laboratory testing between diminazene or imidocarb treatments. Atropine was effective in recovery and preventing adverse reactions associated with imidocarb treatment of 1 cat.
- Published
- 1999
24. Bartonella henselae invasion of feline erythrocytes in vitro.
- Author
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Mehock JR, Greene CE, Gherardini FC, Hahn TW, and Krause DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Bartonella henselae drug effects, Cats, Gentamicins pharmacology, Microscopy, Confocal, Bartonella henselae physiology, Erythrocytes microbiology
- Abstract
Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of cat scratch disease, establishes long-term bacteremia in cats, in which it attaches to and invades feline erythrocytes (RBC). Feline RBC invasion was assessed in vitro, based on gentamicin selection for intracellular bacteria or by laser confocal microscopy and digital sectioning. Invasion rates ranged from 2 to 20% of the inoculum, corresponding to infection of less than 1% of the RBC. Invasion was a slow process, requiring >8 h before significant numbers of intracellular bacteria were detected. Pretreatment of the bacteria with trypsin, or of the RBC with trypsin or neuraminidase, had no effect, but pronase pretreatment of RBC resulted in a slight increase in invasion frequency. The ability to model B. henselae invasion of feline RBC in vitro should permit identification of bacterial surface components involved in this process and elucidate the significance of RBC invasion to transmission and infection in cats.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs.
- Author
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Brown CA, Roberts AW, Miller MA, Davis DA, Brown SA, Bolin CA, Jarecki-Black J, Greene CE, and Miller-Liebl D
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Cross Reactions, Dog Diseases etiology, Dogs, Leptospira interrogans classification, Leptospira interrogans immunology, Leptospirosis complications, Leptospirosis microbiology, Acute Kidney Injury veterinary, Dog Diseases microbiology, Leptospira interrogans isolation & purification, Leptospirosis veterinary
- Abstract
Leptospirosis attributed to infection with serovar grippotyphosa was diagnosed in 11 dogs. In naturally and experimentally infected dogs, a stereotypic serologic response to infection with Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa was detected. Although the highest serum antibody titers developed against serovar grippotyphosa, most dogs also had lower titers against serovars bratislava and pomona. Acute renal failure was evident in 10 dogs. One dog died prior to initiation of treatment; the remaining 10 dogs were treated with antibiotics and fluids. Two dogs were euthanatized, 2 dogs recovered without clinical or biochemical evidence of residual renal dysfunction, and 6 dogs recovered but had varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Hepatic involvement appeared to be a minor component of the disease in these dogs. Our results indicate that Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa infection is an important problem in dogs and should be considered when evaluating a dog with renal failure.
- Published
- 1996
26. Bartonella henselae infection in cats: evaluation during primary infection, treatment, and rechallenge infection.
- Author
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Greene CE, McDermott M, Jameson PH, Atkins CL, and Marks AM
- Subjects
- Angiomatosis, Bacillary prevention & control, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Bacteremia drug therapy, Bacteremia etiology, Bacteremia veterinary, Bartonella Infections drug therapy, Bartonella Infections etiology, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cat Diseases immunology, Cat-Scratch Disease prevention & control, Cats, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Male, Bartonella Infections veterinary, Bartonella henselae immunology, Cat Diseases etiology
- Abstract
Bartonella henselae infection was established in eight cats of various ages by experimental inoculation. All cats remained persistently bacteremic until they were treated 4 to 7 weeks after primary inoculation. Antibody titers increased and peaked between 4 and 12 weeks for all cats. Treatment with doxycycline for 1 week was effective in suppressing bacteremia in all cats but was effective in clearing infection from only four cats. Amoxicillin, given subsequently, was effective in clearing the infection from three of the remaining cats. One kitten that remained bacteremic was treated unsuccessfully with enrofloxacin, and its bacteremia was finally cleared when it was treated with a clavulanate-amoxicillin combination. After the bacteremia was cleared, with a corresponding reduction in serum antibody titers, all eight cats were rechallenged with B. henselae. None of the cats became bacteremic after secondary challenge, and all had higher and more rapid increases in serum antibody titers than after primary inoculation. The cats became resistant to reinfection following recovery from infection, indicating that immunoprophylaxis in cats might be beneficial in helping to reduce their public health risk.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov., isolated from dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii; and emended description of Bartonella vinsonii.
