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Sukladno do sada provedenim istraživanjima u svijetu i Europi pandemija koronavirusa (COVID-19) izazvala je u samo nekoliko tjedana znatne negativne utjecaje na mentalno zdravlje stanovnika zahvaćenih zemalja. Ovaj je rad dio većeg istraživačkog projekta „Neki aspekti mentalnog zdravlja za vrijeme pandemije COVID-19“ provedenog u Hrvatskoj. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 1482 sudionika prosječne dobi 33,3 godine (SD= 12,2). Ispitana je povezanost različitih aspekata pandemije s rizičnim i zaštitnim čimbenicima mentalnog zdravlja sudionika. Kao instrumenti korišteni su Upitnik o određenim aspektima pandemije i Upitnik o sociodemografskim podatcima. Rezultati pokazuju da se sudionici razlikuju u procjenama rizičnosti, ozbiljnosti, praćenju medijskih novosti, percipiranom strahu od zaraze i elementima zdravstvene pismenosti s obzirom na opće demografske varijable (spol, bračni status, broj djece, broj članova kućanstva), ali i s obzirom na karakteristike koje ih stavljaju u rizik kao što su dob, mjere samoizolacije te prisutnost kronične bolesti. U radu su detaljno raspravljeni rezultati i praktične implikacije., According to studies conducted so far both in Europe and globally, the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) produced a significant negative impact on population mental health in the affected countries within just a few weeks. This paper is part of a larger research project conducted in Croatia titled Some aspects of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted on a sample of 1482 respondents with an average age of 33.3 years (SD = 12.2). The focus of this paper was the correlation between various aspects of the pandemic and risk vs. protective factors for population mental health. The Pandemic Aspects Questionnaire and Questionnaire of Sociodemographic Data were used as research instruments. The results showed that respondents significantly differed in their assessments of risk and severity and in how closely they followed the updates in the media, in their perceived fear of infection, and in health literacy levels with regard to general demographic variables (sex, marital status, number of children, number of household members), but also in their risk characteristics such as age, self-isolation measures, and chronic disease. The results and practical implications are discussed in detail.

Budući da danas odrastanje gotovo neizostavno uključuje i svakodnevnu uporabu modernih tehnologija, važno je ispitati na koji način i u kojem vremenskom okviru mladi provode vrijeme na internetu i društvenim mrežama. Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je ispitati opće navike korištenja internetom i društvenim mrežama kod adolescenata srednjoškolske dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj (N=1806). Online upitnikom, konstruiranim za potrebe ovog istraživanja putem Google Forms platforme, ispitana je nekolicina čimbenika provođenja vremena na internetu i društvenim mrežama. U rezultatima su detaljno izložene aktivnosti adolescenata po pojedinim društvenim mrežama, kao i čimbenici povezani s adolescentima u kontekstu mrežnih aktivnosti. Rezultati upozoravaju da se tijekom vremena mijenjaju preferencije korištenja društvenim mrežama kod adolescenata, ali i upućuju na sklonost upuštanja mladih u rizična ponašanja poput upoznavanja ili dopisivanja s nepoznatim osobama. Navedeno upozorava na potrebu za kontinuiranom doedukacijom stručnjaka, ali i roditelja, koja će pratiti navike djece i mladih, kao i implementaciju strukturiranih modaliteta rada s djecom i mladima o sigurnom korištenju internetom.

Although a number of studies have been conducted over the past decade on the association between screen time and developmental outcomes in children, most studies mainly deal with the problem of obesity and physical fitness of children, while the studies on the association of screen time and mental health are rare, and there is especially a lack of research concerning internalized problems in children. Early detection of psychological problems is one of the foundations of later successful prevention and treatment, and some research shows that as many as 20% of children, including kindergarten children, exhibit certain psychological difficulties, and also that certain behaviours of preschool children are associated with various mental disorders and problems in adulthood. The aim of this research was to examine the correlation between total screen time and some indicators of the mental health of children - emotional reactivity, anxiety/depression, somatic problems, withdrawal, sleeping problems, attention problems, and other problems, in a sample of Croatian children attending kindergartens. We also examined moderating effects of child’s involvement in other activities, such as physical activity, playing with peers, overall outdoor activities, and time spent in other activities. In this paper, potential risk and protective factors related to screen time were investigated in preschool children, with a focus on their mental health., Iako je tijekom proteklog desetljeća proveden niz studija o povezanosti vremena provedenim pred zaslonom s ishodom razvoja djece, većina studija uglavnom se bavi problemom pretilosti i tjelesne sposobnosti djece, dok su tek rijetke studije ispitivale povezanost vremena provedenog uz zaslone i mentalnog zdravlja, a posebno nedostaje istraživanja koja se tiču internaliziranih problema djece. Rano otkrivanje psiholoških problema jedan je od temelja uspješne prevencije i liječenja, a neka istraživanja pokazuju da čak 20% djece, uključujući i djecu vrtićke dobi, pokazuje određene psihološke poteškoće, te da su određena ponašanja predškolske djece povezana s raznim mentalnim poremećajima i problemima u odrasloj dobi. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati korelaciju između ukupnog vremena provedenog uz zaslone i nekih pokazatelja mentalnog zdravlja djece - emocionalne reaktivnosti, anksioznosti / depresije, somatskih problema, povlačenja, problema sa spavanjem, problema s pažnjom i drugih problema, u uzorku Hrvatske djeca koja pohađaju vrtiće. Također smo ispitali moderirajuće učinke uključenosti djeteta u druge aktivnosti, kao što su tjelesna aktivnost, igranje s vršnjacima, ukupne aktivnosti na otvorenom i vrijeme provedeno u drugim aktivnostima. U ovom su radu istraženi potencijalni rizični i zaštitni čimbenici povezani sa vremenom provedenim uz zaslone u djece predškolske dobi s naglaskom na njihovo mentalno zdravlje.

Abuse and neglect of children is a public health issue at a global, European, and Croatian level, with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Actual circumstances of a health crisis generate and aggravate a series of risk factors for child abuse and neglect at the level of the child and parent characteristics, family dynamics and the wider social environment. Isolation and quarantine possibly leading to social exclusion, represent a serious risk for child abuse and neglect, possibly also being the reason for fewer reports. This paper reviews clinical and empirical studies related to the rates of abuse and neglect of children during health and other crises in other countries. It also analyses trends of recent data of the Ministry of Interior with practical guidelines for improved child protection in this period., Zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje djece predstavlja javnozdravstveni problem na razini svijeta, Europe i Hrvatske sa značajnim stopama morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Aktualne okolnosti zdravstvene krize generiraju i potenciraju cijeli niz rizičnih čimbenika za zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje djece na razini karakteristika djeteta, roditelja, obiteljske dinamike i šire društvene zajednice. Za zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje djece posebno je rizična socijalna isključenost, do koje može doći uslijed mjera izolacije i karantene, a koja istovremeno može utjecati na smanjen broj prijava. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled dosadašnjih kliničkih i empirijskih iskustava drugih zemalja vezano za stope zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece u vrijeme zdravstvenih i drugih kriza, kao i analizu trendova recentnih podataka Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova, s praktičnim smjernicama za pojačanu zaštitu djece u ovom periodu.

Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je provjeriti postoji li razlika kod pojedinaca koji koriste i ne koriste sportske dodatke prehrani u aspektima zadovoljenja potreba vlastitog tijela i stajališta oko toga je li ih vaganje deprimira, smatraju li da imaju lijepo tijelo i svjesnosti o vlastitom tjelesnom izgledu. Također, studija je imala za cilj provjeriti i postojanje razlike između osoba koje se bave i koje se ne bave fitnesom u domenama zadovoljstva raspoloženjem i odnosa s drugim ljudima. U istraživanju su sudjelovale osobe u dobnom rasponu od 18 do 56 godina, od toga 141 muškarac i 552 žene. Rezultati su pokazali kako osobe koje koriste suplemente više brinu o zadovoljavanju potreba vlastitog tijela, imaju izraženiji stav da ih vaganje deprimira, izraženije mišljenje da imaju lijepo tijelo te veću svjesnost o vlastitom izgledu nego osobe koje ne koriste suplemente. Nadalje, osobe koje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću zadovoljnije su svojim raspoloženjem od osoba koje se ne bave tjelesnom aktivnošću. S druge strane, nije pronađena razlika između osoba koje se bave i osoba koje se ne bave tjelesnom aktivnošću u zadovoljstvu odnosa s drugim ljudima.

U posljednjem se desetljeću sve veći broj istraživanja bavi posljedicama elektroničkog nasilja po mentalno zdravlje djece i mladih, a rezultati sustavno pokazuju da je elektroničko nasilje u porastu te da su posljedice po mentalno zdravlje negativne kako za žrtve, tako i za počinitelje. U svijetu, Europi i Hrvatskoj nastoje se razviti i evaluirati učinkoviti programi preventivnih aktivnosti elektroničkog nasilja usmjereni na djecu, mlade, stručnjake, roditelje i sve one koji sudjeluju u odgoju i obrazovanju djece. Zajednička su obilježja provođenja uspješnih preventivnih programa oko kojih se većina autora slaže edukacija učenika, nastavnika, stručnih suradnika i roditelja, njihova suradnja, korištenje kvalitetnih interaktivnih edukativnih sadržaja te znanja o postupanju po protokolu u slučajevima elektroničkog nasilja., In the last decade, a growing body of research has dealt with the effects of cyberbullying on mental health of children and youth, and the results have systematically shown that cyberbullying is on the rise and that the mental health consequences are negative for both victims and perpetrators. Effective prevention programs for cyberbullying targeting children, youth, professionals, parents, and all those involved in upbringing are being developed and evaluated in the world, Europe and Croatia. Common features of implementing successful prevention programs that most authors agree on are the education of students, teachers, professional assistants and parents, their collaboration, the use of quality interactive educational content and knowledge of following protocols for schools in cases of electronic violence.

U posljednjem desetljeću istraživanja internetskog ponašanja mladih zna- čajno su se bavila proučavanjem sekstinga, motivacijom za uključivanje u seksting, ishodima po mentalno zdravlje i rizičnim ponašanjima s kojima je seksting povezan. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je steći uvid u to kako i koliko srednjoškolci u Hrvatskoj sekstaju, odnosno, u kojim interakcijama primaju, prosljeđuju i šalju seksualno sugestivne i/ili eksplicitne sadržaje. Istraživanje je provedeno u okviru istraživačkog projekta „Društvena online iskustva i mentalno zdravlje mladih“ na reprezentativnom uzorku srednjoškolaca u Hr- vatskoj (N = 1806) koji su za vrijeme regularne nastave u školi ispunjavali internetski upitnik putem platforme Google forms, konstruiran i modificiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da veliki broj hrvatskih srednjoškolaca seksta, no podatci koji se odnose na slanje, primanje i proslje- đivanje seksualno sugestivnog sadržaja su nekonzistentni.

Background: The capital of Croatia was hit by several earthquakes during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, simultaneously introducing two sources of stressors to the same cohort. This study aimed to determine the individual and joint effects on children’s mental health. Methods: The study comprised a web-based survey for parents (N = 22,202), deployed in February 2021. Exposure to COVID-19 and earthquake related stressors were assessed using scales constructed for this study and symptoms of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and anxiety/depression were assessed using the CATS-C and RCADS-25-P. Demographic data were used to assess the effects of gender and age. Regression analyses were conducted to identify and evaluate predictors of PTS and anxiety/depression and test for possible interactions between pandemic-related and earthquake-related factors. Findings: Results indicate that impaired mental health is more likely among girls, children who were affected by earthquake and suffered more home damage, and those who are at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19 or have a family member at risk. Further, anxiety/depression symptoms were higher among children whose family member was self-isolated and whose homes were more damaged. Interpretation: Our findings link earthquake exposure and pandemic related stressors to symptoms of PTS, anxiety, and depression. It demonstrated limited interactions of both stressors on children’s mental health. The risk was higher for girls and no age differences were found. Future studies should expand the aspects of both resilience and risk factors, allowing for development of effective intervention strategies. Funding: The study was self-funded by the authors. Declaration of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zagreb Child and Youth Protection Centre, Ministry of Education and Croatian Education and Teacher Training Agency

PRIKAZ KONFERENCIJE: Treća europska konferencija s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem EAPAP-a - Separacija roditelja, otuđenje i oporavak djeteta: Razvoj standarda dobre prakse

CONFERENCE REVIEW: The Third European Conference with international participation EAPAP - Parental Separation, Alienation and Splitting: Healing Beyond Reunification

Screen time odnosi se na ukupno vrijeme koje djeca provode pred malim ekranima. Prema preporukama stručnjaka djeca mlađa od dvije godine ne bi uopće trebala koristiti male ekrane, a do polaska u školu to vrijeme bi trebalo biti maksimalno sat vremena, uz aktivnu uključenost roditelja. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati navike korištenja malih ekrana kod djece predškolske dobi u Hrvatskoj te ih usporedno analizirati s dostupnim podatcima drugih država. Prikazani podatci odnose se na 653 djece koja pohađaju predškolske ustanove u Republici Hrvatskoj, a dobiveni su od njihovih skrbnika. Rezultati pokazuju da sva djeca predškolske dobi koriste male ekrane, započinju prije druge godine te ih svakodnevno koriste više od dva sata. Roditelji daju djeci male ekrane za zabavu, učenje, zaokupljanje pažnje i uklapanje u društvo, a glavni izazovi roditelja su uspostavljanje pravila i nadzora te procjena korisnosti/štetnosti malih ekrana. Zaključno, vrijeme koje djeca provode pred malim ekranima premašuje preporuke stručnjaka i stavlja djecu u razvojno rizičnu skupinu, pa se implicira potreba za edukacijom, prevencijom i ranom intervencijom od vrtićke dobi djece.

