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Sternal resection and reconstruction is a rare but sometimes challenging procedure due to its profound anatomical and functional implications. For these reasons, an adequate preoperative evaluation is crucial in each patient, especially when we are faced with malignant lesions that sometimes require extensive radical resections, thus demanding an integrated reconstructive strategy that allows stabilizing the chest wall, protecting the underlying mediastinum and minimize resulting deformity. The large number of available reconstruction techniques and the lack of quality studies for their analysis mean that sternal reconstruction depends to a great extent on the consensus of experts or, more frequently, on the simple preference of each surgical team. This article aims to provide an overview of sternal resection and reconstruction. Indications for partial versus total or subtotal sternectomy are suggested and their surgical and oncological outcomes are presented. The use of rigid or semi-rigid prostheses is an ongoing debate, although recent functional data advise reserving rigid reconstructions for extensive defects. Sternectomy for primary tumors or local tumor involvement has a good prognosis with an overall survival of 5 and 10 years: 67% and 58%, respectively, provided that a radical resection with free surgical margins is performed. Breast cancer is the most common secondary sternal tumor, and surgery can offer 5-year overall survival ranging from 20% to 50% provided an R0 resection is achieved, although radical surgery does not appear to decrease rates. of recurrence. Metastases of origin other than the breast give the worst results (less than 40% at 36 months and 0% at 5 years) and although the data available on these cases are limited, the radicality of the resection does not seem to modify the survival or recurrence rates, so a conservative approach is probably more appropriate., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-23-450/coif). The series “Chest Wall Resections and Reconstructions” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved.)

Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of the protein post-translational modification by SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) in the central nervous system for modulating cognition and plasticity in health and disease. In these processes, astrocyte-to-neuron crosstalk mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays a yet poorly understood role. Small EVs (sEVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, contain a molecular cargo of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that define their biological effect on target cells. Here, we investigated whether SUMOylation globally impacts the sEV protein cargo. For this, sEVs were isolated from primary cultures of astrocytes by ultracentrifugation or using a commercial sEV isolation kit. SUMO levels were regulated: 1) via plasmids that over-express SUMO, or 2) via experimental conditions that increase SUMOylation, i.e., by using the stress hormone corticosterone, or 3) via the SUMOylation inhibitor 2-D08 (2',3',4'-trihydroxy-flavone, 2-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one). Corticosterone and 2-D08 had opposing effects on the number of sEVs and on their protein cargo. Proteomic analysis showed that increased SUMOylation in corticosterone-treated or plasmid-transfected astrocytes increased the presence of proteins related to cell division, transcription, and protein translation in the derived sEVs. When sEVs derived from corticosterone-treated astrocytes were transferred to neurons to assess their impact on protein synthesis using the fluorescence non-canonical amino acid tagging assay (FUNCAT), we detected an increase in protein synthesis, while sEVs from 2-D08-treated astrocytes had no effect. Our results show that SUMO conjugation plays an important role in the modulation of the proteome of astrocyte-derived sEVs with a potential functional impact on neurons., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele (APOE-ε4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ApoE plays a critical role in amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in AD, and genetic deletion of the murine ApoE gene in mouse models results in a decrease or inhibition of Aβ deposition. The association between the presence of ApoE and amyloid in amyloidoses suggests a more general role for ApoE in the fibrillogenesis process. However, whether decreasing levels of ApoE would attenuate amyloid pathology in different amyloidoses has not been directly addressed. Familial Danish dementia (FDD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of widespread parenchymal and vascular Danish amyloid (ADan) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. A transgenic mouse model for FDD (Tg-FDD) is characterized by parenchymal and vascular ADan deposition. To determine the effect of decreasing ApoE levels on ADan accumulation in vivo, we generated a mouse model by crossing Tg-FDD mice with ApoE KO mice (Tg-FDD +/- /ApoE -/- ). Lack of ApoE results in inhibition of ADan deposition up to 18 months of age. Additionally, our results from a genetic screen of Tg-FDD +/- /ApoE -/- mice emphasize the significant role for ApoE in neurodegeneration in FDD via glial-mediated mechanisms. Taken together, our findings suggest that the interaction between ApoE and ADan plays a key role in FDD pathogenesis, in addition to the known role for ApoE in amyloid plaque formation in AD., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Understanding quorum sensing (QS) and its role in the development of pathogenesis may provide new avenues for diagnosing, surveillance, and treatment of infectious diseases. For this purpose, the availability of reliable and efficient analytical diagnostic tools suitable to specifically detect and quantify these essential QS small molecules and QS regulated virulence factors is crucial. Here, we reported the development and evaluation of antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HQNO (2-heptyl-4-quinoline N-oxide), a QS product of the PqsR system, which has been found to act as a major virulence factor that interferes with the growth of other microorganisms. Despite the nonimmunogenic character of HQNO, the antibodies produced showed high avidity and the microplate-based ELISA developed could detect HQNO in the low nM range. Hence, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.60 ± 0.13 nM had been reached in Müeller Hinton (MH) broth, which was below previously reported levels using sophisticated equipment based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The HQNO profile of release of different Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates analyzed using this ELISA showed significant differences depending on whether the clinical isolates belonged to patients with acute or chronic infections. These data point to the possibility of using HQNO as a specific biomarker to diagnose P. aeruginosa infections and for patient surveillance. Considering the role of HQNO in inhibiting the growth of coinfecting bacteria, the present ELISA will allow the investigation of these complex bacterial interactions underlying infections. IMPORTANCE Bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) as a communication mechanism that releases small signaling molecules which allow synchronizing a series of activities involved in the pathogenesis, such as the biosynthesis of virulence factors or the regulation of growth of other bacterial species. HQNO is a metabolite of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-specific QS signaling molecule PQS (Pseudomonas quinolone signal). In this work, the development of highly specific antibodies and an immunochemical diagnostic technology (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of HQNO was reported. The ELISA allowed profiling of the release of HQNO by clinical bacterial isolates, showing its potential value for diagnosing and surveillance of P. aeruginosa infections. Moreover, the antibodies and the ELISA reported here may contribute to the knowledge of other underlying conditions related to the pathology, such as the role of the interactions with other bacteria of a particular microbiota environment.

