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Introduction: Patient compliance and outcomes have been shown to be influenced by the quality of the doctor-patient relationship. In addition, the effect of physician attire on the patient's perception of the physician has been long appreciated. Data shows that professional attire is preferred by patients. Whereas treating physicians are the backbone of patient management, medical students are often a patient's first encounter in a teaching clinic. Patient perception of the student may impact their rating of the attending physician. Despite this, medical students are often dressed wearing scrubs in surgery clinic. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient perception of medical students would be affected by the students' attire., Methods: A 7-item, validated professionalism scale was used to survey surgery clinic patients whose initial examinations were performed by a medical student. Students were blinded and randomly assigned to wear professional attire versus scrubs. Patients' responses of 'strongly agree' were compared to lower ratings for each item., Results: One hundred twenty-three patients completed our survey, 63 (51.2%) wearing scrubs and 60 (48.8%) in professional attire. The average age was 49.7 ± 15.8 years. In the professional attire group, there was no significant association for any of the 7 items. However, in the scrubs group, all 7 items were significant such that a higher proportion of patients under the age of 60 rated medical students wearing scrubs higher than did patients aged 60 and above., Conclusion: Students in scrubs were perceived to be less knowledgeable, competent, and professional by older patients. In contrast, younger patients seemed unaffected by the dress of medical students in clinic. Older patients may judge the medical community's growing acceptance of more casual attire in the workplace as less professional, potentially affecting patient satisfaction. Surgical educators should require a standard of professional attire for students in clinic., (Copyright © 2020 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In patients with Parkinson disease (PD), motor symptoms coexist with several nonmotor neuropsychiatric symptoms. Various anxiety subtypes (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder [SAD]) are more prevalent in patients with PD than in the general population., Objective: We estimated the prevalence of SAD in early patients with PD and the relationship between severity of SAD and PD symptoms., Methods: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III, which assess function impairment, were used to grade symptom severity among 41 patients with early PD. Ratings were compared and analyzed in relation to UPDRS subdivisions., Results: UPDRS III and LSAS scores were not significantly correlated (r = 0.23, P = 0.14), but LSAS and UPDRS I, which evaluate nonanxiety psychiatric symptoms, were significantly correlated (r = 0.44; P = 0.004) and were stronger in the group not treated for PD (r = 0.82) but were in the group treated for PD (r = 0.28), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07 using the Fisher r-to-z transformation). LSAS also correlated with total UPDRS and UPDRS II (P ≤ 0.04)., Conclusions: Results suggest that SAD symptoms in patients with PD correlate with PD symptoms as evaluated by the total UPDRS and UPDRS I and II. In our pilot study, this correlation was higher in levodopa-untreated patients with PD but was not statistically significant. Because the UPDRS III and LSAS were not statistically significantly correlated, a direct motor correlation with SAD symptoms cannot be suggested. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship of SAD in patients with PD and potential treatment options., (Copyright © 2020 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Emergency department (ED) visits after hospital discharge may reflect failure of transition of care to the outpatient setting. Reduction of postdischarge ED utilization represents an opportunity for quality improvement and cost reduction. The Community Need Index (CNI) is a Zip code-based score that accounts for a community's unmet needs with respect to healthcare and is publicly accessible via the internet. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient CNI score is associated with postdischarge ED utilization among hospitalized trauma patients., Methods: Level 1 trauma patient admitted between January 2014 and June 2016 were stratified by 30-day postdischarge ED utilization (yes/no). CNI is a nationwide Zip code-based score (1.0-5.0) and was determined per patient from the CNI website. Higher scores indicate greater barriers to healthcare per aggregate socioeconomic factors. Patients with 30-day postdischarge ED visits were compared with those without, evaluating for differences in CNI score and clinical and demographic characteristics., Results: 309 of 3245 patients (9.5%) used the ED. The ED utilization group was older (38.3±15.7 vs. 36.3±16.4 years, p=0.034), more injured (Injury Severity Score 10.4±8.7 vs. 7.7±8.0, p<0.001), and more likely to have had in-hospital complications (17.5% vs. 5.4%, p<0.001). Adjusted for patient age, injury severity, gender, race/ethnicity, penetrating versus blunt injury, alcohol above the legal limit, illicit drug use, the presence of one or more complications and comorbidities, hospital length of stay, and insurance category, CNI score ≥4 was associated with increased utilization (OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.4 to 2.9, p<0.001])., Discussion: CNI is an easily accessible score that independently predicts postdischarge ED utilization in trauma patients. Patients with CNI score ≥4 are at significantly increased risk. Targeted intervention concerning discharge planning for these patients represents an opportunity to decrease postdischarge ED utilization., Level of Evidence: III, Prognostic and Epidemiological., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Introduction: As the population ages, growing numbers of individuals are turning to assisted mobility devices (AMDs) to maintain independence. These devices often place users in a seated position. Like ambulatory pedestrians, pedestrians seated in an AMD are at risk for involvement in an automobile versus pedestrian crash. The purpose of this study is to compare the injury pattern and comorbidities of standing pedestrians struck by an automobile versus those of seated pedestrians., Methods: The Arizona State Trauma Registry was queried for pedestrians struck by an automobile between 2010 and 2015. Using ICD 9 and 10 codes as well as other available documentation, seated pedestrians were identified and matched based on age and gender to standing pedestrians. Presence of co-morbidities, injury pattern, Injury Severity Score (ISS), hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality were compared between the two groups., Results: There were 70 seated pedestrians identified, matched to 140 standing pedestrians. Co-morbidities were present in 89% of seated pedestrians vs 66% of standing pedestrians (p = 0.002). Functional dependence was more prevalent in the seated pedestrians (21% vs 1%, p = 0.004). There were not significant differences in the proportion of AIS injuries by body region. However, within the thoracic region, seated pedestrians were more likely to suffer pulmonary contusions: 14% vs 4%, p = 0.05., Conclusions: The injury pattern for seated pedestrians differs slightly from that of standing pedestrians struck by an automobile. However, seated pedestrians are more likely to have co-morbid conditions that may complicate care. These findings are important when caring for the injured pedestrian and performing injury prevention outreach., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Trauma centers reported illicit amphetamine use in approximately 10% of trauma admissions in the previous decade. From experience at a trauma center located in a southwestern metropolis, our perception is that illicit amphetamine use is on the rise and that these patients utilize in-hospital resources beyond what would be expected for their injuries. The purposes of this study were to document the incidence of illicit amphetamine use among our trauma patients and to evaluate its impact on resource utilization., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using 7 consecutive years of data (starting July 2010) from our institution's trauma registry. Toxicology screenings were used to categorize patients into one of three groups: illicit amphetamine, other drugs, or drug-free. Adjusted linear and logistic regression models were used to predict hospital cost, length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and ventilation between drug groups. Models were conducted with combined injury severity (Injury Severity Score [ISS]) and then repeated for ISS of less than 9, ISS 9 to 15, and ISS 16 or greater., Results: Eight thousand five hundred eighty-nine patients were categorized into the following three toxicology groups: 1,255 (14.6%) illicit amphetamine, 2,214 (25.8%) other drugs, and 5,120 (59.6%) drug-free. Illicit amphetamine use increased threefold over the course of the study (from 7.85% to 25.0% of annual trauma admissions). Adjusted linear models demonstrated that illicit amphetamine among patients with ISS of less than 9 was associated with 4.6% increase in hospital cost (p = 0.019) and 7.4% increase in length of stay (p = 0.043). Logistic models revealed significantly increased odds of ventilation across all ISS groups and increased odds of intensive care unit admission when all ISS groups were combined (p = 0.001) and within the group with ISS of less than 9 (p = 0.002)., Conclusions: Hospital resource utilization of amphetamine patients with minor injuries is significant. Trauma centers with similar epidemic growth in proportion of amphetamine patients face a potentially significant resource strain relative to other centers., Level of Evidence: Prognostic/Epidemiological, level II; Therapeutic, level III.

