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Given the increasing demand for white light emitting diode (WLED) lighting devices marked by high color rendering indices (CRI) and exceptional thermal stability, there is a burgeoning interest in developing emitters with enhanced performance. Rare earth (RE) ion-activated glass ceramics (GCs) have garnered significant attention due to their outstanding physicochemical and thermal stability, alongside their high luminescence efficiency. In this study, the GCs doped with Tb3+ ions in the Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 system matrix were synthesized, incorporating Na 2 Ca 2 Si 3 O 9 nanocrystals averaging less than 100 nm in size. Notably, these GC materials demonstrated superior luminescence efficiency in the green light emission under the irradiation of 376 nm light compared to the parent glass. A comprehensive analysis of fluorescence spectra revealed an impressive internal quantum efficiency of 87.34 % for this Tb3+-doped GC. Furthermore, the GC retained 90 % and 84 % of the initial luminescence intensity at 150 °C and 200 °C in comparison to the luminescence level at room temperature, showcasing exceptional resistance to fluorescence thermal quenching. Verification experiments utilized UV LED chip, (Sr, Ca)AlSiN 3 : Eu2+ red phosphor, BaMgAl 10 O 17 : Eu2+ blue phosphor, and Tb3+-doped GC to encapsulate the WLED device, achieving a remarkable CRI of 92, CIE chromaticity coordinates (0.3547, 0.3361), and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4550K. In conclusion, the experimental outcomes unequivocally underscore the significant application potential of these Tb3+-doped GCs in the territory of warm WLED lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chalcone based molecular crystal, (E)-1-(2-thienyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, has been synthesised and analyzed with SXRD, PL-studies, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DSC, TGA, DTA, SEM, IR and PXRD. The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system with the space group Pna21 and a short axis of 4.1184(2) Å. The single crystal exhibits three molecular properties, such as fluorescence (green light emission, λ = 537.21 nm), elastic bendability under mechanical force, and photoinduced bending under light (λmax = 347 nm). The photoinduced bending is a consequence of [2 + 2] dimerization between the two parallelly-oriented molecules in the single crystal. Interestingly, after the dimerization, the photoluminescence properties and elastic bendability are extinct. The transparent emissive elastic single crystal transforms into an amorphous bent brittle solid with an arc morphology. The mechanism for this rare observation is analyzed by following the variable time light exposure PXRD pattern. During the [2 + 2] dimerization, the amorphous dimer phase randomly formed along the needle releases strain at a slow pace throughout the crystal, and the needle turns into a permanently bent solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, people have higher requirements for temperature measurement with the development of optical temperature measurement. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of most fluorescent materials is quenched by thermal effects as the temperature rises, making it challenging to meet the specifications of fluorescent materials employed in the field of pyrometry. In this work, the pure phase of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc 2 W 3 O 12 phosphor was successfully prepared. Sc 2 W 3 O 12 : Yb3+, Er3+ samples showed strong green emission and weak red emission. The optimal doping concentrations of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions are 0.3 and 0.02, respectively. The potential upconversion luminescence (UCL) mechanism was investigated by analyzing the UCL spectra, downshift emission spectra and power dependence spectra of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc 2 W 3 O 12. The upconversion emission excitation path is mainly through Er3+ ions from 4I 11/2 absorption photon excitation to 4F 7/2 energy level, then the photons of 4F 7/2 relaxes to green and red emission energy levels and returns to ground state for emitting green and red light. In addition, according to the UCL green light intensity increasing with temperature, it serves as an optical temperature sensor. The temperature sensitivity of the sample was explored in the temperature range of 298 K–673 K. This study provides new materials and ideas for non-contact temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 7% of the male population in the world are entangle with considerable situation which is known as male infertility. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is the application of low-level laser radiation, that recently used to increase or promote the various cell functions including, proliferation, differentiation, ATP production, gene expressions, regulation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS), and also boost the tissue healing and reduction of inflammation. This systematic review's main idea is a comprehensive appraisal of the literatures on subjects of PBMT consequences in four light ranges wavelength (blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR)) on sperm cell characteristics, in vitro and in vivo. In this study, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were used for abstracts and full-text scientific papers published from 2003–2023 that reported the application of PBM on sperm cells. Criteria's for inclusion and exclusion to review were applied. Finally, the studies that matched with our goals were included, classified, and reported in detail. Also, searched studies were subdivided into the effects of four ranges of light irradiation, including the blue light range (400–500 nm), green light range (500–600 nm), red light range (600–780 nm), and NIR light range (780–3000 nm) of laser irradiation on human or animal sperm cells, in situations of in vitro or in vivo. Searches with our keywords results in 137 papers. After primary analysis, some articles were excluded because they were review articles or incomplete and unrelated studies. Finally, we use the 63 articles for this systematic review. Our category tables were based on the light range of irradiation, source of sperm cells (human or animal cells) and being in vitro or in vivo. Six% of publications reported the effects of blue, 10% green, 53% red and 31% NIR, light on sperm cell. In general, most of these studies showed that PBMT exerted a positive effect on the sperm cell motility. The various effects of PBMT in different wavelength ranges, as mentioned in this review, provide more insights for its potential applications in improving sperm characteristics. PBMT as a treatment method has significant effectiveness for treatment of different medical problems. Due to the lack of reporting data in this field, there is a need for future studies to assessment the biochemical and molecular effects of PBMT on sperm cells for the possible application of this treatment to the human sperm cells before the ART process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, synthesis, structural, and optical properties of activated carbon (AC) and AC/metal oxide nanocomposites (AC/ZnO and AC/Fe3O4) have been studied. Uniformly distributed metal oxide in AC (AC/ZnO and AC/Fe3O4) nanocomposites were obtained by a single-step impregnation-carbonization method, using bamboo as the biomass precursor, ZnCl2, and FeCl3 as chemical activating agents. The microstructural evolutions and optical characteristics of AC, and the composites have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Both AC and composites exhibited broad photoluminescence (PL) emissions in the visible region. The PL emissions at 462 and 603 nm by AC were due to the radiative recombination of electron-hole pairs generated by sp2 sites embedded in the sp3 matrix. However, two new emission centers in addition to the above appeared at 520 and 560 nm, in both AC/ZnO and AC/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. The study suggests that metal oxide formation in composites led to a new sp2 cluster formation with a new energy band resulting in two additional emission centers in the green light region. This work provides a simple, cost-effective, and efficient way to develop broadband luminescent materials in visible regions with potential optical and sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Synthetic genetic oscillators can serve as internal clocks within engineered cells to program periodic expression. However, cell-to-cell variability introduces a dispersion in the characteristics of these clocks that drives the population to complete desynchronization. Here, we introduce the optorepressilator, an optically controllable genetic clock that combines the repressilator, a three-node synthetic network in E. coli, with an optogenetic module enabling to reset, delay, or advance its phase using optical inputs. We demonstrate that a population of optorepressilators can be synchronized by transient green light exposure or entrained to oscillate indefinitely by a train of short pulses, through a mechanism reminiscent of natural circadian clocks. Furthermore, we investigate the system's