The development of a highly sensitive, specific, and reliable immunochemical assay to detect pyocyanin (PYO), one of the most important virulence factors (VFs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , is here reported. The assay uses a high-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb; C.9.1.9.1.1.2.2.) raised against 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-OHphz) hapten derivatives (PC1; a 1:1 mixture of 9-hydroxy- and 6-hydroxy-phenazine-2-carobxylic acids). Selective screening using PYO and 1-OHphz on several cloning cycles allowed the selection of a clone able to detect PYO at low concentration levels. The microplate-based ELISA developed is able to achieve a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.07 nM, which is much lower than the concentrations reported to be found in clinical samples (130 μM in sputa and 2.8 μM in ear secretions). The ELISA has allowed the investigation of the release kinetics of PYO and 1-OHphz (the main metabolite of PYO) of clinical isolates obtained from P. aeruginosa -infected patients and cultured in Mueller-Hinton medium. Significant differences have been found between clinical isolates obtained from patients with an acute or a chronic infection (~6,000 nM vs. ~8 nM of PYO content, respectively) corroborated by the analysis of PYO/1-OHphz levels released by 37 clinical isolates obtained from infected patients at different stages. In all cases, the levels of 1-OHphz were much lower than those of PYO (at the highest levels 6,000 nM vs. 300 nM for PYO vs. 1-OHphz, respectively). The results found point to a real potential of PYO as a biomarker of P. aeruginosa infection and the possibility to use such VF also as a biomarker for patient stratification[2] and for an effective management of these kinds of infections., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Rodriguez-Urretavizcaya, Pascual, Pastells, Martin-Gomez, Vilaplana and Marco.)

Pneumocystis jirovecii is associated with non-noxious colonization or severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Epidemiological investigations have been hampered by the lack of a standardized typing scheme. Thus, only partial molecular data on Spanish P. jirovecii cases are available. Recently, a new ISHAM consensus multilocus sequence typing scheme (MLST) targeting β-TUB, mt26S, CYB, and SOD with a publicly accessible database has been launched to overcome this problem. The molecular epidemiology of P. jirovecii from immunocompromised patients either colonized (n = 50) or having pneumonia (n = 36) seen between 2014 and 2018 at a single center in Barcelona, Spain, was studied. The new ISHAM consensus MSLT scheme was used to investigate the local epidemiology and identify possible unnoticed outbreaks. Mutations in the DHPS gene, not included in the scheme but giving information about potential sulfa treatment failure, were also studied. The study assigned 32 sequence types (ST) to 72.2% pneumonia and 56% colonization cases. The most frequent STs were ST21 (18.5%), ST22 (14.8%), and ST37(14.8%). For non-unique STs, ST3, ST30 and ST31 were found only in pneumonia cases, whereas ST27 was associated exclusively to colonizations. Despite 38 patients sharing similar STs, only two were involved in a potential cross transmission event. No DHPS mutations were identified. The new consensus typing scheme was useful to ascertain the molecular epidemiology of P. jirovecii in our center revealing a high genetic diversity and the potential association of specific STs to colonization and pneumonia cases., Lay Summary: A newly described MLST scheme aims at providing a standardized tool to study and compare Pneumocystis jirovecii epidemiology. A high diversity among P. jirovecii isolates from patients in Barcelona, Spain, and a potential association between specific STs and infection/colonization were identified., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.)

Quorum sensing (QS) is a bacterial cell density-based communication system using low molecular weight signals called autoinducers (AIs). Identification and quantification of these molecules could provide valuable information related to the stage of colonization or infection as well as the stage of the disease. With this scenario, we report here for the first time the development of antibodies against the PQS (pseudomonas quinolone signal), the main signaling molecule from the pqs QS system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the development of a microplate-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able of quantifying this molecule in complex biological media in the low nanometer range (LOD, 0.36 ± 0.14 nM in culture broth media). Moreover, the PQS ELISA here reported has been found to be robust and reliable, providing accurate results in culture media. The technique allowed us to follow up the PQS profile of the release of bacterial clinical isolates obtained from patients of different disease status. A clear correlation was found between the PQS immunoreactivity equivalents and the chronic or acute infection conditions, which supports the reported differences on virulence and behavior of these bacterial strains due to their adaptation capability to the host environment. The results obtained point to the potential of the PQS as a biomarker of infection and to the value of the antibodies and the technology developed for improving diagnosis and management of P. aeruginosa infections based on the precise identification of the pathogen, appropriate stratification of the patients according to their disease status, and knowledge of the disease progression.