Background: Although physician-patient communication and health literacy (HL) have been studied in diverse patient groups, there has been little focus on trauma patients. A quality improvement project was undertaken at our Level I trauma center to improve patient perception of physician-patient communication, with consideration of the effect of HL. We report the first phase of this project, namely the reference level of satisfaction with physician-patient communication as measured by levels of interpersonal care among patients at an urban Level I trauma center., Methods: Level I trauma center patients were interviewed during hospitalization (August 2016 to January 2017). Short Assessment of Health Literacy tool was used to stratify subjects by deficient versus adequate HL. Interpersonal Processes of Care survey was administered to assess perception of physician-patient communication. This survey allowed patients to rate physician-patient interaction across six domains: "clarity," "elicited concerns," "explained results," "worked together (on decision making)," "compassion and respect," and "lack of discrimination by race/ethnicity." Each is scored on a five-point scale. Frequencies of "top-box" (5/5) scores were compared for significance (p < 0.05) between HL-deficient and HL-adequate patients., Results: One hundred ninety-nine patients participated. Average age was 42 years, 33% female. Forty-nine (25%) patients had deficient HL. The majority of patients in both groups rated communication below 5/5 across all domains except "compassion and respect" and "lack of discrimination by race/ethnicity." Health literacy-deficient patients were consistently less likely to give physicians top-box scores, most notably in the "elicited concerns" domain (35% vs. 54%, p = 0.012)., Conclusion: Health literacy-deficient patients appear relatively less satisfied with physician communication, particularly with respect to perceiving that their concerns are being heard. Overall, however, the majority of patients in both groups were unlikely to score physician communication in the "top box." Efforts to improve physician-trauma patient communication are warranted, with attention directed toward meeting the needs of HL-deficient patients., Level of Evidence: Prognostic/Epidemiologic, level I.

