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Background: Impacted maxillary canines are the second most impactions of teeth, causing functional and esthetic complications. Objectives: To study the type, position, and prevalence of maxillary canine impactions among Maharashtra state population of India, with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study was performed using 1200 CBCT images of maxillary jaw, retrieved from the archives of dental radiology records. All the CBCT images were assessed by a senior oral radiologist to evaluate the type, prevalence, and position of maxillary canine impactions based on Yamamoto classification. Statistical analysis was performed using frequency and percentage with a statistical software. Results: Of 1200 images, 62.3% were of males and 37.8% were of females. Unilateral canine impactions (68.3%), on the right side (64%) were more common than the bilateral canine impaction (31.7%). Maxillary canine impaction prevalence was 6.8%, which was higher among females (13.2%) than males (2.9%), with statistically significant differences. Type II canine impactions were the maximum in our population. Conclusions: The maxillary canine impaction prevalence in Maharashtra state population was 6.8% and statistically more among the females. Unilateral impactions on the right side and Type II impactions as per Yamamoto classification were more predominant.

Introduction: In developing countries, oral cancer (OC) is estimated to be the third most common malignancy after cancer of the cervix and stomach. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of OC for 3 years and its association with age, gender, type, and duration of habits along with the site of OC. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology from January 2019 to December 2021. All the patients were examined after recording their demographic data using a mouth mirror and probe. The diagnosis of OC was arrived based on the clinical features of the lesions. The type and duration of habits and site were recorded in clinical pro forma. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was applied, and the significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of OC was 0.22% in our study. Of 317 cases, the majority of the patients were males (n = 204), and females (n = 113) accounted for a male: female ratio of 2:1. The most common age affected was 51–70 years with a history of tobacco chewing, followed by patients with multiple habits (smokers, tobacco chewers, and alcoholic). The buccal mucosa was the most common site followed by malignancies of multiple sites. Conclusion: Regular camps regarding tobacco cessation and counseling should be taken care of by dentists. Male patients aged above 40 years are routinely recommended for dental visits.

Introduction: Menopause in women is a physiological state that gives rise to adaptive changes at both the systemic and oral levels. The oral manifestations of postmenopausal women may vary for each patient. It occurs in the form of burning mouth syndrome, xerostomia, periodontitis, etc., We aimed to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in the postmenopausal population, to know the nature and severity of oral manifestations occurring in postmenopausal women, and to assess the systemic conditions of these postmenopausal women with oral manifestations. The study was designed to assess the oral manifestation in postmenopausal women of Maharashtra, Western region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of oral medicine and radiology. A total of 90 patients were included. A detailed clinical examination was done using a mouth mirror and probe. The clinical pro forma recorded demographic data, including the duration of menopause and different oral manifestations like xerostomia, periodontitis, lichen planus, oral candidiasis, etc., Collected data were entered into MS Excel and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In the study, there were a total of 90 patients. These patients were distributed into three groups based on their age groups. The majority of the oral manifestations were reported in patients belonging to Group 2 (60–70 years age group). Conclusion: Overall, 76.6% of patients reported oral mucosal changes; of which 20.2% of patients reported xerostomia, 15.9% reported periodontitis, 13% showed altered taste, 8.6% of patients had lichen planus, and 7.2% patients reported oral candidiasis and space infections.

BACKGROUND: The cleft lip (CL) and palate are common orofacial congenital abnormalities observed in Indian population. Various predisposing factors contribute to this condition. PURPOSE: The purpose is to assess the most common type of CL and palate and to study predisposing factors associated with its development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried in 80 patients with CL and palate. A detailed history was recorded in predesigned pro forma. The occurrence of different types of CL and palate with predisposing factors were assessed. RESULTS: Out of 80 patients, 18.8% of patients had only CL, 46.2% had unilateral CL with palate (UCLP), and 35% had a bilateral CL with palate (BCLP). CL and palate were observed more in males. The left side of the lip was more affected than the right side. Low socioeconomic status patients had more incidences. Advanced maternal age, more than 35 years, was the most common predisposing factor 62.5%. Consanguineous marriage of parents was the second-most predisposing factor observed in 40% of cases. Breastfeeding habit was observed in 73.3% of CL patients, 25% in UCLP patients, and 17.2% in BCLP patients. CONCLUSIONS: Males were more commonly affected by CL and palate with the left side predominance. Advanced maternal age above 35 years was the most predisposing factor followed by consanguineous marriage of the parents.