Human infections by pleosporalean fungi (class Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota) are rarely reported. Because their identification is challenging using morphological characterization, several phylogenetic markers must be sequenced for an accurate identification and taxonomical placement of the isolates. Three isolates of clinical origin were phenotypically characterized, but due to the absence of relevant morphological traits, D1-D2 domains of the 28S nrRNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nrRNA, and fragments of the RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) genes were sequenced to allow a phylogenetic analysis that would solve their phylogenetic placement. That analysis revealed that these isolates did not match any previously known pleosporalean genera, and they are proposed here as the new fungal genus, Gambiomyces. Unfortunately, the isolates remained sterile, which, consequently, made the morphological description of the reproductive structures impossible. Future studies should try to understand the behaviour of this fungus in nature as well as its characteristics as an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Molecular identification is becoming an essential tool for proper identification of Dothideomycetes of clinical origin., Lay Abstract: We describe a new pleosporalen pathogenic fungus, Gambiomyces profunda, found in superficial to deep samples from a human patient. Because all strains remained sterile, the fungus was finally identified following a phylogenetic analysis by using four different molecular markers., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.)

Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is being contemplated as a promising target for developing innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Here we report for the first time the development of antibodies against 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), a signaling molecule from the pqs QS system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , involved in the production of important virulent factors and biofilm formation. The antibodies produced were used to develop an immunochemical diagnostic approach to assess the potential of this molecule as a biomarker of P. aeruginosa infection. The ELISA developed is able to reach a detectability in the low nM range (IC 50 = 4.59 ± 0.29 nM and LOD = 0.34 ± 0.13 nM), even in complex biological samples such as Müeller Hinton (MH) culture media. The ELISA developed is robust and reproducible and has been found to be specific to HHQ, with little interference from other related alkylquinolones from the pqs QS system. The ELISA has been used to analyze the HHQ production kinetics of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates grown in MH media, pointing to its potential as a biomarker of infection and at the possibility to use the technology developed to obtain additional information about the disease stage.

The performance of an immunofluorescence-based Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen detection test in pleural fluid (IF-PF) was evaluated. For proven and possible pneumococcal pneumonias global sensitivity and specificity were 92.6 (95 CI 76.6-97.9) and 80 (95 CI 62.7-90.5), respectively, with no significant differences between children and adults. Global diagnostic accuracy of IF-PF was 86% (74.2-93.7), and a substantial k index of concordance with culture/RT-PCR of 0.716 (0.535-0.896). IF-PF might be useful as a rapid complementary test for the etiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The detection and diagnosis of the opportunistic fungi Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans still relies mainly on low-sensitive culture-based methods. This fact is especially worrying in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients in whom these fungal species are frequently isolated and may increase the risk of suffering from an infection or other health problems. Therefore, with the purpose of developing a serologic detection method for Scedosporium / Lomentospora , four different Scedosporium boydii protein extracts (whole cell protein extract, secretome, total cell surface and conidial surface associated proteins) were studied by ELISA to select the most useful for IgG detection in sera from CF patients. The four extracts were able to discriminate the Scedosporium / Lomentospora -infected from Aspergillus- infected and non-infected patients. However, the whole cell protein extract was the one selected, as it was the one with the highest output in terms of protein concentration per ml of fungal culture used, and its discriminatory capacity was the best. The ELISA test developed was then assayed with 212 sera from CF patients and it showed to be able to detect Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans with very high sensitivity and specificity, 86%-100% and 93%-99%, respectively, depending on the cut-off value chosen (four values were proposed A 450nm = 0.5837, A 450nm = 0.6042, A 450nm = 0.6404, and A 450nm = 0.7099). Thus, although more research is needed to reach a standardized method, this ELISA platform offers a rapid, low-cost and easy solution to detect these elusive fungi through minimally invasive sampling, allowing the monitoring of the humoral response to fungal presence., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Martin-Souto, Buldain, Areitio, Aparicio-Fernandez, Antoran, Bouchara, Martin-Gomez, Rementeria, Hernando and Ramirez-Garcia.)

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic human pathogenic fungus causing severe pneumonia mainly in immunocompromised hosts. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) remains the gold standard for genotyping of this unculturable fungus. However, the lack of a consensus scheme impedes a global comparison, large scale population studies and the development of a global MLST database. To overcome this problem this study compared all genetic regions (19 loci) currently used in 31 different published Pneumocystis MLST schemes. The most diverse/commonly used eight loci, β-TUB , CYB , DHPS , ITS1, ITS1/2, mt26S and SOD , were further assess for their ability to be successfully amplified and sequenced, and for their discriminatory power. The most successful loci were tested to identify genetically related and unrelated cases. A new consensus MLST scheme consisting of four genetically independent loci: β-TUB , CYB , mt26S and SOD , is herein proposed for standardised P. jirovecii typing, successfully amplifying low and high fungal burden specimens, showing adequate discriminatory power, and correctly identifying suspected related and unrelated isolates. The new consensus MLST scheme, if accepted, will for the first time provide a powerful tool to investigate outbreak settings and undertake global epidemiological studies shedding light on the spread of this important human fungal pathogen.

