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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is stationed by a dynamic and complex microbial community with functions in digestion, metabolism, immunomodulation, and reproduction. However, there is relatively little research on the composition and function of microorganisms in different GIT segments in dairy goats. Herein, 80 chyme samples were taken from ten GIT sites of eight Xinong Saanen dairy goats and then analyzed and identified the microbial composition via 16S rRNA V1-V9 amplicon sequencing. A total of 6669 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered, and 187 OTUs were shared by ten GIT segments. We observed 264 species belonging to 23 different phyla scattered across ten GITs, with Firmicutes (52.42%) and Bacteroidetes (22.88%) predominating. The results revealed obvious location differences in the composition, diversity, and function of the GIT microbiota. In LEfSe analysis, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae and unidentified_Succinniclassicum were significantly enriched in the four chambers of stomach, with functions in carbohydrate fermentation to compose short-chain fatty acids. Aeriscardovia, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and Romboutsia were significantly higher in the foregut, playing an important role in synthesizing enzymes, amino acids, and vitamins and immunomodulation. Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Alistipes were significantly abundant in the hindgut to degrade polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, etc. From rumen to rectum, α-diversity decreased first and then increased, while β-diversity showed the opposite trend. Metabolism was the major function of the GIT microbiome predicted by PICRUSt2, but with variation in target substrates along the regions. In summary, GIT segments play a decisive role in the composition and functions of microorganisms. Key points: • The jejunum and ileum were harsh for microorganisms to colonize due to the presence of bile acids, enzymes, faster chyme circulation, etc., exhibiting the lowest α-diversity and the highest β-diversity. • Variability in microbial profiles between the three foregut segments was greater than four chambers of stomach and hindgut, with a higher abundance of Firmicutes dominating than others. • Dairy goats dominated a higher abundance of Kiritimatiellaeota than cows, which was reported to be associated with fatty acid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Corn (C), wheat (W), and paddy rice (PR) are important energy sources and are commonly used in feed production for swine. This study mainly focuses on the variation and regularities of microbiota and metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs in response to C, W, and PR. A total of 18 pigs were allotted into three dietary groups with six replicated pigs and received diets containing C, W, or PR as the sole energy source, respectively. The results showed that digestive parts significantly affected the diversity of microbial communities. Cereal grain sources significantly influenced the β-diversity of microbial communities in the colon and rectum. Campylobacterota and Proteobacteria are mainly distributed in the duodenum, Lactobacillus in the jejunum, and Bacteroidota in the colon and rectum. The W diet increased the Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group abundances and showed the highest concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the hindgut. Fibrobacterota, Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella, and Treponema in the colon or rectum were positively correlated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs. These findings suggested that aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes in the foregut will gradually be replaced by anaerobes in the hindgut. The W diet had the best fermentability and was beneficial to the colonization of microbial communities that mainly used carbohydrates. The hindgut flora of the PR diet group may be more balanced with fewer potential pathogenic bacteria. Many microbial communities have been identified to contribute positively to the SCFA production of the hindgut. Collectively, our study revealed the spatial variation regularities of GIT microbial communities in an adult pig model and provided new insights into GIT microbiota and responses of metabolites to cereal grain diets.

We present PineSU, a lightweight system that integrates Git with the Ethereum blockchain for sharing electronic documents, enabling decentralized integrity protection and timestamping. PineSU introduces the concept of Storage Unit (SU for short), which is essentially a Git repository along with some descriptor files needed to interact with the blockchain. SUs can be open or closed. Open SUs serve to secure Git repositories whose content may change in the future. At any moment, users can create a Blockchain Synchronization Point (BSP for short) of their open SUs. This allows for a rigorous integrity and authenticity verification of the corresponding digital documents. Whereas closed SUs are mainly a mechanism to invalidate any change to a Git repository. They are useful when a set of files must be definitively archived and made immutable, while enabling their sharing securely. As shown by a case study on clones of two public repositories on GitHub (owned by the Italian government) containing reports and data about the COVID-19 diffusion, PineSU has proven to be very effective in protecting Git repositories under a few security hypotheses that are easy to guarantee in many circumstances. Furthermore, an experimental and simulated performance evaluation demonstrates that the system scales well for storage units of increasing sizes and structure complexity. Finally, a qualitative comparison with existing solutions shows the strengths of PineSU against state-of-the-art approaches.