- Author
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Kordick DL, Swaminathan B, Greene CE, Wilson KH, Whitney AM, O'Connor S, Hollis DG, Matar GM, Steigerwalt AG, Malcolm GB, Hayes PS, Hadfield TL, Breitschwerdt EB, and Brenner DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Bartonella genetics, Bartonella isolation & purification, Bartonella metabolism, Bartonella Infections microbiology, Base Sequence, DNA, Bacterial, Dogs, Endocarditis, Bacterial microbiology, Fatty Acids analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Bartonella classification, Bartonella Infections veterinary, Dog Diseases microbiology, Endocarditis, Bacterial veterinary
- Abstract
Two bacterial strains, one isolated from the blood of a dog with valvular endocarditis and one isolated from the blood of a healthy dog, were similar to Bartonella species, as determined by a number of phenotypic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and cell wall fatty acid composition. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies confirmed that these strains are closely related and belong in the genus Bartonella and that Bartonella vinsonii is their closest relative (the 16S rRNA of isolate 93-C01T [T = type strain] was 99.37% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain of B. vinsonii, the 16S rRNA of isolate G7464 was 99.61% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain, and the 16S rRNAs of the dog isolates were 99.77% identical to each other). The 16S rRNAs of both strains contained a 12-base insertion that was not present in the 16S rRNA of the type strain of any Bartonella species. DNA relatedness tests revealed that these strains were related at the species level to the type strain of B. vinsonii. They were, however, significantly more closely related to each other than to B. vinsonii. On the basis of their unique 16S rRNA sequence insertion, their preferentially high level of relatedness, and their similar origins (dogs), we believe that strains 93-C01(T) and G7464 should be placed in a separate subspecies of B. vinsonii, for which we propose the name B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov. The type strain of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is strain 93-C01 (= ATCC 51672). The description of B. vinsonii is emended to accommodate the new subspecies, and B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii is described.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Relationship of lower urinary tract signs to seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus in cats.
- Author
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Barsanti JA, Brown J, Marks A, Reece L, Greene CE, and Finco DR
- Subjects
- Animals, Cat Diseases immunology, Cats, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Female, Male, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Urinary Tract immunology, Urologic Diseases immunology, Urologic Diseases physiopathology, Cat Diseases physiopathology, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome physiopathology, Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena, Urologic Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
A group of 41 cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease was compared to a group of 41 cats without any history of disease for prevalence of seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The group of healthy cats was similar in age and gender to the group of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease. Three of the cats with lower urinary tract disease and one control cat were seropositive for FIV. This difference was not statistically significant. The most common cause of lower urinary tract signs was idiopathic. Only 7 cats had urinary tract infection, most associated with perineal urethrostomy or catheterization. Six of the cats with bacterial urinary tract infections were FIV negative.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Treatment of localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection with clofazimine and doxycycline in a cat.
- Author
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Kaufman AC, Greene CE, Rakich PM, and Weigner DD
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Cats, Clofazimine adverse effects, Clofazimine pharmacology, Doxycycline pharmacology, Granuloma drug therapy, Granuloma microbiology, Granuloma surgery, Granuloma veterinary, Leprostatic Agents pharmacology, Male, Pigmentation Disorders chemically induced, Pigmentation Disorders veterinary, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Clofazimine therapeutic use, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Leprostatic Agents therapeutic use, Mycobacterium avium drug effects, Mycobacterium avium isolation & purification, Tuberculosis veterinary
- Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulted in a granuloma that developed at the base of the left ear in a cat. The lesion caused vestibular dysfunction and facial palsy on the left side and protruded into the oral cavity on that side. The cat was treated successfully, with resolution of the lesion and elimination of the organism, by use of combined administration of clofazimine and doxycycline. Adverse effects of the clofazimine treatment included temporary reddish-orange discoloration of the cat's skin and mucous membranes.