Objective:  To identify current strategies and recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis associated with the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, a condition of high morbidity and mortality among women., Methods:  The literature search was performed between May and October 2019, using the PubMed database, including papers published in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The terms thromboembolism (Mesh) AND pregnancy (Mesh) OR postpartum (Mesh) were used as descriptors, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews and guidelines published from 2009 to 2019, presenting strategies for prevention of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum., Results:  Eight articles met the inclusion criteria. Many studies evaluated were excluded because they did not address prevention strategies. We compiled the recommendations from the American Society of Hematologists, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the American College of Chest Physicians and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists., Conclusion:  There are some gaps in the research, and clinical studies with appropriate methodology are needed to support decisions made regarding the risk of thromboembolism in the perigestational period. Thus, the attention of the professionals involved in the care of pregnant and postpartum women is crucial, as it is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)

Infections caused by invasive molds, including Aspergillus spp., can be difficult to diagnose and remain associated with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, early diagnosis and targeted systemic antifungal treatment remains the most important predictive factor for a successful outcome in immunocompromised individuals with invasive mold infections. Diagnosis remains difficult due to low sensitivities of diagnostic tests including culture and other mycological tests for mold pathogens, particularly in patients on mold-active antifungal prophylaxis. As a result, antifungal treatment is rarely targeted and reliable markers for treatment monitoring and outcome prediction are missing. Thus, there is a need for improved markers to diagnose invasive mold infections, monitor response to treatment, and assist in determining when antifungal therapy should be escalated, switched, or can be stopped. This review focuses on the role of immunologic markers and specifically cytokines in diagnosis and treatment monitoring of invasive mold infections.

Candida auris is a new species of Candida that causes nosocomial outbreaks in several countries around the world, including Spain. C.auris is resistant to fluconazole and multi- and pan-resistant strains have been described. It is highly transmissible and can survive long term in the hospital environment, causing long-lasting outbreaks that are difficult to detect in early stages, and making it difficult to control and eradicate. It is currently an emerging threat to global health. This document provides a set of guidelines, developed by a multidisciplinary team, to limit the impact and facilitate the control of C.auris infection based on the experiences gathered in the Spanish and English outbreaks. The implementation of early and strict surveillance and control measures is essential to prevent the spread of the outbreak, which can spread over time, posing a significant risk to complex, critical and immunocompromised surgical patients. Immediate notification of C.auris isolation to clinical and infection control teams, as well as to health authorities and institutions, is essential to implement infection control measures at all levels in a timely manner, to prevent internal and inter-centre transmission, and to ensure a proper surveillance and prevention to patients who are already colonized and can develop an infection., (Copyright © 2019 Asociación Española de Micología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a genetic disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of GCN triplets within the PABPN1 gene. Previous descriptions have focused on lower limb muscles in small cohorts of patients with OPMD, but larger imaging studies have not been performed. Previous imaging studies have been too small to be able to correlate imaging findings to genetic and clinical data., Methods: We present cross-sectional, T1-weighted muscle MRI and CT-scan data from 168 patients with genetically confirmed OPMD. We have analysed the pattern of muscle involvement in the disease using hierarchical analysis and presented it as heatmaps. Results of the scans were correlated with genetic and clinical data., Results: Fatty replacement was identified in 96.7% of all symptomatic patients. The tongue, the adductor magnus and the soleus were the most commonly affected muscles. Muscle pathology on MRI correlated positively with disease duration and functional impairment., Conclusions: We have described a pattern that can be considered characteristic of OPMD. An early combination of fat replacement in the tongue, adductor magnus and soleus can be helpful for differential diagnosis. The findings suggest the natural history of the disease from a radiological point of view. The information generated by this study is of high diagnostic value and important for clinical trial development., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The incidence of cutaneous infections by dematiaceous fungi is rising in our environment due to the high number of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR)., Objective: To review our experience in the management of cutaneous phaeohyphomycoses in a Spanish reference centre for dermatological care of SOTR., Methods: Retrospective clinical, histopathological and microbiological review of all SOTR diagnosed of a phaeohyphomycosis in a 7-year period., Results: Eleven SOTR were identified (8 lung and 3 kidney). The lesions were solitary in six patients and multiple in five, affecting mostly the lower extremities. Early lesions showed epidermal hyperplasia and a diffuse dermal suppurative granulomatous infiltrate that was progressively substituted by fibrosis when the lesions were treated. Septated fungal structures with refractile walls were identified. DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of Alternaria spp (8 cases), Cladosporium cladosporioides, Microsphaeropsis arundinis and Exophiala oligosperma. Three patients with single lesions were treated with surgery, while the other 8 required long-term antifungal therapy, including itraconazole, voriconazole and/or terbinafine, combined with surgery and reduction in tacrolimus doses., Conclusion: A clinical, histopathological and microbiological correlation is essential to corroborate this diagnosis. Solitary lesions are easily treated with surgery, but larger or multiple lesions may require long medical treatments combined with surgery and modification of immunosuppressive medication. The list of dematiaceous fungi implicated in cutaneous infections is expanding, in line with the availability of more sophisticated identification methods and the increasing number of immunosuppressed patients., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Living organisms, including human beings, rapidly show skin color changes after chemical poisonings, a result of toxicological or detoxification reactions caused by biological thiol compounds. On the other side, quick and portable detection of highly-volatile toxicants is an urgent need for improving human safety and personal protection, especially real-time monitoring of fumigants at low level for protection of farm workers and residents from overexposure of fumigants, vaporous pesticides. Here, we designed a rapid and portable detection method for methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) vapor by mimicking detoxification reactions of biological thiols in human bodies with MITC. The detection reaction was implemented on a nylon-6 nanofibrous membrane with ultrahigh surface areas to show color signals with the addition of Ellman's reagent. The reactivities of glutathione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, L-homocysteine, cysteamine, and thioglycolic acid toward MITC were experimentally explored and theoretically discussed. The detection sensitivity is tunable in different biological thiol systems, which broadens the sensor applications in detection of trace amount of MITC in ambient environment and improves the protection of human safety. The new sensor system reduced the sensor operation time to 15 min and achieved the detection limit of 99 ppb, much lower than its permissible exposure limit (220 ppb)., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Antifungal resistance is increasing by the emergence of intrinsically resistant species and by the development of secondary resistance in susceptible species. A previous study performed in Spain revealed levels of azole resistance in molds of between 10 and 12.7%, but secondary resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus was not detected. We used itraconazole (ITZ)-supplemented medium to select resistant strains. A total of 500 plates supplemented with 2 mg/liter of ITZ were sent to 10 Spanish tertiary hospitals, and molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing were performed. In addition, the cyp51A gene in those A. fumigatus strains showing azole resistance was sequenced. A total of 493 isolates were included in the study. Sixteen strains were isolated from patients with an infection classified as proven, 104 were isolated from patients with an infection classified as probable, and 373 were isolated from patients with an infection classified as colonization. Aspergillus was the most frequent genus isolated, at 80.3%, followed by Scedosporium-Lomentospora (7.9%), Penicillium-Talaromyces (4.5%), Fusarium (2.6%), and the order Mucorales (1%). Antifungal resistance was detected in Scedosporium-Lomentospora species, Fusarium , Talaromyces , and Mucorales Three strains of A. fumigatus sensu stricto were resistant to azoles; two of them harbored the TR 34 +L98H mechanism of resistance, and the other one had no mutations in cyp51A The level of azole resistance in A. fumigatus remains low, but cryptic species represent over 10% of the isolates and have a broader but overall higher range of antifungal resistance., (Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.)

