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This document sets guidelines for Future Visioning within 'Tomorrow’s Cities Decision Support Environment'. It is meant to guide the elaboration, monitoring and evaluation of visioning approaches in the cities that are joining the research hub. It may also serve as an evaluation and learning tool for cities, communities and researchers generally interested in future visioning and scenario building techniques.

Objective:To explore communities’ perspectives on the factors in the social food environment that influence dietary behaviours in African cities.Design:A qualitative study using participatory photography (Photovoice). Participants took and discussed photographs representing factors in the social food environment that influence their dietary behaviours. Follow-up in-depth interviews allowed participants to tell the ‘stories’ of their photographs. Thematic analysis was conducted, using data-driven and theory-driven (based on the socio-ecological model) approaches.Setting:Three low-income areas of Nairobi (n 48) in Kenya and Accra (n 62) and Ho (n 32) in Ghana.Participants:Adolescents and adults, male and female aged ≥13 years.Results:The ‘people’ who were most commonly reported as influencers of dietary behaviours within the social food environment included family members, friends, health workers and food vendors. They mainly influenced food purchase, preparation and consumption, through (1) considerations for family members’ food preferences, (2) considerations for family members’ health and nutrition needs, (3) social support by family and friends, (4) provision of nutritional advice and modelling food behaviour by parents and health professionals, (5) food vendors’ services and social qualities.Conclusions:The family presents an opportunity for promoting healthy dietary behaviours among family members. Peer groups could be harnessed to promote healthy dietary behaviours among adolescents and youth. Empowering food vendors to provide healthier and safer food options could enhance healthier food sourcing, purchasing and consumption in African low-income urban communities.

This working paper analyses and presents preliminary conclusions of TC's researchers study of Khokana, Nepal, a traditional and small Newari village about 8 kilometers south of Kathmandu. Its objective was to better understand the cultural, social, and political rootedness of vulnerability that differs among individuals and different social groups. The analysis highlights the need for broadening the understanding of vulnerability in policy and practise through an intersectional lens not only in Khokana but in all disaster risk reduction initiatives. Researchers also present policy recommendations towards introducing an intersectional analysis of vulnerabilities when considering the reduction and management of disaster risk policies and project interventions.

HUB-Istanbul work package (WP) 2.6 aims to develop tools to analyse the multi-hazard resilience of urban transportation network in complex and evolving metropolitan environment, and propose a demonstrative application to a case study area: Fikirtepe in Istanbul, Turkey. Research outcomes will be conveyed by five deliverables. This document is the first deliverable, summarising the overall framework of analysis and required data for assessing physical vulnerability. Based on the framework, the second deliverable will deal specifically with another type of data required to evaluate traffic functionality of roadways and network performance. Based on the framework and datasets identified in the first two deliverables, the third deliverable will develop a probabilistic model to incorporate multi-layered analysis and data, which will be demonstrated by pilot examples. The fourth deliverable will present a thorough analysis of real-world transportation networks in the case study area, including mapping, network analysis and network performance evaluation. The evaluation results should be used to support decisions through mathematically formulated decision tasks, which will be illustrated in the fifth deliverable. This first deliverable summarises and proposes the research objectives, the framework of multi-hazard disaster resilience analysis of urban transportation networks and data requirement for assessing physical vulnerability, which are accompanied with thorough literature review. Based on the development, major hazard threats and distributions of bridges are identified for the case study area, Fikirtepe in Istanbul, Turkey.

HUB-Istanbul work package (WP) 2.6 aims to evaluate multi-hazard resilience analysis of urban transportation networks and suggest the potential approach for analysing the case study area, Fikirtepe, Istanbul, Turkey. Research outcomes will be conveyed by five deliverables. The first deliverable summarised the overall framework of analysis and required data for assessing physical vulnerability. Based on the framework, this second deliverable deals with the collection and handing of the data required to evaluate traffic functionality of roadways and system, while discussing characteristics and challenges in analysing transport systems, methods for quantifying system functionality, probabilistic analysis framework and selected analysis parameters in the present study. Based on the framework and datasets summarised in the first two deliverables, the third deliverable will develop a probabilistic model to incorporate multi-layered analysis and data, which will be demonstrated by pilot examples. The fourth deliverable will present a thorough analysis of real-world transportation networks in the case study area, including mapping, network analysis and network performance evaluation. The evaluation results should be used to support decisions through mathematically formulated decision tasks, which will be illustrated in the fifth deliverable. This second deliverable summarises the risk assessment of urban transportation networks, including the characteristics of urban transportation networks, evaluation of system functionality and probabilistic inference to support decision-making. Based on the investigation, this deliverable proposes the analysis framework and parameters to be used in this project, with a focus on the study area, Fikirtepe, Istanbul, Turkey.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), the shotgun sequencing of RNA and DNA from clinical samples, has proved useful for broad-spectrum pathogen detection and the genomic surveillance of viral outbreaks. An additional target enrichment step is generally needed for high-sensitivity pathogen identification in low-titre infections, yet available methods using PCR or capture probes can be limited by high cost, narrow scope of detection, lengthy protocols and/or cross-contamination. Here, we developed metagenomic sequencing with spiked primer enrichment (MSSPE), a method for enriching targeted RNA viral sequences while simultaneously retaining metagenomic sensitivity for other pathogens. We evaluated MSSPE for 14 different viruses, yielding a median tenfold enrichment and mean 47% (±16%) increase in the breadth of genome coverage over mNGS alone. Virus detection using MSSPE arboviral or haemorrhagic fever viral panels was comparable in sensitivity to specific PCR, demonstrating 95% accuracy for the detection of Zika, Ebola, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses in plasma samples from infected patients. Notably, sequences from re-emerging and/or co-infecting viruses that have not been specifically targeted a priori, including Powassan and Usutu, were successfully enriched using MSSPE. MSSPE is simple, low cost, fast and deployable on either benchtop or portable nanopore sequencers, making this method directly applicable for diagnostic laboratory and field use., This study describes a new method that improves the sensitivity of viral detection compared with next-generation sequencing and enables the detection of emerging flaviviruses not specifically targeted a priori. Metagenomic sequencing with spiked primer enrichment is simple, low cost, fast and deployable on either benchtop or portable nanopore sequencers, making it applicable for diagnostic laboratory and field use.