response to detuned external stimuli observing multiple regimes of global synchronization. Integrating experiments and mathematical modeling, we show that the entrainment mechanism is robust and can be understood quantitatively from single cell to population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat goose can represent one of the most significant economic waterfowl in China. An excessively high stocking density can reduce the production performance and welfare of geese. Moreover, the light-emitting diode (LED) green light can play a pivotal role in regulating the growth and development of embryos and offspring in chickens. This study aims to determine the optimal regimen of LED green light in the high-density rearing mode of goslings. According to the actual production, a two-factor experiment was designed with the incubation light (dark and LED green) and growth light (LED white and LED green). A systematic analysis was made to explore the effects of LED green light on growth performance, intestinal development, blood hormones, feather quality, and pecking behaviors of geese in high-stocking density. The results show that the light intensities were 30–40 and 30–35 lx during the incubation and brooding period, respectively, with a light cycle of L:D = 24:0. The growth performance of geese was significantly improved by LED green light during the gosling brooding period. The LED green light during the growing period was found to significantly increase the body weight of geese at 14 days, as well as the daily gain and feed intake of geese for 1 to 14 days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the ratio of feed to gain of geese for 1 to 14 days (P < 0.05). A significant reduction was found in the concentration of serotonin and corticosterone in the blood, as well as the duodenal crypt depth of the geese at 14 days in the green light group during the growth period (P < 0.05), compared with the white light group. Furthermore, the LED green light irradiation during the growing period was observed to significantly increase the length of the chest and abdomen feathers of geese at 14 days post-hatching (P < 0.05), whereas, the back bare score of geese was reduced at 14 days post-hatching (P < 0.01), and the average pecking time and frequency of geese was reduced for 1 to 14 days post-hatching (P < 0.001). Thus, the green light environment during the growing period was significantly beneficial to the quality of the feathers and the development of geese plumage. The LED green light during the embryonic period was found to significantly reduce the average pecking time and frequency (P < 0.05) for better feather pecking behavior in geese. Moreover, the hatching procedure of green light outstandingly reduced the duodenal crypt depth (P < 0.01), where there was an increase in the jejunal villus height of geese at 14 days (P < 0.05), compared with the control group. The adverse effects of intensive farming were reduced on the intestinal development of geese. Moreover, there was no significant interaction to identify between the incubation and brood lights, in terms of the regulation of growth performance, intestinal development, blood hormones, feather quality (feather length, cleanliness, and damage degree), and feather pecking behavior of geese. Therefore, the LED green light shared the positive regulations on the negative effects of high-density rearing of goslings. Moreover, the LED green light during the growing period of goslings yielded superior outcomes. It is thus recommended that green light irradiation can be employed at the brood stage of goslings in actual production, in order to mitigate the adverse effects of modern intensive farming on goslings. The findings can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient production of geese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) possess the ability to transform into various cell types, including neurons. It has been proposed that the optimization of this transformation can be achieved by using photobiomodulation (PBM). The objective of this laboratory-based investigation was to induce the transformation of immortalized ADMSCs (iADMSCs) into neurons with chemical triggers and then evaluate the supportive effects of PBM at two different wavelengths, 525 nm and 825 nm, each administered at a dose of 5 J/cm2, as well as the combined application of these wavelengths. The results revealed that the treated cells retained their stem cell characteristics, although the cells exposed to the green laser exhibited a reduction in the CD44 marker. Furthermore, early, and late neuronal markers were identified using flow cytometry analysis. The biochemical analysis included the assessment of cell morphology, viability, cell proliferation, potential cytotoxicity, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The findings of this study indicate that PBM does not harm the differentiation process and may even enhance it, but it necessitates a longer incubation period in the induction medium. These research findings contribute to the validation of stem cell technology for potential applications in in vivo, pre-clinical, and clinical research environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis is a vital process for seed productivity. It occurs in the leaves and provides developing seeds with the necessary nutrients. Moreover, many crops require photochemical reactions inside the seeds for proper development. The present study aimed to investigate Pisum sativum L. seeds at the middle stage of maturation, which is characterized by the active synthesis of nutrient reserves. Embryonic photosynthesis represents a crucial process to produce cells' NADP(H) and ATP, which are necessary to convert sucrose into reserve biopolymers. However, it remains unclear how the pea embryo, covered by a coat and pericarp, receives sufficient light to provide energy for photochemical reactions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the photosynthetically active radiation reaching the developing pea embryo has a high proportion of green light. In addition, green light can be utilized in foliar photosynthesis by plants cultivated in shaded conditions. Here, we addressed the role of green light in seed development. Pea plants were cultivated under red and blue (RB) LEDs or red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs. A Chl a fluorescence transient based on OJIP kinetics was detected at the periphery of the cotyledons isolated from developing seeds. Our findings showed that the addition of green light resulted in an increase in photochemical activity. Furthermore, the mature seeds that developed in the RGB module had a significantly higher weight and more storage proteins. Using a metabolomics approach, we also detected significant differences in the levels of organic acids, carbohydrates, nucleotide monophosphates, and nitrogenous substances between the RB and RGB conditions. Under RGB light, the cotyledons contained more ornithine, tryptophan, arginine, and aspartic acid. These changes indicate an impact of green light on the ornithine–urea cycle and polyamine biosynthesis. These results allow for a deeper understanding of the photochemical processes in embryos of developing seeds grown under a low light intensity. The photosynthetic system in the embryo cell adapts to the shade conditions by using green light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrocellulose (NC) has been used since the late 1800ʹs in numerous energetic formulations; however, the effect of processing agents (solvents, etc.) on performance has not been thoroughly detailed. For illuminate applications, this is critical as spectral purity and dominant wavelength must meet specifications. In this effort, six processing agents (water, ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethyl acetate (EtAc), acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF)) are evaluated and the effect they have on the NC fibers and subsequent performance is detailed. XRD and FTIR analysis indicates that the choice of processing agent directly affects the molecular integrity of the NC fibers due to the inhibition of NO2 bonds as well as freeing of hydrogen bonds between polymer chains during solubilization. Time-step FTIR analysis indicated that the weak nitrate ester bond (RCH2-ONO2) is targeted when processed in tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, or acetone, and if heavy solvent interaction occurs, can lead to the autocatalytic decomposition of NC, when heat treated at 110°C. Spectral performance is detrimentally impacted as a result of such interactions. While all six processing agents for red-light illuminant formulations met the military requirements (i.e., spectral purity and wavelength), only ethanol and isopropyl alcohol processed formulations met the military required wavelength of 540 ± 20 nm for green-light illuminants. The IPA processed formulations exhibited the best results with spectral purity values of 69.0% and 94.8% for green and red-light illuminants, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the impact of various green light photoperiods from LED lamps on water quality, microorganism community, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and growth performance in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in