- Published
- 1995
30. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis and meningitis in a dog.
- Author
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Maretzki CH, Fisher DJ, and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Arachnid Vectors microbiology, Chloramphenicol therapeutic use, Dermacentor microbiology, Dogs, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Drug Therapy, Combination, Ehrlichia immunology, Ehrlichia isolation & purification, Ehrlichiosis diagnosis, Ehrlichiosis drug therapy, Ehrlichiosis transmission, Hyperesthesia veterinary, Male, Meningitis, Bacterial diagnosis, Meningitis, Bacterial drug therapy, Meningitis, Bacterial transmission, Neck, Prednisone therapeutic use, Rickettsia rickettsii immunology, Tetracycline therapeutic use, Tick Infestations veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Dog Diseases transmission, Ehrlichiosis veterinary, Meningitis, Bacterial veterinary
- Abstract
A 4-year-old male mixed-breed dog from the Sierra Nevada mountains in California was referred because of epistaxis and signs of cervical pain. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were found on the dog at the time of physical examination. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and rare intracytoplasmic morulae within circulating neutrophils. Abnormalities of the CSF included pleocytosis and intracytoplasmic morulae in approximately 9% of neutrophils. Serum antibody titers for Ehrlichia canis (40,960) and Rickettsia rickettsii (5,120) were high, and titer for E equi (40) was moderate. Treatment included administration of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and prednisone. The dog had several relapses, but long-term remission was eventually achieved. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis has previously been associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthritis in dogs. This case suggests that granulocytic ehrlichiosis may be associated with meningitis and that the organisms that cause granulocytic ehrlichiosis may have the same vector as do the spotted fever-group rickettsiae.
- Published
- 1994
31. Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of common infectious diseases in the dog.
- Author
-
Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Bronchitis diagnosis, Bronchitis therapy, Bronchitis veterinary, Communicable Diseases diagnosis, Communicable Diseases therapy, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Coronavirus Infections therapy, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Distemper diagnosis, Distemper prevention & control, Distemper therapy, Dog Diseases prevention & control, Dogs, Hepatitis, Viral, Animal diagnosis, Hepatitis, Viral, Animal therapy, Leptospirosis veterinary, Parvoviridae Infections diagnosis, Parvoviridae Infections therapy, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Rabies veterinary, Communicable Diseases veterinary, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases therapy
- Published
- 1994
32. Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of common infectious diseases in the cat.
- Author
-
Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Cats, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention & control, Feline Infectious Peritonitis prevention & control, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diagnosis, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome therapy, Feline Infectious Peritonitis diagnosis, Feline Infectious Peritonitis therapy, Leukemia, Feline diagnosis, Leukemia, Feline prevention & control, Leukemia, Feline therapy
- Published
- 1994
33. Optimization of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in biologic specimens.
- Author
-
Kaufman AC, Greene CE, and McGraw RA
- Subjects
- Animals, Base Sequence, Borrelia burgdorferi Group genetics, Chromosomes, Bacterial, DNA Primers, DNA, Bacterial analysis, Dogs, Leptospira interrogans genetics, Leptospira interrogans isolation & purification, Lyme Disease diagnosis, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Borrelia burgdorferi Group isolation & purification, Dog Diseases, Lyme Disease veterinary, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary
- Abstract
This study describes the use of a newly constructed set of primers that amplifies an 85-base pair (bp) segment of Borrelia burgdorferi chromosomal DNA. This 85-bp product is not produced when other Borrelia species, Leptospira, or other bacteria are subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also describe a rapid method of optimizing the amplification of B. burgdorferi DNA from canine ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated blood and urine samples that circumvents some of the problems encountered due to low number of spirochetes in clinical specimens and that removes inhibiting substances, which improves the PCR diagnosis of canine Lyme borreliosis.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in Georgia.