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-ND 3.0., [EN] Multiscalarity is a central feature of the neoliberal governance of extractivist models that are constructed by interweaving multiple levels and jurisdictions of public and private law. In this article, we expose the complex relationships between the multiscale landscape of global legal pluralism that structures socioenvironmental conflicts over mining, the processes of juridification and the varied forms of violence that motivate quests for justice. We briefly outline the legal dimensions of industrial mining and conceptually explore the specificities of multiscale juridification in relation to this activity. Based on ethnography and document analysis among different legal defense and grassroots organizations, we examine three cases of socioenvironmental conflicts in Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. This allows us to show how fragmented multiscalarity means that rights recognized in one jurisdiction can become invisible in another and be accompanied by a repressive use of law or lawfare. We conclude that even in fields of power marked by abysmal inequalities and ecologies of multiple forms of violence, juridified struggles open up new possibilities for social and political mobilization. We also argue that such struggles facilitate connections between jurisdictions, subjects and places, and generate new political grammars., [ES] La multiescalaridad es una característica central de la gobernanza neoliberal de los modelos extractivistas que se construyen entretejiendo múltiples niveles y jurisdicciones del derecho público y privado. En este artículo exponemos las complejas relaciones entre el panorama multiescalar de pluralismo legal global que estructura los conflictos socioambientales sobre la minería, los procesos de juridificación y las variadas formas de violencia que motivan las búsquedas de justicia. Señalamos, de manera breve, las dimensiones legales de la minería industrial y exploramos conceptualmente las especificidades de la juridificación multiescalar en relación con esta actividad. A partir de un análisis etnográfico y documental con distintas organizaciones de defensa legal y de base, examinamos tres casos de conflictos socioambientales en Honduras, Guatemala y México. Ello nos permite mostrar cómo la multiescalaridad fragmentada implica que los derechos reconocidos en una jurisdicción se puedan tornar invisibles en otra y acompañarse de un uso represivo del derecho o lawfare. Concluimos que aun en campos de poder marcados por desigualdades abismales y ecologías de violencias múltiples, las luchas juridificadas abren nuevas posibilidades para la movilización social y política. Asimismo, argumentamos que tales luchas facilitan las conexiones entre jurisdicciones, sujetos y lugares, y generan nuevas gramáticas políticas., Este artículo constituye uno de los resultados del proyecto The Juridification of Resource Conflicts: Legal Cultures, Moralities and Environmental Politics in Central America, del Sustainable Development Programme de The British Academy, patrocinado, a su vez, por el Global Challenges Research Fund del Gobierno de Reino Unido. Agradecemos el apoyo ofrecido por tales programas para realizar la investigación en la que se basa este texto.

Project Co-ordinators: Dr. Jose Alfonso Gómez Calero (Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CISC), Dr. Weifeng Xu (Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, FAFU)., [Purpose] Partial rootzone drying (PRD) typically alternates the dry and irrigated parts of the rootzone, but how plant physiology and soil evaporation respond to this alternation are poorly understood., [Methods] Dwarf tomatoes were grown in small split pots comprising two 250 cm3 compartments and fully irrigated (WW: 100% ETc) or subjected to three deficit irrigation treatments (75% ETc): homogeneous rootzone drying (HRD; irrigation evenly distributed); fixed PRD (PRD-F, irrigation applied to one fixed compartment); alternated PRD (PRD-A: as PRD-F but alternating the irrigated compartment every three days). Stem diameter and evapotranspiration were monitored during alternation cycles. The day after alternating the irrigated side of the root system, whole-plant gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured following step increments of vapour pressure deficit., [Results] Alternation did not affect stem diameter contractions or evapotranspiration, which were lower in HRD than in the two PRD treatments. However, soil evaporation was higher in HRD and PRD-A after alternation than in PRD-F. Following alternation, higher soil evaporation was counteracted by decreased transpiration compared with fixed PRD, despite similar overall soil water content. VPD increments did not change this pattern., [Conclusion] Irrigation placement determined soil moisture distribution, which in turn affected soil evaporation and whole plant gas exchange. Optimising the frequency of PRD alternation to maximise water savings while ensuring productive water use needs to consider how soil moisture distribution affects both soil evaporation and plant water use., The research was funded by the European Union through the project: “Managing water scarcity in European and Chinese crop systems” (SHui; Project Number: 773903) and by the Global Challenge Research Funding (Project RECIRCULATE, ES/P010857/1)., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

El Centro de investigación aplicada Ciudades del Mañana “Tomorrow’s Cities - Urban Risk in Transition” es impulsado por el Gobierno del Reino Unido en cuatro ciudades del mundo: Estambul (Turquía), Kathmandu (Nepal), Nairobi (Kenia) y Quito (Ecuador) (ver https://tomorrowscities.org/). En el caso de Quito, este proyecto es ejecutado por tres universidades: Universidad San Francisco de Quito, la Escuela Politécnica Nacional y la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Flacso. El Centro Tomorrow’s Cities tiene como objetivo proporcionar apoyo científico para reducir el riesgo de desastres por amenazas naturales de las comunidades con vulnerabilidades económicas y sociales. Se plantea el fortalecimiento de capacidades a través de la ciencia, la historia y el arte, buscando impulsar un accionar participativo de los distintos actores relacionados a la gestión territorial, y contribuir así a un adecuado desarrollo sostenible. Dentro del trabajo que realizamos, contamos con un “Laboratorio urbano para la reducción del riesgo de desastres”. El objetivo de este espacio es generar procesos de diálogo multiactor como una herramienta para propender a un ambiente de respaldo para la toma de decisiones. En el marco del laboratorio se han llevado a cabo reuniones previas, individuales y grupales con distintos actores territoriales que lo componen como miembros nucleares. El fin de estas reuniones fue co-producir el espacio del laboratorio en sus contenidos, actividades y participantes. Por ello, se ha planteado la implementación de una serie de talleres hasta el mes de marzo de 2022, con las siguientes temáticas: 1) La gestión del riesgo en el contexto del nuevo PUGS; 2) Ciencia ciudadana; 3) Educación para reducir el riesgo de desastres; y 4) La participación ciudadana como elemento clave en la mitigación y reducción del riesgo de desastres. El primer taller tuvo lugar el 25 de noviembre de forma presencial en las instalaciones de Flacso, Ecuador, y se desarrolló de la siguiente manera.