In the present study, potential probiotics were isolated from dairy products and characterized on a molecular basis. Male and female (16 + 16, n = 4) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups to revise the effects of isolated potential probiotics on the gut immune system: 0-day, negative control, positive control (commercial product Lactobacillus acidophilus-14), laboratory isolated strains Pro-3 (Weissella confusa MZ735961), and Pro-4 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MZ727611). Aspartate-aminotransferase, Interleukin-6, bilirubin, and Alanine-transaminase values in both genders were expected but AST and creatinine values had a minor increase in the female group compared to the male probiotic-treated group. Cellular blood count level of mean corpuscular hemoglobin in male groups showed no considerable differences (p = 0.95), while there were decreased differences (p = 0.00) in female groups. The level of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed distinct variations (p = 0.02) in male groups, while these values were insignificant changes (p > 0.05) among female groups. No damage to the liver, thymus, or colon was ascertained based on morphological findings. The colon wall thickness, external muscle, crypt depth, and mucosa were significantly (p = 0.03) improved in rats given potential probiotics. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation stimulates the immune system. It may protect the intestinal mucosa by strengthening the gut’s immune system and promoting intestinal efficiency (nutrient absorption and number of goblet cells). L. plantarum can therefore offer a reliable, affordable, and safe treatment for functional gastrointestinal illnesses.

Achieving research reproducibility is a precarious aspect of scientific practice. However, many studies across disciplines fail to be fully reproduced due to inadequate dissemination methods. Traditional publication practices often fail to provide a comprehensive description of the research context and procedures, hindering reproducibility. To address these challenges, this article presents a tutorial on reproducible research using the R programming language. The tutorial aims to equip researchers, including those with limited coding knowledge, with the necessary skills to enhance reproducibility in their work. It covers three essential components: version control using Git, dynamic document creation using rmarkdown, and managing R package dependencies with renv. The tutorial also provides insights into sharing reproducible research and offers specific considerations for the field of sleep and chronobiology research. By following the tutorial, researchers can adopt practices that enhance the transparency, rigor, and replicability of their work, contributing to a culture of reproducible research and advancing scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumour suppressor, Lethal (2) giant larvae [Lgl; also known as L(2)gl], is an evolutionarily conserved protein that was discovered in the vinegar fly Drosophila, where its depletion results in tissue overgrowth and loss of cell polarity. Lgl links cell polarity and tissue growth through regulation of the Notch and the Hippo signalling pathways. Lgl regulates the Notch pathway by inhibiting V-ATPase activity via Vap33. How Lgl regulates the Hippo pathway was unclear. In this current study, we show that V-ATPase activity inhibits the Hippo pathway, whereas Vap33 acts to activate Hippo signalling. Vap33 physically and genetically interacts with the actin cytoskeletal regulators RtGEF (Pix) and Git, which also bind to the Hippo protein (Hpo) and are involved in the activation of the Hippo pathway. Additionally, we show that the ADP ribosylation factor Arf79F (Arf1), which is a Hpo interactor, is involved in the inhibition of the Hippo pathway. Altogether, our data suggest that Lgl acts via Vap33 to activate the Hippo pathway by a dual mechanism: (1) through interaction with RtGEF, Git and Arf79F, and (2) through interaction and inhibition of the V-ATPase, thereby controlling epithelial tissue growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pH-sensitive polymers have attained significant attention in the arena of targeted drug delivery (TDD) because of their exceptional capability to respond to alteration in pH in various physiological environments. This attribute aids pH-sensitive polymers to act as smart carriers for therapeutic agents, transporting them precisely to target locations while curtailing the release of drugs in off-targeted sites, thereby diminishing side effects. Many pH-responsive polymers in TDD have revealed promising results, with increased therapeutic efficacy and decreased toxic effects. Several pH-sensitive polymers, including, hydroxy-propyl-methyl cellulose, poly (methacrylic acid) (Eudragit series), poly (acrylic acid), and chitosan, have been broadly studied for their myriad applications in the management of various types of diseases. Additionally, the amalgamation of pH-sensitive polymers with, additive manufacturing techniques like 3D printing, has resulted in the progression of novel drug delivery systems that regulate drug release in a controlled manner. Herein, types of pH-sensitive polymers in TDD are systemically reviewed. We have briefly discussed the nanocarriers employed for the delivery of various pH-sensitive polymers in TDD. Finally, miscellaneous applications of pH-sensitive polymers are discussed thoroughly with special attention to the implication of 3D printing in pH-sensitive polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate late toxicity after whole pelvic irradiation in prostate cancer patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 15 non-metastatic prostatic cancer patients treated with radiotherapy were included. The analysis was conducted at Baghdad Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Center, Baghdad Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq, between December 2022 and May 2022. Data were collected retrospectively with the review of medical records. The following variables were studied: age, residency (address), smoking habits, TNM staging, histopathology, grades, GS, initial PSA concentration, ADT, treatment modality, the dose of RT, risk group, adverse effects including diarrhoea, pain, dysuria, anaemia, retention, haematuria, lymphedema, incontinence, urgency and sexual dysfunction, PTV95%, and OAR constraints doses. Results: The mean age of patients was 68.47 ± 8.15 years, with a median age of 65 and most patients above 60 years. Most of the patients were smokers, 14 (93.3%). Most patients have a history of comorbid condition 14 (93.3%). All prostatic cancer cases in this study were adenocarcinoma. Stage I recorded in 3 (20%) patients, stage III in 6 (40%), and stage IV in 6 (40%). Regarding the Gleason score, the median GS in this study was 7. The mean of PSA was 39.09 ± 38.74 ng/mL (median=23 ng/mL). Yet, no retention, anaemia, hematuria, or lymphedema was recorded. Approximately the percentage of adverse effects was 26.7% diarrhoea, 26.7% pain, 6.7% BPR, 20% dysuria, 6.7% incontinence, 13.4% urgency, and 60% sexual dysfunction. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Iraq to evaluate late toxicity after whole pelvic irradiation in prostate cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The research sought to determine the prevalence of patients and cancer-related risk factors associated with late toxicity. Methods: Fifteen individuals with non-metastatic prostate cancer who had radiation were included in cross-sectional research. The research was conducted at the Baghdad Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Centre in the Baghdad Medical City Complex, Iraq. The study took place from December 2022 to May 2022. The data were acquired retrospectively via a thorough examination of medical records. The study examined the variables of age, residency (address), smoking habits, TNM staging, histopathology, grades, GS, initial PSA concentration, ADT, treatment modality, dose of RT, risk group, and adverse effects including diarrhoea, pain, dysuria, anaemia, retention, haematuria, lymphedema, incontinence, urgency, sexual dysfunction, PTV95%, and OAR constraints doses. Results: In this study, several adverse effects after RT were recorded. The overall mean PTV of 95% was 93.5 ± 6.57 (median=94%), ranging from 80% to 99.9%. Old age patients were significantly more suffered from diarrhoea (OR=3.33; p=0.046) and dysuria (OR=5.5; p=0.037). Stages of the tumour, either II or III/IV, were a significant risk for pain (OR= 10; p=0.015) and sexual dysfunction (OR=2; p=0.02). High PSA levels significantly enhanced dysuria development (OR=2.5; p=0.05). A high dose of RT was significantly associated with sexual dysfunction (OR=2.8; p=0.04). Extensive PTV95% coverage can affect considerably the risk of diarrhoea (OR=3.6; p=0.033), pain (OR=3.6; p=0.033) and dysuria (OR=4; p=0.023). Conclusions: As far as we know, this is the first investigation conducted in Iraq to assess the number of patients and the risk variables associated with cancer that contribute to delayed toxicity. Advanced stages, high PSA levels, high GS levels, and the presence of comorbidities characterise prostatic adenocarcinoma in Iraqi individuals. These patients are in the high-risk category because of their old age and smoking habits. Delayed Gastro-Intestinal (GIT) and Genito-Urinary (GUT) toxicities are anticipated to occur only with high doses of Radiation Therapy (RT). Old age, advanced stage, high PSA level, and extensive RT PTV 95% coverage considerably increase the likelihood of developing late toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt and effective management. Interventional radiology has emerged as a valuable tool in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, offering minimally invasive techniques that can rapidly control bleeding and improve patient outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of interventional radiology in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, including its various techniques and their efficacy. The review discusses the different interventional radiology procedures that can be used to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal bleeding. It also highlights the advantages of techniques used in evaluation and management, including their ability to localize and control bleeding, as well as their low complication rates and shorter recovery times compared to traditional surgical approaches. Furthermore, the review addresses the specific indications for interventional radiology in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, as well as the role of interventional radiology in the setting of underlying conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of interventional radiology in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, highlighting its effectiveness and potential benefits for patients. It also emphasizes the need for further research and collaboration between interventional radiologists and gastroenterologists to optimize the use of these techniques in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparency and reproducibility are major prerequisites for conducting meaningful real‐world evidence (RWE) studies that are fit for decision‐making. Many advances have been made in the documentation and reporting of study protocols and results, but the principles for version control and sharing of analytic code in RWE are not yet as established as in other quantitative disciplines like computational biology and health informatics. In this practical tutorial, we aim to give an introduction to distributed version control systems (VCS) tailored toward the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reproducible) implementation of RWE studies. To ease adoption, we provide detailed step‐by‐step instructions with practical examples on how the Git VCS and R programming language can be implemented into RWE study workflows to facilitate reproducible analyzes. We further discuss and showcase how these tools can be used to track changes, collaborate, disseminate, and archive RWE studies through dedicated project repositories that maintain a complete audit trail of all relevant study documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software development is becoming increasingly ubiquitous in STEM disciplines resulting in the need for education in associated computational skills. To address this need, we designed a "Sustainable Software Development with Collaborative Version Control" workshop in the 2019 Institute for Scientist & Engineer Educators (ISEE) Professional Development Program (PDP). We describe here the development process and following delivery of the workshop. In particular, we explored how to apply an inquiry approach to learning computational skills. By design, PDP activities intertwine content and “cognitive STEM practices,” and teasing apart content and practice is important for STEM education. We encountered challenges with this task because our content — exploring software sustainability with collaborative version control — is much like a practice in itself. We designed our workshop to introduce the critical skill of sustainable software development using collaborative version control systems with an inquiry approach rather than the more typically used, strictly technical approach. We emphasize the authentic, broadly applicable nature of the workshop in which learners jointly design, test, and discuss their own increasingly complex development workflows. The development process for our workshop may be useful for educators who want to introduce software practices to learners from many disparate STEM disciplines that leverage computational methods and require software development to approach research questions.