- Author
-
Mahnke GL, Stallknecht DE, Greene CE, Nettles VF, and Marks MA
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Georgia epidemiology, Immunoglobulin G blood, Male, Prevalence, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Borrelia burgdorferi Group immunology, Deer microbiology, Lyme Disease epidemiology
- Abstract
A serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serum samples collected in Georgia (USA) from 1979 to 1990. Serologic results from four regions (Barrier Islands, Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain) and three age classes (0.5, 1.5, and > or = 2.5 yr) were compared. Antibody prevalence, as determined by positive results at a 1:64 dilution or higher, was 36% in the Barrier Islands, 14% in the Coastal Plain, 8% in the Piedmont, and 4% in the Mountain regions. Statewide antibody prevalence was 19%. Antibody titers generally were low, and if a more conservative cutoff titer of 1:128 were used, the statewide prevalence estimate would have been reduced to 5%. Antibody prevalence as determined at this higher cutoff value, however, still remained highest in the Barrier Islands and lowest in the Mountains. Prevalence estimates were lower in the 0.5-yr age class than in the 1.5-yr or > or = 2.5-yr age class (P < 0.05). A more in-depth retrospective study of the Barrier Islands region from 1971 to 1985 revealed a 50% overall antibody prevalence; positive results were found in every year represented except 1990. Based on these results, we propose that B. burgdorferi has been present in Georgia since at least 1971.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Effect of feline immunodeficiency virus infection on Toxoplasma gondii-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of cats with serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis.
- Author
-
Lappin MR, Marks A, Greene CE, Rose BJ, Gasper PW, Powell CC, and Reif JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Cat Diseases microbiology, Cat Diseases parasitology, Cats, Female, Immunity, Cellular immunology, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin M blood, Lentivirus Infections complications, Lentivirus Infections immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Toxoplasmosis, Animal complications, Antibodies, Protozoan blood, Cat Diseases immunology, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline, Lentivirus Infections veterinary, Toxoplasmosis, Animal immunology
- Abstract
Serum samples from 89 cats with serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis were identified by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detected Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) or T. gondii-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). Concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection was detected in 36 cats using an ELISA for detection of FIV-specific IgG. The majority of the cats in both the FIV-seropositive and FIV-seronegative groups were male and > 5 years of age. FIV-seropositive cats were more likely to have T. gondii IgM titers without IgG (P < 0.05) or any T. gondii IgM titer (P < 0.05) than were FIV-seronegative cats. FIV-seronegative cats (1328) had a higher T. gondii IgG geometric mean titer than did FIV-seropositive cats (724) and were more likely to have T. gondii IgG titers > 1:2048 than were FIV-seropositive cats (P < 0.05). Cats with serologic evidence of both T. gondii and FIV infections had persistent T. gondii IgM titers for > 12 weeks. Lymphoblast transformation in response to concanavalin A, T. gondii-specific intracellular antigens, and T. gondii-specific secretory antigens was compared in T. gondii seropositive and FIV-seronegative cats, cats with serologic evidence of T. gondii infection alone, and cats with serologic evidence of concurrent FIV and T. gondii infections. Lymphocytes from all but one cat in the FIV-seropositive group responded to concanavalin A. Whereas lymphocytes from FIV-seronegative cats with serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis responded to T. gondii-specific antigens, four of five of the FIV-seropositive cats with concurrent serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis did not.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Increased alanine transaminase activity associated with tetracycline administration in a cat.