EPIC-CVD was supported by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), and the European Research Council (268834). The coordinating center was supported by core funding from the: United Kingdom MRC (G0800270; MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (BHF) (SP/09/002; RG13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (BRC-1215-20014).* The establishment of the study subcohort was supported by the European Union Sixth Framework Programme (grant LSHM_CT_ 2006_037197 to the InterAct project) and the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grant MC_UU_00006/1). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by NIHR Imperial BRC. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro--AIRC--Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Health Research Fund-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skane and Vasterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). EPIC-Greece was supported by the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece). M.S., N.J.W., N.G.F., and F.I. acknowledge support from MRC Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_ 00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/3). N.J.W. and N.G.F. acknowledge support from NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215--20014) and NGF is a NIHR Senior Investigator Award holder. M.S. was also supported by BHF for part of this work while working in the BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. R. Z.-R. thanks the "Miguel Servet" program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund--European Social Fund Investing in Your Future). A.W. was supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart).R.C.was funded by a MRC-Newton project grant to study genetic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among Southeast Asian people and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (grant no. MR/P013880/1) and a United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund Project Grant to study risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in Bangladesh. J.D. holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the article, or in the decision to submit for publication. M.S. had full access to all the data in the study, and M.S. and N.G.F. had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication., BACKGROUND: There is controversy about associations between total dietary fatty acids, their classes (saturated fatty acids [SFAs], monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids), and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Specifically, the relevance of food sources of SFAs to CHD associations is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a case-cohort study involving 10 529 incident CHD cases and a random subcohort of 16 730 adults selected from a cohort of 385 747 participants in 9 countries of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study. We estimated multivariable adjusted country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per 5% of energy intake from dietary fatty acids, with and without isocaloric macronutrient substitutions, using Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and pooled results using random-effects meta-analysis. We found no evidence for associations of the consumption of total or fatty acid classes with CHD, regardless of macronutrient substitutions. In analyses considering food sources, CHD incidence was lower per 1% higher energy intake of SFAs from yogurt (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88–0.99]), cheese (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96–1.00]), and fish (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.75–1.00]), but higher for SFAs from red meat (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.02–1.12]) and butter (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.00–1.04]). CONCLUSIONS: This observational study found no strong associations of total fatty acids, SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with incident CHD. By contrast, we found associations of SFAs with CHD in opposite directions dependent on the food source. These findings should be further confirmed, but support public health recommendations to consider food sources alongside the macronutrients they contain, and suggest the importance of the overall food matrix., European Commission Framework Programme 7 HEALTH-F2-2012-279233, European Research Council (ERC), European Commission 268834, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Medical Research Council UK (MRC) G0800270 MR/L003120/1, British Heart Foundation SP/09/002 RG13/13/30194 RG/18/13/33946, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BRC-1215-20014, European Commission LSHM_CT_ 2006_037197, Medical Research Council UK (MRC) MC_UU_ 00006/1 MC_UU_00006/3, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Danish Cancer Society, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Fondazione AIRC per la ricerca sul cancro, Compagnia di San Paolo, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), Netherlands Government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Junta de Andalucia, Regional Government of Asturias, Basque Government, Regional Government of Murcia, Regional Government of Navarra, Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, County Council of Skane (Sweden), County Council of Vasterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK 14136 C8221/A29017, Medical Research Council UK (MRC) 1000143 MR/M012190/1, Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme IS-BRC-1215-20014, British Heart Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III (European Social Fund-European Social Fund Investing in Your Future) CP15/00100, BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award, European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart), MRC-Newton project grant MR/P013880/1, United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund, NIHR Senior Investigator Award

Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease that is contracted by skin contact with water containing cercariae, larvae of the Schistosoma parasite. Providing safe water for contact activities (e.g. laundry, bathing) can help reduce transmission. UV disinfection is a widely used form of water treatment and its application in low-income settings is now becoming a reality through solar-powered units. This thesis examines the effectiveness of UV LED disinfection against schistosome cercariae for use in endemic regions. A systematic review revealed that low UV fluences (5–14mJ/cm2 at 253.7nm) were required to achieve a 1-log10 reduction in worm burden in animal hosts, but the direct effect on cercariae had not been quantified. There were insufficient published data to produce UV disinfection guidelines, therefore experiments were carried out to determine the fluence-response of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae at four peak wavelengths in the germicidal range (253.7nm, 255nm, 265nm, and 285nm). The morphology and motility of cercariae were studied under the microscope to determine if they were alive or dead. At the most effective wavelength (265nm) 247mJ/cm2 was required to achieve a 1-log10 reduction in alive cercariae but this reduced to 127mJ/cm2 and 99mJ/cm2 if samples were stored for 1–3 hours post-exposure, respectively. Fluences were much higher than those required to achieve the same reduction in worm burden in previous studies and further research was needed to investigate the potential disinfection mechanisms. Using an immunological assay to detect dimer formation it was found that DNA was damaged at lower fluences (10–50mJ/cm2, depending on wavelength), but this damage would not be expressed until cercariae penetrate the skin and transform into schistosomula. Further research is required to confirm if cercariae are non-viable at these fluences, until then a conservative approach based on the death of cercariae is appropriate. Due to the high fluences required to kill cercariae, UV disinfection alone is unlikely to be an energy- or cost-efficient water treatment method for combatting schistosomiasis, however improvements in efficiency combined with cheaper production costs may make UV LED technology more competitive in the near future. Open Access

© 2021 Moore et al., Bioinformatics training is required at every stage of a scientist’s research career. Continual bioinformatics training allows exposure to an ever-changing and growing repertoire of techniques and databases, and so biologists, computational scientists, and healthcare practitioners are all seeking learning opportunities in the use of computational resources and tools designed for data storage, retrieval, and analysis. There are abundant opportunities for accessing bioinformatics training for scientists in high-income countries (HICs), with well-equipped facilities and participants and trainers requiring minimal travel and financial costs alongside a range of general advice for developing short bioinformatics training courses [1–3]. However, regionally targeted bioinformatics training in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often requires more extensive local and external support, organization, and travel. Due to the limited expertise in bioinformatics in LMICs in general, most bioinformatics training requires a fair amount of collaboration with experts beyond the local community, country, or region. A common model of training, used as the basis of this article, includes a local host collaborating with local, regional, and international experts gathering to train local or regional participants. Recently, there has been a growth of capacity strengthening initiatives in LMICs, such as the Pan African Bioinformatics Network for Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3ABioNet) Initiative [4–6], the Capacity Building for Bioinformatics in Latin America (CABANA) Project [7], the Asia Pacific BioInformatics Network (APBioNet) [8], and the Wellcome Connecting Science Courses and Conferences program [9]. One of the important strands of these initiatives is a drive to organize and deliver valuable bioinformatics training, but organizing and delivering short bioinformatics training workshops in an LMIC present a unique set of challenges. This paper attempts to build upon the sage advice for organizing bioinformatics workshops with specific guidance for organizing and delivering them in LMICs. It describes the processes to follow in organizing courses taking into consideration the low-resource setting. We should also note that LMICs are not a monolithic group and that setting, context, temporality, and specific location matters. LMICs are a complex regional grouping [10] and should be treated as such; however, we will present some common lessons that we hope will help organizers and trainers of bioinformatics training events in LMICs to navigate the often different, challenging, and rewarding experience., The authors who contributed to this manuscript are funded as follows: BM receives salary support from Wellcome Trust grants [WT108749/Z/15/Z, WT108749/Z/15/A], PC, VR, NM, AG’s salaries are funded in whole, or in part, by the NIH Common Fund H3ABioNet grant [U24HG006941], MC, SLFV, AR, PG, PCL’s salaries were partly funded by the UKRI-BBSRC ‘Capacity building for bioinformatics in Latin America’ (CABANA) grant, on behalf of the Global Challenges Research Fund [BB/P027849/1], JDLR is funded by ISCiii AES [ref. PI18/00591] at the CSIC/USAL (Spain) and by CYTED, RIABIO (Red Iberoamericana 521RT0118), AM’s salary is funded by [WT206194/Z/17/Z], GO is funded by the CABANA grant and SM is funded by the EMBL-EBI.