Background: Expectations of the healthcare experience may be influenced by television dramas set in the hospital workplace. It is our perception that the fictional television portrayal of hospitalization after injury in such dramas is misrepresentative. The purpose of this study was to compare trauma outcomes on television dramas versus reality., Methods: We screened 269 episodes of Grey's Anatomy , a popular medical drama. A television (TV) registry was constructed by collecting data for each fictional trauma portrayed in the television series. Comparison data for a genuine patient cohort were obtained from the 2012 National Trauma Databank (NTDB) National Program Sample., Results: 290 patients composed of the TV registry versus 4812 patients from NTDB. Mortality was higher on TV (22% vs 7%, P<0.0001). Most TV patients went straight from emergency department (ED) to operating room (OR) (71% vs 25%, P<0.0001). Among TV survivors, a relative minority were transferred to long-term care (6% vs 22%, P<0.0001). For severely injured (Injury Severity Score ≥25) survivors, hospital length of stay was less than 1 week for 50% of TV patients versus 20% in NTDB (P<0.0001)., Conclusions: Trauma patients as depicted on television dramas typically go from ED to OR, and survivors usually return home. Television portrayal of rapid functional recovery after major injury may cultivate false expectations among patients and their families., Level of Evidence: Level III., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Introduction: Extubation failure in critically ill patients is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Although predictors of failed extubation have been previously determined in intensive care unit (ICU) cohorts, relatively less attention has been directed toward this issue in patients with trauma. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of extubation failure among patients with trauma in a multidisciplinary ICU setting., Methods: A prospective observational study of extubation failures (EF) was conducted at an American College of Surgeons level I trauma center over 3 years (2011-2013). Case-control patients (CC) were then compared with the study group (EF) with respect to demographic/clinical characteristics and outcomes. Failure of extubation was defined as reintubation within 72 hours following planned extubation., Results: 7830 patients were admitted to the trauma service and 1098 (14%) underwent mechanical ventilation. 63 patients met inclusion criteria for the EF group and 63 comprised the CC group. The overall rate of extubation failure was 5.7% and mean time to reintubation was 13.0 hours. Groups (EF vs CC) were similar for Injury Severity Score (21 vs 21), Glasgow Coma Scale at extubation (11 vs 10), number of comorbidities (1.5 vs 1.7), injury mechanism (blunt 79% vs 74%), and body mass index (27.9 vs 27.2). In addition, groups were similar with respect to weaning protocol compliance (84% vs 89%, p=0.57). EF group had significantly increased ICU length of stay (LOS) (15.7 vs 7.4 days, p<0.001), ventilator days (13.3 vs 4.8, p<0.001), and mortality (9.5% vs 0%, p=0.03). Multiple regression analysis identified that EF was associated with increased odds of: (1) temperature >38°C at time of extubation (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7 to 20.8), and (2) non-surgeon intensivist consultation (OR 24.2, 95% CI 5.5 to 105.9)., Conclusions: Extubation failure is associated with increased LOS, ventilator days, and mortality in patients with trauma. Fever at time of extubation is associated with extubation failure, and the presence of such should give pause in the decision to extubate. Non-surgeon intensivist involvement increases risk of extubation failure, and a surgical critical care service may be most appropriate for the management of ventilated patients with trauma., Level of Evidence: III, Prognostic and epidemiological., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Background: Occult pneumothorax (OPTX) represents air within the pleural space not visible on conventional chest radiographs. Increased use of computed tomography has led to a rise in the detection of OPTX. Optimal management remains undefined., Methods: A pediatric subgroup analysis (age <18 years) from a multicenter, observational study evaluating OPTX management. Data analyzed were pneumothorax size, management outcome, and associated risk factors to characterize those that may be safely observed., Results: Fifty-two OPTX (7.3 ± 6.2 mm) in 51 patients were identified. None were greater than 27 mm; all those under 16.5 mm (n = 48) were successfully managed without intervention. Two patients underwent initial tube thoracostomy (one [21 mm] and the other with bilateral OPTX [24 mm, 27 mm]). Among patients under observation (n = 49), OPTX size progressed in 2; one (6.4mm) required no treatment, while one (16.5 mm) received elective intervention. Respiratory distress occurred in one patient (10.7 mm) who did not require tube thoracostomy. Nine received positive pressure ventilation; 8 did not have a tube thoracostomy. Twenty-four patients (51%) had one or more rib fractures; 3 required tube thoracostomy., Conclusion: No pediatric OPTX initially observed developed a tension pneumothorax or adverse event related to observation. Pediatric patients with OPTX less than 16 mm may be safely observed. Neither the presence of rib fractures nor need for PPV alone necessitates intervention., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are 2 tools that have been validated to diagnose pneumonia in critically ill patients. However, the role of the CPIS in diagnosing trauma-associated pneumonia (TAP) remains in question., Methods: This prospective observational study included all trauma patients who were ventilated for longer than 48 hours from September 2008 to September 2009. The CPIS and quantitative culture results from the BAL were collected and used to define pneumonia., Results: A total of 162 patients were identified. In all, 58 (35.8%) and 104 (64.2%) had a CPIS greater than 5 and a CPIS of 5 or less, respectively. There were 95 (58.6%) patients who had a BAL completed regardless of CPIS. There were 65 patients who met the bacteriologic definition of pneumonia (≥10(4) colonies/mL), for an overall TAP incidence of 40.1%., Conclusions: The CPIS is unreliable as a clinical tool to predict a positive BAL at 10(4) or 10(5) or higher threshold. Therefore, BAL should be used for the diagnosis of TAP based on clinical rationale and not the CPIS., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: An occult pneumothorax (OPTX) is found incidentally in 2% to 10% of all blunt trauma patients. Indications for intervention remain controversial. We sought to determine which factors predicted failed observation in blunt trauma patients., Methods: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was undertaken to identify patients with OPTX. Successfully observed patients and patients who failed observation were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of failure of observation. OPTX size was calculated by measuring the largest air collection along a line perpendicular from the chest wall to the lung or mediastinum., Results: Sixteen trauma centers identified 588 OPTXs in 569 blunt trauma patients. One hundred twenty-one patients (21%) underwent immediate tube thoracostomy and 448 (79%) were observed. Twenty-seven patients (6%) failed observation and required tube thoracostomy for OPTX progression, respiratory distress, or subsequent hemothorax. Fourteen percent (10 of 73) failed observation during positive pressure ventilation. Hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, and ventilator days were longer in the failed observation group. OPTX progression and respiratory distress were significant predictors of failed observation. Most patient deaths were from traumatic brain injury. Fifteen percentage of patients in the failed observation group developed complications. No patient who failed observation developed a tension PTX, or experienced adverse events by delaying tube thoracostomy., Conclusion: Most blunt trauma patients with OPTX can be carefully monitored without tube thoracostomy; however, OPTX progression and respiratory distress are independently associated with observation failure.