a BFT system. The study was conducted indoors in 150-L tanks using shrimp with an initial weight of 0.48 g at a stocking density of 500 shrimp m−3 for 61 days. The experiment was designed with four treatments with four replicates each, with different green light photoperiods: 1) 16 h L/8 h D, 2) 12 h L/12 h D (control), 3) 8 h L/16 h D and 4) 4 h L/20 h D. No significant differences were found in water quality parameters following trial completion (p > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in the bacterial abundance of coccoids, free filamentous, attached filamentous, vibrios, and bacilli (p < 0.05) and in protozoa including flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, and amebae (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with lower lipid peroxidation in the 12 h L/12 h D, 8 h L/16 h D, and 4 h L/20 h D treatments and higher antioxidant capacity in the hepatopancreas and muscle in the 8 h L/16 h D treatment (p < 0.05). Shrimp from the 8 h L/16 h D treatment showed a higher final weight than those from the 12 h L/12 h D control treatment (p < 0.05). Thus, a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness with green LED light is suggested for rearing L. vannamei in biofloc systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the synthesis of Ho3+-doped calcium titanate perovskite (CaTiO3) revealed significant photoluminescence (PL) properties, predominantly displaying a distinct green emission. The investigation explored Ho3+-doped CaTiO3 perovskite synthesized via the sol–gel method. Structural analysis confirmed an orthorhombic crystal structure through powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement, while Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups in Ho3+-doped CaTiO3. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) revealed a charge transfer band between O2− and Ho3+ ions in the range of 250–350 nm, supported by photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. A bandgap of 3.39 eV was found for Ho3+-doped CaTiO3. At 0.03 mol Ho3+, the PLE band intensity was saturated, indicating optimal excitation efficiency. Emission spectra revealed distinct intra 4f–4f transitions, particularly a green emission at 545 nm under 454 nm excitation corresponding to 5F4 + 5S2 → 5I8 transition. The PL intensity reached its peak at 0.03 mol Ho3+ and then decreased due to concentration quenching. Color purity reached ~90%, highlighting its potential in applications requiring precise green emission. The results of the study suggest that this perovskite is well suited for optoelectronics, lighting, displays, or industries that require specific green light emission properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether green light promotes or represses plant growth is an unresolved but important question, warranting a global meta-analysis of published data. We collected 136 datasets from 48 publications on 17 crop species, and calculated the green light effect for a range of plant traits. For each trait the effect was calculated as the ratio between the trait value attained under a red/blue background light plus green, divided by the value attained under the background light only, both having the same light intensity. Generally, green light strongly increased intrinsic water use efficiency (15%), the shoot-to-root ratio (13%), and decreased stomatal conductance (−15%). Moreover, green light increased fresh weight to a small extent (4%), but not plant dry weight, resulting in a reduced dry matter content (−2%). Hence, green light is similarly effective at increasing biomass as red and blue light. Green light also showed to increase leaf area (7%) and specific leaf area (4%; i.e. thinner leaves). Furthermore, effects of green light were species-dependent, with positive effects on biomass for lettuce and microgreens, and negative effects in basil and tomato. Our data suggest that future research should focus on the role of green light in modulating water loss, its putative role as a shade signal, and the causes for its species-specific effects on crop biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the light-emitting diode (LED) green light alone or in combination with melatonin on pecking-related hormone regulation during incubation under normal and under hormonal stress conditions in breeder eggs. This study was divided into 2 experiments: In the first experiment effect of LED green light incubation on pecking-related hormones under normal conditions, on Hy-line brown (low pecking phenotype) and Roman pink (high pecking phenotype) eggs were tested. The 296 eggs of each strain were divided into two groups: LED green light incubation and dark incubation (control), each containing four replicates (37 eggs/replicate). The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of LED green light incubation alone or in combination with melatonin under hormonal stress conditions on Roman pink eggs. A total of 704 Roman pink eggs were taken and divided into four groups, each consisting of 176 eggs. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups, LED green light-regulated incubation and dark incubation with 88 eggs per subgroup, having 4 replicates of 22 eggs each. The groups were as follows: corticosterone solution injection (CI), corticosterone + melatonin mixed solution injection (CMI), Phosphate buffer solution injection (PI), and no injection (UI). Results: Results of the first experiment revealed a higher level of serotonin hormone and lower corticosterone hormone in Hy-Line brown embryos compared to Roman pink embryos during dark incubation. The LED green light incubation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the level of 5-HT while decreasing the CORT level in Roman pink embryos indicating its regulatory effect on pecking-related hormones. Results of the second experiment showed that LED green light incubation significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated the CORT-induced hyperactivity of plasma 5-HT in Roman pink embryos. Furthermore, Melatonin (MLT) injection and LED green light together significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the hormonal stress caused by corticosterone injection in the eggs. Conclusions: Overall, the LED green light regulatory incubation demonstrated a regulatory effect on hormones that influence pecking habits. Additionally, when coupled with MLT injection, it synergistically mitigated hormonal stress in the embryos. So, LED green light incubation emerged as a novel method to reduce the damaging pecking habits of poultry birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient, stable, and cost‐effective luminescent materials is crucial for advancing lighting and display technologies. In this study, a series of tunable luminescent materials based on the novel 0D all‐inorganic perovskite (AIP) crystal Rb₃ZnBr₅ (RZB) is obtained. The emission of Sn2⁺ doped RZB spans the entire visible light range and extends into the near‐infrared (NIR) region, achieving a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 75%. The distinct lifetimes combined with theoretical calculations, indicate that the broadband dual‐peak emissions at 496 and 636 nm originate from the singlet and triplet states of Sn2⁺, respectively, which is rarely observed in Sn2⁺‐doped perovskite crystals. The phosphor RZB:Sn2⁺ demonstrates the high thermal stability, along with excellent moisture and air stability. Co‐doping RZB with Sn2⁺ and Mn2⁺ broadens the excitation spectrum and allows precise control over the excitation wavelength, facilitating dynamic transitions from warm white to yellow and green light. This feature is particularly beneficial for multicolor LEDs and multi‐level anti‐counterfeiting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cell culture experiments are performed under light to evaluate the photodynamic or photosensitizing efficacy of various agents. In this study, the modulation of photosensitizing responses and phototoxicity under cell culture conditions by different medium components was investigated. The significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from DMEM, RPMI 1640, and MEM were observed under the irradiation of fluorescent light (FL) and white and blue LEDs, indicating that these media have their own photosensitizing properties; DMEM showed the most potent property. Phenol red-free DMEM (Pf-D) exhibited a stronger photosensitizing property than normal DMEM by 1.31 and 1.25 times under FL and blue LEDs, respectively; phenol red and riboflavin-free DMEM (PRbf-D) did not show any photosensitizing properties. The inhibitory effect on light transmission was more pronounced in DMEM than in RPMI, and the interference effect on green LED light was greatest at 57.8 and 27.4%, respectively; the effect disappeared in Pf-D. The media containing riboflavin induced strong phototoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes by generating H2O2 under light irradiation, which was quenched by sodium pyruvate in the media. The presence of serum in the media was also reduced the phototoxicity; H2O2 levels in the media decreased serum content dependently. The phototoxicity of erythrosine B and protoporphyrin IX under FL was more sensitively pronounced in PRbf-D than in DMEM. The present results indicate that several