- Author
-
Kaufman AC and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cats, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Female, Liver enzymology, Liver Diseases drug therapy, Selenium therapeutic use, Vitamin E therapeutic use, Alanine Transaminase blood, Cat Diseases chemically induced, Liver drug effects, Liver Diseases veterinary, Tetracycline adverse effects
- Abstract
Administration of tetracycline was believed to be associated with an adverse drug reaction in a cat. Clinical signs consisted of anorexia, ptyalism, and signs of depression. The most noticeable biochemical abnormality was a markedly high serum alanine transaminase activity. Treatment consisted of vitamin E and selenium injections and feeding via a gastrostomy tube. Abnormalities noticed on histologic examination of hepatic tissue were centrilobular fibrosis, mild diffuse cholangiohepatitis, and mild hepatic lipidosis. The lipidosis was believed to have resulted from tetracycline administration, whereas the more chronic lesions (hepatic fibrosis and mild cholangiohepatitis) were believed to have resulted from preexisting, subclinical hepatic disease. Because serum alanine transaminase activity returned to reference ranges and the anorexia and ptyalism resolved with cessation of tetracycline administration, these abnormalities were believed to have represented an adverse drug reaction. Treatment of the cat with vitamin E and selenium was instituted on the basis of reported preventive and therapeutic effects in albino rats with tetracycline-induced hepatic lesions. Whether these compounds had any role in accelerating clinical recovery in this cat is uncertain.
- Published
- 1993
37. Comparison of latex agglutination, indirect immunofluorescent antibody, and enzyme immunoassay methods for serodiagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs.
- Author
-
Greene CE, Marks MA, Lappin MR, Breitschwerdt EB, Wolski NA, and Burgdorfer W
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Female, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin M blood, Rickettsia rickettsii immunology, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever diagnosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serologic Tests, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Fluorescent Antibody Technique veterinary, Immunoenzyme Techniques veterinary, Latex Fixation Tests veterinary, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever veterinary
- Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), latex agglutination (LA), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods were compared for evaluation of the serum antibody responses of dogs experimentally and naturally exposed to spotted fever-group rickettsiae. Selected sera (obtained on days 1, 42, 53, 124, 145, 236, 255, 264, and 292) were examined from three 8-month-old female Beagles inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii on days 34 and 250 of the study. A second group of dogs comprised three 8-month-old female Beagles inoculated with R montana on days 34 and 102. Subsequently, these dogs were inoculated with R rickettsii on day 250. Serum samples were obtained from the second group of dogs on days 1, 96, 103, 132, 180, 215, 292, and 494. A third group consisted of 21 naturally exposed dogs, from which sequentially obtained serum samples were available, and which had clinical signs compatible with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clinical signs of disease in dogs of the third group resolved after treatment with tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h) was instituted. At least 2 sequentially obtained serum samples from each dog were tested. In general, the first sample was obtained just prior to treatment and the convalescent serum samples were obtained at weekly or greater intervals thereafter. For correlation and reactivity data, an IFA test for IgG/IgM (using heavy and light chains-specific conjugate) was used as the reference standard for comparison of results with those of the other tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1993
38. Comments on council report.
- Author
-
Barsanti JA, Greene CE, Cornelius LM, Oliver JE, Ferguson DC, Hoenig ME, and Rawlings CA