That the twenty-first century would be marked by complex challenges has been a long-accepted fact. The catastrophic impacts brought by the COVID-19 global pandemic have however crystallized the nature of such challenges. As the pandemic continues to claim millions of lives, devastate economies and rapture socio-economic safety nets, governments and other actors the world over has sought swift and effective remedial responses. But as is becoming apparent, the longer-term impacts of COVID-19 might be severe and far- reaching. Hence the need to explore the immediate, short- and long-term impacts of the pandemic. From 18th to 20th November 2020, The Africa Research and Impact Network convened the inaugural ARIN Annual Conference to spur an international dialogue on lessons for post-COVID-19 research and policy. The conference focused on three thematic areas: Climate Change & COVID-19, Cities & COVID-19, and Science Technology and Policy & COVID-19, all of which are central to the ways in which the society has interacted with the pandemic. The conference built on a series of ARIN COVID-19 in Africa dialogues convened between the months of April and November 2020 that brought together key stakeholders from the academia, policy, and practice to generate insights and lessons for strengthening Africa’s research and policy inresponding to the pandemic and post-COVID-19 recovery plans. This technical report presents insights shared during the conference from over 100 scholars, policy makers, and innovators drawing on their experiences from different African contexts and beyond. The deliberations comprised eminent keynote speeches, thematic panel sessions, book chapter presentations, and side-events.

Disasters do not discriminate; however, existing socio-economic conditions present segregated disaster impacts even for similar communities-demographically. Here, the most vulnerable groups within these communities suffer most. Research shows that disasters increase gender inequalities. This framework analysis sought to bring to the construct of disaster risk reduction, gender intersectionality perspectives, and ways of gender mainstreaming in disasters in Kenya. It is undeniable that each time a disaster occurs, gender relations are part of the human experiences that arise from disasters. Therefore, the inclusion and advancement of gender mainstreaming or responsiveness into disaster risk reduction are timely, especially when the world is faced with numerous disasters inclusive of emerging ones as COVID19. The findings resulting from this study used a Participatory Action Approach. Primary data presented a multi-level approach to disaster risk reduction comprising of local, city-level and international participation. The results show a need for gender mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction in Kenya. These efforts call for training, community leadership network and a rethink on policies for research and practice to address the local people’ sufferings in the face of disasters, and lost livelihoods.

Equitable partnerships are central to the GCRF portfolio overall, the interdisciplinary hubs, and specifically to the Tomorrow’s Cities Hub. Achieving the Hub’s aim of catalysing a transition from crisis management to multi-hazard risk-informed and inclusive planning for cities in low-and-middle income countries, is not possible without working through equitable partnerships with a diverse set of actors. Simply delivering the results of multi-hazard risk research is not sufficient to tackle the interactable challenge of risk governance. It requires working directly with decision makers, planners, civil society and communities within cities and beyond, and doing so in a way that builds ownership of the process as much as the outcomes of the research, so that the research can directly inform decision making and city planning processes. While the term is now gaining popularity in research circles, the idea of equitable and effective partnerships has long been part of development discourse. What equitable partnership means in practice, however, is difficult to determine as there are manifold and contested meanings of “partnership” and “equity.” A clear definition or even principles remain hard to pinpoint. Despite there being no commonly agreed criteria of what makes a partnership equitable, the review identified common features across discussions of effective (equitable) partnerships that we argue should inform how the Hub builds, maintains and evaluates partnerships, including: • Acknowledge principles of equality, mutuality, reciprocity, and respect. This incorporates recognising and ensuring a mutual understanding of differences between the partners and how these differences can influence the partnership. This includes differences based on cultural and contextual backgrounds, including varying capacities, priorities, timeframes, organisational incentive structures and other practices. • Acknowledge and make power differences explicit, including that funding flows affect relationships and create power asymmetries. Funding and benefits that people get from the research need to be made explicit and equity in decision making can help address power differences. Power also influences which types of evidence and knowledge are valued and consequently how research is designed and implemented and the type of outputs that are produced for which audiences. Equitable partnerships challenge hierarchies of evidence and knowledge and are inclusive of local and Indigenous knowledges. • At their core, partnerships are built on interpersonal relationships that are based on mutual trust. Transparency and accountability are important aspects of building this. Open communication between all partners throughout the partnership lifetime is key. Trust is one of the fundamentals of well-functioning partnerships and takes time to establish through regular, open communication. • Engage with the context that shapes the partnership and create space for mutual learning so that the partnership can adapt to the changes in the external context. This requires bringing partners into how success if valued and evaluated and enabling learning across all to inform adaptation. This includes the global funding context within which partnerships are formed. There is a dearth of evidence of how working in equitable partnerships support development impact and a lack of specific assessments of implementation and contextual differences of equitable partnerships. This highlights a unique opportunity for Tomorrow’s Cities to contribute to the emergent research topic of evaluating equitable partnerships in large-scale research for development programmes. As we note in the review, existing definitions are mainly based on ideas and research by researchers from the Global North, which adds an opportunity for the Hub to shift this trend and build equitable partnerships through leadership of colleagues in LMIC of operation. Starting points for what to focus evaluation on are to consider how the partnership is performing on the design, systemic and relational dimensions, in terms of recognition, procedure and distribution. Going beyond the “usual suspects” and opening up opportunities for those other than existing national and institutional partnerships is also seen as a potential key factor in measuring the equity of a partnership.

Managing disaster risk is about a good deal more than disaster risk management. Risk and loss arise from the accumulated legacy of decision-making and decision-making contexts that enmesh the environmental, technological and human to go far beyond the purview of risk managers, humanitarian agencies and first responders. How then to orient disasters research to better open development processes and attendant governance as central components for risk reduction? The whole of culture approach offers one response to this challenge. Influence over disaster risk and loss outcomes is shaped by the intersection of individual decision-making processes with informal and formal norms, organisational structures and tools. Human behaviour as part of development does not have a linear association with policy, norms or capacity but brings multiple, often hidden and open-ended, interactions between identity, behaviour, framing systems of legislation and social norms cross-cut by knowledge. Knowledge is always contested and contextual. Science methodologies attempt to make their social framing and underlying assumptions transparent, but are not always successful in communicating these. Once in the public domain even the most transparent and careful science products become part of a knowledge ecosystem including local knowledge, personal experience, social media and the vested communications of government, civil society and private sector interests (Nalau et al 2018). We argue that amongst this complexity, knowledge production, control, interpretation and use offers a key to understanding action within development that influences risk. This view holds for individuals at risk and also for planners, investors, managers and politicians holding influential decision-making positions. The perspective offered derives from contemporary work on social theory including assemblage theory and science and technology studies and from methodological experience, especially in coproduction, interdisciplinarity and action research. The whole of culture approach is proposed not only because of recent innovations but also in response to a renewed sense of urgency around the need for joined up action on the root causes of risk. Risk root causes are embedded in ongoing and everyday development vision and actions, yet risk management finds it difficult to be a central concern for development actors. This is a longstanding challenge. In 1983, James Hewitt observed that disaster risk management was an archipelago to development – connected but at the same time held at distance, informing but marginal to development vision and outcomes. This characterisation of a disaster risk science and management toolkit somehow removed from the levers of decision-making continues today. Lewis and Kelman (2007) capture the current concern by calling for an extension in the focus of risk reduction to confront also risk creation – the knowing or accidental creation of vulnerability and hazard exposure through development decisions from the household to the international. This concern is heightened as processes of globalisation and interdependent infrastructure systems (including those of the informal sector) mean that risk and loss can cascade across places with impacts moving across sectors (UNDRR 2013). Already heightened by the observed effects of climate change as an impact multiplier on development failure, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this concern. The impacts of COVID-19 and management responses have demonstrated how many of the root causes of vulnerability to natural hazards (overcrowded dwellings, inadequate access to clean water, limited primary health care, educational inequality, social marginalisation, exposure to violence, distrust of official agencies) are made worse by the predominant economic and social structures at the heart of development. These inequalities have long been recorded, the association with disaster risk long known, but development practice has been consistently ineffective in taking action. The paper first accounts for the ways in which culture has been brought into risk and disaster studies and then describes the long-standing desire from researchers and practitioners to better understand and act on risk creation as a development, not a risk management concern. The whole of culture approach is built from innovation across assemblage thinking, science and technology studies, interdisciplinarity and coproduction which are presented and then summarised before being applied to an urban research programme to test the relevance of the approach.