Introduction: One of the most common aesthetic concerns associated with the periodontal tissue is gingival recession. Covering the root surface exposed during the disease process with soft and hard tissue surgeries may decrease these problems. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical outcome of coronally advanced flap (CAF) procedure in root coverage with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) or subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) for the treatment of Miller's Class-I gingival recession. Materials and Methods: The split mouth design consisted of 15 patients with a total of 30 sites with bilateral Miller's Class-I recession on anterior teeth. They were randomly assigned into PRF group (test) or SCTG group (control). Statistical Analysis: The values obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Mann--Whitney U-test and repeated measure ANOVA test. All the statistical tests were carried out using SPSS software. Results: It was observed that both the autogenous grafts healed without any complications and at the end of 6 months the grafts were stable and recession coverage between 88-100% was achieved. Conclusion: CAF procedure with either PRF or SCTG were both effective in the treatment of Miller's Class-I gingival recessions. CAF with SCTG showed better root coverage than CAF with PRF. Use of PRF offered additional benefit of avoiding second surgical site. Therefore, PRF can be considered as a viable alternative to SCTG in certain cases.

Objectives: Oral health is an integral component of general health. Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent dental diseases among the population. Researchers have identified an association of various risk factors with periodontal disease. The study aimed to assess the periodontal status among the sugar factory workers of Karad taluka. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 1200 subjects in the age group of 25-54 years. Personal and sociodemographic data were recorded in the proforma based on the WHO oral health survey form (1997). Periodontal status was assessed using community periodontal index (CPI). For statistical analyses, Chi-square test and Multiple Logistic Regression analyses was performed. Results: The sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and socioeconomic status) and deleterious habits like tobacco chewing and smoking were found to be significantly associated with the CPI and LoA scores for the population (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The analysis of the results obtained in this epidemiological study evidenced that periodontitis is prevalent among the sugar factory workers of Karad taluka. There is a need for emphasis on the preventive care.

INTRODUCTION: Down syndrome (DS) is also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by defect in chromosome 21. It is the most commonly diagnosed congenital malformation/mental retardation syndrome. DS individuals have greater risk of many systemic conditions like epilepsy, diabetes, leukemia, hypothyroidism and upper respiratory tract infections. Advances in medical field have increased the mean survival rate of these individuals. The dentist should able to diagnose the oral manifestations in DS patients and improve the quality of life of these individuals. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the oral and perioral features of DS patients and to compare age and gender wise distribution of these findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total of 100 DS patients were included in the study from special school in western part of Maharashtra. The clinical examination was carried out to record perioral, intraoral hard and soft tissue features in a predesigned proforma. The frequency and percentage distribution of these features were compared between the gender and age groups. RESULTS: Out of 100 DS patients majority were males (63%). Fissured tongue was the most common (73%) intraoral feature present. Constricted palate was present in 59% of cases, Angles class III malocclusion was the most common occlusion abnormality present in these patients. CONCLUSION: Majority of patients affected with DS were males and fissured tongue was the most common soft tissue feature present in these individuals.

Introduction: Periodontitis is associated with many chronic health conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA and periodontitis have similarities in inflammatory mechanism, morphology, and histopathology. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, multifactorial degenerative disease characterized by the deterioration of cartilage in joints. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in patients with established RA and OA. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 patients reporting to the Department of Orthopaedics, KIMSDU, Karad were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 that included 100 patients with established RA diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification 1987 criteria and Group 2 that comprised 100 patients diagnosed with OA. Demographic profile, medical and dental history, oral hygiene practices, and smoking status of study participants were recorded. Periodontal status of the patients were evaluated using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), Loe and Silness gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). On the basis of the CAL score periodontitis severity was defined as slight, moderate, and severe. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were considered as a serological marker in RA. Serological tests were performed to measure RF and CRP. Periodontal parameters and serological tests were correlated. Results: This study reported 45% severe periodontitis prevalence in RA compared to OA group, which was 33%. Severity of periodontitis is significantly greater in RF positive RA group with mean CAL 5.38 mm compared to RF negative RA group with mean CAL 2.81 mm (P = 0.001). There was moderate positive correlation found between RF titer and severity of periodontitis (r = 0.311). Conclusion: The severity of periodontitis was significantly higher among the patients with established RA as compared to patients with OA. RF positive patients had higher periodontal disease compared to RF negative patients. There was an increase in the mean clinical attachment loss with increase in RF titer.