Stručnjaci i znanstvenici u Hrvatskoj, kao i u drugim zemljama svijeta, nemaju jasan konsenzus u vezi s terminologijom za razdvajanje roditelja i otuđenje, bez obzira na izrazito visok broj djece u toj vrlo ranjivoj populaciji. Cilj je ovoga rada ponuditi prijedloge prijevoda i operacionalizacije ključnih pojmova s obzirom na znanstvenu literaturu i uvriježenu praksu, stavljajući položaj djeteta u fokus. Obrađeni ključni pojmovi su: razvod/razdvajanje, visokokonfliktni razvod / razdvajanje, otuđivanje, otuđenje, otuđujući roditelj, otuđivani roditelj, otuđeni roditelj, ovrha, komparativ privrženosti i splitting. Ovaj rad predstavlja prvi prijedlog razjašnjavanja i operacionalizacije ključnih koncepata u jezičnom, ali prije svega u psihološkom smislu.

Aims. Children’s online activities can result in serious consequences in their offline lives. Although Facebook is one of the biggest and most popular social networks in the world, there is little scientific research on cyberbullying via this social network because it is a new phenomenon. This study had the aim of examining children's behavior and experiences of violence on the Facebook social network. This seems to be the first research on cyberbullying on social networks in Croatia.Methods. Data presented in this paper were collected as part of an extensive research project conducted in 2013 by NGO Brave Phone and The Child Protection Center of Zagreb. The sample consisted of 1,489 children in Croatia aged 11 to 18 in rural and urban areas that completed the Scale of Victimization on Facebook and Scale of Committing Violence via Facebook.Results. Our results show that the average age when cyberbullying is most prevalent is between the ages of 15 and 16. In the overall sample, 12.1% of them experience abuse on Facebook, while 9.6% of them are abusive. The analysis of the children who were involved in abuse on Facebook in any way, showed that 44.4% of them experienced abuse, 29.7% showed abusive behavior, while 25.9% of children both experienced abuse and were abusive on Facebook. Victims are mostly girls (60%), while boys commit cyberbullying more often (62%). Also, 58% of mixed cybervictims and cyberbullies are boys.Discussion. The results of prevalence of cyberbullying in our study are similar to those of previous population based studies. It is important to point out that although the prevalence of bullying was high; it is mostly a rare experience for the majority of children.Conclusions. Cyberbullying is a serious and growing problem and the academic community has to continue with the extensive research and development of practical prevention and intervention programs. Future research aimed at examining methods of coping with negative experiences on the Internet is necessary and there is a strong need for more research considering coping strategies of adolescents struggling with cyber victimization.

Iako je korištenje pasa u terapijske svrhe u mnogim ustanovama već prihvaćena praksa, sustavna istraživanja ove teme su relativno noviji fenomen. U zadnjih petnaestak godina došlo je do povećanog interesa za validacijom ove prakse pa tako i do porasta broja istraživanja koja se bave tom temom. U ovom radu pokušali smo dati pregled istraživanja koja se bave prednostima korištenja terapijskih pasa u terapiji i dijagnostici, pogotovo u terapijskom radu s djecom, te smo predstavili neke teorijske okvire kao i biološku podlogu, u prvom redu utjecaj oksitocina, koji bi mogli objasniti te učinke., Even though the use of dogs in therapy is already an accepted practice in many institutions, systematic research on this topic is a relatively recent phenomenon. Over the last fifteen years there has been an increased interest in validating this practice, as well as an increase in the number of studies about this topic. In this paper we have attempted to give an overview of the research into the benefits of using therapy dogs in therapy and diagnostics, especially in therapeutic work with children, and we have presented some theoretical frameworks and biological background, mainly the effect of oxytocin, that could explain these effects.

Difficulties in managing one`s habits of internet use have been the focus of much clinical and scientific interest in the past twenty years. However, their definition, clinical nature, and relationships with other relevant concepts, remain a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between compulsive internet use (CIU) and symptomatology related to depression and anxiety among adolescents. The sample consisted of 1320 primary and secondary school students aged 11 to 18 years. Problematic patterns of internet use were assessed using the Compulsive Internet Use Scale, while depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using Beck Youth Depression Inventory and Beck Youth Anxiety Inventory. The results have shown that adolescents who report more compulsive patterns of internet use also show higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. The findings contribute to the understanding of problematic internet use in adolescents and its relationship with internalizing emotional difficulties, which suggests valuable implications for the development of prevention and intervention programs within the adolescent population., Teškoće u upravljanju navikama korištenja interneta tijekom posljednjih dvadeset godina predmet su značajnog kliničkog i znanstvenog interesa. Međutim, njihova definicija, klinička priroda i odnosi s drugim relevantnim konceptima i dalje su područja obilježena neslaganjem. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos između kompulzivnog korištenja interneta (KKI) i simptomatologije povezane s depresivnošću i anksioznošću među adolescentima. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 1320 učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola, u dobi od 11 do 18 godina. Problematični obrasci korištenja interneta procjenjivani su pomoću Skale kompulzivnog korištenja Interneta, dok je depresivna i anksiozna simptomatologija mjerena pomoću Beckovog inventara depresivnosti za mlade i Beckovog inventara anksioznosti za mlade. Rezultati pokazuju da adolescenti koji izvještavaju o kompulzivnijim obrascima korištenja interneta također pokazuju više razine depresivne i anksiozne simptomatologije. Nalazi doprinose razumijevanju problematičnog korištenja interneta kod adolescenata te njegovog odnosa s internalizirajućim emocionalnim teškoćama, što predstavlja vrijedne implikacije za razvoj programa prevencije i intervencije namijenjenih adolescentskoj populaciji.

The purpose of this article is to provide all experts working with children, as well as the public in general, with a summary of both the health and psychosocial consequences of child abuse in order to enhance recognition of this problem. The authors have focused in this article on the three most dominant forms of abuse: physical, sexual and emotional abuse. An overview of both the short-term and long-term consequences has been provided, for each form of abuse and in general. The consequences of child abuse are severe and numerous. When compared to their nonabused counterparts, people with a history of child abuse show alarger number of psychopathological problems, most commonly depression, anxiety and PTSD, and more frequent somatic complaints. They have weaker interpersonal, communicational and coping skills and are more vulnerable to stress. They also show difficulties in emotional regulation, tend to adopt a risky lifestyle and show higher levels of aggression, delinquency and criminal behaviour. Children exposed to multiple abuse, i.e. those who experience more than one form of abuse, are a special concern, since the negative effects of each form of abuse are not merely cumulative but also co-interfere, worsening the already harmful effects of child abuse. Conclusion – This summary aids a better understanding of the psychophysical and psychosocial functioning of child abuse victims and is useful to anyone who deals with child abuse in their professional or everyday life.