This research is a part of the UKRI GCRF funded project Tomorrow’s Cities, which has the objective to encourage pro-poor risk-sensitive planning in Istanbul, Kathmandu, Nairobi and Quito. It contributes to the first of its four Work Packages (WPs). WP1, namely Understandings of Risk, broadly analyses how understandings of risks and of the root causes of risks (URRCRs) have emerged and are sustained in the city. WP1 has been further divided into four themes - Risk and Narratives (theme 1), Governance and Institutions (theme 2), Urban Change (theme 3), and Vulnerability and Capacity (theme 4). This study, belongs to theme 2 of WP1 and takes a community-level case, analyses the “gaps” between how risks are being produced at the community level and how they are managed by municipal and local governments and exposes the lines of disconnection between policy and practice.

© 2021 Moore et al. Bioinformatics training is required at every stage of a scientist’s research career. Continual bioinformatics training allows exposure to an ever-changing and growing repertoire of techniques and databases, and so biologists, computational scientists, and healthcare practitioners are all seeking learning opportunities in the use of computational resources and tools designed for data storage, retrieval, and analysis. There are abundant opportunities for accessing bioinformatics training for scientists in high-income countries (HICs), with well-equipped facilities and participants and trainers requiring minimal travel and financial costs alongside a range of general advice for developing short bioinformatics training courses [1–3]. However, regionally targeted bioinformatics training in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often requires more extensive local and external support, organization, and travel. Due to the limited expertise in bioinformatics in LMICs in general, most bioinformatics training requires a fair amount of collaboration with experts beyond the local community, country, or region. A common model of training, used as the basis of this article, includes a local host collaborating with local, regional, and international experts gathering to train local or regional participants. Recently, there has been a growth of capacity strengthening initiatives in LMICs, such as the Pan African Bioinformatics Network for Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3ABioNet) Initiative [4–6], the Capacity Building for Bioinformatics in Latin America (CABANA) Project [7], the Asia Pacific BioInformatics Network (APBioNet) [8], and the Wellcome Connecting Science Courses and Conferences program [9]. One of the important strands of these initiatives is a drive to organize and deliver valuable bioinformatics training, but organizing and delivering short bioinformatics training workshops in an LMIC present a unique set of challenges. This paper attempts to build upon the sage advice for organizing bioinformatics workshops with specific guidance for organizing and delivering them in LMICs. It describes the processes to follow in organizing courses taking into consideration the low-resource setting. We should also note that LMICs are not a monolithic group and that setting, context, temporality, and specific location matters. LMICs are a complex regional grouping [10] and should be treated as such; however, we will present some common lessons that we hope will help organizers and trainers of bioinformatics training events in LMICs to navigate the often different, challenging, and rewarding experience. The authors who contributed to this manuscript are funded as follows: BM receives salary support from Wellcome Trust grants [WT108749/Z/15/Z, WT108749/Z/15/A], PC, VR, NM, AG’s salaries are funded in whole, or in part, by the NIH Common Fund H3ABioNet grant [U24HG006941], MC, SLFV, AR, PG, PCL’s salaries were partly funded by the UKRI-BBSRC ‘Capacity building for bioinformatics in Latin America’ (CABANA) grant, on behalf of the Global Challenges Research Fund [BB/P027849/1], JDLR is funded by ISCiii AES [ref. PI18/00591] at the CSIC/USAL (Spain) and by CYTED, RIABIO (Red Iberoamericana 521RT0118), AM’s salary is funded by [WT206194/Z/17/Z], GO is funded by the CABANA grant and SM is funded by the EMBL-EBI.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. Many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to PPR virus (PPRV) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. The role of wild species in PPRV epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. These studies aimed to investigate PPRV infection in wild artiodactyls in the Greater Serengeti and Amboseli ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. Out of 132 animals purposively sampled in 2015–2016, 19.7% were PPRV seropositive by ID Screen PPR competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA, IDvet, France) from the following species: African buffalo, wildebeest, topi, kongoni, Grant’s gazelle, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, warthog and gerenuk, while waterbuck and lesser kudu were seronegative. In 2018–2019, a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected African buffalo and Grant’s gazelle herds was conducted. The weighted estimate of PPRV seroprevalence was 12.0% out of 191 African buffalo and 1.1% out of 139 Grant’s gazelles. All ocular and nasal swabs and faeces were negative by PPRV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Investigations of a PPR-like disease in sheep and goats confirmed PPRV circulation in the area by rapid detection test and/or RT-qPCR. These results demonstrated serological evidence of PPRV infection in wild artiodactyl species at the wildlife–livestock interface in this ecosystem where PPRV is endemic in domestic small ruminants. Exposure to PPRV could be via spillover from infected small ruminants or from transmission between wild animals, while the relatively low seroprevalence suggests that sustained transmission is unlikely. Further studies of other major wild artiodactyls in this ecosystem are required, such as impala, Thomson’s gazelle and wildebeest.