Objective:To compare and evaluate the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and commercially available herbal mouthrinse in reducing aerolized bacteria when used as a preprocedural mouth rinse.Materials and Methods:A total of 45 patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Group I consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with distilled water for 60 seconds. Group II consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (Clohex®) for 60 seconds and Group III consisted of 15 patients who rinsed with herbal mouthwash (Hiora®) for 60 seconds. Aerosols produced during the oral prophylaxis procedure were collected on blood agar plates by exposing the plates at patient’s and dentist’s chest area and the exposed plates were incubated at 37°c aerobically for 48 hours. The number of colony forming units (CFU) in aerosol and CFU in the saliva were counted and statistically analyzed. Results:Reduction in the bacterial load using 0.2% of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash is found to be significant at both patient’s and dentist’s chest area in aerosol produced during scaling followed by herbal mouthrinse.Conclusion:The results of the present study clearly indicate that pre-procedural rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate was significantly more effective than herbal mouthrinse in reducing the aerolized bacteria during ultrasonic scaling. Therefore a pre-procedural rinse can significantly reduce the risk for cross contamination.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) is an ordeal for dental professionals, as they work for long hours in astatic and discomfited posture. Aim: To assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and its co-relation with ergonomics among dental students and private practitioners in Karad. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was undertaken in the Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, from January 2019 to March 2019. The study population filled a questionnaire related to socio-demographic information, musculoskeletal pain arising from professional practice and ergonomics. Group 1 consisted of 53 private practitioners and group 2 consisted of 47 postgraduate students and interns. Results: A total of 79.25% and 59.57% of participants from group 1 and 2, respectively experienced musculoskeletal pain, with neck being commonly affected and lower extremities being least. Musculoskeletal pain was found to be significantly associated with working hours (p=0.001) and poor ergonomics. Conclusion: MSD is prevalent among dental students and practitioners of Karad. Awareness of proper ergonomics and preventive measures and its application is required for its management.

Introduction: Dental plaque accumulation has been identified as the primary cause of dental caries, periodontal diseases, and halitosis. Worldwide, a wide range of commercially available non-herbal and herbal dentifrices are used along with tooth brush as mechanical aids in plaque control. Owing to some undesirable side effects associated with non-herbal toothpastes, there has been an increased popularity of herbal toothpaste among the general population. Aim: To assess and compare antimicrobial efficacy of three commercially available herbal toothpastes against selected putative cariogenic, periodontal and fungal microorganisms. Materials and Methods: An in vitro assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of Sudanta, Dant Kanti, Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti toothpastes was done during the months of February to March 2017 against pure culture standard strains of S. mutans, C albicans, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T.forsythia. All the selected microorganisms were sub-cultured on specific culture media. Antimicrobial efficacy of the toothpastes was then tested in triplicate at full strength using standard disc-diffusion method. The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by measuring the zones of inhibition in millimetres surrounding disc containing the toothpastes. Means and standard deviations of the inhibitory zones were calculated for all herbal toothpastes and analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc tests for differences amongst the different groups. The p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Sudanta and Dant Kanti toothpastes demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against majority of the test microorganisms as compared to Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti toothpaste. Inter-group comparisons among the three toothpastes demonstrated that Dant Kanti toothpaste was significantly better in inhibiting S. mutans and C. albicans than Sudanta and Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti (p≤0.05) while Sudanta toothpaste was significantly more effective against A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia than Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti toothpaste and Dant kanti (p≤0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia were resistant to Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti toothpaste. However, Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis when compared against Sudanta (p≤0.05) and Dant kanti (p>0.05). Conclusion: Results of the present study revealed that Sudanta demonstrated better antimicrobial activity against selected putative periodontal microorganisms: A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia. Dant kanti toothpaste demonstrated better antimicrobial activity against selected putative cariogenic and fungal microorganisms: S. mutans and C.albicans. Whereas Colgate Cibaca Vedshakti toothpaste exhibited highest antimicrobial activity against P.gingivalis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of oral cancer and its association with habits, age, gender, and site in Western population of Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the previous records of patients from June 2011 to June 2016 for 5 years. A total of 81,325 patients' data were obtained. Details regarding patient's habits, age, gender, and site with OC were recorded. The data recorded were tabulated in the MS Excel and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software 16. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of OC was 0.1%. The majority of patients were tobacco chewers (41.5%), followed by the group of those who were smokers, tobacco chewers, and alcoholic (28.1%). Majority of patients were in the age group of 60 years and above, followed by 40–59 with a male predominance, and buccal mucosa was the most common site followed by alveolus. Smokeless tobacco consumed in India is one of the most common forms of tobacco, leading to cause OC. Conclusion: There is need to spread awareness about this tobacco-related cancer and immediate consultation on suspicion of cancer. There should be regular oral checkup for male and female patients above 40 years for the early detection of cancer and its prevention.