Mentalizacija je predsvjesna mentalna aktivnost koja omogućava osobi da razumije sebe i druge na temelju subjektivnih stanja i mentalnih procesa. Poremećaji privrženosti i psihološka trauma u djetinjstvu povezani su s oštećenjem i deficitima mentalizacije te razvojem psihopatologije u djece i adolescenata uključujući i granični poremećaj ličnosti. Tretman temeljen na mentalizaciji za adolescente (engl. Mentalizationbased treatman for adolescents, MBT-A) razvijen je iz osnovnog MBT koji je modificiran za specifičnosti adolescentne populacije. MBT-A je psihodinamski orijentirana strukturirana psihoterapija razvijena za adolescente s obilježjima graničnog poremećaja ličnosti, tj. naglašenom emocionalnom disregulacijom, autodestruktivnim ponašanjem i teškoćama u interpersonalnim odnosima. U fokusu terapijskog procesa je pacijentov kapacitet za mentalizaciju. Randomizirane kontrolirane studije pokazale su učinkovitost MBT-A u liječenju adolescenata s graničnim poremećajem ličnosti. Cilj je ovog preglednog rada prikazati koncept mentalizacije, razvoj ove sposobnosti u djece i adolescenata u kontekstu odnosa privrženosti roditelj/ skrbnik-dijete, specifičnosti tretmana temeljenog na mentalizaciji za adolescente koji je ponajprije usmjeren na deficite uključene u psihopatologiju graničnog poremećaja ličnosti te dokaze koji potvrđuju njegovu učinkovitost., Mentalization is a preconscious mental activity that enables the individual to understand themselves and others in terms of subjective states and mental processes. Impaired attachment and psychological trauma in childhood are associated with impairments and deficits in mentalization and with the development of psychopathology in youth, including borderline personality disorder. Mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A) was developed from basic MBT modified specifically for the adolescent population. MBT-A is a psychodynamically-oriented structured psychotherapy for adolescents with features of borderline personality disorder, i.e. emotional dysregulation, self-harming behaviour and interpersonal problems. The focus of the therapeutic process is the patient’s capacity for mentalization. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of this treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder. This review article aims to describe the concept of mentalization, the development of this capacity in childhood and adolescence in context of attachment relationship, the specificity of mentalization-based treatment for adolescents that primarily targets the deficits involved in the psychopathology of borderline personality disorder and summarise the evidence, supporting its effectiveness.

IntroductionThe inner world of an individual and his/ her relationship with the environment are expressed at the 'boundary', the biggest organ of our body - the skin [1]. The skin and psyche are most often linked in the studies including the following groups of disorders [2]: (1) psychophysiological dermatoses - primarily psychiatric diseases resulting in skin disorders and (2) secondary psychological disorders occuring as reactions to the visibility and the chronic course of skin diseases. According to Hong, Koo and Koo [3] skin diseases are mostly not life threatening, which is the reason why they receive less attention both medically and psychologically. However, individuals suffering from skin diseases, also suffer psychosocially, equally or even more than those with other chronic somatic diseases [4], especially children and youth [5].Children suffering from chronic skin diseases show more signs of depression and anxiety [6-8], a poorer self-image [9], and they estimate their quality of life lower than children with other diseases like cystic fibrosis, asthma, epilepsy and enuresis [6]. Studies show that among skin diseases, atopic dermatitis is most strongly related with negative indicators of mental health in children [7,10,11], which is explained multifactorially. Atopic dermatitis is a condition which is: (1) visible, (2) incurable in most cases, (3) causes sleeping problems, (4) causes constant itching, (5) can cause reactions of disgust from the environment [7,8,12].The psychological indicator most often studied in children with chronic skin diseases is the quality of life. According to the World Health Organization, the quality of life is defined as individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns (The WHOQOL Group, 1995). It includes several aspects - physical health, the psychological status, the level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and their relationship to the salient features of their environment [13]. The quality of life of children suffering from skin diseases is most often examined by quantitative methodology, questionnaires, predominantly CQOL (Child Health-Related Quality of Life) [14], CDQOL (Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index) [15] and CLQU (Children's Life Quality Index) [16]. Measures CQUL and CDQOL are based on the quality of life linked with physical health, while CLQU measures various aspects of children's lives. Both questionnaire structures contain certain bias. Children with lower life satisfaction due to their health condition will not differentiate in the first two questionnaires because the questions only refer to health. On the other hand, according to the CLQU factors [16], a child may be satisfied with family circumstances, the economic status, his/her academic achievement, s/he can positively perceive his/her future, and at the same time be dissatisfied with e.g. his/her health, appearance and social status due to a skin condition. Regardless of how intensely dissatisfied a child may be with his/ her aspects of life affected by a skin condition, his/her total life satisfaction will seem at least average because of the satisfaction with other aspects of life. Therefore, the results obtained by questionnaires need to be critically interpreted and complemented by qualitative methodology.In most studies of the quality of life of children suffering from skin diseases, at least a part of questionnaires was filled in by adults in their environment. Davies, Noll, DeStefano, Bukowski and Kulkarni [17] emphasize that adult perceptions can be significantly different from child perceptions. For example, unclear link between the severity of skin disease symptoms and the quality of life of children can be explained by physicians assessing the severity of symptoms, while in some cases parents assess the quality of their children's lives [18,19]. …

Traumatizacija nastala izloženošću seksualnom zlostavljanju složena je i danas postoji niz pokazatelja povezanosti seksualne viktimizacije u djetinjstvu s posttraumatskom simptomatologijom, ali i s kasnijim psihosocijalnim funkcioniranjem. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provjeriti na kliničkom uzorku seksualno zlostavljane djece postoje li značajne razlike u nekim aspektima obiteljskog i psihosocijalnog funkcioniranja te traumatizaciji između mlađe i starije školske djece. Nadalje, ispitano je razlikuju li se mlađa i starija školska djeca u izloženosti seksualnim zlostavljačima, tj. u odnosu na podatak tko je seksualni zlostavljač. Pokazalo se da nema razlika u strukturi obitelji kod mlađe i starije seksualno zlostavljane školske djece, osim što je više starije djece doživjelo gubitak barem jednog roditelja u odnosu na mlađu djecu. Utvrđene su i neke razlike u psihosocijalnom funkcioniranju. Starija djeca imaju slabiji školski uspjeh od mlađe seksualno zlostavljane školske djece. Starija seksualno zlostavljana školska djeca emocionalno su nestabilnija i imaju više pokazatelja traumatiziranosti od mlađe djece. Kod mlađe seksualno zlostavljane djece počinitelj seksualnog zlostavljanja češće je član obitelji ili susjed, dok je kod starije seksualno zlostavljane djece češće riječ o ostalim poznatim osobama. Dobivene spoznaje, iako utvrđene na kliničkom uzorku, mogu biti pokazatelji dodatnih rizika kod starije školske seksualno zlostavljane djece u odnosu na onu mlađu i mogu nam dati smjernice za rad sa seksualno zlostavljanom djecom, ali i za preventivne aktivnosti.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in male veterans has been linked with impaired family relationships and psychopathology in their children. Less is known about symptoms in children of veterans with partial PTSD. To compare mental health problems, family functioning and parent– child bonding among adolescent offspring of male veterans with no PTSD, partial PTSD and full PTSD, and to examine the relationship between adolescent mental health problems and family factors. Consecutive outpatient adolescent offspring (12–18 years) of Croatian male veterans with no PTSD, partial PTSD and full PTSD matched for age, sex, educational level, family income, parental employment, nationality, and residential area reported on emotional and behavioral problems, family functioning and parent–child bonding. The full PTSD group reported higher levels of total behavior problems, family functioning problems and parental control than the partial PTSD group, which in turn, reported higher levels than the no PTSD group. The partial and full PTSD groups reported comparable levels of emotional and behavioral problems, and parental care. The partial and no PTSD groups did not differ on maternal care, which was significantly higher in these groups than in the full PTSD group. Higher levels of emotional and behavioral symptoms were associated with lower levels of maternal care in the partial PTSD group.