Achieving research reproducibility is a precarious aspect of scientific practice. However, many studies across disciplines fail to be fully reproduced due to inadequate dissemination methods. Traditional publication practices often fail to provide a comprehensive description of the research context and procedures, hindering reproducibility. To address these challenges, this article presents a tutorial on reproducible research using the R programming language. The tutorial aims to equip researchers, including those with limited coding knowledge, with the necessary skills to enhance reproducibility in their work. It covers three essential components: version control using Git, dynamic document creation using rmarkdown, and managing R package dependencies with renv. The tutorial also provides insights into sharing reproducible research and offers specific considerations for the field of sleep and chronobiology research. By following the tutorial, researchers can adopt practices that enhance the transparency, rigor, and replicability of their work, contributing to a culture of reproducible research and advancing scientific knowledge.

Abstract Genomic methods are becoming increasingly valuable and established in ecological research, particularly in nonmodel species. Supporting their progress and adoption requires investment in resources that promote (i) reproducibility of genomic analyses, (ii) accessibility of learning tools and (iii) keeping pace with rapidly developing methods and principles. We introduce marineomics.io, an open‐source, living document to disseminate tutorials, reproducibility tools and best principles for ecological genomic research in marine and nonmodel systems. The website's existing content spans population and functional genomics, including current recommendations for whole‐genome sequencing, RAD‐seq, Pool‐seq and RNA‐seq. With the goal to facilitate the development of new, similar resources, we describe our process for aggregating and synthesizing methodological principles from the ecological genomics community to inform website content. We also detail steps for authorship and submission of new website content, as well as protocols for providing feedback and topic requests from the community. These web resources were constructed with guidance for doing rigorous, reproducible science. Collaboration and contributions to the website are encouraged from scientists of all skill sets and levels of expertise.

Let k and n be positive coprime integers with k < n. Let T denote the subgroup of diagonal matrices in SL(n, ℂ). We study the GIT quotient of Richardson varieties Xwv in the Grassmannian Grk,n by T with respect to a T-linearized line bundle ℒ corresponding to the Plücker embedding. We give necessary and sufficient combinatorial conditions for the quotient variety T∖∖(Xwv) Tss(ℒ) to be smooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic methods are becoming increasingly valuable and established in ecological research, particularly in nonmodel species. Supporting their progress and adoption requires investment in resources that promote (i) reproducibility of genomic analyses, (ii) accessibility of learning tools and (iii) keeping pace with rapidly developing methods and principles.We introduce marineomics.io, an open‐source, living document to disseminate tutorials, reproducibility tools and best principles for ecological genomic research in marine and nonmodel systems.The website's existing content spans population and functional genomics, including current recommendations for whole‐genome sequencing, RAD‐seq, Pool‐seq and RNA‐seq. With the goal to facilitate the development of new, similar resources, we describe our process for aggregating and synthesizing methodological principles from the ecological genomics community to inform website content. We also detail steps for authorship and submission of new website content, as well as protocols for providing feedback and topic requests from the community.These web resources were constructed with guidance for doing rigorous, reproducible science. Collaboration and contributions to the website are encouraged from scientists of all skill sets and levels of expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cascadura, (Hoplosternum littorale) is a delicacy in some countries; however, literature on this species is limited. This study aimed to identify gastrointestinal and hematological parasites and their potentially associated pathological effects in wild and farmed Cascadura in Trinidad. Samples of forty (40) wild and farmed Cascadura fishes were collected for this study. Morphometric measurements of whole fish and gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) were recorded. Blood smears were processed and stained with Wright’s Giemsa and GIT sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). The gross anatomy and histological features of the GIT of the Cascadura were consistent with the fish belonging to the Callichthyidae family. Hematological parasites were found in 13 out of the 40 (32.5%) fishes (nine wild; four farmed): 6 of 13 belonged to Alternaria spp. (15%), 6 of 13 were protozoa (15%) and 1 of 13 (5%) was a blood fluke belonging to the family Aporocotylidae. Three gastrointestinal nematodes were found in three wild fish, one identified as an anisakid. Gastric and intestinal structures appeared normal; however, inflammatory cells were found in one wild fish with damaged villi and degenerated epithelium of the intestine.

