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Introduction: Posterior uveitis is a challenging intraocular inflammation that can lead to significant visual impairment if untreated. Understanding its clinical course and treatment outcomes is crucial for effective management. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, and ocular characteristics of patients with posterior uveitis, determine visual outcomes post-treatment, assess the effectiveness of various treatment modalities, and identify factors influencing visual outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on 104 patients diagnosed with posterior uveitis at a tertiary care hospital. Data collected included demographic details, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and visual outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed to assess associations and treatment effectiveness. Results: The majority of patients were aged 20-40 years (43.3%) and predominantly male (59.6%). Most cases were unilateral (60.6%), with varied symptom durations and associations with systemic diseases. Systemic corticosteroids (62.5%) were the most common treatment, followed by immunosuppressive agents (43.3%). Visual acuity improved in 65.4% of patients post-treatment, with combined therapy showing the highest mean improvement (0.30 logMAR). Conclusion: This study provides insights into the management and prognosis of posterior uveitis, highlighting the efficacy of systemic corticosteroids and combined therapies in improving visual outcomes. Factors such as age, gender, symptom duration, and systemic diseases significantly influence treatment outcomes. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies are crucial for optimizing visual outcomes in posterior uveitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dry eye disease (DED) is prevalent and poses a significant public health concern due to its impact on quality of life. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been identified as a potential risk factor for DED, likely due to its systemic effects on ocular structures. This study aims to determine the prevalence of DED among T2DM patients attending a tertiary care center and identify associated risk factors. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of DED in T2DM patients, analyze correlations between diabetes duration/control and DED severity, and identify demographic/clinical risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study included 100 T2DM patients aged 40 years and above. Participants underwent assessments including the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT), and Schirmer's test. Data on demographics, diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and diabetic retinopathy presence were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: Among 100 participants, 39% were diagnosed with DED. Longer diabetes duration correlated with increased DED prevalence (p < 0.01). Higher HbA1c levels showed a significant association with reduced DED prevalence (p < 0.05). Female gender and diabetic retinopathy were also significantly associated with DED (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights a substantial prevalence of DED in T2DM patients at a tertiary care center, emphasizing the need for regular screening and comprehensive management. Factors such as longer diabetes duration, poor glycemic control, female gender, and diabetic retinopathy were identified as significant risk factors. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions to improve ocular health outcomes in diabetic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypothyroidism and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are common disorders affecting various systems of the body, including the endocrine and visual systems. While previous studies have suggested a potential association between hypothyroidism and POAG, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. This case-control study aims to investigate the association between hypothyroidism and the risk of developing POAG. Methods: A total of 50 participants were enrolled in this study, comprising 25 individuals with hypothyroidism and 25 age- and sex-matched controls without hypothyroidism. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including intraocular pressure measurement, optic nerve head assessment, and visual field testing. Clinical data, including thyroid function tests, were collected from medical records. The association between hypothyroidism and POAG was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Among the 25 participants with hypothyroidism, 8 (32%) were diagnosed with POAG, whereas only 2 (8%) of the control group had POAG. The difference in the prevalence of POAG between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, and other potential confounders, hypothyroidism was found to be independently associated with a significantly higher risk of developing POAG, with an odds ratio of 4.50 (95% confidence interval: 1.32-15.34, p = 0.017). Conclusion: This case-control study provides evidence of a significant association between hypothyroidism and the risk of developing POAG. These findings suggest that individuals with hypothyroidism may have an increased susceptibility to POAG, highlighting the importance of regular ophthalmic screening in this population. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking hypothyroidism and POAG and to explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cataract surgery has undergone significant evolution, offering patients not only the restoration of visual acuity but also the potential for reduced dependence on corrective eyewear and improved quality of life. The introduction of multifocal IOLs has revolutionized cataract surgery by addressing the visual needs of patients with presbyopia and providing functional vision at varying distances. However, concerns regarding compromised visual quality and increased incidence of visual disturbances have prompted the need for comprehensive evaluation and analysis of multifocal IOLs' efficacy and safety. Materials and Methods: This prospective study evaluated visual outcomes, patient satisfaction, and complications associated with multifocal IOL implantation in 30 patients (19 males, 11 females) aged 55 to 80 years. Preoperative assessments included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and ocular examination. Standard small incision phacoemulsification was performed, followed by multifocal IOL implantation. Postoperative assessments were conducted at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and complication monitoring. Results: The study demonstrated significant improvements in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity postoperatively, with high levels of patient satisfaction reported across various criteria. Postoperative complications, including posterior capsular opacification, glare, halos, and dry eyes, were observed in a minority of patients. Conclusion: This study underscores the positive impact of multifocal IOL implantation on visual outcomes and patient satisfaction in cataract surgery. Despite acknowledged limitations, the findings support the efficacy of multifocal IOLs and advocate for their broader adoption in ophthalmic practice, emphasizing the importance of refining outcomes and enhancing patient satisfaction in cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Pterygium is a common ocular surface disorder characterized by a fibrovascular growth extending onto the cornea, often leading to visual impairment through induced astigmatism and corneal distortion. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with Amniotic Membrane Grafts (AMG) and Conjunctival Autografts (CAG) being the prevalent techniques. This study aims to compare the autorefractive changes post-pterygium excision using AMG versus CAG. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective comparative study included 25 eyes from 25 patients with nasal pterygium, who underwent excision surgery at the Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences between July 2022 and December 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: 13 underwent AMG and 12 underwent CAG. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), autorefractometry, pachymetry, and anterior segment examination. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Both AMG and CAG groups showed significant reductions in astigmatism postoperatively, though differences between the two techniques were not statistically significant (AMG: p = 0.34; CAG: p = 0.28). Vision improved significantly from a mean BCVA of 0.47 ± 0.36 to 0.68 ± 0.25 (p = 0.01), and central corneal thickness increased from 516.16 ± 38.03 µm to 533.44 ± 34.32 µm (p = 0.02). The recurrence rate was lower in the CAG group (5.3%) compared to the AMG group (10.5%). CONCLUSION: Both AMG and CAG techniques effectively reduce postoperative astigmatism and improve visual outcomes following pterygium excision. Despite similar refractive outcomes, CAG may offer advantages in terms of recurrence rates. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is warranted to delineate the long-term benefits of each technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cataract surgery, despite its high success rate, often results in posterior capsule opacification (PCO), a common postoperative complication leading to vision impairment. Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is the definitive treatment for PCO. This study evaluates the visual outcomes and complications following this procedure Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months, including 250 patients who developed PCO after cataract surgery and underwent Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Patients' demographic data, pre- and post-procedural BCVA, and complications were collected. Statistical analysis involved paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signedrank tests for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Results: Pre-laser BCVA: 48% had BCVA <6/60; 52% had BCVA 6/60-6/18. Post-laser BCVA: 78% achieved BCVA of 6/60-6/18. The most common complication was a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP), noted in 16% of patients. Other complications included IOL pitting (4%), corneal edema (3.2%), pupillary block glaucoma (1.2%), and cystoid macular edema (2.4%). Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy effectively improves visual acuity in patients with PCO post-cataract surgery. While complications such as transient IOP rise and IOL pitting are common, they are generally manageable. Careful patient selection, procedural expertise, and post-procedural monitoring are crucial for optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common condition characterized by insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the ocular surface. Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is frequently used in artificial tears for its viscosity and lubricating properties. The addition of glycerin and balanced electrolytes to CMC formulations may enhance moisture retention and support ocular surface health, potentially offering superior relief from DES symptoms. Materials and Methods This study is a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing the efficacy of CMC with glycerin and balanced electrolytes (Group A) versus plain CMC (Group B) in maintaining ocular moisture and alleviating DES symptoms. A total of 100 participants, aged 18-65, were randomized into two groups. The primary outcome was the improvement in Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores over eight weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test results, and patient-reported comfort and satisfaction. Adverse events were also monitored. Results Group A showed significant improvement in TBUT, with mean times increasing from 6±2 seconds at baseline to 11±3 seconds at Week 12, compared to 8±2 seconds in Group B. Schirmer test results indicated greater tear production in Group A, with mean values rising from 7±3 mm at baseline to 12±4 mm at Week 12, versus 9±3 mm in Group B. OSDI scores improved significantly more in Group A, with a mean reduction of 20 points, compared to 12 points in Group B. Participant comfort and satisfaction