- Subjects
- United States, Education, Veterinary, Faculty, Research
- Published
- 1992
39. Serologic prevalence of selected infectious diseases in cats with uveitis.
- Author
-
Lappin MR, Marks A, Greene CE, Collins JK, Carman J, Reif JS, and Powell CC
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan blood, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antigens, Protozoan blood, Antigens, Viral blood, Cats, Coronaviridae immunology, Coronaviridae Infections complications, Coronaviridae Infections epidemiology, Coronaviridae Infections veterinary, Eye Infections, Viral complications, Eye Infections, Viral epidemiology, Eye Infections, Viral veterinary, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome complications, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Female, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline immunology, Immunoglobulins blood, Immunologic Tests, Leukemia Virus, Feline immunology, Male, Prevalence, Toxoplasma immunology, Toxoplasmosis, Ocular complications, Toxoplasmosis, Ocular epidemiology, Uveitis complications, Virus Diseases complications, Virus Diseases epidemiology, Cat Diseases epidemiology, Toxoplasmosis, Ocular veterinary, Uveitis veterinary, Virus Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Serologic evidence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii, feline leukemia virus, feline coronaviruses, or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is commonly found in cats with uveitis. Serum samples from 124 cats with uveitis were assayed by use of ELISA for the detection of T gondii-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and circulating antigens (Ag), as well as an ELISA for feline leukemia virus Ag, an ELISA for antibodies to FIV, and an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for antibodies to feline coronaviruses. Serologic evidence of infection by 1 or more of the infectious agents was detected in 83.1% of the samples. Serologic evidence of T gondii infection, defined as the detection of T gondii-specific IgM, IgG, or Ag in serum, was found in 74.2% of the samples. The seroprevalence of T gondii infection was significantly greater in cats with uveitis than in healthy cats from a similar geographic area. Serum samples from cats with serologic evidence of both T gondii and FIV infections were more likely to contain T gondii-specific IgM without IgG than samples from cats with serologic evidence of T gondii infection alone. Cats with serologic evidence of FIV and T gondii coinfection had a higher T gondii-specific IgM titer geometric mean and a lower T gondii-specific IgG titer geometric mean than did cats with serologic evidence of T gondii infection alone. Serologic evaluation for T gondii infection should include assays that detect IgM, IgG, and Ag, particularly in cats coinfected with FIV.
- Published
- 1992
40. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
- Author
-
Anderson BE, Greene CE, Jones DC, and Dawson JE
- Subjects
- Animals, Cloning, Molecular, Dogs, Ehrlichia genetics, Ehrlichiosis microbiology, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Dog Diseases microbiology, Ehrlichia classification, Ehrlichiosis veterinary
- Abstract
The 16S rRNA gene was amplified, cloned, and sequenced from the blood of two dogs that were experimentally infected with the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The 16S rRNA sequence was found to be unique when it was compared with the sequences of other members of the genus Ehrlichia. The most closely related species were Ehrlichia canis (98.0% related) and the human ehrlichiosis agent (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) (98.1% related); all other species in the genus were found to be phylogenetically much more distant. Our results, coupled with previous serologic data, provide conclusive evidence that the canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent is a new species of the genus Ehrlichia that is related to, but is distinct from, E. canis and all other members of the genus. We propose the name Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov.; the Stillwater strain is the type strain.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Mitogen and antigen-specific induction of lymphoblast transformation in cats with subclinical toxoplasmosis.
- Author
-
Lappin MR, Dawe DL, Lindl P, Greene CE, and Prestwood AK
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan immunology, Cats, Concanavalin A, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Feces parasitology, Immunoglobulin G immunology, Immunoglobulin M immunology, Parasite Egg Count, Vero Cells, Antigens, Protozoan immunology, Lymphocyte Activation, Toxoplasma immunology, Toxoplasmosis, Animal immunology
- Abstract
Lymphoblast transformation in whole blood was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation after stimulation by concanavalin A and Toxoplasma gondii secretory and intracellular antigens in samples from cats with experimentally induced toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and circulating antigens were also measured throughout the study period. Lymphocytes from all cats were responsive to concanavalin A pre- and post-inoculation with T. gondii. Suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphoblast transformation during the course of infection was not observed. Both the secretory and intracellular antigens stimulated lymphoblast transformation in many cats from Week 2 to Week 52 post-inoculation. Lymphoblast transformation was stimulated more frequently by intracellular antigens (66.25%) than by secretory antigens (48.75%). Lymphoblast transformation was not induced by T. gondii antigens in any cat prior to appearance of T. gondii-specific antibodies in serum or during the oocyst shedding period. Cats with persistent antigenemia had the most consistent lymphoblast transformation results induced by T. gondii-specific antigens.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Pseudospirochetes in animal blood being cultured for Borrelia burgdorferi.