Cilj rada bio je ispitati pojavnost doživljavanja i činjenja elektroničkog nasilja na uzorku hrvatskih srednjoškolaca, te utvrditi doprinos samopoštovanja te roditeljske topline i kontrole njenu objašnjenju. Pri tome su kontrolirane varijable spola, školskog uspjeha i frekvencije korištenja interneta. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 208 učenika (129 djevojaka i 79 mladića) od prvog do trećeg razreda gimnazije. Korišteni su instrumenti Skala doživljavanja i činjenja elektroničkog nasilja, Coopersmithov inventar samopoštovanja i Skala percepcije obiteljskih odnosa. Provedene hijerarhijske analize potvrdile su doprinos samopoštovanja i roditeljske kontrole, ali ne i roditeljske emocionalnosti, u predviđanju doživljavanja elektroničkog nasilja, dok se značajnim prediktorom učestalosti činjenja elektroničkog nasilja pokazala samo roditeljska kontrola. Adolescenti koji su izvještavali o većim razinama roditeljske kontrole češće su bili mete i počinitelji elektroničkog nasilja, dok su djeca izloženija vršnjačkom nasilju ujedno izvještavala o nižem samopoštovanju. Dobiveni rezultati o prirodi odnosa samopoštovanja i roditeljskih čimbenika te uključenosti u elektroničko nasilje značajan su doprinos ograničenoj literaturi u ovom području te pružaju implikacije za oblikovanje intervencija usmjerenih na suočavanje s elektroničkim nasiljem., The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of involvement in cyberbullying as perpetrators and victims on a sample of Croatian high school students, as well as to determine the contribution of self-esteem, parental warmth and parental control in its prediction, whilst controlling for gender, school performance and frequency of internet use. The study was conducted on 208 students (129 girls and 79 boys) of first to third grade of comprehensive schools. The administered instruments included Scale of Cyberbullying Perpetration, Scale of Cyberbullying Victimization, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and The Perception of Family Interactions Scale. The results have shown self-esteem and parental control to be significant predictors of cyberbullying victimization, while engaging in cyberbullying was predicted only by parental control. Adolescents who reported higher levels of parental control were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying as victims, as well as perpetrators, while children who were more often victimized also reported lower levels of self-esteem. The findings about the nature of the relationship between self-esteem, parenting factors and involvement in cyberbullying, present a contribution to the limited literature in this field, and provide implications for developing interventions aimed at coping with cyberbullying.

The aim of this study was to assess the experience and knowledge regarding child abuse and neglect (CAN) amongst the Croatian dental practitioners. Self-administered, structured questionnaire was posted to 500 Croatian dental practitioners, 82 (16.4%) of which had returned the questionnaire and were included in the final sample. The results indicate that dental practitioners have low CAN encounter rates in their practice: 52 (63.41%) never, 25 (30.48%) rarely and 5 (6.09%) sometimes. Amongst those who do, the average encounter rate of suspected CAN is M = 2.08 (SD = 1.97, min = 1, max = 8) and M = 1.33 (SD = 0.42, min = 1, max = 10) for the cases where they were sure of it. Although they find themselves confident of their professional role and the role of the other professionals in the case of CAN they seem to fail to fulfil it, with only one of the participants ever reporting a CAN suspicion. In general, participants seem aware of the need and are willing to engage in further education, especially in the field of CAN prevention and recognition of it.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati moderatorski učinak podrške obitelji i prijatelja kod prilagodbe djece na razvod roditelja. Korišteni su upitnici anksioznosti i samopoštovanja te skale obiteljske i prijateljske podrške, a primijenjeni su na 79 djece dobi između 9 i 15 godina, iz 63 obitelji, s područja RH. Rezultati su pokazali da djeca razvedenih roditelja koja imaju višu razinu obiteljske podrške iskazuju značajno više razine samopoštovanja i značajno niže razine anksioznosti od djece razvedenih roditelja koja imaju niže razine obiteljske podrške. Također se pokazalo da se djeca razvedenih roditelja koja imaju više razine podrške od strane prijatelja ne razlikuju u samopoštovanju ili anksioznosti od djece razvedenih roditelja koja imaju niže razine prijateljske podrške. Obiteljska podrška i podrška od strane prijatelja međusobno umjereno pozitivno koreliraju, djeca koja dobivaju više obiteljske podrške imaju i više podrške od strane prijatelja. Značajne su i korelacije obiteljske podrške i podrške od strane prijatelja sa samopoštovanjem, viša razina podrške povezana je s višim samopoštovanjem. Samopoštovanje i anksioznost međusobno negativno koreliraju. Provedeno istraživanje daje nam djelomičan uvid u obilježja djece razvedenih roditelja, time i mogućnost boljeg razumijevanja te unapređenja praktičnog rada s djecom i njihovim obiteljima, a koja imaju iskustvo razvoda., The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of support from family and friends in children’s adjustment to parental divorce. Anxiety and self-esteem questionnaires as well as scales of support from family and friends were applied to 79 children aged 9 to 15, from 63 families in Croatia. Results showed that children of divorced parents with higher levels of family support had significantly higher levels of self-esteem and significantly lower levels of anxiety than children of divorced parents who had lower levels of family support. They also showed that children of divorced parents who had higher levels of support from friends had levels of self-esteem and anxiety similar to children of divorced parents who had lower levels of support from friends. Family support and support from friends moderately correlate. Children who received more family support had more support from friends, too. Correlations between family support and support from friends with self-esteem were also significant. Higher levels of support corresponded with higher self-esteem. There was negative correlation between self-esteem and anxiety. This study offers partial insight into the characteristics of divorced parents’ children and an opportunity to better understand and improve practical work with children and families who have the experience of divorce.

