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La giovane Chicaba fu catturata sulla costa africana in una razzia, per diventare più tardi suor Teresa Juliana di Santo Domingo presso il convento domenicano di Salamanca. Dopo la sua morte nel 1749, il teatino Juan Carlos Miguel Paniauga (Pan y Agua) pubblicò il Compendio della vita nel 1752. Questo primo scritto fu redatto nell’intento di avviare presso l’autorità ecclesiastica locale il processo di beatificazione della monaca che, però, cadde nell’oblio. Si dovette aspettare il 1996 perché i domenicani africani riproponessero la causa, che due anni dopo ottenne l’appoggio dei vescovi africani, e nel 2002 tutta la documentazione sarà inviata alla Sacra Congregazione per le cause dei santi. Il presente studio analizza la bibliografia su Teresa come prima monaca africana a scrivere in spagnolo, ed esamina la qualità della sua scrittura mistica, sulla base della sua condizione di schiava, sulle sue caratteristiche etniche e, dunque, sulla rivendicazione di una santità afro-cattolica e di una scrittura influenzata dalla cultura africana. Così, il contributo intende mostrare come gli scritti del padre Pan y Agua manipolino e snaturino gli aspetti relativi alla schiavitù per trasferirli nel linguaggio di un percorso penitenziale, finalizzato dalla provvidenza alla salvezza spirituale. Nel fare ciò stravolge i criteri canonici della scrittura agiografica e con ciò probabilmente rende più difficile – qualora questo sia stato il suo intento – l’avvio di un processo di canonizzazione. The young Chicaba was captured on the African coast in a raid, to become later Sister Teresa Juliana of Santo Domingo at the Dominican convent of Salamanca. After her death in 1749, the Theatine Juan Carlos Miguel Paniauga (Pan y Agua) published the Compendium of Life in 1752. This first document was written with the intention of initiating the process of beatification of the nun at the local ecclesiastical authority, however, it fell into oblivion. It will not be until 1996 that the African Dominicans will re-propose the cause, which two years later obtained the support of the African bishops, and in 2002 all the documentation was sent to the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The present study analyzes the bibliography on Teresa as the first African nun to write in Spanish, and examines the quality of her mystical writing, on the basis of her status as a slave, on her ethnic characteristics and, therefore, on the claim of an Afro-Catholic sanctity and a writing strongly influenced by African culture. The contribution intends to show how the writings of father Pan y Agua manipulate and distort the aspects relating to slavery to transfer them into the language of a penitential path, aimed from providence to spiritual salvation. In doing this, it distorts the canonical criteria of hagiographic writing and with this probably makes it more difficult - if this was his intention - to initiate a process of canonization. La jeune Chicaba fut capturée sur la côte africaine lors d'une razzia. Elle devint plus tard sœur Teresa Juliana de Santo Domingo au couvent dominicain de Salamanque. Après sa mort survenue en 1749, le théatin Juan Carlos Miguel Paniauga (Pan y Agua) publia le Compendium de sa vie en 1752. Ce premier texte fut écrit dans le but de lancer le procès en béatification de la religieuse et de promouvoir sa cause auprès des autorités ecclésiastiques locales. Cependant, Teresa tomba dans l'oubli. Ce n’est qu’en 1996 que les dominicains africains soumirent à nouveau la cause qui, deux ans plus tard, obtint le soutien des évêques africains et, en 2002, toute la documentation fut envoyée à la Sacrée Congrégation pour les Causes des Saints. Cette étude analyse la bibliographie sur Thérèse en tant que première religieuse africaine à écrire en espagnol et examine son écriture mystique, fondée sur sa condition d'esclave, sur ses caractéristiques ethniques et, par conséquent, sur la revendication d'une sainteté afro-catholique et d'une écriture influencée par la culture africaine. Ainsi, cette contribution entend montrer comment les écrits du père Pan y Agua manipulèrent et déformèrent les aspects relatifs à l'esclavage pour transformer celui-ci en un parcours pénitentiel voulu par la providence et conduisant au salut. Ce faisant, il déforma les critères canoniques de l'écriture hagiographique et rendit probablement plus difficile – si telle était son intention – le lancement d'un procès en canonisation.

The discovery of graffiti in the early years of the twentieth century by the folklorist Giuseppe Pitré left by prisoners of the tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition in Palermo has been followed by more extensive investigations in recent years. These images and words have added a concrete and particular dimension to Sicily’s position at the crossroads of the Mediterranean. As well as images of saints and naval battles are to be found inscriptions not only in Italian, Sicilian and Latin but also in English and Hebrew. This article cross references this visual and textual evidence with the relevant archives of the tribunal in order to provide a powerful microhistory of suffering and resilience in this most inhospitable of environments. The result adds a new dimension to our understanding of the prison’s organization, judicial proceedings and the impact of the inquisition on the lives and consciences of those people from all over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, who found themselves unwilling denizens of what must have been perhaps the most international community of prisoners in the early modern Christian world.