- Author
-
Greene RT, Walker RL, and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteremia microbiology, Borrelia burgdorferi Group ultrastructure, Cattle, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Dog Diseases microbiology, Dogs, Horse Diseases microbiology, Horses, Lyme Disease microbiology, Sheep, Sheep Diseases microbiology, Artifacts, Bacteremia veterinary, Borrelia burgdorferi Group isolation & purification, Lyme Disease veterinary, Microscopy, Electron
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Factor XII and partial prekallikrein deficiencies in a dog with recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
- Author
-
Otto CM, Dodds WJ, and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Breeding, Diarrhea complications, Diarrhea etiology, Diarrhea veterinary, Dogs, Factor XII Deficiency complications, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage etiology, Male, Recurrence, Dog Diseases etiology, Factor XII Deficiency veterinary, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage veterinary, Prekallikrein deficiency
- Abstract
Factor XII deficiency and impaired prekallikrein activity were diagnosed in a 1-year-old Chinese Shar Pei. The dog experienced repeated episodes of intestinal hemorrhage and diarrhea. Laboratory findings were compatible with blood loss (iron deficiency anemia and hypoproteinemia). Necropsy findings suggested mild infiltrative bowel disease that could have been responsible for the dog's diarrhea, but no explanation for the severe recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage could be found. Factor XII deficiency is uncommon in the dog and is not associated with hemorrhagic tendencies. The factor XII deficiency in this case may have contributed to the gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
- Published
- 1991
44. Evaluation of ketoconazole and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis in cats.
- Author
-
Medleau L, Greene CE, and Rakich PM
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Fungal blood, Antigens, Fungal cerebrospinal fluid, Cat Diseases blood, Cat Diseases etiology, Cats, Cryptococcosis blood, Cryptococcosis drug therapy, Cryptococcosis etiology, Cryptococcus immunology, Female, Itraconazole, Random Allocation, Time Factors, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cryptococcosis veterinary, Ketoconazole analogs & derivatives, Ketoconazole therapeutic use
- Abstract
During the first part of a study, cats were inoculated with Cryptococcus neoformans via the following routes: intradermal, intranasal, IV, and intracisternal. Only use of the IV route of inoculation consistently induced disseminated cryptococcosis. In the second part of the study, disseminated cryptococcosis was experimentally induced in cats via IV inoculation of C neoformans. One month after inoculation, 3 cats were treated with ketoconazole (10 mg/kg of body weight/d) and 3 cats were treated with itraconazole (10 mg/kg/d) for 3 months. One of the ketoconazole-treated and 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats also had cryptococcosis of the CNS when treatment was begun. During treatment, serum cryptococcal antigen titer progressively decreased in all cats. Abnormalities in CBC values or the serum biochemical profile were not found in any cat during treatment. However, all ketoconazole-treated cats became anorectic and lost weight. Side effects were not seen in itraconazole-treated cats. During the 3-month posttreatment observation period, all cats remained healthy. At necropsy, histologic evidence of cryptococcosis was not found in the 3 ketoconazole-treated cats or in 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats. In the third itraconazole-treated cat, cryptococcal organisms were found in the kidneys.
- Published
- 1990
45. Intestinal malabsorption and cryptosporidiosis in an adult dog.
- Author
-
Greene CE, Jacobs GJ, and Prickett D
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Malabsorption Syndromes complications, Male, Cryptosporidiosis complications, Dog Diseases, Malabsorption Syndromes veterinary
- Abstract
Chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed as the cause of chronic diarrhea and weight loss in an adult dog without obvious signs of immunosuppression. Results of tests for digestive function suggested that the dog had impaired intestinal absorption or bacterial overgrowth. The nutrient malabsorption might have resulted in or have been caused by the cryptosporidiosis. Temporary clinical improvement without reduction in fecal oocyst concentration was noticed following treatment with clindamycin. The dog was euthanatized. At necropsy, the dog was found to have chronic lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and cryptosporidiosis. A veterinary student that worked in the ward where the dog was kept developed cryptosporidal diarrhea.