22 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01173-9.-- Data availabilityAll standardized forcing variables from the ESMs are available at https://doi.org/10.48364/ISIMIP.575744.1; all outputs from the MEMs are available via ISIMIP (https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/data-access/).-- Code availabilityAll code used to analyse simulations is available at https://github.com/Fish-MIP/CMIP5vsCMIP6, Projections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries. Here we apply an enhanced suite of global marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish-MIP), forced by new-generation Earth system model outputs from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), to provide insights into how projected climate change will affect future ocean ecosystems. Compared with the previous generation CMIP5-forced Fish-MIP ensemble, the new ensemble ecosystem simulations show a greater decline in mean global ocean animal biomass under both strong-mitigation and high-emissions scenarios due to elevated warming, despite greater uncertainty in net primary production in the high-emissions scenario. Regional shifts in the direction of biomass changes highlight the continued and urgent need to reduce uncertainty in the projected responses of marine ecosystems to climate change to help support adaptation planning, This work was supported by the Jarislowsky Foundation (D.P.T.), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant programme (D.P.T., H.K.L., T.D.E., W.W.L.C., J.P.-A. and V.C.); Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Projects DP170104240 (J.L.B. and C.N.), DP190102293 (J.L.B., C.N., A.J.R., J.D.E. and D.P.T.) and DP150102656 (J.D.E.); the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements 817578 (TRIATLAS) (M.C., J.S., L.S., O.M., L.B., Y.-J.S., N.B. and J.R.), 869300 (FutureMARES) (J.A.F.-S.,Y.-J.S. and M.C.) and 862428 (MISSION ATLANTIC (J.A.F.-S, Y.-J.S. and M.C.); the Spanish National Project ProOceans (PID2020-118097RB-I00) (M.C. and J.S.); the Open Philanthropy Project (C.S.H.); the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) One Ocean Hub (NE/S008950/1) (K.O.-C. and L.S.); the Simons Foundation (nos. 54993, 645921) (G.L.B.); the Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme (SOMBEE project, ANR-18-EBI4-0003-01) (Y.-J.S. and N.B.); the MEOPAR Postdoctoral Fellowship Award 2020–2021 and the Ocean Frontier Institute (Module G) (A.B.-B.); the French ANR project CIGOEF (grant ANR-17-CE32-0008-01) (O.M., L.B. and J.R.); the California Ocean Protection Council Grant C0100400, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) allocation TG-OCE170017 (D.B. and J.G.); the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NA20OAR4310441, NA20OAR4310442) (C.M.P.). M.C. acknowledges the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC)

Istanbul, landslides are the first largest disaster in terms of the number of incidents and the second-largest natural disaster after earthquakes in terms of affected houses. There were 1,153 landslides reported in Istanbul, 908 earth sliding, and 245 rockfalls. The social and economic losses of landslides can be reduced by effective planning and management. These approaches can be summarized as follows. a) Limiting residential areas in places at high risk of landslides b) Compliance with regulations on excavation, filling, landscaping, and building construction c) Monitoring of groundwater level, slope surfaces, and structures in risky areas with measuring devices to prevent or control landslides. d) Development of early warning systems. This report summarizes the research escapades and investigates the characteristics of past landslides, especially in Istanbul. For this purpose, in the second part of the report, landslide prediction methods and the factor of safety are explained. In the third section, landslide risk assessment methods are discussed. In the fourth chapter, multi-hazard risks are highlighted and the importance of landslides in multi-hazard risks is discussed. The fifth chapter includes past research on disaster risk management. In the sixth section, the landslide hazard of Istanbul is reviewed separately for 14 regions. The results obtained in this report are summarized and discussed in the conclusion section.

International audience; Sustainable production of high-quality food is one of today's major challenges of agriculture. To achieve this goal, a better understanding of plant physiological processes and a more integrated approach with respect to current agronomical practices are needed. In this review, various examples of cooperation between integrative plant physiology and agronomy are discussed, and this demonstrates the complexity of these interrelations. The examples are meant to stimulate discussions on how both research areas can deliver solutions to avoid looming food crises due to population growth and climate change. In the last decades, unprecedented progress has been made in the understanding of how plants grow and develop in a variety of environments and in response to biotic stresses, but appropriate management and interpretation of the resulting complex datasets remains challenging. After providing an historical overview of integrative plant physiology, we discuss possible avenues of integration, involving advances in integrative plant physiology, to sustain plant production in the current post-omics era. Finally, recommendations are provided on how to practice the transdisciplinary mindset required, emphasising a broader approach to sustainable production of high-quality food in the future, whereby all those who are involved are made partners in knowledge generation processes through transdisciplinary cooperation.

This report documents and discusses the urbanization trend, spatial transition, major drivers of urban change, and existing institutional mechanisms of urban development in Nepal , one of the top ten fastest urbanizing countries in the world. Particularly, it reflects on the gaps and challenges for urban governance in Nepal and focuses on Kathmandu Valley, the “hub” of urbanization in Nepal. The urban population growth rate in Nepal almost doubled from 3.6% in 1991 to 6.5% in 2001, and the number of urban centers increased from 58 in 2013 to 293 in 2017. The review shows the transition of Nepal from predominantly rural to an emerging urban economy is primarily the result of the governmental decisions that merged rural administrative units and designated them as municipalities, administratively the urban units of Nepal. Rural to urban migration is another important factor driving urban growth in Nepal. Unplanned land use, shrinking open spaces, haphazard construction, and poor services have become major urban features of Nepal, which resemble the growth of Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu Valley, with an estimated population of 2.54 million, is growing at 6.5% per year, indicating one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia. Haphazard and unplanned urbanization of the valley have degraded the urban environment, increased urban poverty, and exposed the growing urban population to multi-hazard risk. Aiming to balance urban development, develop disaster-resilient cities and enhance urban resilience, the government has formulated the urban development strategy and declared new programs for the development of emerging urban centers and “smart” cities in the valley. However, such centrallyplanned infrastructure development activities lack coordination and contradict the formal policy intentions, and are facing resistances in some places, rendering their implementation uncertain. The majority of the urban population lacks resiliency and the government lacks institutional and financial capacities and coordination crucial for undertaking inclusive, equitable, and resilient urban development. The current constitutional provision that restrains the government from imposing any kind of restriction on the use of private property has come up as an additional impediment to urban governance in Nepal and thus making urban areas increasingly disasterprone and the urban population, primarily the urban poor, vulnerable to multiple hazards. Kathmandu Valley has become an evidence of these processes and their ramifications. The report has concluded by providing key insights that can be useful in making tomorrow’s cities inclusive, equitable, and resilient.

The Politics of Uncertainty: Practical Challenges for Transformative Action is an Open Access book exploring the theme of uncertainty in the science-society nexus. This chapter, written by Tomorrow's Cities Co-Directors Mark Pelling and John McCloskey, with Detlef Müller-Mahn, explores Disasters, Humanitarianism and Emergencies. Long-standing research on disaster risk has tended to focus on physical science and directly connected and observable cause and effect between hazard and impact. More recently, work has extended into questions of complex causation and social construction, where cause and effect are disarticulated over space and time and coloured by an observer’s viewpoint and perception. This has drawn in multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, including recognition of local or traditional knowledge. The chapter explores this transition and the ways in which the search for a more complete understanding of risk production and human action has brought both increased understanding and greater uncertainty to those who seek to use science for action. By drawing together viewpoints from social and physical science perspectives the chapter identifies four fundamental properties of knowledge production in the context of disaster risk and international development: (1) uncertainty is prevalent throughout disaster research; (2) as knowledge has grown, so awareness of the uncertainties that constrain this knowledge has also grown; (3) uncertainties are likely to remain into the future and so must be embraced; and (4) managing the presentation of uncertainty is a challenge for scientists working with policy-makers and the public, who look to science to reduce uncertainty. The Politics of Uncertainty book, which can be found in full here, is a result of an international academic symposium of the same title, organised by the STEPS Centre and held at the Institute of Development Studies in the UK.