medium components, including riboflavin, phenol red, sodium pyruvate, and serum, could modulate photosensitizing responses in a cell culture system by inducing photosensitizing activation and by interfering with irradiation efficacy and ROS generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perovskite based phosphor materials are widely used to increase the efficiency of solar cells. In this work, Er3+ doped and Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaTiO 3 perovskite phosphor samples have been synthesized by solid state reaction technique at 1473 K. The phosphor samples show orthorhombic phase with Pnma (62) space group. The average crystallites and particles size of CaTiO 3 are increased in presence of Er3+ and Yb3+ ions. Er3+ doped CaTiO 3 phosphor samples give downshifting emission under 379 nm excitation. Though upconversion emission is seen in Er3+ under 980 nm excitation without Yb3+ ions in this host. The emission intensity of Er3+ ion is enhanced by 46 and 16 times for green and red emissions, respectively in presence of Yb3+. An intense quantum cutting (QC) emission is observed at 980 nm in presence of Yb3+ in CaTiO 3 :0.5Er3+ phosphor under 379 nm excitation. The QC efficiency has been found to be 119 % for CaTiO 3 :0.5Er3+/5 Yb3+ phosphor. Further an interesting phenomenon of back energy transfer (BEnT) from Yb3+ to Er3+ giving an intense NIR emission from Er3+ at 1002 and 1550 nm have been observed. The phosphor sample also shows an intrinsic optical bistablity (IOB) by upconversion. Thus, the prepared phosphor samples may be useful to increase the efficiency of c-Si solar cell, NIR emission for communication, bistable material and green light emitting source. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum(II) metalla‐N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes featuring pyridyl heterocyclic moiety demonstrate remarkable catalytic efficiency in alkyne hydrosilylation under green light irradiation. The photocatalytic properties of complexes are rationalised by the photo‐induced charge transfer occurring in extended condensed system identified with the help of various experimental (UV/vis and emission spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry) and theoretical methods (DFT/TD‐DFT, IFCT analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although green light (GL) is located in the middle of the visible light spectrum and regulates a series of plant developmental processes, the mechanism by which it regulates seedling development is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that GL promotes atypical photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana via the dual regulations of phytochrome B (phyB) and phyA. Although the Pr‐to‐Pfr conversion rates of phyB and phyA under GL were lower than those under red light (RL) in a fluence rate‐dependent and time‐dependent manner, long‐term treatment with GL induced high Pfr/Pr ratios of phyB and phyA. Moreover, GL induced the formation of numerous small phyB photobodies in the nucleus, resulting in atypical photomorphogenesis, with smaller cotyledon opening angles and longer hypocotyls in seedlings compared to RL. The abundance of phyA significantly decreased after short‐ and long‐term GL treatments. We determined that four major PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs: PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5) act downstream of phyB in GL‐mediated cotyledon opening. In addition, GL plays opposite roles in regulating different PIFs. For example, under continuous GL, the protein levels of all PIFs decreased, whereas the transcript levels of PIF4 and PIF5 strongly increased compared with dark treatment. Taken together, our work provides a detailed molecular framework for understanding the role of the antagonistic regulations of phyB and phyA in GL‐mediated atypical photomorphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination of high quality cavity such as glass microsphere and emitting nano-particle coating layers can create novel strongly emitting devices. Herein, we demonstrate an erbium-doped silica microsphere coated by dual-emission carbon quantum dots, which have the sizes of 3–5 nm, emitting green up-conversion with narrow line-width green light at wavelength of 537 nm. The dual-emission carbon quantum dots fabricated by hydrothermal process and have luminescent emission wavelengths in the range of 410–550 nm. The carbon quantum dot coated erbium silica microsphere is pumped at wavelength of 976 nm through the optical fibre on which microsphere attached on the tip. The dual-emission carbon quantum dot layers attributed to the strong green up-conversion light enhancement similar coated noble metallic thin films, however the light enhancement from dual-emission carbon quantum dot coated erbium silica microsphere depended on the thickness of coating layers. This result is useful for making visible emitting micro-devices and photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate corneal biomechanical changes after corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatments with rose bengal–green light (RB-CXL) and riboflavin-UVA (RF-CXL). A total of 60 freshly enucleated lamb eyes were obtained for this experimental study. Fifteen eyes were treated with RB-CXL using 0.1% RB solution (Group 1), 15 eyes were treated with RB-CXL using 0.2% RB solution (Group 2), 15 eyes were treated with RF-CXL using 0.1% RF solution (Group 3), and 15 eyes were used as controls (Group 4). The same treatment protocol (10-minute irradiation using a total of 5.4 J/cm2 energy) was applied to all treatment groups. To evaluate corneal biomechanical changes, the stress-strain test was used for both the treated and control corneas. The elastic modulus was calculated using the tension strain curves obtained during the test. The average elastic modulus values were calculated to be 18.9, 23.5, 22.3, and 14.1 MPa in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups (p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 2; p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 3; p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 4; p = 0.002 for Group 2 vs. 3; p < 0.001 for Group 2 vs. 4; and p < 0.001 for Group 3 vs. 4) In this study, the efficacy of RB-CXL treatment applied using different concentrations of RB solutions at a total energy of 5.4 J/cm2 was investigated, and 0.2% RB solution was found to have at least as much and even more effective than the RF-CXL (0.1% RF) on the corneal elasticity module. These results are encouraging for the treatment of ectatic corneas particularly below 400 μm. It is considered that the findings obtained from this study will guide future experimental and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an emerging modality that enhances the accuracy of detection of head and neck malignancies by visualisation of aberrant neoangiogenesis in malignant tissue using narrow bandwidth light in blue and green spectrum. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of NBI in detecting recurrence in patients with Squamous cell carcinoma larynx and hypopharynx who have undergone Radiotherapy/Chemoradiotherapy (RT/CTRT). The aim of the study was to (a) determine the role of NBI in follow-up of patients with carcinoma of larynx and hypopharynx previously treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, (b) determine the role of NBI as the initial investigatory tool of choice in detecting local recurrence and compare with other modalities like fibreoptic laryngoscopy (FOL), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography- Computed Tomography (PETCT). Prospective multicentric study at ENT departments of tertiary care centres in Delhi, Bangalore and Pune in India was conducted from Jan 2019 to Sep 2022. Thirty-four consecutive patients diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) larynx/hypopharynx who underwent chemo/radiotherapy were scheduled for NBI 12 weeks after completion of therapy with FOL and PETCT/MRI and followed up 03 monthly for 02 years. NBI/FOL/PETCT or MRI and Histopathological Examination (HPE) were compared. NBI was found to be 100% sensitive and 96% specific with a positive predictive value of 85% and negative predictive value of 100% respectively with a diagnostic accuracy of 97%. NBI along with FOL increases the sensitivity of detection of recurrence in patients of laryngeal/hypopharyngeal cancer post-chemo/radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance energy‐storage devices have emerged as a favored choice owing to their remarkable efficiency, sustainability, and environmental friendliness. Nowadays, polyoxometalate (POM)‐based supercapacitor (SC) electrode materials have gained much attention. Herein, a few new POMs and ionic liquid (IL) composites incorporated into conducting polymer as electrode materials for SC applications are reported. The H6[PV3Mo9O40]⋅34H2O (PV3Mo9) and H6[PV3W9O40].34H2O (PV3W9) POMs are treated with tetrabutylammonium chloride and 1‐butyl‐4‐methyl pyridinium chloride (BMP) and finally combined with polypyrrole (PPy) for the SC studies. An extensive array of analytical techniques is employed to delve into the interplay between the constituents within the composite materials, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray stpectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area. The combined application of these techniques enables us to understand the interaction dynamics within composite materials comprehensively. POM–ILs combination improves the solubility issues of POMs, and doping of PPy enhances the electrochemical performances of the materials. The PV3W9–BMP–PPy symmetric SC cell shows a specific capacitance of 294.79 F g−1 and an energy density of 28.89 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1 current density in 0.25 M H2SO4 medium followed by an excellent cycle life of 78.6% after 10,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. The fabricated SC device is performed to light up the bulbs of red, yellow, and green light emitting diodes for 50, 30, and 28 s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) often causes chronic pain that disproportionately affects females. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are key effectors of OA pathological changes. Green light shows potential as an alternative intervention for various pain conditions. However, no studies have investigated green light′s analgesic effects in both sexes in chronic knee OA. We induced unilateral knee OA with intra-articular injection of monoiodoacetate (MIA) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Two days post-injection, the rats were exposed to green-light-emitting diodes (GLED) or ambient room light eight hours daily for 24 days. Knee mechanical sensitivity was assessed using a small animal algometer. Blood serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were quantified at baseline and 23 days post-injection. MIA injection decreased the knee mechanical thresholds of the male and female rats. GLED exposure attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity in both sexes compared to the controls; however, GLED-induced analgesia occurred sooner and with greater magnitude in males than in females. In both sexes, the analgesic effects of green light lasted 5 days after the final GLED session. Finally, GLED exposure reversed the elevation of serum proinflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that GLED exposure reduces primary hyperalgesia in OA, potentially by lowering proinflammatory cytokines, and indicate sex differences in GLED-induced analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the light-emitting diode (LED) green light alone or in combination with melatonin on pecking-related hormone regulation during incubation under normal and under hormonal stress conditions in breeder eggs. This study was divided into 2 experiments: In the first experiment effect of LED green light incubation on pecking-related hormones under normal conditions, on Hy-line brown (low pecking phenotype) and Roman pink (high pecking phenotype) eggs were tested. The 296 eggs of each strain were divided into two groups: LED green light incubation and dark incubation (control), each containing four replicates (37 eggs/replicate). The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of LED green light incubation alone or in combination with melatonin under hormonal stress conditions on Roman pink eggs. A total of 704 Roman pink eggs were taken and divided into four groups, each consisting of 176 eggs. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups, LED green light-regulated incubation and dark incubation with 88 eggs per subgroup, having 4 replicates of 22 eggs each. The groups were as follows: corticosterone solution injection (CI), corticosterone + melatonin mixed solution injection (CMI), Phosphate buffer solution injection (PI), and no injection (UI). Results Results of the first experiment revealed a higher level of serotonin hormone and lower corticosterone hormone in Hy-Line brown embryos compared to Roman pink embryos during dark incubation. The LED green light incubation significantly (P

[Display omitted] • A spatial-time-dual-resolved PL switching system based on 0D Mn-based metal halides. • Excellent reversible phase conversion properties between crystalline and molten states. • Superior PL switching with short response times and ultrahigh cyclic reversibility. • Screen printing fluorescent security labels with high spatial resolution and convenience. • Versatile multi-level information encryption-decryption and anti-counterfeiting. While spatial and time-resolved anti-counterfeiting technologies have gained increasing attention owing to their excellent tunable photoluminescence, achieving high-security-level anti-counterfeiting remains a challenge. Herein, we developed a spatial-time-dual-resolved anti-counterfeiting system using zero-dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic Mn(II) metal halides: (EMMZ) 2 MnBr 4 (named M−1 , EMMZ=1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide) and (EDMMZ) 2 MnBr 4 (named M−2 , EDMMZ=1-Ethyl-2,3-Dimethylimidazolium Bromide). M−1 shows a bright green emission with a quantum yield of 78 %. It undergoes a phase transformation from the crystalline to molten state with phosphorescence quenching at 350 K. Reversible phase and luminescent conversion was observed after cooling down for 15 s. Notably, M−2 exhibits green light emission similar to M−1 but undergoes phase conversion and phosphorescence quenching at 390 K, with reversible conversion observed after cooling down for 5 s. The photoluminescence switching mode of on(green)-off–on(green) can be achieved by temperature control, demonstrating excellent performance with short response times and ultra-high cyclic reversibility. By leveraging the different quenching temperatures and reversible PL conversion times of M−1 and M−2 , we propose a spatial-time-dual-resolved photoluminescence (PL) switching system that combines M−1 and M−2. This system enables multi-fold tuning of the PL switch for encryption and decryption through cationic engineering strategies by modulating temperature and cooling time. This work presents a novel and feasible design strategy for advanced-level anti-counterfeiting technology based on a spatial-time-dual-resolved system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Eu2+-doped near-infrared (NIR) emitting phosphors, known for their high efficiency, broadband emission and spectral tunability, have gained much attention. However, achieving efficient NIR emission based on Eu2+ remains a challenge due to the co-existence of Eu3+, especially in materials (i.e. garnets and apatites) containing trivalent lanthanide cations. In this study, a Eu2+ doped sulfureted NIR-emitting garnet phosphor Ca 3 (Sc, Eu) 2 Si 3 (O, S) 12 : Eu2+ is successfully designed and synthesized. Notably, a strategy for regulating the initial valence state of dopants is proposed by using prepared EuS instead of the conventional Eu 2 O 3 as raw material, enhancing the NIR emission by 135 %. Moreover, a sulfuration strategy is further introduced to enhance the NIR-emitting intensity and internal quantum efficiency by 192 % and 167.8 %, and to improve thermal stability by 154 % at 120 °C. The luminescence origin of the unusual broadband NIR emission is re-examined through chemical unit co-substitution strategy by introducing [Al3+ Hf4+] to replace [Sc3+ Si4+] ion pairs. Meanwhile, the spectral regulation and the performance optimization mechanism are systematically discussed. Finally, a green light pumped NIR LED device with a photoelectric efficiency of 9.43 %@100 mA and output power of 22.74 mW@100 mA is fabricated, showing remarkable potential in nondestructive testing and biomedical imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic management is a critical activity, the population is increasing day by day and so the traffic on the road is also increasing. Traffic jams and long waiting queues of vehicles at the road crossing are now part of everyone's life. The traffic lights used at the crossing to regulate the traffic play a vital role in the smooth functioning of traffic movement. At a crossing of four roads, it has been observed that giving an equal amount of green light to all roads is meaningless since the arrival of traffic on different paths is different. Importantly, the arrival rate is responsible for all traffic jams, long queues, and increased waiting time. Therefore, this paper suggests a green light allocation scheme for all paths i depending on the arrival rate of the vehicles. Thus, the allocation of green light will be dynamic. Further, weight is also computed, where more arrival rate means more weight, thereby assigning more time to the green signal. This will help in reducing the long queue length, residual traffic, and long waiting times. On simulating the traffic with the traffic data, the proposed optimized green light allocation scheme to path i reduces the residue traffic to negligible, allowing smooth traffic flow even during peak hours. The work also provides a proficient optimization of the waiting time of vehicles accumulated during the red light. According to the simulation, the maximum time assigned for the green signal during the peak hour of 9:30 AM to 10:00 AM for paths i, where 1≤i≤4 is 39.96, 33.36, 26.64, and 20.04 seconds respectively. Similarly, during the second rush hour of 5:00 PM to 6:00 PM, the simulation assigns a green signal time of 41.4, 37.2, 24.84, and 16.56 seconds for corresponding paths 1–4. Thus, the proposed work suggests an effective traffic management scheme at the four-road crossing.

1. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of lighting programs and light colour on ocular health variables as welfare indicators in Ross 308 broilers.2. A total of 384, male, one-d-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were placed in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of lighting program (continuous or intermittent) and light colour (white and green LED light). Ross 308 broilers under restricted lighting had 18 h of light (18 L:6D), while those under intermittent lighting had cycles of 17 L:3D:1 L:3D throughout the experimental period, which lasted 42 d.3. At the end of the experiment, all eyes of birds (n = 96 birds) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included the Schirmer tear test I, intraocular pressure and eye dimensions. In addition, 32 broilers (eight birds per trial groups) aged 42 d underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of ocular ultrasound biometry.4. Light colour had a significant influence on the mean intraocular pressure (p < 0.001). The Ross 308 broilers kept with intermittent lighting had lower eye weights (2.29 g; p < 0.05), palpebral fissure length (14.39 mm; p < 0.01), eye dorsoventral diameter (17.46 mm; p < 0.05), anteroposterior size (13.70 mm; p < 0.01) and corneal dorsoventral diameter (7.81 mm; p < 0.05) compared to those reared under restricted lighting.5. In conclusion, these values for Ross 308 broilers may be applied in poultry ophthalmology to detect early eye disease symptoms and to help the diagnosis of tear disorders that could cause economic losses and welfare issues. Intermittent lighting and green LED light may help reduce eye health problems thus contributing to improved welfare in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity and chemical instability shortcomings of lead halide perovskites are major concerns that continue to motivate the search for next generation alternatives. Copper halides are known to be lead‐free, earth‐abundant, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly, and affordable in optoelectronic performance due to their bright luminescence, tunable emission wavelength, and excellent stability. However, the controlled synthesis of low‐dimensional copper halide nanocrystals (NCs) with near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and high stability remains a great challenge. In this work, we report a reasonable optimization approach for the preparation of Cs3Cu2Cl5 NCs by hot‐injection colloidal synthesis technology. Specifically, the Cs3Cu2Cl5 NCs synthesized with MnC2O4 as the defect repair agent exhibited negligible self‐absorption, bright green luminosity with PL emission at about 535 nm and PLQY can be increased from 68.7 % to 100 %. The Cs3Cu2Cl5 NCs shows excellent stability and outstanding optical properties, and is expected to be used as highly efficient green light emitter in high‐efficiency X‐ray scintillator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate femtosecond ultra-stable green laser generation by an ytterbium-doped polarization-maintaining fiber laser with a 2.4 mm long lithium triborate (LBO) crystal. We generated 5.6 W of femtosecond green light at 520 nm for a fundamental power of 12 W, which corresponds to a conversion efficiency of 46.7%. The fiber chirped-pulse amplifier, which has an environmentally immune front end, delivered 170 fs pulses at a 75 MHz repetition rate centered at 1040 nm. According to the dispersion of the optical material in a double-frequency setup, the introduced dispersion had a negligible effect for the green laser, and the pulse duration of the generated green laser was calculated to be 171 fs, resulting in an excellent power stability, with fluctuation as low as 0.16% of the generated green light. This system could be of great interest in ultrafast optical and photobiology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the unique 5D 4 energy level of terbium (Tb3+) can contribute to narrow-band green light emission, which has high application prospects. However, due to its poor thermal stability at high temperatures, how to enhance the antithermal-quenching properties of Tb-doped phosphors has become a research difficulty in the field of solid-state lighting and temperature sensing. In this contribution, the antithermal-quenching green-emitting of terbium was achieved by Nb/Ta substitution to form GdNb 1-x Ta x O 4 :Tb3+ phosphors with various components. Photoluminescence analyses reveal an increasing trend in both the optical band gap and the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) energy level positions with substitution. Variable-temperature spectrums observed that the phosphors under different compositions presented a large discrepancy in thermal quenching performance. It is elucidated that the elevated position of the IVCT energy level (IVCT-EL) predominantly influences thermal quenching, bolstering its role as a compensatory luminescence channel of 5D 3 →5D 4 far more than functioning as a quenching luminescence channel for Tb3+5D 3 /5D 4. Delving into the perspective of IVCT-EL positioning unveils the intrinsic mechanism through which IVCT-EL positions modulate the thermal quenching properties of phosphors with varying compositions due to the substitution of Ta for Nb. This insight facilitates the realization of enhanced thermal quenching resistance in phosphors. Furthermore, the antithermal-quenching property of Tb3+ in single-phase phosphors can be effectively modulated by excitation at different wavelengths. This tuning scheme not only advances the exploration of terbium-doped antithermal-quenching phosphors but also provides a novel strategy and reference for designing green-emitting phosphors in the fields of lighting and sensing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel nitride-based phosphors is always a significant work, especially for AlON system because of their rigid crystal structure, which is similar to the promising host material of β-SiAlON. In this work, Mg2+ ion was introduced into AlON-related phase Al 5 O 3 N 3 along with co-doped Si4+ ion used to keep charge neutrality, and thus a novel Mg-based nitroaluminosilicate MgAl 3 SiO 3 N 3 (MASON) was successfully synthesized under a mild preparation condition due to the high reactivity of MgO. Benefiting from its special crystal structure optimized by the introduction of Mg2+ ion, Eu2+-activated MASON performs significant photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) properties. In contrast to most Eu2+-activated AlON related phosphors that commonly emit high-energy blue light, the as-prepared sample emits a high-bright green light along with good thermal stability. Moreover, its broad emission band with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 134 nm well compensates the "cyan cavity", which leads to a full spectrum light-emitting diode. The structure-property relation of Eu2+ in MASON was established in this work, which confirms the significant role of the introduced Mg2+ ion in the structure optimization of AlON system. The result may pave an efficient way to explore more promising AlON-based phosphors. High-brightness green light emission was achieved in Eu2+-activated nitroaluminosilicate MgAl 3 SiO 3 N 3. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a widely used noninvasive treatment because of photobiomodulation effects, its application for xerostomia remained uncertain. Tight junctions (TJs), mainly composed of claudins, occludin, and ZO family members, are crucial structures that determine material transport through paracellular pathway in salivary gland epithelial cells. This work aimed to investigate whether LLLT affected salivary secretion through epithelial TJs. Methods: Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurement and paracellular permeability assay were applied to evaluate paracellular permeability in submandibular gland (SMG)-C6 cells after irradiation with 540 nm green light. Immunofluorescence and western blot were used to detect the expression of TJ proteins. Quantitative phosphoproteomics were performed to explore possible intracellular signals. Results: We found that irradiation with 540 nm green light significantly decreased TER values while increased paracellular transport in SMG-C6 cells. 