Подано розробку та результати оцінювання нової бібліотечної архітектури для зберігання даних у форматі ключ-значення, яка використовує зовнішні кінцеві точки користувацьких API. Це дасть змогу полегшити та здешевити процес збереження даних і конфігурації сховища завдяки можливості безоплатного використання публічних API та мінімізації взаємодії з складною інфраструктурою хмарних провайдерів. Розроблена архітектура дає змогу зберегти модульність внутрішніх компонент, забезпечити безпеку збережених даних, оптимізувати процес зберігання даних і спростити налаштування для розробників. Проаналізовано попередні дослідження щодо спрощення взаємодії зі сховищами ключ-значення, з основним акцентом на підвищенні ефективності та зменшенні витрат. Під час аналізу акцентовано увагу на деталях щодо оптимізації конфігурації та ефективності використання систем ключ-значення. Окреслено ключові особливості цих досліджень та подано недоліки проаналізованих рішень для покращення користувацького досвіду використання сховищ. Наведено результати аналізу популярних рішень для зберігання ключів і значень на підставі хмарних платформ, зокрема Amazon Web Services (AWS) і Microsoft Azure. Встановлено особливості, переваги та недоліки використання цих хмарних рішень, а також особливості як безкоштовних, так і платних планів. Досліджено інтеграцію API GitHub, як системи зберігання ключів і значень, визначено основні функції та можливості цього методу зберігання, який ґрунтується на Git і функціях GitHub. Проаналізовано результати тестів інтеграції API, акцентуючи увагу на продуктивності та ефективності цього рішення. Проведено порівняння сховища "ключ-значення" на підставі інтеграції з GitHub API із традиційними хмарними рішеннями для зберігання. На підставі аналізу та порівняння сформульовано висновок щодо випадків використання та доцільності впровадження дослідженого рішення в розробленні програмного забезпечення.

A accessible ultramodern life brings along with it a host of problems including acidity and Gastrointestinal issues. Poor eating habits, racy food and guzzling too numerous carbonated drinks Disrupts the pH balance and natural foliage of the stomach causing both bloating and acidity making Antacids the most common tone- specified specifics available over the counter. Common Dental Procedures and oral conditions requires dentists to define NSAIDs and antibiotics which alleviates Acidity. The antacids act by negativing the acid in the stomach and by inhibiting pepsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme. Each of These cationic mariners has a characteristic pharmacological property that determines its clinical use. In recent times, demands of identification and evaluation of new medicines conceivably of factory origin are gaining fashionability for the treatment of colorful gastrointestinal conditions. Hence, herbal drugs were considered a better cover for the treatment of acid influx/acidity with lower adverse side goods. The main ideal of the study was to elect sauces which were used as a home -- remedy having parcels for negativing the Acid of the stomach viz Cumin( Cuminum cyminum), Sprague (Trachyspermum ammi), and Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and incorporate in their excerpt forms in dividually into the new expression( Bouncy grains) developed by using wet granulation Method. Antacids are generally recommended for grown-ups and children at least 12 times old, and the FDA recommends antacids as the first-line treatment for heartburn in gestation. Herbal antacids are also one of the major classes of over the Counter drugs used by patient considering its safety. Hence, in present Study we attempted to prepare two formulations, one is aluminium Hydroxide suspension and second is combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide suspension aswell as compares this by marketed Formulation through antacid activity using in vitro methods viz-acid-Neutralizing capacity and buffering capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic bacteria are known to have ability to tolerate inhospitable conditions experienced during food preparation, food storage, and gastrointestinal tract of consumer. As probiotics are living cells, they are adversely affected by the harsh environment of the carrier matrix as well as low pH, bile salts, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure, and commensal microflora of the host. To overcome the unfavorable environments, many probiotics switch on the cell-mediated protection mechanisms, which helps them to survive, acclimatize and remain operational in the harsh circumstances. In this review, we provide comprehensive understanding on the different stresses experienced by the probiotic when added in carrier food as well as during human gastrointestinal tract transit. Under such situation how these health beneficial bacteria protect themselves by activation of several defense systems and get adapted to the lethal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to link pharmacokinetic (PK) data from different flurbiprofen preparations for the treatment of sore throat with published data to elucidate whether early efficacy is due to the local action of flurbiprofen or a systemic effect after absorption of the swallowed drug. Three comparative bioavailability studies conducted in healthy subjects provided data from flurbiprofen 8.75 mg formulations, including spray solution, spray gel, lozenges, and granules. A parallel interstudy comparison was made of PK parameters, including partial AUCs (pAUCs), using an ANOVA model with the calculation of 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the differences between least squares (LS) means for each of the test groups versus the respective reference groups. All three studies showed bioequivalence for the respective product comparisons. The interstudy comparison showed a slower rate of absorption for granules compared to spray solution (reference) based on Tmax, Cmax, and pAUCs for 1 h and 2 h. When AUC0.25h and AUC0.5h were considered, slower