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The market for products containing cannabidiol (CBD) is booming globally. However, the pharmacokinetics of CBD in different oral formulations and the impact of CBD use on urine drug testing outcomes for cannabis (e.g. 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THCCOOH)) are understudied. This study characterized the urinary pharmacokinetics of CBD (100 mg) following vaporization or oral administration (including three formulations: gelcap, pharmacy-grade syrup and or Epidiolex) as well as vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis (containing 100 mg CBD and 3.7 mg Δ9-THC) in healthy adults (n  = 18). A subset of participants (n  = 6) orally administered CBD syrup following overnight fasting (versus low-fat breakfast). Urine specimens were collected before and for 58 h after dosing on a residential research unit. Immunoassay (IA) screening (cutoffs: 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL) for Δ9-THCCOOH was performed, and quantitation of cannabinoids was completed via LC–MS-MS. Urinary CBD concentrations (ng/mL) were higher after oral (mean Cmax: 734; mean Tmax: 4.7 h, n  = 18) versus vaporized CBD (mean Cmax: 240; mean Tmax: 1.3 h, n  = 18), and oral dose formulation significantly impacted mean Cmax (Epidiolex = 1,274 ng/mL, capsule = 776 ng/mL, syrup = 151 ng/mL, n  = 6/group) with little difference in Tmax. Overnight fasting had limited impact on CBD excretion in urine, and there was no evidence of CBD conversion to Δ8- or Δ9-THC in any route or formulation in which pure CBD was administered. Following acute administration of vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis, 3 of 18 participants provided a total of six urine samples in which Δ9-THCCOOH concentrations ≥15 ng/mL. All six specimens screened positive at a 20 ng/mL IA cutoff, and two of six screened positive at a 50 ng/mL cutoff. These data show that absorption/elimination of CBD is impacted by drug formulation, route of administration and gastric contents. Although pure CBD is unlikely to impact drug testing, it is possible that hemp products containing low amounts of Δ9-THC may produce a cannabis-positive urine drug test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New School Psychology Bulletin's "Letter from the Editors" acknowledges the current division in the world and the impact it has on mental health and future generations. The editors express gratitude for researchers who strive to understand the complex dynamics that shape society. The current edition of the bulletin explores interpersonal relationships and their broader societal implications through different psychological lenses. The articles in this edition delve into topics such as reflective functioning in relation to maternal behaviors, the effects of innocence and status maintenance motivations on high-status groups, and the impact of stigmatization on age-gap couples. The editors aim to spark conversation and challenge the status quo with this insightful and inspiring scholarship. [Extracted from the article]