U Zagrebu je 12. prosinca 2009. održan simpozij »Dijete u suvremenome hrvatskom društvu«, koji su organizirali Hrvatsko pedijatrijsko društvo, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Ministarstvo zdravstva i socijalne skrbi i UNICEF za Hrvatsku. Predavači su prikazali važne podatke o teškoćama kojima su izložena djeca u Hrvatskoj. Naime, nove bolesti, koje su u suvremenom svijetu sve češće u djece, zahtijevaju od svih koji su uključeni u zdravstvenu zaštitu djece nove pristupe radu, što podrazumijeva i dodatnu edukaciju. To nisu bolesti uobičajene u svakodnevnoj liječničkoj praksi. Pristup društva, zbog raznolikosti teškoća s kojima se djeca suočavaju, može biti samo multidisciplinaran. Temeljni nacionalni interes društva je usmjeriti više pozornosti i financijska sredstva na zdravstvenu zaštitu djece, jer to osigurava opstanak i zdravu budućnost društva. Taj pristup zahtijeva nacionalni konsenzus i jasnu političku odluku svih odgovornih službi., The symposium on the topic »Child in contemporary Croatian society«, organized by Croatian Pediatric Society, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ministry of health and social welfare and UNICEF Croatia Office, was held in Zagreb on December 12, 2009. The lecturers have shown important information on difficulties the children in Croatia are exposed to. Namely, diseases of the so called »new morbidity«, which are becoming more and more frequent in the contemporary world, demand a new approach of work from all who participate in healthcare for children, including additional education. These diseases are not part of a practitioner’s routine activity. Due to variety of problems children are exposed to, the approach can be only multidisciplinary. Basic national interest of every country (basic interest of every human society) should be to direct more attention and financial resources to the healthcare of children, which would ensure the existence and healthy future of the society. This approach requires a national consensus and clear political decision of all responsible official services.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanosti i razlike između roditeljskih procjena i analize dječjih crteža ljudske figure pri procjeni anksioznosti, agresivnosti i sramežljivosti djece. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 106 predškolske djece te 106 roditelja. Dječji crteži ljudske figure analizirani su na temelju emocionalnih indikatora koje je utvrdila Elizabeth Koppitz. Za prikupljanje roditeljskih procjena dječjega ponašanja korištena je Skala anksioznosti – subskala za procjenu agresivnoga ponašanja Skale Pros/Ag i skala sramežljivosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je roditeljska procjena agresivnosti statistički značajno povezana s najviše emocionalnih indikatora (duge ruke, odsječene šake i nedostaje nos). Također je statistički značajno povezana s procjenama anksioznosti djece na temelju emocionalnih indikatora (prema E. Koppitz) i mogućim emocionalnim poteškoćama djece. Ostale roditeljske procjene nisu statistički značajno povezane s procjenama dječjega ponašanja iskazanih analizom dječjih crteža ljudske figure. Utvrđena je i statistički značajana razlika u roditeljskoj procjeni agresivnosti djece s obzirom na ukupan broj emocionalnih indikatora. Naime, što je dijete procijenjeno agresivnijim, to se utvrđuje više emocionalnih indikatora na crtežu ljudske figure. Na temelju roditeljskih procjena agresivnosti, anksioznosti i sramežljivosti može se objasniti statistički značajan dio anksioznosti djece kao i moguće emocionalne poteškoće djece procijenjene na temelju emocionalnih indikatora., The aim of this research was to investigate the correlations and differences between parental ratings and the analysis of children’s human figure drawings in the assessment of children’s anxiety, aggressiveness and shyness. The research comprised 106 preschool children and 106 parents. Children’s human figure drawings were analyzed based on the emotional indicators of Elizabeth Koppitz. For parental ratings of children’s behaviour we used the Anxiety scale, subscale of assessment aggressive behaviour of Pros/Agr scale and Shyness scale. The results showed that in most cases parental rating of aggressiveness is statistically significantly correlated with certain emotional indicators (long hands, hands cut off, omission of the nose). Also, it is statistically significantly correlated with the assessment of children anxiety based on Koppitz’s emotional indicator and with possible emotional difficulties. There is no other statistically significant correlation between parental ratings and the assessment of children’s behaviour based on the analysis of human figure drawings. Results show a statistically significant difference in the number of emotional indicators between children with regard to parental rating of aggressiveness. Parental ratings of aggressiveness, anxiety and shyness explain a statistically significant variability of children’s anxiety and possible emotional difficulties based on emotional indicators.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost pojavnosti zlostavljanja djece u obitelji sa smetnjama doživljavanja i ponašanja roditelja. Istraživanje smo proveli na 4191 maturantu u školama diljem Hrvatske. Sudionici ispitivanja su, uz davanje nekih općih podataka te podataka o postojanju smetnji doživljavanja i ponašanja kod roditelja, ispunjavali upitnike o izloženosti zlostavljanju, te upitnik socijalne i emocionalne usamljenosti. Uspoređivali smo sudionike kojima barem jedan od roditelja pokazuje smetnje doživljavanja i ponašanja s ostatkom uzorka na nizu indikatora zlostavljanja te na upitniku socijalne i emocionalne usamljenosti. Rezultati pokazuju da su adolescenti kojima barem jedan od roditelja pokazuje smetnje doživljavanja i ponašanja bili izloženiji tjelesnom, emocionalnom i spolnom zlostavljanju te zanemarivanju u obitelji. Osim toga, ti se adolescenti osjećaju usamljenije u domeni društvenih odnosa i odnosa u obitelji, dok u izraženosti usamljenosti u ljubavnim odnosima nismo našli razlike. Dobiveni nalazi upućuju na to da smetnje doživljavanja i ponašanja kod roditelja predstavljaju rizik za izloženost djece zlostavljanju u obitelji, što smatramo relevantnim podatkom pri radu na preventivnim mjerama suzbijanja pojave zlostavljanja djece., The aim of this research was to investigate the correlation between the incidence of child abuse and parental perceptional and behavioral difficulties. The research was conducted among 4191 pre-graduation students in a number of secondary schools throughout Croatia. Beside general data and data on perceptional and behavioral difficulties in the family, questionnaires about the experience of abuse and social and emotional loneliness scales were also administered. Adolescents with at least one parent who had these difficulties, against a set of abuse indicators and social and emotional loneliness scales, were compared to the rest of the sample. The results showed that sexual, physical and emotional abuse and neglect of adolescents were more often present in families with at least one parent who had perceptional and behavioral difficulties, i.e. that these adolescents were more often exposed to family abuse. Also, these adolescents achieved higher scores on social loneliness and loneliness in the family scales, i.e. they felt lonelier in social and family relationships, while differences in loneliness scales related to romantic relationships were not found. The results showed that perceptional and behavioral difficulties in parents represent a risk factor for child abuse in the family. We feel the findings are relevant for the prevention of child abuse.

Cilj istraživanja je ispitati povezanost percepcije roditeljskog prihvaćanja-odbijanja u djetinjstvu s depresijom i anksioznošću srednjoškolaca kao važnim pokazateljima uspješnosti prilagodbe. Kao moguća moderator varijabla, provjerene su i spolne razlike u tom odnosu. Istraživanje je provedeno na 123 ispitanika iz tri srednje škole u Jastrebarskom. Sudionici ispitivanja su, uz davanje nekih općih podataka ispunjavali Upitnik roditeljskog prihvaćanja-odbijanja, Upitnik depresivnosti i Upitnik anksioznosti. Rezultati pokazuju da se muški i ženski ispitanici ne razlikuju značajno u svojim prosječnim rezultatima ni na jednoj subskali percepcije majčina odnosno očeva prihvaćanja-odbijanja, kao ni po ukupnom prihvaćanju-odbijanju majke odnosno oca. No, utvrđena je različita struktura te povezanost prema pojedinim facetama prihvaćanja-odbijanja s obzirom na spol. Rezultati pokazuju da se kod dječaka pokazalo najviše povezanosti između subskale nediferencirano odbijanje oca i depresivnosti i anksioznosti. Kod djevojčica se pokazalo najviše povezanosti između subskale nediferencirano odbijanje oca i depresivnosti. Također se kod djevojčica pokazala najveća povezanost između subskale indiferencija-zanemarivanje majke i anksioznosti. Implikacije ovog istraživanja za rad stručnih službi u srednjim školama su da bi bilo značajno za rad s učenicima imati što kvalitetnije podatke o odnosu učenika s roditeljima te emocionalnim poteškoćama koje mogu proizaći iz toga, a koje mogu utjecati na sveukupno funkcioniranje mladih u školi., The aim of this research was to examine the connection between perceptions of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood with depression and anxiety of high school adolescents as important indicators of their adjustment. Gender differences were also examined as possible moderator variables. We conducted research on 123 high school adolescents; the sample included three high schools in Jastrebarsko. Participants, along with providing some general information, filled in a questionnaire of parental acceptance-rejection, a depression questionnaire and an anxiety questionnaire. The results show that groups of male and female respondents do not differ significantly in their average results on mother’s perception subscales and father’s acceptance-rejection as well as the overall acceptance-rejection of the mother and father. However, we established a statistically significant difference in the stated level of depression and anxiety with regard to sex. The results show that the boys had the highest association between subscales undifferentiated rejecting father and depression and anxiety. Girls showed the highest association between subscales undifferentiated rejecting father and depression. Also, a maximum correlation between indifferent neglect of mother and anxiety was found for girls. The implications of this study for school professionals are that it would be important for them to know more about the relationships between students and their parents and, as a possible result of that, about the emotional difficulties which could influence students’ functioning in school.