The niche of the Tomorrow's Cities project lies in the fact that 60 percent of the area that is expected to be urban by 2030 is yet to be built. Kathmandu is one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the South Asia region and the most critical place within Nepal that is facing unprecedented challenges –ramifications of unplanned development and urban sprawl. Kathmandu's core city can no longer accommodate population or infrastructural expansion and therefore, the urban settlements have slowly begun to spread on the last remaining agricultural lands on the peripheral areas of the core city. With the new publicly elected representatives at the local level, after more than two decades, the development planning has been handed down to these local units. However, there also exist overlapping structures in the federal government that employ federal mandates of city planning. Within the Kathmandu context, the development plans of both the municipal government and the federal government play out in these last remaining green spaces of the valley. Hence, the different city actors need to agree on a vision of what a resilient Kathmandu would look like. Workshop methods with participatory adult learning tools were employed to bring together key city policy actors and understand (differing) visions of resilient Kathmandu. Through a series of sessions, the participants agreed on a vision where a capacitated municipal government was the precondition for a resilient city. Better technical knowledge of the municipal staff, participatory and inclusive planning, community cohesion, and strong social networks were the characteristics of the high capacity of municipal government that enhanced city resilience. Whereas, redundant policies and institutional structure at different tiers of government, low capacity of human resources at the municipal offices impeded the desired vision of the resilient city. The participants agreed on the positive role science can play in capacitating the municipal government on participatory and evidence-based decision making. While the municipal government is one of the key actors, there are other structures within different tiers of government that can enhance/undermine the city resilience. Taking the municipal authority as a departure point, the Tomorrow's Cities project can inquire on the roles and relationship of the municipal government with the community it governs, the federal policies/institutions that it is regulated by and its relationship with other potential external influencers like the private sector and donor agencies. And hence understand how the urbanization process will unfold (converge or depart from the old ways) in the new federal system of governance.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise the local foods and beverages sold and advertised in three deprived urban African neighbourhoods.DesignCross-sectional observational study. We undertook an audit of all food outlets (outlet type and food sold) and food advertisements. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise exposures. Latent class analysis was used to explore the interactions between food advertisements, food outlet types and food type availability.SettingThree deprived neighbourhoods in African cities: Jamestown in Accra, Ho Dome in Ho (both Ghana) and Makadara in Nairobi (Kenya).Main outcome measureTypes of foods and beverages sold and/or advertised.ResultsJamestown (80.5%) and Makadara (70.9%) were dominated by informal vendors. There was a wide diversity of foods, with high availability of healthy (eg, staples, vegetables) and unhealthy foods (eg, processed/fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages). Almost half of all advertisements were for sugar-sweetened beverages (48.3%), with higher exposure to alcohol adverts compared with other items as well (28.5%). We identified five latent classes which demonstrated the clustering of healthier foods in informal outlets, and unhealthy foods in formal outlets.ConclusionOur study presents one of the most detailed geospatial exploration of the urban food environment in Africa. The high exposure of sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol both available and advertised represent changing urban food environments. The concentration of unhealthy foods and beverages in formal outlets and advertisements of unhealthy products may offer important policy opportunities for regulation and action.

Cevizlibağ Metrobus Overpass has a very important place in Istanbul transportation due to its high pedestrian density and its location on the main road with heavy vehicle traffic. Damage to the Cevizlibağ overpass in a possible earthquake may block the traffic of Istanbul and prevent the aid teams from reaching the earthquake victims. If it collapses in an earthquake while the density of people is high on it, it may cause many casualties. For this reason, this overpass should be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged even in the biggest possible earthquake. Also, there are 4 stairs on the overpass and a platform with turnstiles for Metrobus passes (Figure 2). This study aims to determine the dynamic (Modal parameters such as modal frequencies and mode shapes) and static properties (Geometry and material properties) of the Cevizlibağ Overpass and to examine the earthquake performance. In this context, the building was analyzed under the earthquake levels defined in the 2018 Turkish Earthquake Code. As a result of these analyzes, the total shear force capacity of the structure and the amount of shear force demanded from the structure were calculated using different earthquake levels.

This is the first report coming out of Work Package 1: Theme 2 (Governance and Institutions) for the Tomorrow’s Cities GCRF Hub in Kathmandu city. It constitutes a qualitative institutional mapping of formal and informal organisations and key stakeholders involved in DRR governance in Kathmandu, across all scales from national to local. This report was finalised shortly following the Kathmandu City Hub Launch on Friday 28th February 2020. It draws on fieldwork constituting a first round of expert interviews and literature review conducted by Dilli Poudel from July-December 2019. It also builds on the Khokana field report released by SIAS in July 2019. The data contained in this report (including the Appendices) should be considered a work in progress; they will be built upon in subsequent rounds of fieldwork and used to refine research questions going forward.

Background Using case-vignettes, we assessed the perception of European infection control (IC) specialists regarding the individual and collective risk associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among inpatients. Methods In this study, sixteen case-vignettes were developed to simulate hospitalised patient scenarios in the field of AMR and IC. A total of 245 IC specialists working in different hospitals from 15 European countries were contacted, among which 149 agreed to participate in the study. Using an online database, each participant scored five randomly-assigned case-vignettes, regarding the perceived risk associated with six different multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO). The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), varying from 0 (poor) to 1 (perfect), was used to assess the agreement for the risk on a 7-point Likert scale. High risk and low/neutral risk scorers were compared regarding their national, organisational and individual characteristics. Results Between January and May 2017, 149 participants scored 655 case-vignettes. The perceptions of the individual (clinical outcome) and collective (spread) risks were consistently lower than other MDRO for extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae cases and higher for carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) cases. Regarding CPE cases, answers were influenced more by the resistance pattern (93%) than for other MDRO. The risk associated with vancomycin resistant Enterococci cases was considered higher for the collective impact than for the individual outcome (63% vs 40%). The intra-country agreement regarding the individual risk was globally poor varying from 0.00 (ICC: 0–0.25) to 0.51 (0.18–0.85). The overall agreement across countries was poor at 0.20 (0.07–0.33). IC specialists working in hospitals preserved from MDROs perceived a higher individual (local, p = 0.01; national, p Conclusions The perception of the risk associated with AMR varied greatly across IC specialists and countries, relying on contextual factors including the epidemiology. IC specialists working in high prevalence areas may underestimate both the individual and collective risks, and might further negatively promote the MDRO spread. These finding highlight the need to shape local and national control strategies according to risk perceptions and contextual factors.