Objective: The purpose of our pilot study was to explore the relationship between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels during overt hypothyroidism (OH) and hypothyroid-related neuropsychological symptoms. We hypothesized that TSH level may reflect the degree of 'brain hypothyroidism' such that an inverse correlation may exist between serum TSH and cognitive function in patients experiencing overt hypothyroidism (OH), and sought to explore this hypothesis., Methods: Eleven thyroidectomized patients underwent neuropsychological and thyroid function testing while overtly hypothyroid, and again following thyroid hormone replacement. Their test performance was compared with that of eleven healthy controls at a similarly separated two points in time, and the change over time for the patient group and the controls was likewise assessed and compared. The patients' neuropsychological test scores were then correlated with their serum TSH levels while hypothyroid., Results: The patients' performance while hypothyroid was worse than that of the controls in only one neurocognitive measure--Working Memory Index. The subjects improved similarly or to a greater degree than the controls, when the subjects were thyroid hormone replaced, on all but one neurocognitive measure - Thurstone Word Fluency. TSH level during hypothyroidism was inversely proportional to the patients' performance on these same two measures, but no others., Conclusion: Serum TSH level during hypothyroidism was inversely proportional to performance on the only two neurocognitive measures evidencing an adverse effect from hypothyroidism in our cohort. This suggests that serum TSH level may reflect the severity of 'brain hypothyroidism' during the overt stage of this condition.