Seksualno zlostavljanje djece vrlo je raširen socijalni i javnozdravstveni problem. Najveći broj seksualnih zlostavljanja djece se ne prijavljuje, uglavnom zbog straha i/ili nedovoljnog poznavanja problematike. Primarna odgovornost pedijatra je zaštita djeteta. Odgovarajuća multidisciplinarna obrada može biti odlučujuća za posljedice kod djece, obitelji i društva u cjelini. Brojni su čimbenici koji utječu na razotkrivanje seksualnog zlostavljanja djece., Sexual abuse of children is a widespread social and public health problem. Most cases of sexual abuse of children are not reported, mainly due to fear and/or insufficient knowledge about the problem. The primary responsibility of a paediatrician is child protection. Adequate multidisciplinary examination of the child may be crucial in preventing consequences for the child, the family and the society as a whole. Numerous factors affect the disclosure of sexual abuse of children.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi iskustvo, znanje te stavove liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite u Republici Hrvatskoj o zlostavljanju i zanemarivanju djece. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena 253 pedijatra i 2524 liječnika opće, obiteljske i školske medicine, kojima je poslan upitnik na adresu zaposlenja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se liječnici koji su se uključili u istraživanje (78 pedijatara i 512 liječnika opće, obiteljske i školske medicine) vrlo rijetko, odnosno ponekad, susreću s problemom zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece te iako im je uglavnom jasna njihova profesionalna uloga, svjesni su da nemaju dovoljno znanja i nisu dovoljno educirani u ovom području. Gotovo 86% pedijatara i 83% liječnika opće, obiteljske i školske medicine želi se dodatno educirati u području zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece. Navedeni rezultati, kao i podatak o malom broju liječnika koji prijavljuje zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje djece, upozoravaju na potrebu sveobuhvatne edukacije liječnika u Republici Hrvatskoj iz područja zaštite djece., The aim of this research was to investigate the Croatian primary health care doctors' experience, expertise and attitudes about child abuse and neglect. The research included 253 paediatricians and 2524 general practitioners, family doctors and school children doctors. They were sent a questionnaire to their workplaces. The results showed that doctors who filled out the questionnaire (78 paediatricians and 512 general practitioners, family doctors and school children doctors) only rarely or occasionally detected the problem of abuse. Although they clearly take their duties professionally, they are aware that they have not had enough education and consequently they do not have enough knowledge in this field. Up to 86% of paediatricians and 83% of general practitioners, family doctors and school children doctors want further education in the field of child abuse and neglect. The obtained results, as well as the data on the small number of doctors who refer abuse and neglect, indicate that there is a need for comprehensive education of doctors in Croatia in the field of child protection.

Zanemarivanje, kao najrašireniji oblik zlostavljanja djece, mnogo je veći problem nego što se obično misli. Brojni su rizični čimbenici za zanemarivanje, kao i posljedice na rast i razvoj zanemarene djece. Napredak u razumijevanju problema zanemarivanja djece rezultirao je multidisciplinarnošću, sudjelovanjem medicine, sudstva, javnog zdravstva, sociologije, psihologije i socijalne skrbi. Istraživanja su pokazala da je edukacija liječnika u ovom području još i sad nedostatna. Primarna prevencija zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece ima prioritet u sklopu svjetskih napora za prevenciju nasilja., Child neglect as the most common form of child maltreatment, is a more wider problem than we think. There is a large number of risk factors and also consequences of child neglect. Improvement in understanding of the problem has resulted in a multidisciplinary approach, with contributions from medicine, law, public health, sociology, psychology and social work. Studies have shown that the education of physicans is still insufficient. Primary prevention of child abuse and neglect has a priority in the worldwide endeavors to prevent violence.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati u kojoj se mjeri učenici različita spola, dobi i drugih obilježja razlikuju u počinjenom nasilju u školi. Upotrijebljen je Upitnik o školskom nasilju – UŠN-2003 (Buljan Flander, Karlović, Štimac, 2003.), koji je nastao izmjenama i dopunama Upitnika nasilnik/žrtva autora D. Olweusa te je primijenjen na 4904 učenika četvrtih, petih, šestih, sedmih i osmih razreda u 25 osnovnih škola u 13 gradova Republike Hrvatske. Rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike u počinjenom nasilju među djecom, tako što dječaci čine značajno više nasilja od djevojčica, učenici 7. i 8. razreda značajno su agresivniji od mlađih, a najagresivniji su oni učenici koji se osjećaju odbačeno u školi. Po svojoj značajnosti izdvaja se utjecaj varijabli spol i osjećaj prihvaćenosti/odbačenosti u školi, gdje je uočena bitna razlika između dječaka i djevojčica, i to tako da osjećaj prihvaćenosti/odbačenosti u školi ima mnogo važniju ulogu u činjenju nasilja u skupini dječaka. S obzirom na to da su ovi rezultati dobiveni na velikom nacionalnom uzorku, razmatrana je mogućnost praktične primjene u izradbi preventivnih i intervencijskih programa., The goal of this research was to examine differences in the manifestation of school bullying behaviours between pupils of different sex, age and other characteristics. We used The School Bullying Questionnaire – U[N 2003 (Buljan Flander, Karlovi}, [timac, 2003) which was constructed by changing and adapting the Bully/Victim Questionnaire made by Dan Olweus. This U[N-2003 questionnaire was given to 4904 pupils in fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grades in 25 elementary schools in the Republic of Croatia. The results show that: school boys manifest significantly more bullying behaviours than girls; the oldest pupils in seventh and eighth grades (13 and 14-year-olds) bully younger pupils; rejected pupils show more bullying behaviours than accepted ones. The interactional influence of gender and acceptance/rejection in school was emphasized. We find that acceptance/rejection in school has significantly increased bullying behaviours exercised by boys than by girls. These results were obtained on a big national sample of Croatian pupils. Therefore, we have considered the practical implications of these results., Mit dieser Untersuchung sollte ermittelt werden, in welchem Umfang Schüler unterschiedlichen Geschlechts und Alters sowie mit anderen abweichenden Merkmalen sich im Hinblick auf Gewalttätigkeit in der Schule voneinander unterscheiden. Zum Einsatz kam dabei ein eigens dafür entworfener Fragebogen ("Gewalt in der Schule": U[N-2003 – Buljan, Flander, Karlovi}, [timac, 2003), der in abgewandelter und ergänzter Form den Fragebogen "Täter / Opfer" von D. Olweus darstellt und an 4904 SchülerInnen der Klassen 4–8* an 25 Grundschulen in 13 Städten der Republik Kroatien verteilt wurde. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse verweisen auf bedeutende Unterschiede hinsichtlich verübter Gewalttätigkeiten: Jungen neigen wesentlich stärker zu Gewaltanwendung als Mädchen; 7- und 8-Klässler sind wesentlich aggressiver als jüngere Schüler; am aggressivsten sind diejenigen Schüler, die bei ihren Klassenkameraden auf Ablehnung stoßen. Die größte Relevanz zeigten die Variablen Geschlecht und Gefühl der Akzeptanz bzw. Ablehnung, wobei Jungen im Falle der Ablehnung vonseiten ihrer Altersgenossen weit eher zu Gewaltanwendung neigen. Da diese Untersuchung landesweit durchgeführt wurde und eine große Gruppe von Schülern umfasste, erwägt man die Umsetzung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in Form von Vorbeugungs- und Interventionsprogrammen.