8 pages, 1 figures, 4 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101901.-- This paper contributes to the implementation of the objectives of the IOC-SCOR GlobalHAB international programme (www.globalhab.info) concerning HABs and Human Health, Exposure to harmful algal blooms (HABs) can lead to well recognised acute patterns of illness in humans. The objective of this scoping review was to use an established methodology and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting framework to map the evidence for associations between marine HABs and observed both acute and chronic human health effects. A systematic and reproducible search of publications from 1985 until May 2019 was conducted using diverse electronic databases. Following de-duplication, 5,301 records were identified, of which 380 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The majority of studies (220; 57.9%) related to Ciguatera Poisoning. Anecdotal and case reports made up the vast majority of study types (242; 63.7%), whereas there were fewer formal epidemiological studies (35; 9.2%). Only four studies related to chronic exposure to HABs. A low proportion of studies reported the use of human specimens for confirmation of the cause of illness (32; 8.4%). This study highlighted gaps in the evidence base including a lack of formal surveillance and epidemiological studies, limited use of toxin measurements in human samples, and a scarcity of studies of chronic exposure. Future research and policy should provide a baseline understanding of the burden of human disease to inform the evaluation of the current and future impacts of climate change and HABs on human health, The research was funded in part by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Case PhD in Climate Change, Harmful Algal Blooms and Human Health; the UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Change and Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), and in collaboration with the University of Exeter, University College London, and the Met Office; the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for the MEDMI Project (https://www.data-mashup.org.uk); and the European Union's Horizon 2020, Grant/ Award Number: 774567 (SOPHIE Projecthttps://sophie2020.eu) and 666773 (BlueHealth Projecthttps://bluehealth2020.eu); UK Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) via the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) under grant agreement reference NE/P021107/1 to the Blue Communities project; and the UKRI grants OFF-Aqua BB/S004246/, CAMPUS NE/R00675X/11 and the Atlantic Area Interreg project PRIMROSE, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

International audience; This article offers sociohistorical engagement with readers' letters printed in three glossy Francophone African magazines (Bingo, La Vie Africaine, and Awa: La revue de la femme noire) produced from the early 1950s to the 1980s. It argues for a methodological foregrounding of readers' experiences “in and of themselves” (Musila), in order to assert the connective and collective role of intellectual labor within pan-African public spheres in this period. Drawing on analysis of readers' letters and interviews with leading figures involved in each magazine, the article is structured in three parts: first an overview of the three magazines and their relative political positions, followed by sociological analysis of a database of 212 readers' letters from the three titles covering the year 1964 (with a particular focus on gender), and lastly closer reading of a selection of a selection of these letters and the affective dimensions of “distant reading” they evoke and solicit, notably through requests for pen pals.

Gendered approaches to risk management are relevant to male, female and non-binary identities, from all areas, including marginalised communities and are a central concern in meeting the Hub’s goal of making urban development resilient to multiple disasters in ways that enhance equity and social justice. The Hub strategy is to mainstream gender into all aspects of research, impact and capacity building activity. The Hub’s Gender Champion will support this process through advising City and Research College teams on: (1) Making our research gender sensitive: how gender and other forms of social discrimination and difference can be highlighted in research methods, analysis and dissemination for impactful changes. (2) Making project management gender sensitive: how the ways in which we undertake research (employing staff, staff development, research roles and leadership) can enable gender and other equity. The Hub takes coproduction and leadership by city partners seriously as agents for transition and impact of themselves. For this reason, we do not pre-determine content for gender strategy. However, the vision of the Gender Champion, who will strongly influence this, encourages three entry points for mainstreaming. These entry points, presented in this article, should be considered during project design and implementation through MEL systems for both research and management. We present these now to indicate the trajectory of gender sensitive research within the Hub.

The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015–2030 identifies an urgent need for a global effort by researchers, practitioners, and governments to integrate science with action to support risk-sensitive decision making . Tomorrow's Cities aims to co-produce methodologies and guidelines for this action-oriented, pro-poor, multi-hazard risk-based decision-making agenda. Understanding and acting on risk is complex. Risk assessments are necessarily based on significant simplifications of the underlying physical and social processes, they are difficult to validate, and the reporting process often obscures caveats implicit in underlying assumptions. Technical outputs may have an inappropriate impact due to inaccurate expectations and limited comprehension). Experience also shows that state-of-the-art risk modelling on its own is not sufficient to build risk reduction into development planning and to support a movement to pro-poor, resilient actions. Institutional inertia, exclusive decision-making structures, and competing interests can mean even the best new knowledge is used only to enhance existing policy and practice. This means that risk science has to be built on the best current methods and must also understand the development context within which risk and resilience are positioned by competing actors in a city. It must then be used to convene policy and practical spaces for new coalitions of interest to cohere and bring pro-poor resilience into policy and action. This editorial outlines Tomorrow's Cities new approach to risk.

International audience; In Cambodia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) subtype viruses circulate endemically causing poultry outbreaks and zoonotic human cases. To investigate the genomic diversity and development of endemicity of the predominantly circulating clade 2.3.2.1c A (H5N1) viruses, we characterised 68 AIVs detected in poultry, the environment and from a single human A(H5N1) case from January 2014 to December 2016. Full genomes were generated for 42 A(H5N1) viruses. Phylogenetic analysis shows that five clade 2.3.2.1c genotypes, designated KH1 to KH5, were circulating in Cambodia during this period. The genotypes arose through multiple reassortment events with the neuraminidase (NA) and internal genes belonging to H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a, clade 2.3.2.1b or A(H9N2) lineages. Phylogenies suggest that the Cambodian AIVs were derived from viruses circulating between Cambodian and Vietnamese poultry. Molecular analyses show that these viruses contained the hemagglutinin (HA) gene substitutions D94N, S133A, S155N, T156A, T188I and K189R known to increase binding to the human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. Two A (H5N1) viruses displayed the M2 gene S31N or A30T substitutions indicative of adamantane resistance, however, susceptibility testing towards neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, lananmivir and peramivir) of a subset of thirty clade 2.3.2.1c viruses showed susceptibility to all four drugs. This study shows that A(H5N1) viruses continue to reassort with other A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses that are endemic in the region, highlighting the risk of introduction and emergence of novel A(H5N1) genotypes in Cambodia.

Inadequate staff behaviors in an operating room (OR) may lead to environmental contamination and increase the risk of surgical site infection. In order to assess this statement objectively, we have developed an approach to analyze OR staff behaviors using a motion tracking system. The present article introduces a solution for the assessment of individual displacements in the OR by: (1) detecting human presence and quantifying movements using a motion capture (MOCAP) system and (2) observing doors&rsquo, movements by means of a wireless network of inertial sensors fixed on the doors and synchronized with the MOCAP system. The system was used in eight health care facilities sites during 30 cardiac and orthopedic surgery interventions. A total of 119 h of data were recorded and analyzed. Three hundred thirty four individual displacements were reconstructed. On average, only 10.6% individual positions could not be reconstructed and were considered undetermined, i.e., the presence in the room of the corresponding staff member could not be determined. The article presents the hardware and software developed together with the obtained reconstruction performances.