Background: There is a high percentage of smokers among trauma patients. Cigarette smoking has been associated with the development of acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients. It is also known that nicotine exerts immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects with chronic use. Trauma patients who are smokers usually go through acute nicotine withdrawal after the traumatic event and during their stay in ICU. How the smoking status and acute nicotine withdrawal affect outcomes after trauma is unknown. This question was addressed in this study by analyzing the incidence of sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and other outcomes in smoking and nonsmoking trauma patients., Methods: A retrospective cohort of trauma patients who met the criteria was randomly selected from the trauma registry. Individual charts were reviewed to confirm documented smoking status. Criteria for selection included the following: Injury Severity Score >or=20, age 18 to 65 years, hospital length of stay >72 hours. Patients with COPD/emphysema, diabetes mellitus, cardiac disease, malignancy, pregnancy, or steroid use were excluded., Results: Overall, 327 patient charts were reviewed: 156 smokers and 171 nonsmokers. Men outnumbered women in the smoking group fourfold (p = 0.003 versus nonsmokers). Age, Injury Severity Score, the presence of shock on admission, the type of trauma (blunt or penetrating), ICU and hospital length of stay, and the duration of ventilator support were similar between smokers and nonsmokers. There were no differences in the incidence of sepsis, pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Mortality was low (1.2% in smokers; 0.6% in nonsmokers) and did not differ significantly between the groups., Conclusions: The smoking status plays a minimal role in the outcome of healthy trauma patients. This suggests that the acute nicotine withdrawal that usually occurs in critically ill patients has no clinically significant implications after injury.