Objective To determine the prevalence of children and youth exposure to sexual content and inappropriate sexual questions on the Internet; and to identify emotional and behavioral reactions of children after such exposures. Methods Sample of the study included 2,880 of children and youth aged 10–16 who identified themselves as Internet users. Participants were questioned using Questionnaire on Child Experiences in Internet Use. Results Results show that 27% of children were exposed to messages of sexual content, mostly containing images of human nudity and sexual activity. Study also shows that children have experienced inappropriate sexual questions on the Internet. Exposure to questions of intimate nature increased with their age with certain differences in exposure and disturbing emotional reactions related to gender and age. Conclusion Results obtained by this study show that about a quarter of children are at risk for exposure to sexual content on the Internet. Practical implications Research results can be used as a starting point for further research in order to throw more light on children and youth exposure to sexual content on the Internet. Furthermore, results can be used in developing prevention strategies for high-risk behavior of children and youth using the Internet and in working with children, parents and teachers.

Cilj ovog istra`ivanja bio je ispitati metrijske karakteristike instrumenta koji bi mogao biti koristan prije svega u odre|ivanju raširenosti (ali i u dijagnosti~kim postupcima) emocionalnoga zlostavljanja – Upitnika o emocionalnom zlostavljanju. @eljeli smo na temelju ovog upitnika procijeniti i raširenost emocionalnoga zlostavljanja na uzorku djece s podru~ja Zagreba. Emocionalno zlostavljanje djece u ovom istra`ivanju definirano je konkretnim bihevioralnim ~esticama, koje uklju~uju roditeljska ponašanja poput ignoriranja, poni`avanja, ismijavanja, iskorištavanja, zanemarivanja emocionalnih potreba te prijetnji djetetu. Upitnik o emocionalnom zlostavljanju konstruiran je na osnovi prevedenog upitnika Children's Perception of Parental Verbal Agression (Solomon, Serres, 1999.) te je primijenjen na 373 ispitanika (u~enika 4. razreda osnovne škole). Na dobivenim rezultatima napravljena je diskriminativna analiza ~estica te analiza glavnih komponenata. Koeficijent pouzdanosti za dobivenu skalu iznosi a = 0,863. Faktorskom analizom dobivenih rezultata identificirano je pet faktora. Procjena raširenosti pojave upu}uje na to da je prema kriterijima upotrijebljenima u ovom radu 30,7% djece do`ivjelo ponašanja roditelja koja mo`emo smatrati emocionalnim zlostavljanjem. Razmotrene su primjene ovih rezultata i instrumenta u znanstvenim postupcima te u klini~koj praksi., The purpose of this research was to investigate the metric characteristics of an instrument which could be useful first and foremost for determining the prevalence (as well as in diagnostic procedures) of emotional abuse – Questionnaire on Emotional Abuse. The aim was, also based on this questionnaire, to assess the prevalence of emotional abuse on a sample of children in the area of Zagreb. The emotional abuse of children in this research is defined with precise behavioural items which include parental behaviour such as neglect, humiliation, mockery, exploitation, disregard of emotional needs and threats towards children. The Questionnaire on Emotional Abuse was constructed based on the translated questionnaire Children's Perception of Parental Verbal Aggression (Solomon, Serres, 1999) and was applied on 373 examinees (4th grade pupils of elementary school). Discriminative analysis of items was carried out on the results obtained as well as the analysis of the main components. The coefficient of reliability for the obtained scale is a = 0,863. By means of factor analysis of the results obtained five factors were identified. The assessment of the prevalence of this phenomenon indicates that according to the criteria used in this research 30,7% of children experienced parental behaviour which can be considered as emotional abuse. The practical implications of these results were analysed as well as the possible application of this instrument in scientific procedures and clinical practice., Mit dieser Untersuchung sollen die metrischen Charakteristiken des Fragebogens zur Ermittlung emotionaler Misshandlung geprüft werden, dessen Nutzen vor allem in der Ermittlung der Anzahl von emotional misshandelten Personen liegt (der aber auch bei diagnostischen Verfahren zum Einsatz kommt). Ein weiteres Ziel war, anhand dieses Fragebogens eine Schätzung zur Zahl der emotional misshandelten Kinder im Raum Zagreb zu geben. Die emotionale Misshandlung von Kindern wurde definiert durch konkrete Verhaltensmuster auf Seiten der Eltern. Dazu gehören: Ignorieren, Erniedrigung, Hohn, Misshandlung, Nichtbefriedigung emotionaler Bedürfnisse und Drohungen. Der genannte Fragebogen wurde aufgrund der kroatischen Übersetzung von Children's Perception of Parental Verbal Aggression (Solomon, Serres, 1999) zusammengestellt und in einer Gruppe von 373 Umfrageteilnehmern (Schülern der vierten Grundschulklasse) angewandt. Aufgrund der Resultate wurde eine diskriminative Analyse der elterlichen Verhaltensmuster sowie der Hauptkomponenten des untersuchten Phänomens durchgeführt. Der Verlässlichkeitskoeffizient für die erhaltene Skala beträgt a = 0,863. Anhand einer Faktorenanalyse der Untersuchungsergebnisse konnten fünf Faktoren ermittelt werden. Schätzungsweise haben 30,7% aller Kinder elterliche Verhaltensweisen erlebt, die als emotionale Misshandlung betrachtet werden können. Abschließend erörtern die Autoren die praktischen Implikationen der Umfrageergebnisse sowie die Möglichkeit, den Fragebogen in weiteren wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen und in der klinischen Praxis einzusetzen.