540 nm green light-induced redistribution of claudin-1, -3, and -4, but not occludin or ZO-1. Moreover, above phenomena were abolished by preincubation with capsazepine, an antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1. Notably, irradiation with 540 nm green light on the skin covering the whole submandibular gland regions promoted salivary secretion and attenuated lymphocytic infiltration in 21-week-old non-obese diabetic mice (n = 5 per group), a xerostomia animal model for Sjögren's syndrome. Through in-depth bioinformatics analysis and expression verification, ERK1/2 and EphA2 served as potential canonical and noncanonical signals underlying 540 nm green light. Conclusions: Our findings uncovered the novel therapeutic effects of 540 nm green light on xerostomia through regulation on the expression and distribution of TJs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light communication (VLC) is becoming more relevant due to the accelerated advancement of optical fibers. Polymer optical fiber (POF) technology appears to be a solution to the growing demand for improved transmission efficiency and high-speed data rates in the visible light range. However, the VLC system requires efficient splitters with low power losses to expand the optical energy capability and boost system performance. To solve this issue, we propose an effective 1 × 8 optical splitter based on multicore polycarbonate (PC) POF technology suitable for functioning in the green-light spectrum at a 530 nm wavelength. The new design is based on replacing 23 air-hole layers with PC layers over the fiber length, while each PC layer length is suitable for the light coupling of the operating wavelength, which allows us to set the right size of each PC layer between the closer PC cores. To achieve the best result, the key geometrical parameters were optimized through RSoft Photonics CAD suite software that utilized the beam propagation method (BPM) and analysis using MATLAB script codes for finding the tolerance ranges that can support device fabrication. The results show that after a light propagation of 2 mm, an equally green light at a 530 nm wavelength is divided into eight channels with very low power losses of 0.18 dB. Additionally, the splitter demonstrates a large bandwidth of 25 nm and stability with a tolerance range of ±8 nm around the operated wavelength, ensuring robust performance even under laser drift conditions. Furthermore, the splitter can function with 80% and above of the input signal power around the operated wavelength, indicating high efficiency. Therefore, the proposed device has a great potential to boost sensing detection applications, such as Raman spectroscopic and bioengineering applications, using the green light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of micro‐structured glass can be tuned by adjusting the cross‐relaxation between Er3+ ions through the mechanism of up‐conversion, although the range of color change is very limited. Here, we report the simple and reproducible synthesis of transparent oxy‐fluoride glass‐ceramics co‐doped with Yb3+/Er3+ by melting and secondary heat treatment. By adjusting the doping content of Er3+ ions from 0.2 to 10 mol%, followed by the secondary heat treatment, the intensity of up‐conversion luminescence under 980 nm laser excitation was increased by more than 100 times, and the glass‐ceramics showed an Er3+ doping content‐depended color change of the up‐conversion luminescence from green light to red light. The elemental analysis with TEM–EDS mapping and the measurement of the lifetime of up‐conversion luminescence suggest that changes in the cross‐relaxation between Er3+ ions is the principal mechanism behind the color change of up‐conversion luminescence. As a result, the red emission due to the electronic transition of 4F9/2 is much greater than that of the green emission (4S3/2). Therefore, we present a simple and reproducible strategy to achieve an efficient up‐conversion luminescence from glass‐ceramics with a broad range of color tunability and high color purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzimidazoles, a class of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds, play a crucial role in the development of various important drugs. These compounds exhibit diverse biological functionalities. In this study, a novel and environmentally friendly photocatalytic route is proposed for the production of benzimidazoles. This method involves the oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde using air as the oxidant under visible-light conditions. Subsequently, fast condensation with o-phenylenediamine takes place, leading to the formation of 2-substituted benzimidazoles. The key mediator in this process is a newly developed photocatalyst called WO3-ZnS, which is activated by a commercial green laser light with a wavelength of 535 nm. To characterize the nanocomposite, several techniques including FT-IR, XRD, EDS, and FE-SEM were employed. These analyses provided valuable insights into the structure and properties of the nanocomposite. Moreover, Tauc's method was utilized to estimate the optical band gap of the photocatalyst. The proposed photocatalytic process involves a radical pathway including reactive species such as •O2- and OH•, along with h+. Stability and reusability experiments confirmed the reproducibility of the nano-photocatalyst in the reaction medium. Furthermore, the primarily in-vitro cellular toxicity of WO3-ZnS nanoparticles was evaluated using the HCT-116 human cancer cell line through MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in cell viability, indicating the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles against these cancerous cells. This finding highlights the potential of the synthesized nanoparticles as effective agents for combating gastrointestinal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium molybdate (CaMoO 4) and Dy3+ doped CaMoO 4 (Dy3+ = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 at.%) nanoparticles were successfully obtained by mechanochemical approach. The influence of Dy3+ ion concentration on the structure, morphology, and photoluminescent properties were investigated. The CaMoO 4 and Dy3+ doped CaMoO 4 phases with tetragonal structure were completely prepared after 30 min milling time with applied milling speed of 850 rpm. TEM analysis shows that the synthesized samples consist of mainly spherical particles with narrow particle size distribution. According to both XRD and TEM analysis, the average particles size is below 40 nm. The UV–vis absorption spectra show one peak at 240–245 nm. The calculated optical band gap of pure CaMoO 4 is 3.96 eV and it decreases to 3.65 eV with increasing the concentration of Dy3+ ion up to 2.5 at %. The excitation spectra of the Dy3+-doped CaMoO 4 samples contain absorption peaks corresponding to the MoO 4 group and to the Dy3+ ion. The green and blue light emissions were observed for pure CaMoO 4 and Dy3+ doped CaMoO 4 samples under different wavelengths excitation (250 and 350 nm) typical for absorption of the host matrix. Emission spectra of all doped powders consist of the characteristic peaks of Dy3+ in the blue (∼480 nm) and yellow (∼575 nm) regions which are assigned to the 4F 9/2 → 6H 15/2 and 4F 9/2 → 6H 13/2 transitions, respectively. The weak peak at 660 nm also is observed due to 4F 9/2 → 6H 11/2 transition of Dy3+ ion. The highest photoluminescence emission intensity was detected when the sample is doped with 1.5 at.% Dy3+ concentration. It was found that the color coordinates (x and y) of 1.5 at.% and 2 at.% Dy3+-doped CaMoO 4 fall close to the white light region in the CIE diagram. The results indicate that the mechanochemically obtained Dy3+ doped CaMoO 4 nanoparticles can find application in different optical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The spectral characteristics of different types of white LEDs differ significantly. The Phyto-LED spectrum increases the productivity of lettuce plants The combination of white LEDs and Phyto-LEDs had the same effect on the productivity of lettuce plants as the Phyto-LEDs alone. The combination of white LEDs and Phyto-LEDs has a significantly greater effect on color rendering than does the use of sole Phyto-LED spectrum Phyto-LEDs provoke flowering of lettuce plants The effect of light of various spectral compositions on the complex morphophysiological parameters of lettuce plants in hydroponic was studied. The light sources had the following light spectra: warm white light—2700 K, cold white light—6500 K, and Phyto-LED light, as well as 2700 K + Phyto-LED and 6500 K + Phyto-LED. The dry and fresh biomass, leaf area, stem length, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and percentage of plants that passed into the generative stage of development were studied. The results showed that partial and complete replacement of white LEDs by Phyto-LEDs with lower green light content and greater amounts of far-red light in the radiation spectrum caused an increase in plant productivity of 37%, average leaf area, and transpiration rate in the treatments but also promoted an earlier transition of plants to flowering under light treatment, Phyto-LEDs, and Phyto-LEDs + white LEDs. The 2700 K + Phyto-LED treatment had one of the highest productivities, as did the Phyto-LED and 6500 K + Phyto-LED treatments, but this lighting treatment provoked less flowering on the 60th day of the growing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of light is an important abiotic factor that affects the growth and development of green plants. Ultraviolet, red, blue, and far-red light all have demonstrated roles in regulating green plant growth and development, as well as light morphogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying photosynthetic organism responses to green light throughout the life of them are not clear. In this study, we exposed the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to green light and analyzed the dynamics of transcriptome changes. Based on the whole transcriptome data from C. reinhardtii, a total of 9974 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under green light. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were mainly related to "carboxylic acid metabolic process," "enzyme activity," "carbon metabolism," and "photosynthesis and other processes." At the same time, 253 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DELs) were characterized as green light responsive. We also made a detailed analysis of the responses of photosynthesis- and pigment synthesis-related genes in C. reinhardtii to green light and found that these genes exhibited obvious dynamic expression. Lastly, we constructed a co-expression regulatory network, comprising 49 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 20 photosynthesis and pigment related genes, of which 9 mRNAs were also the predicted trans/cis-targets of 8 lncRNAs, these results suggested that lncRNAs may affect the expression of mRNAs related to photosynthesis and pigment synthesis. Our findings give a preliminary explanation of the response mechanism of C. reinhardtii to green light at the transcriptional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead toxicity has hindered the wide applications of lead halide perovskites in optoelectronics and bioimaging. A significant amount of effort has been made to synthesize lead-free halide perovskites as alternatives to lead halide perovskites. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of synthesizing CsSnI3-based powders mechanochemically with dual light emissions under ambient conditions from CsI and SnI2 powders. The formed CsSnI3-based powders are divided into CsSnI3-dominated powders and CsSnI3-contained powders. Under the excitation of ultraviolet light of 365 nm in wavelength, the CsSnI3-dominated powders emit green light with a wavelength centered at 540 nm, and the CsSnI3-contained powders emit orange light with a wavelength centered at 608 nm. Both the CsSnI3-dominated and CsSnI3-contained powders exhibit infrared emission with the peak emission wavelengths centered at 916 nm and 925 nm, respectively, under a laser of 785 nm in wavelength. From the absorbance spectra, we obtain bandgaps of 2.32 eV and 2.08 eV for the CsSnI3-dominated and CsSnI3-contained powders, respectively. The CsSnI3-contained powders exhibit the characteristics of thermal quenching and photoelectrical response under white light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light quality not only directly affects the photosynthesis of green plants but also plays an important role in regulating the development and movement of leaf stomata, which is one of the key links for plants to be able to carry out normal growth and photosynthesis. By sensing changes in the light environment, plants actively regulate the expansion pressure of defense cells to change stomatal morphology and regulate the rate of CO2 and water vapor exchange inside and outside the leaf. In this study, Cucumis melo was used as a test material to investigate the mitigation effect of different red, blue, and green light treatments on short-term drought and to analyze its drought-resistant mechanism through transcriptome and metabolome analysis, so as to provide theoretical references for the regulation of stomata in the light environment to improve the water use efficiency. The results of the experiment showed that after 9 days of drought treatment, increasing the percentage of green light in the light quality significantly increased the plant height and fresh weight of the treatment compared to the control (no green light added). The addition of green light resulted in a decrease in leaf stomatal conductance and a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, malondialdehyde MDA content, and electrolyte osmolality in the leaves of melon seedlings. It indicated that the addition of green light promoted drought tolerance in melon seedlings. Transcriptome and metabolome measurements of the control group (CK) and the addition of green light treatment (T3) showed that the addition of green light treatment not only effectively regulated the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) but also significantly regulated the hormonal pathway in the hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). This study provides a new idea to improve plant drought resistance through light quality regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different LED light quality on the germination of alfalfa seeds and the content of photosynthetic pigments and phenolic compounds in seedlings, so as to provide a basis for further light quality control technology for the sprout vegetable production and industrial production of alfalfa plants. [Methods] The effects of 10 different LED light quality(red light R660 and R630, blue light B450 and B465, green light G520, yellow light Y590, red and blue combination R5B2, R1B1 and R2B5, white light W)on seed germination, seedling growth, anatomy, and phenolic compound synthesis of alfalfa‘WL656'were studied using dark treatment (D) as the control. [Results] Different treatments had no effect on the germination rate, germination potential and germination index of alfalfa seeds. Among monochromatic light treatments, both pure red lights promoted radicle elongation of alfalfa seedlings; B465 treatment significantly increased the stem diameter, epidermal cell thickness, cortical thickness, and individual vessel area of the hypocotyl of seedlings, and B450 significantly increased the diameter of vascular bundles. Different monochromatic light had no significant effect on chlorophyll a content, while the chlorophyll b content was lowest under two different blue light treatments, and the carotenoid content was highest under R660 treatment. Both pure blue lights promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins, total phenols and flavonoids in seedlings, but seedlings contained almost no anthocyanins under G520, Y590 and D treatments. R630 increased the chalcone synthase (CHS) activity in the hypocotyl, and G520 significantly increased the CHS activity in cotyledons. W increased the anthocyanin synthase (ANS) activity in the hypocotyl of seedlings, and Y590 increased the ANS activity in seedlings. Among the three combinations of red and blue light, with the decrease of red light ratio, stem diameter, cortical thickness and CHS activity in hypocotyl decreased, the content of root length, epidermal cell thickness, vascular bundle diameter, and anthocyanins of hypocotyls decreased first and then increased, and the content of photosynthetic pigments and CHS activity in seedling cotyledons increased. The content of total phenols and flavonoids in hypocotyl was highest under R2B5 treatment, and there was no difference in the content of three phenolic compounds in cotyledons. ANS activity in hypocotyl was the highest under R1B1 treatment, and ANS activity in cotyledon was the highest under R5B2 treatment. [Conclusions] Pure red light promoted seedling elongation after seed germination, pure blue light promoted the formation of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and total phenolsin seedlings, and the influence of red and blue combination light on the physiological characteristics of seedlings was more complicated. Taking into account the growth and physiological indicators, this study preliminarily believed that R2B5 treatment was a suitable LED light quality for the growth of alfalfa seedlings as it had moderate growth, high chlorophyll and phenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic management is a critical activity, the population is increasing day by day and so the traffic on the road is also increasing. Traffic jams and long waiting queues of vehicles at the road crossing are now part of everyone's life. The traffic lights used at the crossing to regulate the traffic play a vital role in the smooth functioning of traffic movement. At a crossing of four roads, it has been observed that giving an equal amount of green light to all roads is meaningless since the arrival of traffic on different paths is different. Importantly, the arrival rate is responsible for all traffic jams, long queues, and increased waiting time. Therefore, this paper suggests a green light allocation scheme for all paths i depending on the arrival rate of the vehicles. Thus, the allocation of green light will be dynamic. Further, weight is also computed, where more arrival rate means more weight, thereby assigning more time to the green signal. This will help in reducing the long queue length, residual traffic, and long waiting times. On simulating the traffic with the traffic data, the proposed optimized green light allocation scheme to path i reduces the residue traffic to negligible, allowing smooth traffic flow even during peak hours. The work also provides a proficient optimization of the waiting time of vehicles accumulated during the red light. According to the simulation, the maximum time assigned for the green signal during the peak hour of 9:30 AM to 10:00 AM for paths i , where 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 is 39.96, 33.36, 26.64, and 20.04 seconds respectively. Similarly, during the second rush hour of 5:00 PM to 6:00 PM, the simulation assigns a green signal time of 41.4, 37.2, 24.84, and 16.56 seconds for corresponding paths 1–4. Thus, the proposed work suggests an effective traffic management scheme at the four-road crossing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]