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze gender-based differences in frontal and maxillary sinuses. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients which includes 50 males and 50 females were included in the study, and paranasal sinus (PNS) views were taken. All PNS views were exposed using MARS 50 machine using exposure parameters of 60–70 kVp, 35–40 mA. Height and width of maxillary and frontal sinuses were measured and compared between genders and between the sides. Results: The side-wise comparison of maxillary sinus height showed higher values on left than right in both males and females, whereas when width was compared, right width was higher than left width in both males and females. The side-wise comparison of frontal sinus parameters both width and height showed higher values on the left side than the right side in both males and females, but the values of both the sinuses were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The width of left maxillary sinus and frontal sinus can be used as best discriminate parameter to study sexual dimorphism with an accuracy of 59% and 58% respectively. Introduction: The basis for forensic identification of unknown deceased persons depends on uniqueness of anatomical structures. Individual identification is a subtle concept and often one of the important priorities in mass disasters, road accidents, air crashes, fires, and even in the investigation of criminal cases.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from an invagination in the surface of a tooth crown before its calcification. It involves more commonly maxillary anterior teeth. Dens invaginatus with supernumerary teeth and double dens invagintus were also reported. The management of dens invaginatus includes simple prophylactic restoration to conventional endodontic treatment or extraction, depending on the type of invagination, function, esthetics, and morphology of the root canal. Extraction is indicated as a last choice of treatment in cases of failure of root canal treatment and in supernumerary teeth associated with dens invaginatus. In this paper, we have reported a series of cases of dens invagintus.

Ayurvedic drugs have been used since ancient times to treat diseases including periodontal diseases. Oral rinses made from ayurvedic medicines are used in periodontal therapy to control bleeding and reduce inflammation. To evaluate the efficacy of herbal preparation (Irimedadi taila) on reduction of plaque induced gingivitis. A total of 100 volunteers with clinical signs of mild to moderate gingivitis were selected and assigned to Group A (only scaling done) and Group B (scaling along with the use of Irimedadi taila). After recording the clinical parameters, the patients were instructed to use 2–3 drops of Irimedadi taila and gently massage the gums twice daily in Group B and oral hygiene instructions were given to all patients. Plaque and gingivitis assessment were carried out using the plaque index (Silness and Loe, 1964), Gingival index (Loe and Silness, 1963), and modified sulcular bleeding index (Mombelli et al.) at baseline and at 21 days post treatment. Statistically analysis was carried out using the student's paired t test for intra group comparison and unpaired t test for inter group comparison. Results showed that Irimedadi taila is effective in reducing gingival index and gingival bleeding index scores in comparison to scaling alone and the values are statistically significant with p < 0.0001. Irimedadi taila is effective in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis and can be effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy. Keywords: Gingivitis, Irimedadi taila, Plaque