Detoxification reaction of chloropicrin in the human body with biological thiols was selected for detection of chloropicrin in the air. The consumption of free sulfhydryl group in biological thiols by chloropicrin is colorimetrically detectable with the addition of the Ellman's reagent. In this study, glutathione, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, l-homocysteine, cysteamine, and thioglycolic acid were tested as sensing agents for chloropicrin vapor detection in ppb concentration range. The reactivity of the selected biological thiols was investigated based on both their redox properties and the nucleophilic strength of the sulfhydryl groups. Nylon-6 nanofibrous membrane and an organic solvent were used as a sensor matrix and a vapor sorbent, respectively, to provide solid supports with ultrahigh surface area and enhanced adsorption to chloropicrin vapor. The tunable sensitivity and detection range by using different biological thiols was achieved on the sensors due to the different reactivity of thiols toward chloropicrin.

Species of Scedosporium and Lomentospora are considered as emerging opportunists, affecting immunosuppressed and otherwise debilitated patients, although classically they are known from causing trauma-associated infections in healthy individuals. Clinical manifestations range from local infection to pulmonary colonization and severe invasive disease, in which mortality rates may be over 80%. These unacceptably high rates are due to the clinical status of patients, diagnostic difficulties, and to intrinsic antifungal resistance of these fungi. In consequence, several consortia have been founded to increase research efforts on these orphan fungi. The current review presents recent findings and summarizes the most relevant points, including the Scedosporium/Lomentospora taxonomy, environmental distribution, epidemiology, pathology, virulence factors, immunology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies.