rates of absorption were also seen for lozenges and spray gel. The differences correlated with the reported time of onset of action, which is faster for the spray solution (20 min) compared to lozenges (26 min) and granules (30 min). These pAUCs provide useful data that allow for the discrimination between formulations. Moreover, the pAUC values represent <5% of the total AUC, suggesting that the early onset of pain relief is a response to immediate local absorption at the site of action rather than a systemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum) loaded-solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. Probiotics have proven to possess significant potential in addressing a range of conditions, encompassing neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Additionally, they show efficacy in sustaining a harmonious gut microbiota ecosystem. SLNs were prepared by using solvent emulsification-diffusion technique. The size and morphology of prepared probiotic-loaded SLNs were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The activity or viability of probiotics might be compromised in the challenging gastric conditions of the stomach or in the presence of bile salts. Furthermore, they may face vulnerability to thermal or oxidative stress during preparation and storage. Hence, there is a need for stable probiotic formulations to surmount diverse physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and biological barriers, ensuring maximal therapeutic effectiveness and clinical applicability. In vitro experiments were carried out with the aim of examining the viability of bacterial cells under gastrointestinal conditions. Encapsulation of the cells protect the cell numbers (colony forming unit) when compared to free bacteria. Nevertheless, the number of probiotic cells decreased in gastrointestinal acidic condition in contrast to free cells. Overall encapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum in SLN’s plays an important role in enhancing viability and stability which consequently enhance the survival of bacteria against gastrointestinal environmental conditions.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a complication of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including erosive and ulcerative lesions, vascular malformations, diverticula, and tumors. In developed countries, the GIB mortality rate ranges from 5% to 15%, reaching 30%40% in the group of patients with severe recurrent bleeding. AIM: The study aimed to develop an automated diagnostic algorithm for patients with GIB. METHODS: Knowledge engineering is used to extract terms and their relationships from the scientific literature related to the GIT. After agreement with the experts, information on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with GIB was arranged using a MS Excel spreadsheet editor. For building GIB localization rules, the study included data from histories of 280 patients aged 2094 years (61 [44; 74]); of these, 47.5% were women, while all others were men. The patients were diagnosed and treated at the Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 31 between 2008 and 2021. For testing the algorithm, data from histories of 514 patients aged 2096 years (62 [46; 74]) were used; of these, 57% were men, while the rest were women. The patients under study were diagnosed and treated at the Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 17 and the Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 31 between 2008 and 2022. For each study subject, data were available on 37 signs, including 19 clinical, 3 laboratory, and 15 endoscopic signs. Statistical data analysis was performed using the Statistica 13 software package, R Project programming language, and GraphPad online calculator. The software implementation of the algorithm was performed using the JavaScript programming language. RESULTS: Using polynomial logistic regression, an algorithm for differential diagnosis of GIB according to the preliminary localization of the bleeding source was developed. Having the data from 8 clinical and laboratory parameters with probability, a preliminary localization of the bleeding source may be determined. Thus, the probability of bleeding localization in the upper, middle, and lower GIT accounts for 84% (95% CI [78%; 89%]), 84% (95% CI [74%; 91%]), and 75% (95% CI [69%; 80%]), respectively. A final algorithm to support clinical decision-making in the management of patients with GIB (sergisa.smrtp.ru/medical/edit.html) was developed and implemented as a web-service, working with 92.2% efficiency. The sequence of operations of the algorithm for diagnosing GIB is as follows: Obtaining clinical and laboratory signs of a patient with suspected GIB. Determining the nature of bleeding (overt/occult) using literature data, assessing the severity of bleeding (mild/medium/severe) based on Gorbashko classification, and detecting the preliminary localization of bleeding (upper/middle/lower GIT) by regression equation. Providing recommendations for selecting a research method based on production rules and expert opinions. Obtaining endoscopic signs. Determining the localization and source of bleeding using the production rules. Providing recommendations for stopping/preventing GIB based on literature and expert opinions. CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm to support clinical decision-making for the management of patients with GIB, considering the nature of clinical manifestations and the severity and the cause of bleeding based on expert opinions, production rules, and polynomial logistic regression, which allows to assume a preliminary localization of the source of bleeding, was developed for the first time in the Russian Federation. The developed algorithm is implemented as a web-service and may be integrated into the medical information system at the automated workstation of a surgeon, an endoscopist, and a gastroenterologist to support clinical decision-making in the management of patients with GIB.