Background: Teen driving issues result in higher rates of injury. The Arizona Department of Health Services recommended addressing teen seat belt use. Driver belt use has been reported as lowest among those transporting passengers of similar age. Self-management is essential for long-term behavioral change. Peer-to-peer approaches have been shown to be effective. A group of trauma center representatives in Arizona replicated the Battle of the Belt program that began in 2005 in Missouri to address teen seat belt use using a peer-to-peer approach., Methods: Each trauma center "adopted" one school securing an adult champion and a group of students responsible for the project. Monetary awards were made for the schools with the most improved and highest seat belt use. A toolkit was provided. Random observations measured change. Injury Free of Phoenix provided data entry and analysis., Results: Of the six original schools, one withdrew because of the death of a student in a motor vehicle crash. A total of 2,892 vehicles were observed. Significant increases were found for drivers (70.6-91.4%, p = 0.000), front passengers (51.1-67.9%, p = 0.000), and first rear passenger (26.2-68.8%, p = 0.002). Additional rear passenger use also increased, but small numbers created unstable results. The largest changes were seen in schools with closer trauma rep involvement. Odds ratios were computed for the likelihood of belted passengers based on driver seat belt use (baseline 9.08, follow-up 5.5)., Conclusions: The peer-to-peer methods appear to be productive with long-term impact unknown. Results associated with drivers compared with passengers may indicate youth "thinking for themselves."

Objective: We retrospectively reviewed our experience treating third ventricular colloid cysts to compare the efficacy of endoscopic and transcallosal approaches., Methods: Between September 1994 and March 2004, 55 patients underwent third ventricular colloid cyst resection. The transcallosal approach was used in 27 patients; the endoscopic approach was used in 28 patients. Age, sex, cyst diameter, and presence of hydrocephalus were similar between the two groups., Results: The operating time and hospital stay were significantly longer in the transcallosal craniotomy group compared with the endoscopic group. Both approaches led to reoperations in three patients. The endoscopic group had two subsequent craniotomies for residual cysts and one repeat endoscopic procedure because of equipment malfunction. The transcallosal craniotomy group had two reoperations for fractured drainage catheters and one operation for epidural hematoma evacuation. The transcallosal craniotomy group had a higher rate of patients requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (five versus two) and a higher infection rate (five versus none). Intermediate follow-up demonstrated more small residual cysts in the endoscopic group than in the transcallosal craniotomy group (seven versus one). Overall neurological outcomes, however, were similar in the two groups., Conclusion: Compared with transcallosal craniotomy, neuroendoscopy is a safe and effective approach for removal of colloid cysts in the third ventricle. The endoscope can be considered a first-line treatment for these lesions, with the understanding that a small number of these patients may need an open craniotomy to remove residual cysts.

Objective: The goals of this study were to investigate the risk factors, indications, complications, and outcome for patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs) after subarachnoid hemorrhage and to define a subgroup eligible for future prospective studies designed to clarify indications for placement of a VPS., Methods: Clinical characteristics of 236 prospectively evaluated patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 6 months of follow-up were analyzed. Hydrocephalus was estimated by the relative bicaudate index (RBCI) measured on computed tomographic scans at the time of shunting. Patients were divided into three groups by ventricle size: Group 1 included 121 patients with small ventricles (RBCI <1.0), Group 2 included 88 patients with borderline ventricle size (RBCI 1.0-1.4), and Group 3 included 27 patients with markedly enlarged ventricles (RBCI >1.4)., Results: Initially, 86 patients (36%) underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting: 19 in Group 1 (16%), 43 in Group 2 (49%), and 24 in Group 3 (90%). Indications for placement of a VPS, risk factors, and outcome differed markedly by group. Four patients (3% of those not initially shunted) developed delayed hydrocephalus requiring a VPS, including one in Group 2 (2%). The 6-month shunt complication rate was 13%. Evaluation of patients in Group 2 indicated that functional status was an important factor in selecting candidates for shunting, and that patients receiving shunts and shunt-free patients demonstrated improvement in functional status during follow-up., Conclusion: Although we currently use a proactive shunting paradigm for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, this report demonstrates that a conservative approach to patients with borderline ventricle size (i.e., RBCI of 1.0-1.4) and normal intracranial pressure should be evaluated in a prospective randomized trial.