Objectives: Invasive mold infections associated with Aspergillus species are a significant cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. The most frequently occurring aetiological pathogens are members of the Aspergillus section Fumigati followed by members of the section Terrei . The frequency of Aspergillus terreus and related (cryptic) species in clinical specimens, as well as the percentage of azole-resistant strains remains to be studied. Methods: A global set ( n = 498) of A. terreus and phenotypically related isolates was molecularly identified (beta-tubulin), tested for antifungal susceptibility against posaconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, and resistant phenotypes were correlated with point mutations in the cyp51A gene. Results: The majority of isolates was identified as A. terreus (86.8%), followed by A. citrinoterreus (8.4%), A. hortai (2.6%), A. alabamensis (1.6%), A. neoafricanus (0.2%), and A. floccosus (0.2%). One isolate failed to match a known Aspergillus sp., but was found most closely related to A. alabamensis . According to EUCAST clinical breakpoints azole resistance was detected in 5.4% of all tested isolates, 6.2% of A. terreus sensu stricto (s.s.) were posaconazole-resistant. Posaconazole resistance differed geographically and ranged from 0% in the Czech Republic, Greece, and Turkey to 13.7% in Germany. In contrast, azole resistance among cryptic species was rare 2 out of 66 isolates and was observed only in one A. citrinoterreus and one A. alabamensis isolate. The most affected amino acid position of the Cyp51A gene correlating with the posaconazole resistant phenotype was M217, which was found in the variation M217T and M217V. Conclusions: Aspergillus terreus was most prevalent, followed by A. citrinoterreus . Posaconazole was the most potent drug against A. terreus , but 5.4% of A. terreus sensu stricto showed resistance against this azole. In Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom posaconazole-resistance in all A. terreus isolates was higher than 10%, resistance against voriconazole was rare and absent for itraconazole.

In May 2015, following a 30-year diphtheria-free interval in Catalonia, an unvaccinated 6-year-old child was diagnosed with diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae . After a difficult search for equine-derived diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), the child received the DAT 4 days later but died at the end of June. Two hundred and seventeen contacts were identified in relation to the index case, and their vaccination statuses were analysed, updated and completed. Of these, 140 contacts underwent physical examination and throat swabs were taken from them for analysis. Results were positive for toxigenic C. diphtheriae in 10 contacts; nine were asymptomatic vaccinated children who had been in contact with the index case and one was a parent of one of the nine children. Active surveillance of the 217 contacts was initiated by healthcare workers from hospitals and primary healthcare centres, together with public health epidemiological support. Lack of availability of DAT was an issue in our case. Such lack could be circumvented by the implementation of an international fast-track procedure to obtain it in a timely manner. Maintaining primary vaccination coverage for children and increasing booster-dose immunisation against diphtheria in the adult population is of key importance.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic irreversible airway abnormality associated with infectious agents that either cause or superinfect the airways. While the role of bacteria is well studied, much remains to be determined about fungi in both cystic fibrosis- and non-cystic fibrosis-related bronchiectasis. The airway is constantly exposed to inhaled ambient moulds of which Aspergillus represent the most ubiquitous. In a normal healthy host, this situation is of little consequence. The presence of anatomical or immunological abnormalities such as those in bronchiectasis leads to a range of fungal-related pathologies from asymptomatic airway colonization to fungal sensitization, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. These entities are difficult to recognize, diagnose and treat due in part to a lack of validated biomarkers. Our true understanding of the complex relationships that regulate fungal-host interactions is still in its infancy and, several questions remain. This includes if fungal epidemiology in bronchiectasis is uniform across countries, and to what extent immunopathological mechanisms-related to fungal airway infections-occurs in different disease states. Specific triggers to allergic or infectious responses to Aspergillus require further exploration. How transition occurs between allergic and invasive phenotypes and their respective biomarkers is also important. Whether anti-fungal treatment is warranted in all cases and what the optimal management strategy is, particularly when treatment should commence and its expected duration remains unclear. Further research is clearly necessary and should be prioritized to better understand the clinical effects and impact of Aspergillus in the setting of bronchiectasis.