This tutorial offers a full introduction to Building and Deploying a Classification schema using Open Standards and Technology. Beyond accessing the command line, no prior knowledge is assumed as all the steps are described in detail. However, the tutorial will take you through some more complex technical steps. In order to profit best from the example workflows of the last chapter, it is good if you have some idea of how to work with OpenRefine and/or to have a TEI Publisher server set up to play around with. With this tutorial, you ‑ the reader ‑ should gain an understanding of: ‑ what different classification schemes can contribute to your project, ‑ what to pay attention to when building a classification scheme, ‑ how to code the classification scheme (in SKOS), ‑ how to publish the classification scheme (on GitHub pages), ‑ what some possible scenarios of using classifications schemes in actual project workflows are.

This conceptual report describes a novel assessment technique to evaluate written assignments in universities, such as literature reviews, essays or research proposals, over the course of the academic semester in multiple milestones. The method can be adapted to undergraduate and graduate courses in disciplines with a writing requirement. Key features of this method include encouraging student self-regulation and spacing of learning, rapid scoring using quantitative elements, improving the authenticity and transparency of the written work, and guiding students towards better writing and thinking skills. The method involves the implementation of a system called version control, which is a class of software to track and manage changes to textual data, often used by programmers to track code. This report describes a use case in two psychology courses describing the logistics and marking dynamics surrounding the assessment. This protocol has been seeded on a public repository on GitHub where educators can contribute and develop the technique further.

Introduction: The small and large intestines constitute a significant portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous benign, malignant, and congenital disorders manifest from this anatomical region. Benign aetiologies primarily encompass inflammatory and infectious pathologies. The colon represents the predominant anatomical location for the occurrence of gastrointestinal neoplasia within Western populations. Aim: In order to ascertain the pattern, frequency, and location of non-neoplastic lesions impacting the intestine, with the aim of increasing clinicians' awareness of their occurrence within this particular region. Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a total of 500 nonneoplastic gastrointestinal tract (GIT) lesions. The histopathological findings were meticulously examined, in conjunction with an analysis of the spatial distribution of lesions, and a correlation was established between the histopathological findings and the clinical parameters. Results: The predominant type of specimens obtained for analysis consisted of bowel resection samples, accounting for 433 cases (86.68% of the total). The remaining specimens were comprised of endoscopic biopsies, totaling 66 cases (13.33%). Non-neoplastic lesions were found to be more prevalent, accounting for 125 cases (83.33%), compared to neoplastic lesions, which accounted for 83 cases (16.67%). Conclusion: The meticulous evaluation of specimens, both at a macroscopic and microscopic level, in conjunction with relevant clinical data, serves as a valuable approach to achieving precise objectives and enhancing the patient's overall well-being. Recommendation: Lesions that are not considered malignant need to be followed up every year or every two years with the help of EUS or endoscopy to rule out malignancy.