Objective: Multiple sources document a higher proportion of intraparenchymal hemorrhage (HEM) in Hispanic (HIS) than white (WHI) patients with stroke. We sought an explanation for this phenomenon through analysis of multiple variables in our hospital-based stroke population., Methods: We performed univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors in our HIS and WHI patients with stroke to identify differences that might account for a greater propensity for HEM in HIS patients., Results: Multivariate analysis disclosed that the risk of HEM correlated significantly with untreated hypertension (HTN), HIS ethnicity, and heavy alcohol intake. A negative correlation was found for hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Our HIS patients with stroke had a greater prevalence of untreated HTN and heavy alcohol intake, with HIS men being at greatest risk., Conclusions: HIS patients with stroke in our hospital-based population appear relatively more prone to HEM than do WHI patients. This risk correlates with a greater likelihood of having untreated HTN and heavy alcohol intake, more so for HIS men. The explanation appears to be a relative lack of health awareness and involvement in our health care system. The possibility that HIS ethnicity itself constitutes a biological risk factor for HEM remains a matter of speculation. Validation of this work with community data should lead to remediation through a community-based effort.

Background: The effect of helmet use on the incidence of cervical and thoracic fractures sustained in motorcycle crashes remains controversial., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the incidence of these fractures in helmeted and nonhelmeted crash victims at a single Level I trauma hospital with a well-defined system for evaluating spinal fractures., Results: Of 422 motorcycle crash victims treated during 3 years, 190 had a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 75 sustained some form of spinal fracture., Conclusions: Based on the statistical analysis, there was no relationship between helmet use and cervical or thoracic fractures, after controlling for speed of crash. The protective effect of helmet use in TBI was verified. These findings re-emphasize the need for a well-defined radiologic protocol for spinal injury at centers that evaluate crash victims.

Object: Skull base fractures are often associated with potentially devastating injuries to major neural arteries in the head and neck, but the incidence and pattern of this association are unknown., Methods: Between April and September 2002, 1738 Level 1 trauma patients were admitted to St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona. Among them, a skull base fracture was diagnosed in 78 patients following computed tomography (CT) scans. Seven patients had no neurovascular imaging performed and were excluded. Altogether, 71 patients who received a diagnosis of skull base fractures after CT and who also underwent a neurovascular imaging study were included (54 men and 17 women, mean age 29 years, range 1-83 years). Patients underwent CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction angiography of the head and craniovertebral junction, or combinations thereof., Results: Nine neurovascular injuries were identified in six (8.5%) of the 71 patients. Fractures of the clivus were very likely to be associated with neurovascular injury (p < 0.001). A high risk of neurovascular injury showed a strong tendency to be associated with fractures of the sella turcica-sphenoid sinus complex (p = 0.07)., Conclusions: The risk of associated blunt neurovascular injury appears to be significant in Level 1 trauma patients in whom a diagnosis of skull base fracture has been made using CT. The incidence of neurovascular trauma is particularly high in patients with clival fractures. The authors recommend neurovascular imaging for Level 1 trauma patients with a high-risk fracture pattern of the central skull base to rule out cerebrovascular injuries.

Objective: We retrospectively reviewed our experience treating third ventricular colloid cysts to compare the efficacy of endoscopic and transcallosal approaches., Methods: Between September 1994 and March 2004, 55 patients underwent third ventricular colloid cyst resection. The transcallosal approach was used in 27 patients; the endoscopic approach was used in 28 patients. Age, sex, cyst diameter, and presence of hydrocephalus were similar between the two groups., Results: The operating time and hospital stay were significantly longer in the transcallosal craniotomy group compared with the endoscopic group. Both approaches led to reoperations in three patients. The endoscopic group had two subsequent craniotomies for residual cysts and one repeat endoscopic procedure because of equipment malfunction. The transcallosal craniotomy group had two reoperations for fractured drainage catheters and one operation for epidural hematoma evacuation. The transcallosal craniotomy group had a higher rate of patients requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (five versus two) and a higher infection rate (five versus none). Intermediate follow-up demonstrated more small residual cysts in the endoscopic group than in the transcallosal craniotomy group (seven versus one). Overall neurological outcomes, however, were similar in the two groups., Conclusion: Compared with transcallosal craniotomy, neuroendoscopy is a safe and effective approach for removal of colloid cysts in the third ventricle. The endoscope can be considered a first-line treatment for these lesions, with the understanding that a small number of these patients may need an open craniotomy to remove residual cysts.