were higher in Group A throughout the study. Adverse events were similar in both groups, with slightly fewer reported in Group A. Conclusion CMC with glycerin and balanced electrolytes is more effective than plain CMC in improving tear stability, tear production, and patient comfort in DES management, with a comparable safety profile. These findings support the use of additional excipients in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of artificial tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cataract surgery, widely performed for significant visual improvement, often encounters postoperative inflammation, potentially leading to complications like cystoid macular edema (CME) and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Effective management of inflammation is critical for optimal recovery. This study evaluates the impact of preoperative nepafenac 0.1% on postoperative inflammation in uncomplicated cataract surgeries in healthy subjects. Aims and Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of preoperative topical nepafenac 0.1% in controlling postoperative inflammation. Primary objectives include measuring best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and aqueous flare values preoperatively and at 15, 30, and 60 days postoperatively. Materials and methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled study with 100 healthy subjects undergoing uncomplicated cataract surgery. Group A (n=50) received preoperative nepafenac 0.1%; Group B (n=50) did not. Standard phacoemulsification was performed by a single surgeon. Postoperative evaluations included BCVA, IOP, CMT, and aqueous flare values. Results: No significant differences were observed between Group A and Group B in terms of age, gender distribution, preoperative BCVA, IOP, or CMT. Postoperatively, Group A showed significantly lower aqueous flare values (p<0.05) on days 1, 15, 30, and 60. BCVA and CMT improvements were not statistically significant, and IOP remained stable across both groups. Conclusion: Preoperative nepafenac 0.1% significantly reduces postoperative aqueous flare, indicating reduced intraocular inflammation. However, its impact on BCVA and CMT was not statistically significant. These findings support nepafenac's role in perioperative inflammation management in cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the effects of glycemic control on refractive changes in diabetic patients, aiming to understand how fluctuations in blood sugar levels influence refractive errors and overall vision quality. Materials and methods: The study included 100 participants, divided into two groups based on their glycemic control: Group A (Controlled Glycemia) and Group B (Uncontrolled Glycemia). Over a 12-month period, data on HbA1c levels, fasting blood glucose, and refractive errors were collected and analyzed. Results: Group A, with better glycemic control, maintained stable HbA1c levels and experienced fewer significant refractive changes compared to Group B. Specifically, Group A had a lower incidence of refractive shifts of ≥0.50 diopters at all measured intervals (p < 0.05). Correlations between HbA1c levels and refractive changes were statistically significant, highlighting the impact of blood glucose management on refractive stability. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of stringent glycemic control in preventing vision-related complications in diabetic patients. Better glycemic management can minimize biochemical perturbations in the lens, thereby stabilizing refractive errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To use anterior segment optical coherence tomography to detect early alterations in anterior chamber morphology following phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Material and Methods: A prospective, follow-up interventional investigation was conducted to measure the changes in anterior chamber configuration in twenty (20) eyes followin8g a month of posterior chamber IOL implantation and phacoemulsification. Result: A p-value of (0.027_0.009_0.02_0.012) indicates a significant change in the nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior angles assessed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography before and after the phacoemulsification procedure. Conclusion: After a smooth phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, quantitative values indicated an increase in the anterior chamber angle (ACA), as determined by AS-OCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst sustainable tourism gaining momentum globally, the present study analyses the effect of perceived positive and negative effects of tourism on the support for sustainable tourism among the resident community at an internationally renowned responsible tourism destination, Kumarakom in Kerala. Data collected through a structured questionnaire from 276 respondents residing in and around the destination was used for analysis. Based on a comprehensive review, a theoretical model depicting the relationship between the variables of interest was developed for empirical validation. Appropriate constructs for the model were identified through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Then, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the measurement model validity. Structural Equation Modelling employing the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was applied to test the hypothesized model. The study established a significant effect of residents' perception of the positive and negative effects of responsible tourism on their support for tourism development. The study provided evidence for the negative effect on residents' perception of the adverse effects of tourism on support for tourism development. The study provides essential inputs for planners and policymakers in realigning sustainable tourism initiatives in such a way as to garner the support of the resident community. It also empirically validates a theoretical model outlining how the perception of residents on the positive and negative effects of tourism influences their support for sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]