The Electronic government system in Egypt faces great challenges during its current phase of development and implementation. These challenges are due to the emergence of new technologies and applications in the field of government electronic services. New technologies such as Near-Field Communications NFC, Smart Cities, and Green Information Technology for preserving the environment have contributed to new principles and procedures for the E-Government system in Egypt. This Research aims at developing an initiative for the Egyptian Government System through developing an integrated and systematic plan for defining priorities of engaging above-mentioned modern technologies to be applied in the next phase of development and implementation. The government body responsible for this work is the Ministry of Administrative Development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of implementing active pedagogical methodologies in three successive data science courses for a biology curriculum at the University of Mons, Belgium. Blended learning and flipped classroom approaches were adopted, with an emphasis on project-based biological data analysis. Four successive types of exercises of increasing difficulties were proposed to the students. Tutorials written with the R package learnr were identified as a critical step to transition between theory and the application of the concepts. The cognitive workload needed to complete the learnr tutorials was measured for the three courses and it was only lower for the last course, suggesting students needed a long time to get used to their software environment (R, RStudio and git). Data relative to students' activity, collected primarily from the ongoing assessment, were also used to establish student profiles according to their learning strategies. Several suboptimal strategies were observed and discussed. Finally, the timing of students contributions, and the intensity of teacher-learner interactions related to these contributions were analyzed before, during and after the mandatory distance learning due to the COVID-19 lockdown. A lag phase was visible at the beginning of the first lockdown, but the students' work was not markedly affected during the second lockdown period which lasted much longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The antiemetic properties of cannabis have motivated its use in the management of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting. Conversely, case reports of intractable vomiting among heavy cannabis users have increasingly appeared in the literature. Studies on cannabis and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health are scare. Here, we use data for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 2005–2018) to estimate the association between cannabis use and GIT illness. Methods: The study sample included non‐pregnant adult NHANES participants (20–59 years) without history of cancer or HIV (n = 18,753). Cannabis use was categorised into never, former (0 day in the past 30 days), infrequent (1–2 days), occasional (3–19 days) and frequent (20–30 days) use. Recent GIT illness was defined as experiencing GIT illness with vomiting or diarrhoea that started in the 30 days prior to NHANES. Logistic regression was used to regress GIT illness on cannabis use, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Compared to never use, frequent cannabis use was associated with higher odds of GIT illness (OR = 1.4; 95% confidence interval 1.04, 1.9). There were no associations between former, infrequent or occasional cannabis use and GIT illness. Discussion and Conclusions: Frequent cannabis use is associated with GIT illnesses in a large cross‐sectional study of US residents. It is possible that frequent cannabis use adversely affects GIT health, consistent with clinical case reports. Alternatively, patients with GIT illness might self‐medicate with cannabis given its antiemetic properties. Prospective studies are needed to understand the effects of cannabis use on GIT health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intracranial metastases are most frequent in the brain and dura. 80% of the brain metastasis are located in the anterior border zones of the cerebral hemispheres, 3% are found in the basal ganglia and 15% in the cerebellum. In the cerebrum, metastasis occurs typically near the junction of cortex and white matter. Aims: To study the presenting symptoms in asymptomatic and known cases of malignancy and its correlation to the type of malignancy. Special emphasis will be on asymptomatic patients with their first presentation and correlation with age and sex, to estimate the incidence of metastatic lesions of CNS. Materials and Methods: The present study has been performed predominantly on CNS metastasis cases admitted in the department of Neurosurgery, SMS Medical College & Hospital Jaipur. 50 cases have been studied and cytological as well as histological diagnoses were compared. This diagnosis was then compared with diagnosis given on CT & MRI. Result: Backache was the symptom found in only spinal metastasis, not intracranial. 100% of spinal metastasis in our study complained of this symptom. In the Intracranial metastasis from unknown primary, moet were adenocarcinomas and surprisingly either from GIT or overy the patient remained asymptomatic for prolonged periods. This fact Is probably attributed to occull carcinoma. Conclusion: In the Intracranial metastasis from unknown primary, moet were adenocarcinomas and surprisingly either from GIT or overy the patient remained asymptomatic for prolonged periods. This fact Is probably attributed to occull carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bibliotheken werden immer mehr Aufgaben digitalisiert und Dienste digital angeboten. Teilweise starre Strukturen werden durch die digitale Transformation aufgebrochen. In der Folge ist eine stärkere und flexible Kollaboration zwischen den Mitarbeitenden und Stakeholdern erforderlich. Um diese Veränderungen mit geeigneten Werkzeugen zu unterstützen, wurde geprüft, wie Git, GitLab und GitHub hierzu beitragen können. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Einsatz von Git und GitLab zu einer erheblich besseren Kollaboration innerhalb der IT-Abteilung geführt hat. GitHub wird derzeit für die öffentliche Bereitstellung von Eigenentwicklungen genutzt und soll zukünftig für die interinstitutionelle kollaborative Entwicklung zum Einsatz kommen. Ferner werden die verwendeten Werkzeuge mit Fortschreiten der digitalen Transformation auch in anderen Bereichen von Bibliotheken zum Einsatz kommen. In libraries, digitized data and services offered online are on the increase. Rigid structures are gradually worn down by digital transformation. As a result, increased and more flexible collaboration between employees and stakeholders is required. These changes will need to be flanked by suitable tools, and we examined how the software Git, GitLab and GitHub might contribute to the development. We found that the use of Git and GitLab leads to significantly better collaborative practices within the IT department. GitHub is currently used for public provision of in-house developments and will, in the future, be used for inter-institutional collaborative development. Moreover, the tools will see increased usage in other areas of libraries as the digital transformation progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]