- Published
- 1990
46. Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
- Author
-
Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Female, Ticks, Zoonoses, Dog Diseases, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever veterinary
- Published
- 1987
47. Glucocorticoids: their use and misuse in veterinary practice.
- Author
-
Greene CE
- Subjects
- Adrenal Cortex Diseases chemically induced, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone metabolism, Animals, Cats, Central Nervous System Diseases drug therapy, Central Nervous System Diseases veterinary, Glucocorticoids administration & dosage, Glucocorticoids pharmacology, Hypersensitivity drug therapy, Hypersensitivity veterinary, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Glucocorticoids therapeutic use
- Published
- 1980
48. Chronic canine distemper virus encephalitis in mature dogs.
- Author
-
Vandevelde M, Kristensen B, Braund KG, Greene CE, Swango LJ, and Hoerlein BF
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Chronic Disease, Demyelinating Diseases pathology, Demyelinating Diseases veterinary, Dogs, Encephalitis pathology, Cerebral Cortex pathology, Dog Diseases pathology, Encephalitis veterinary
- Abstract
Five dogs 2 to 8 years old with old dog encephalitis were compared to five other dogs, 4 to 8 1/2 years old, with prolonged multifocal demyelinating distemper encephalitis. The dogs with old dog encephalitis had a diffuse panencephalitis involving most areas of the central nervous system with relative sparing of the cerebellum. The clinical signs were related to the cortical and subcortical lesions. The other dogs had severe focal necrotizing lesions mostly in the cerebellum and in the vicinity of the fourth ventricle; clinical signs were related to brainstem and spinal cord lesions. Viral isolation attempts were unsuccessful in the dogs with old dog encephalitis. In two dogs with multifocal encephalitis, canine distemper virus was isolated in tissue culture. The differences in lesions, clinical signs and observations in vitro indicate differences in pathogenesis between old dog encephalitis and multifocal demyelinating distemper encephalitis although both diseases may be caused by the same agent.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
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49. Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating aflatoxicosis in dogs.
- Author
-
Greene CE, Barsanti JA, and Jones BD
- Subjects
- Aflatoxins analysis, Animal Feed analysis, Animals, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation blood, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation complications, Dog Diseases blood, Dogs, Female, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products analysis, Hepatitis, Animal blood, Hepatitis, Animal chemically induced, Hepatitis, Animal complications, Male, Prothrombin Time, Aflatoxins toxicity, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation veterinary, Dog Diseases chemically induced
- Abstract
An outbreak of chronic liver disease was investigated in a kennel of dogs. Anorexia, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, icterus and a terminal hemorrhagic diathesis were noted in clinically affected dogs. Thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, elevated fibrinogen degradation products and prolonged activated partial thrombosplastin times (PTT) and one-stage prothrombin times (PT) were associated with the hemorrhagic crisis. Aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxicosis was confirmed by the presence of significant levels of aflatoxin B in the commercial dog food being fed. A subacute hepatitis was found on necropsy. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected as the cause of the hemorrhage in these cases and treatment was instituted.
- Published
- 1977
50. Hemothorax associated with telangiectatic osteosarcoma in a dog.
- Author
-
Mahaffey EA and Greene CE
- Subjects
- Animals, Connective Tissue pathology, Dogs, Hemothorax etiology, Male, Osteosarcoma complications, Osteosarcoma pathology, Thoracic Neoplasms complications, Thoracic Neoplasms pathology, Dog Diseases pathology, Hemothorax veterinary, Osteosarcoma veterinary, Thoracic Neoplasms veterinary
- Abstract
Hemothorax in a dog was attributed to bleeding from an intrathoracic mass attached to the sixth through the tenth ribs. The mass contained numerous cavernous, blood-filled spaces as well as bands of osteoid and occasional foci of osseous tissue. The diagnosis was telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is an uncommon variant of osteosarcoma. Cavernous, blood-filled spaces and paucity of bone are important histologic features. Metastasis was described in one of the seven telangiectatic osteosarcomas reported in dogs, and none was found in this case.
- Published
- 1985
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