Background: Periodontitis and osteoporosis are two diseases found worldwide and increase in intensity with increasing age of the patients. The severity of osteoporosis and periodontitis are found to be more in women during menopause. The aim of this study was to assess and correlate osteoporosis and periodontal disease among post-menopausal women. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 94 postmenopausal women in the age range of 45–65 years. All the women underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and were graded as normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic based on the T score obtained. Data regarding patient's educational level, socioeconomic status (SES), and body mass index (BMI) was recorded. A detailed periodontal examination was carried out using clinical parameters such as oral hygiene index (OHI), plaque Index (PI), probing pocket depth , and clinical attachment loss to check the level of periodontitis. The level of osteoporosis was correlated with the level of periodontitis. Results: The DXA scan revealed that four women were normal, 44 were osteopenic and 46 were osteoporotic. There was no association found between BMD and OHI, PI, educational status, SES, and BMI. Slight periodontitis was observed in eight women, moderate periodontitis in 62, and severe periodontitis in 24 women. Result suggests that there was a statistical correlation between periodontitis and osteoporosis (P = 0.045). Conclusion: There is a definite correlation found between the severity of periodontitis and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. A close cooperation between general practitioners and dentists in early diagnosis and treatment of both the diseases will reduce the risk and morbidity among postmenopausal women.

Aim: To evaluate salivary calcium levels in healthy subjects and patients with chronic gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis. Materials and Methods: One fifty subjects in the age range between 20 – 45 years were randomly selected and subjected to periodontal examination using gingival index, plaque index, oral Hygiene Index and clinical attachment loss. Following periodontal examination, subjects were divided in three groups of 50 patients each: Group A: healthy subjects, Group B: gingivitis patients, Group C: periodontitis patients. Saliva samples from the study subjects was collected and subjected to estimation of salivary calcium levels. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. The significance of difference in means was tested by ANOVA test. Results: The levels of salivary calcium increased as the disease progressed from healthy to gingivitis and periodontitis. There was statistically significant difference observed between healthy to gingivitis group and gingivitis to periodontitis group. Conclusion: Salivary calcium levels can be used as a biomarker to assess the periodontal disease progression. Early diagnosis of periodontal disease by estimation of calcium levels in saliva can help in prevention of gingivitis or periodontitis by various therapeutic measures.

Aim: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by recurrent painful, single, multiple ulcers appearing in oral mucosa. Various studies have been conducted to find the prevalence of RAS worldwide. Till now, no studies have been conducted to report the prevalence of RAS in Maharashtra. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of RAS in western population of Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: A total of 71,851 patients within the age group between 10 and 70 years were screened for a period of 5 years from March 2011 to March 2016 in western population of Maharashtra. Collected data were recorded and entered, verified, processed, and analyzed using software package SPSS program version 19. The frequency and distribution of RAS in gender, age, and site were calculated. Results: Out of 71,851 patients, only 72 patients were clinically diagnosed to be suffering from RAS. The prevalence of RAS was 0.1%. There was a higher prevalence in females as compared to males and it was most common in the second and third decades of life, with buccal mucosa as the predominant site followed by labial mucosa and tongue. Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, the prevalence of RAS in western population of Maharashtra was 0.1%, which was very low as compared to other Indian population. Females were more commonly affected. The most common age affected in our study group was second and third decades. The most common site was buccal mucosa followed by labial mucosa and tongue.

Introduction: Trauma to the facial region causes injuries to hard and soft tissues of the face. Injuries to the maxillofacial region are increasing in frequency and severity because of the increased number of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and increased number of violence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate age, gender distribution, etiology, and pattern of mandibular fractures in Western part of Maharashtra population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology for a period of two years from June 2013 to June 2015. Clinical examination of all trauma patients was done and diagnosis was made based on signs, clinical features, and confirmed by orthopantomographs. Results: Totally, 193 patients were detected with different types of mandibular fractures. Study group involved 77.2% males and 22.8% females with a male to female ratio of 3.3:1. Majority of patients were in the age group of 21–30 years followed by 31–40 years. Trauma due to RTAs were more common followed by assaults and fall. Parasymphyseal fractures were most common type followed by condylar fracture and fracture of angle of mandible. Conclusion: Males were most commonly affected by trauma than females with a predominant age group of 21–30 years. Majority of trauma were due to RTAs with parasymphyseal as most common type of fracture.