The use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in community hospitals has been limited by a lack of neurologic support. The authors developed a telephone network to support community emergency departments (EDs) in the use of tPA. Their experience demonstrates equivalent results for patients treated by telephone and those treated in-house. Their number of tPA-treated patients increased 72%. Requirements included willingness of community EDs to use tPA and willingness of the stroke center to provide support.

Background: Arizona has no organized statewide trauma system. We looked at the 1997 and the 1998 Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS) for the State of Arizona, and examined the trauma mortality data at both trauma hospitals and nontrauma hospitals., Methods: All qualifying mortalities based on hospital data from 1997 through 1998 were reviewed for the State of Arizona. Trauma deaths from 32 nontrauma hospitals were examined and compared with that of 7 level 1 trauma centers within the state., Results: In this time period, there were 375 qualified mortalities from nontrauma centers and 761 qualified mortalities from level 1 trauma facilities. Only 29 (8%) of nontrauma hospital deaths were found to be due to motor vehicle accidents. Only 8 (4%) mortalities at nontrauma centers were due to firearms., Conclusion: The data suggest that patients are arriving at the appropriate facility for definitive care despite the absence of a formal statewide trauma system.

Pelvic fractures are common in blunt trauma patients and are often associated with other system injuries. Most studies describe the type of pelvic fractures and classify them by the forces creating the injury. Mortality from these fractures is due most often to other system injuries or to hemorrhage. Mortality ranges from 5 to 20 per cent depending on complexity and number of systems injured. We studied 692 cases of pelvic fractures and analyzed the seriously ill patients. They were identified by blood pressure (BP) less than 90 systolic on presentation to the trauma room and having a complex pelvic fracture. The management of these patients was by a protocol used by a group of eight trauma surgeons. This group of 75 hypotensive pelvic fracture patients were analyzed to identify significant factors in their management that predicted mortality. Patients with base excess (BE) values < or =-5 were significantly more likely to die (P<0.05). Patients with BP < or =90 on leaving the trauma room had a significantly higher mortality (P<0.01). Injury Severity Score predicted mortality and can be useful as a tool for quality assurance and process improvement. The early operative intervention to fix associated fractures within 24 hours was not detrimental to patient outcome. Overall mortality in this very sick population was 14.7 per cent. Emergent angiography was used successfully on 14 patients. Seven patients died of continued bleeding. The most important management guidelines for these seriously injured, complex patients are: 1) resuscitate with BE used as a monitor; 2) keep patient blood volume as close to normal as possible; 3) use BP, BE, and ISS to evaluate management of these patients.

The role of diet, acculturation, and physical activity on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was examined among 1,420 Mexican American, 388 Cuban American, and 542 Puerto Rican women who responded to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected in 1982-4. Dietary intake measures included sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, fiber, ethanol, and total kilocalories as estimated from 24-hour recall data. Serum sodium/potassium ratio was included as a measure of metabolic function. Acculturation was measured using language preference, speaking, reading and writing. Physical activity included recreational and non-recreational activities. Other correlates included age, education, and body composition. Final models indicated that age and body composition were significantly associated with blood pressure across all three Hispanic subgroups. Among Mexican-American women, acculturation had an impact on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure that was independent of diet, body composition, and physical activity. Furthermore, the dietary intake of specific nutrients such as sodium and potassium did not appear to be as important as the way the individual metabolized those nutrients, as indicated by the serum sodium/potassium ratio. The strong association of body mass index with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among all three ethnic groups reinforces the need to maintain an appropriate body weight.