Objectives: A prospective international multicentre surveillance study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and amphotericin B susceptibility of Aspergillus terreus species complex infections., Methods: A total of 370 cases from 21 countries were evaluated., Results: The overall prevalence of A. terreus species complex among the investigated patients with mould-positive cultures was 5.2% (370/7116). Amphotericin B MICs ranged from 0.125 to 32 mg/L, (median 8 mg/L)., Conclusions: Aspergillus terreus species complex infections cause a wide spectrum of aspergillosis and the majority of cryptic species display high amphotericin B MICs., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objectives: Stair climbing is considered the first step for functional evaluation of patients requiring anatomical lung resection who have low-predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1) or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) values. Nevertheless, stair climbing is not performed in many centres because of structural issues or patient safety concerns. We hypothesized that comparable exercise can be obtained on an ergometric bicycle in a safer environment where any adverse event can be treated. We tried to correlate the amount of exercise performed by stair climbing and by using an ergometric bicycle in a series of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) evaluated prospectively., Methods: Thirty-four consecutive patients with NSCLC who were scheduled for lung resection were prospectively enrolled to complete two low-technology exercise tests: The first one was stair climbing, and the second was a ramp test on an ergometric bicycle. For most patients (85%), both tests were performed on the same day, separated with at least 2 h of rest. The amount of exercise on the stair-climbing test (in watts: Watt 1) was calculated per patient weight, height reached on stairs and time spent. The bicycle test was performed on a Lode Corival ergometer with automatic calculation of the total work load (Watt 2). No estimation of VO 2 max was attempted. The bicycle test was conducted in an ad-hoc room fully equipped with oxygen, cardiac and blood pressure and PO 2 monitoring and resuscitation equipment. The Bland-Altman plot was used to evaluate the agreement between both tests. A linear regression model was constructed in which the power developed on the stairs was the dependent variable and the watts generated on the bicycle and patient age were the covariates., Results: All patients (median age: 65.5 years; range: 41-84), completed both tests without any adverse events. The number of watts was greater on the stairs tests (mean 227 vs 64 on the ergometric bicycle). The Bland-Altman plot showed agreement between tests in most cases (Pitman-Morgan test: 0.96). Work load was more dependent on age in the stairs tests (Pearson coefficient -0.72 on stairs; -0.52 on ergometric bicycle). The logistic model was highly predictive when the workload on the bicycle was corrected by the patient's age ( R 2  =   0.80; Wald test <0.001)., Conclusions: This simple test on an ergometric bicycle shows a high correlation with the widely accepted stair-climbing test when workload results are corrected using the patient's age. It could replace the stair-climbing test and has the advantage of being conducted in an environment that is safer for the patient. Nevertheless, its reliability for risk prediction needs to be adequately evaluated., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) is the second most frequent form of invasive candidiasis, and is associated with high mortality rates. This study aims to identify current practices in initial antifungal treatment (IAT) in a real-world scenario and to define the predictors of the choice of echinocandins or azoles in IAC episodes. Secondary analysis was performed of a multinational retrospective cohort at 13 teaching hospitals in four countries (Italy, Greece, Spain and Brazil), over a 3-year period (2011-2013). IAC was identified in 481 patients, 323 of whom received antifungal therapy (classified as the treatment group). After excluding 13 patients given amphotericin B, the treatment group was further divided into the echinocandin group (209 patients; 64.7%) and the azole group (101 patients; 32.3%). Median APACHE II scores were significantly higher in the echinocandin group (p 0.013), but IAT did not differ significantly with regard to the Candida species involved. Logistic multivariate stepwise regression analysis, adjusted for centre effect, identified septic shock (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.54), APACHE II >15 (aOR 1.16) and presence in surgical ward at diagnosis (aOR 1.16) as the top three independent variables associated with an empirical echinocandin regimen. No differences in 30-day mortality were observed between groups. Echinocandin regimen was the first choice for IAT in patients with IAC. No statistical differences in mortality were observed between regimens, but echinocandins were administered to patients with more severe disease. Some disagreements were identified between current clinical guidelines and prescription of antifungals for IAC at the bedside, so further educational measures are required to optimize therapies., (Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Primary cutaneous aspergillosis is rare in premature infants. It requires combined medical and surgical strategies. Liposomal amphotericin B is recommended as first-line therapy, but salvage regimens with others antifungal agents, such as voriconazole, have been reported. Voriconazole's pharmacodynamics is unknown in this population. We report a case of severe toxicity to voriconazole in a preterm patient with primary cutaneous aspergillosis.

Objectives: Our aim was to assess the impact of positive cultures for non-Aspergillus molds on the risk of progression to invasive fungal infection (IFI), and the effect of prophylactic nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (n-LAB) on these pathogens., Methods: This was an observational study (2003-2013) including lung transplant recipients (LTR) receiving lifetime n-LAB prophylaxis, in whom non-Aspergillus molds were isolated on respiratory culture before and after transplantation (minimum 1-year follow-up)., Results: We studied 412 patients, with a mean postoperative follow-up of 2.56 years (interquartile range 1.01-4.65). Pre- and post-transplantation respiratory samples were frequently positive for non-Aspergillus molds (11.9% and 16.9% of LTR respectively). Post transplantation, 10 (2.42%) patients developed non-Aspergillus mold infection (4 Scedosporium species, 4 Purpureocillium species, 1 Penicillium species, and 1 Scopulariopsis species); 5 (1.21%) had IFI, with 60% IFI-related mortality. Non-Aspergillus molds with intrinsic amphotericin B (AB) resistance were more commonly isolated in bronchoscopy samples than AB-variably sensitive or AB-sensitive molds (54.5% vs. 25%, P = 0.04) and were associated with a higher risk of infection (56.3% vs. 1.3%%, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: In LTR undergoing n-LAB prophylaxis, pre- and post-transplantation isolation of non-Aspergillus molds is frequent, but IFI incidence (1.21%) is low. Purpureocillium is an emerging mold. AB-resistant non-Aspergillus species were found more often in bronchoscopy samples and were associated with a higher risk of infection., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome and tolerability of prophylactic nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (n-LAB) in lung transplant recipients (LTR) and the changing epidemiology of Aspergillus spp. infection and colonization. We performed an observational study including consecutive LTR recipients (2003-2013) undergoing n-LAB prophylaxis lifetime. A total of 412 patients were included (mean postoperative follow-up 2.56 years; IQR 1.01-4.65). Fifty-three (12.8%) patients developed 59 Aspergillus spp. infections, and 22 invasive aspergillosis (overall incidence 5.3%). Since 2009, person-time incidence rates of Aspergillus spp. colonization and infection decreased (2003-2008, 0.19; 2009-2014, 0.09; P = 0.0007), but species with reduced susceptibility or resistance to amphotericin significantly increased (2003-2008, 38.1% vs 2009-2014, 58.1%; P = 0.039). Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) was associated with Aspergillus spp. colonization and infection (HR 24.4, 95% CI 14.28-41.97; P = 0.00). Only 2.9% of patients presented adverse effects, and 1.7% required discontinuation. Long-term administration of prophylaxis with n-LAB has proved to be tolerable and can be used for preventing Aspergillus spp. infection in LTR. Over the last years, the incidence of Aspergillus spp. colonization and infection has decreased, but species with reduced amphotericin susceptibility or resistance are emerging. CLAD is associated with Aspergillus spp. colonization and infection., (© 2015 Steunstichting ESOT.)