Introduction: Mental foramen is usually the anterior limit of inferior dental canal, which is located in the body of mandible between the inferior and alveolar margins. The accurate identification of the position of the mental foramen is important for both diagnostic and clinical procedures on the mandible. Objectives: To determine the most common type and position of the mental foramen in a selected population of Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: A total of 448 orthopantomographs showing mental foramen bilaterally were considered for this study. The type, position, and symmetry of mental foramen on contralateral sides were noted in both the gender. Frequency and percentage of type, position, and symmetry of mental foramen were calculated statistically. Results: The majority of mental foramen were of separate type (n = 554, 61.8%) followed by the continuous type (n = 342, 38.2%). The most common position of the mental foramen was position 4 (n = 554, 61.8%) followed by position 3 (n = 289, 32.2%). The mental foramen were bilaterally symmetrical (n = 246, 54.9%) and asymmetrical (n = 202, 45.1%) in radiographs. Significant differences were observed in position between the right and left side in both the gender. Conclusion: The separate type of mental foramen was most predominant and the most common location was position 4 followed by position 3.

The term ranula is derived from a latin word “rana” which means “frog.” Ranula is a mucous containing swelling that occurs in the floor of the mouth. It usually presents as a well circumscribed, soft, bluish swelling covered by a thin layer of epithelium. This article presents a case of simple ranula in seven year old female patient treated with excision of sublingual gland.

Background: Chronic magnesium (Mg) deficiency has been associated with a number of chronic systemic diseases, including osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Mg may also alter the course and outcome of the periodontal disease. Aim: To evaluate salivary Mg levels in healthy individuals and patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: A total of 150 individuals were selected randomly, which included both males and females with age range between 20 and 45 years. Periodontal status was recorded using the following parameters − gingival index, plaque index, oral hygiene index − simplified and clinical attachment loss. Following periodontal examination, individuals were divided into three groups as follows: Group 1: (n = 50) − comprised of healthy individuals; Group 2: (n = 50) − comprised of patients with gingivitis; Group 3: (n = 50) − comprised of patients with CP. The unstimulated saliva samples from the study individuals were collected and subjected to the estimation of salivary Mg levels using Abcam’s Mg assay kit and Erba EM 360 fully automated auto analyzer (Erba Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany). Results: In this study, there was an increase in salivary Mg level with increasing severity of the periodontal disease. A significant increase in salivary Mg levels was recorded in patients with gingivitis (1.66 ± 0.28 mg/dl) and periodontitis (2.05 ± 0.66 mg/dl) as compared to healthy individuals (1.35 ± 0.28 mg/dl). Conclusion: Salivary Mg does not play an active role in the modulation of periodontal disease process and, hence, cannot be used as a reliable biomarker associated with periodontal health and disease.

Introduction: Clinical and aesthetic outcomes after periodontal or implant surgical procedures are determined by anatomical and morphological characteristics of the gingiva like width of keratinized gingiva, thickness of gingiva and alveolar bone. Therefore, the knowledge of gingival biotype plays an important role in modifying the dental therapeutic procedures for the desired outcome and predictability. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the gingival biotype among genders by clinical, photographic and radiographic parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 800 subjects (400 males and 400 females) were considered for the study. Width of keratinized gingiva (GW), transparency of the periodontal probe through the sulcus (TRAN) were assessed clinically; Crown Width/ Crown Length ratio (CW/CL) and Papillary Height (PH) were assessed photographically; Gingival Thickness (GT1, GT2, GT3) and Alveolar bone Thickness (AT1, AT2, AT3) were assessed radiographically. The obtained data was correlated to compare the gingival biotype between males and females. The collected data was statistically analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results: The TRAN at GT1, GT2 and GT3 as well as at AT1, AT2 and AT3 showed a very strong positive correlation in males (r>0.8) as compared to females (r0.9) as compared to females (r