Cet article etudie la relation que les femmes entretiennent avec la morale et le pouvoir en discutant du point de vue de l'ethnohistoire la nature de certains codes d'honneur. Le cas analyse est celui d'un proces d'assise tenu a Palerme en 1789. Giovanna Bonanno, femme mure, envouteuse et mendiante, avait decouvert qu'une preparation a base d'arsenic, populairement appelee «vinaigre» et vendue par les apothicaires comme un remede contre les puces, pouvait egalement servir a tuer les gens. Elle se mit donc a faire commerce de ce «vinaigre miraculeux» aupres de femmes desireuses de se debarasser de leurs maris. A la fois simple et efficace, la potion permettait ainsi aux epouses adulteres de se remarier

À l’époque moderne les conditions des prisonniers de guerre et des esclaves se rejoignent dans la figure du captif, tombé aux mains de l’ennemi et réduit en esclavage. L’importance de l’expérience de la captivité en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne n’est plus à démontrer. Les documents de la Deputazione de Palerme, institution qui se dédiait au rachat des captifs, sont conservés dans les archives de la ville. Ce sont plusieurs centaines de lettres, des suppliques et des mémoriaux d’esclaves siciliens en Barbarie, surtout à Tunis et à Bizerte mais aussi à Alger et Tripoli, qui y sont conservés. Envoyés entre le xvie et le xixe siècle aux parents, aux amis et aux personnes influentes, ces documents témoignent de la mauvaise condition de vie du captif et renseignent sur le rachat. Nous avons là une mine d’informations précieuses sur les conditions de vie des esclaves dans les villes corsaires d’Afrique du Nord, grâce auxquelles on peut raconter l’esclavage avec les mots de ceux qui en ont souffert, sans oublier toutefois l’importance de la rhétorique dans ce type de documentation puisque l’objectif était de susciter la compassion pour réunir le montant de la rançon au plus vite et recouvrer sa liberté. In the early modern age, the figure of the prisoner of war and that of the slave were singularly joined in the figure of the captive who falls into enemy hands. The importance of Mediterranean captivity in the early modern era has clearly been demonstrated, in part through documents of the Palermo Deputazione, the institution for rescuing captives, which are held in the city’s archive. Hundreds of letters, petitions and memoirs of Sicilian slaves in Barbary, particularly in Tunis and Bizerte but also in Algiers and Tripoli, can be found there. These documents, written from the sixteenth through the nineteenth century to relatives, friends and influential figures, provide testimony of the poor conditions suffered by captives and arguments for their ransom. Thanks to this archive, a gold mine of information about the living conditions of slaves in North African corsair cities, we can describe their lives in their own words, though one must not forget the importance of rhetoric in these sorts of documents, whose ultimate aim was to stir compassion in order to raise the ransom money for their freedom.

SummarySince the early nineteenth century political opposition became a central concept of political representation in constitutional monarchies. While this concept marked the political language of unified Italy on the national level, in local administration the legitimacy of political opposition remained an issue of dispute, as illustrated in this analysis of the political language in Bologna's city council. Local perceptions of national events, like Garibaldi's unsuccessful Mentana-campaign, assumed a significant symbolic meaning and challenged traditional understandings of local administration by introducing notions of political opposition. In Bologna, the second city of the former Papal State, the Moderates were able to form a political hegemony after the Unification of Italy and remained the predominant political force also after the parliamentary revolution of 1876 and the electoral reforms of the 1880s. Due to its limited influence on the local administration, Bologna's Left defined its ideological profile earlier and more clearly than the Left in other parts of Italy and integrated issues of national importance into local political discourse. Illustrating the relationship between central administration and the periphery, the article analyses the development of political language and changing meanings of political representation on the local level between Unification and World War One.

Rape has traditionally been considered as a by-product of the war. Before the establishment of the two ad hoc Tribunals, international humanitarian law offered little if any protection to women. The case law of the two ad hoc Tribunals defines the crime of rape in international law. The case law of the Tribunals pushes the evolution of general international law and exercises an important influence on the statute of the International Criminal Court.

L'analisi del ramo italiano del Carmelo scalzo in ordine alla responsabilità di tale parte dell'ordine nel mantenimento e trasmissione dell'originario carisma teresiano nei suoi aspetti antropologici, di santità, di interpretazione della realtà missionaria, si intreccia profundamente con le vicende storiche e politiche coeve. Particolare attenzione viene rivolta alla persistenza e diffusione di storie e cronache dell'ordine e alla loro funzione di costruzione di una peculiare immagine e percezione di sè attuata dalla familia teresiana a partire dal XVI secolo .

Nel saggio si ricostruiscono le iniziative di lotta delle donne cattoliche per il suffragio femminile nel Cile della seconda metà dell’Ottocento. Mentre in Europa le liberali e radicali pongono il problema del voto alle donne, nel paese latinoamericano sono le donne cattoliche, esponenti delle famiglie della elite, quelle che rivendicano il suffragio femminile. Per quanto tali iniziative favoriscano le strategie del Partito conservatore, difensore delle prerogative della Chiesa cattolica, per ampliare il mercato elettorale e opporsi alle cosiddette “leggi laiche”, si ritiene importante evidenziare l’autonomia decisionale e organizzativa delle donne. Il riferimento al culto della Vergine Maria, nel caso specifico analizzato, è utilizzato per rivendicare il diritto a partecipare attivamente alla vita politica del paese. The essay reconstructs the struggle of the catholic women's for women's suffrage in Chile of the second half of the nineteenth century. While in Europe liberal and radical women propose the problem of the suffrage, in the Latin American country are Catholic women, members of the families of the elite, those who claim the women's suffrage. However these initiatives support the strategies of the Conservative Party, defender of the Catholic Church's prerogatives, to expand the electoral market and oppose the so-called "secular laws", it considers important to highlight the decision-making and organizational autonomy of women. The reference to the cult of Virgin Mary, in the specific case analyzed, is used to claim the right to participate actively in political life.

Si presentano i risultati di una ricerca sul campo dedicata a un profeta vivente della Costa d'Avorio, Koudou-Gbahié, raggiunto nel suo villaggio all'indomani della sua liberazione dal carcere statale.