Solitary pleuro-pulmonary fibrous tumours are relatively uncommon neoplasms that are difficult to manage therapeutically and which, cytogenetically, have been poorly studied. The aim of the present work was to analyse the characteristics of a series of consecutive operated solitary pleural fibrous tumours in an attempt to discover a malignant pattern of evolution. This was a retrospective observational study of 19 cases. Samples were studied for clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic characteristics (aCGH, FISH). Descriptive statistics were used: the Kapplan-Meyer log-rank test and the Cox-regression model for survival analysis. Analysis of malignant evolution was achieved using 2x2 tables; significant factors were included in a binary logistic regression model. Parietal pleural implantation of the primary tumour, high mib1 expression, and low p53 expression were seen to be statistically significant factors for survival. We recommend a close follow-up for patients with a malignant primary tumour and low p53 expression and a regular long-term follow-up for benign primary tumours with a high mib1 index, high positive p53, and deletions. These findings need confirmation in more extensive series.

The determination of metal-binding proteins in plankton is important because of their involvement in photosynthesis, which is fundamental to the biogeochemical cycle of the oceans and other ecosystems. We have elaborated a new strategy for screening of Cu and Zn-containing proteins in plankton on the basis of separation of proteins by use of Blue-Native PAGE (BN-PAGE), which entails use of a non-denaturing Tris-tricine system and detection of metals in the proteins by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). For comparison, denaturing PAGE based on Tris-glycine and Tris-tricine systems and Anodic-Native PAGE have also been investigated. A large number of protein bands with MW between 20 and 75 kDa were obtained by use of Tris-glycine PAGE but detection of metals by LA-ICP-MS was unsuccessful because of loss of metals from the proteins during the separation process. Different protein extraction, purification, and preconcentration methods were evaluated, focussing on both issues-achieving the best extraction and characterization of the proteins while maintaining the integrity of metal-protein binding in the plankton sample. Use of 25 mmol L(-1) Tris-HCl and a protease inhibitor as extraction buffer with subsequent ultrafiltration and acetone precipitation was the most efficient means of sample preparation. Two Cu and Zn proteins were detected, a protein band corresponding to a MW of 60 kDa and another poorly resolved band with a MW between 15 and 35 kDa.

Menstrual myths may influence decisions about menstrual and fertility management for women with intellectual disabilities and high support needs. We identify six myths (related to menstruation, menstrual management, communication, sexual feelings, menstrual difficulties, and surgical elimination) and the evidence that dispels these myths. We provide reflexive questions for practitioners to help them critically reflect on their own approaches to menstrual management. We encourage those supporting women with disabilities to consider the reflective questions we have provided and to strive to support informed decision-making about menstruation and the related areas of fertility and sexual feelings.

When considering the delivery of primary health care in the community, some populations remain virtually invisible. While people with intellectual disability might seem to share few characteristics with refugees and humanitarian entrants, there are a number of difficulties that both groups share when accessing and receiving primary health care. Commonalities include communication barriers, difficulties accessing past medical records and the complexity of health needs that confront the practitioner providing health care. These issues and additional systemic barriers that prevent the delivery of optimal health care to both groups are explored. Integrated multidisciplinary care is often required for the delivery of best practice care; however, such care can be difficult for each group to access. In May 2010, the specific Medicare Health Assessment Item numbers for both of these groups were incorporated into a group of more generic Item numbers. This has resulted in a lost opportunity to enhance the evidence surrounding health care delivery to these vulnerable populations. This paper recognises the importance of health policy in leading affirmative action to ensure these populations become visible in the implementation of the National Primary Health Care Strategy.

A new speciation methodology based on the use of 1D-PAGE (one dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), IEF (isoelectric focusing electrophoresis) and 2D-PAGE (two dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) as separation techniques and LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) as detection system have been applied to study the distribution of metal-humic acids (metal-HA) complexes in environmental samples. The use of 1D-Tris borate method using low current (10 mA) and Tris borate as trailing ion previous to LA-ICP-MS measurements, allowed to obtain the distribution of metals-HA complexes from a compost sample maintaining metals-HA complexes stability. It was observed that metals were associated with the smallest HA size fraction (around 3 kDa), validating results obtained by high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), cross-flow field flow fractionation (FIFFF) and ultrafiltration. IEF-LA-ICP-MS profiles indicated that there are two main regions: (A) with 35. The biggest metals-HA signals are obtained in A region (low pIs) corresponding to low molecular weight (MW) compounds which are predominant in our compost sample indicating a low stabilization of organic matter is low. These results are coincident with 1D-Tris borate PAGE-LA-ICP-MS results. The use of 2D-PAGE method followed by LA-ICP-MS confirmed the results obtained by 1D and IEF as PAGE methods and added information about humic acid molecular size distribution., (2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)