Introduction: Dentinal Hypersensitivity (DH) is one of the most commonly encountered clinical problems. Literature reveals no specific therapy to satisfactorily eliminate dentinal hypersensitivity. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of iontophoresis with 0.33% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) gel and diode laser alone in dentinal tubule occlusion. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study included 20 teeth with intact root surfaces unaltered by extraction procedure for specimen preparation. Each tooth was cleaned, air dried and cut into three sections. Total 60 sections were prepared (30 longitudinal and 30 transverse sections), which were acid etched. In control group, no treatment was carried. In iontophoresis treatment group, samples were inserted into a foam tray containing 0.33 % NaF Gel and subjected to 1.5 mA output current for three minutes. In laser treatment group, specimens were lased with 980 nm diode laser at 0.5 W/PW (62.2J /cm2 ) in a noncontact mode for 30 seconds. Specimens were evaluated under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 10KV to 20KV under x 2000, x5000 magnification for surface characteristics and patency of dentinal tubules. Total number of tubules visible, open, completely and partially occluded were recorded in each microphotograph and compared. Results: On comparison, laser group showed the least number of open tubules i.e., 130 (31.1%) followed by iontophoresis group, 155 (51.32%) and control group 417 (100%). Conclusion: Diode laser application provided better results as compared to iontophoresis on occlusion of dentinal tubules. Hence, it can be used to treat the patients with DH.

Odontomas are the most common odontogenic tumours of the jaws, which are benign, slow growing and nonaggressive. Odontomas are usually asymptomatic, but sometimes may interfere with the eruption of the associated teeth leading to impaction or delayed eruption and displacement of adjacent teeth resulting in malocclusion. This article presents a case of complex odontoma in a 12-year-old male patient, who reported with a complaint of delayed eruption of permanent left maxillary first and second molars. The radiological features revealed impacted first, second and third molars with a radiolucent capsule and a corticated border suggestive of Odontoma. A treatment of surgical excision of the lesion, followed by orthodontic traction of unerupted maxillary left first and second molars was carried out successfully. The patient was followed for two years with no recurrence of the lesion.

Trauma to the chin is the most common cause of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis along with other causes which include infections and inflammatory destruction of the synovial lining of the joint. Inflammation of the joint may be primary resulting from infection of the joint itself or may result from extension of neighboring infection. The clinical features of ankylosis are limited mouth opening, with no pain and joint sounds, and marked deflection of the mandible to the affected side. This article highlights the clinical and radiographic features of TMJ bony ankylosis.

Introduction: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are multifactorial oral health problems that have dental bacterial plaque as their main etiological agent. Dental plaque removal plays an important role in oral health maintenance, which could be achieved by either mechanical or chemical plaque control. Disclosing agents in dentistry are being used to identify bacterial plaque for instruction, evaluation and research purposes. Hence, the current study is aimed at evaluating the effect of at home use of disclosing agent in improving the quality of daily oral hygiene. Materials and Methods: The present randomized, prospective case-control study was conducted among 100 subjects who were selected from the outpatient department of periodontology and divided into two groups. Group A (n = 50) is the case group who were instructed to use a disclosing agent and Group B (n = 50) is the control group who were not instructed to use a disclosing agent. Plaque status of the subjects was assessed using "Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman Modification of the Quigley Hein Plaque Index" at baseline. Both the groups were trained to perform the similar brushing technique along with same oral hygiene instructions. After 21 days, both groups were recalled, and their plaque status was re-assessed by the same method. The pre and postplaque scores of both the groups were evaluated by unpaired t-test and value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Preevaluation plaque score of Group A was 2.02 ± 0.24 and postevaluation score was 1.08 ± 0.26. Similarly in Group B, the preevaluation plaque score was 1.80 ± 0.92 and postevaluation score was 1.62 ± 0.48. The difference in the plaque scores was statistically significant with a P = 0.00001. Conclusion: The result shows that usage of plaque disclosing agent improves the quality of daily oral hygiene measures performed at home.

Background: The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the benefits of sub gingival chlorhexidine (CHX) varnish and biodegradable CHX chip application used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) as combined therapy and also to compare the effect of combined therapy with SRP alone. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with at least three sites with a probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5-8 mm were considered. Following baseline evaluation, all three sites were subjected for SRP. After completing SRP, each site was randomly subjected for CHX varnish, CHX chip application and the 3 rd site was left without any medication as a control. Clinical parameters such as sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), PPD, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 1 month and 3 months post-operatively. Results: All three groups presented with an improvement in clinical parameters compared to baseline. The mean reduction in PPD was 2.4 mm in SRP sites, 2.5 mm in SRP + CHX varnish sites and 2.8 mm in SRP + CHX chip sites. The mean gain in CAL was 2.4 mm in SRP sites, 2.3 mm in SRP + CHX varnish sites and 2.8 mm SRP + CHX chip sites. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study indicated that application of CHX varnish and placement of CHX chip as an adjunct to SRP produced a clinically significant reduction in the PPD, BOP and a gain in CAL at 30 th day and 90 th day from baseline when compared to SRP alone. The results though were not statistically significant.

Introduction: In oral diagnostics there is a great challenge to determine biomarkers for screening and evaluating the disease activity. Biomarkers can also serve as a useful tool to measure the efficacy of the therapy. Aim: To evaluate and compare the levels of salivary calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase and pH levels in periodontally healthy subjects and patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 150 subjects aged between 20-45 years who were divided into three groups; periodontally healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Prior to the clinical examination the demographic details, relevant information of the subject, gingival index, plaque index, Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and pH were recorded. Biochemical assay of saliva i.e., inorganic calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase were estimated by colorimetric method. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The mean levels of biomarkers studied were; inorganic calcium (12.55µg/dl), phosphorous (14.50µg/dl), alkaline phosphatase (49.62µg/dl) and pH (11.65). There was a gradual increase in these levels as the condition progressed from health to gingivitis or periodontitis which was statistically significant at p

Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased risk for fracture. It has been proposed as a possible risk factor for periodontal disease progression. Recent literature has shown periodontitis to be a risk indicator for osteoporosis, suggesting a possible two way relationship. However the association between these two diseases still remains unclear leading to a scope of further research in this area. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess and Correlate the severity of osteoporosis and periodontitis by using variables like probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, body mass index and bone mineral density. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 subjects aged between 45-75 years suffering from periodontitis were considered. All subjects were assessed for periodontal disease severity by plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The bone mineral density (BMD) of patients was assessed using dual energy X- ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine (L1 – L4). The severity of periodontal disease was correlated with severity of osteoporosis. Descriptive statistics like frequency and percentage were calculated for all the variables. Chi-square test was performed to assess the association between the study variables. Result: Among the entire group 78.46% had high plaque index score, and the severity of periodontitis increased with increase in plaque index score showing a statistical significance. Osteopenia was observed in 25.33% of the subjects, out of whom 63.15% suffered from severe periodontitis. Osteoporosis was observed in 17.33% of the subjects, and all the subjects (100%) suffered from severe periodontitis. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that increasing severity of periodontitis increased the risk of osteoporosis and vice versa. We conclude that there is a definite association between periodontitis and osteoporosis.

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms, resulting in destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Progressive loss of alveolar bone is the salient feature of periodontal disease. Accurate detection of periodontal disease with the use of radiographs helps in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Aims: The present study aims to compare the efficacy of conventional intraoral periapical (IOPA) and direct digital radiographs (RVG) in detecting interdental alveolar bone loss using intrasurgical (IS) measurements as the gold standard. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients elected to undergo periodontal flap surgery with periodontitis computing to 60 interdental alveolar defects on mandibular first molars were considered. IOPA and RVG were captured using standardized techniques. Bone loss measurements in IOPA and RVG were compared to the IS measurements. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out using student t test and ANOVA with the help of SPSS software and p-value

Background: The study of lip-print pattern (cheiloscopy) is a scientific method for personal identification and plays a major role in forensic and criminal investigations. Objective: To compare the lip print patterns in Kerala and Maharashtra population and correlate between ABO blood groups. Materials and Methods: Two hundred subjects, 100 from Maharashtra and 100 from Kerala were considered for the study. Lip prints were recorded, analyzed according to Tsuchihashi classification. The lip print patterns were compared in the two populations, correlated in ABO blood groups. The data obtained was statistically analyzed with SPSS software using chi-square test. Results: In our study, predominant lip print pattern observed in Kerala population was type IV (53%) and Maharashtra population was type II (42%). The difference between the two population was statistically significant (p