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On-skin patches that record biopotential and biomechanical signals are essential for wearable healthcare monitoring, clinical treatment, and human-machine interaction. To acquire wearing comfort and high-quality signals, patches with tissue-like softness, elastic recovery, damage tolerance, and robust bioelectronic interface are highly desired yet challenging to achieve. Here, we report a dry epidermal patch made from a supramolecular polymer (SESA) and an in situ transferred carbon nanotubes' percolation network. The polymer possesses a hybrid structure of copolymerized permanent scaffold permeated by multiple dynamic interactions, which imparts a desired mechanical response transition from elastic recoil to energy dissipation with increased elongation. Such SESA-based patches are soft (Young's modulus ∼0.1 MPa) and elastic within physiologically relevant strain levels (97% elastic recovery at 50% tensile strain), intrinsically mechanical-electrical damage-resilient (∼90% restoration from damage after 5 min), and interference-immune in dynamic signal acquisition (stretch, underwater, sweat). We demonstrate its versatile physiological sensing applications, including electrocardiogram recording under various disturbances, machine-learning-enabled hand-gesture recognition through electromyogram measurement, subtle radial artery pulse, and drastic knee kinematics sensing. This epidermal patch offers a promising noninvasive, long-duration, and ambulant bioelectronic interfacing with anti-interference robustness.

Flexible thermoelectric harvesting of omnipresent spatial thermodynamic energy, though promising in low-grade waste heat recovery (−1 ), and CO 2 emission reduction (0.17 kg W −1 ) for large-scale industrial production, fundamentally reshaping the R&D route of flexible thermoelectrics for techno-economic sustainable heat harvesting. Our findings highlight a facile yet cost-effective strategy not only for low-grade heat harvesting but also for electronic co-design in heat management/recovery frontiers.

Sorbent-assisted AWH and moisture-enabled energy generation are reviewed in parallel to reveal the correlation between these two technologies.

This article presents a fully energy-autonomous temperature-to-time converter (TTC), entirely powered up by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for biomedical applications. Existing sensing systems either consume too much power to be sustained by energy harvesting or have poor accuracy. Also, the harvesting of low-frequency energy input has been challenging due to high reverse leakage of a rectifier. The proposed dynamic leakage suppression full-bridge rectifier (DLS-FBR) reduces the reverse leakage current by more than 1000 $\times $ , enabling harvesting from sparse and sporadic energy sources; this enables the TTC to function with a TENG as the sole power source operating at $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M CMOS technology, consuming 0.14 pJ/conversion with 0.014-ms conversion time.

Freestanding functional inorganic membranes have piqued immense interest, as they may extend the notion of a selective barrier beyond matter flow to encompass energy and even information flows, potentially unlocking new possibilities in advanced separation, catalysis, sensors, memories, optical filtering and ionic conductors. However, limited by the brittle nature of most inorganic materials along with their few surface unsaturated linkages, inorganic membranes are far less ubiquitous than their organic counterparts, which may be easily obtained from diverse top-down moldings and/or bottom-up syntheses. Up to now, only a few specific inorganic membranes were circuitously derived from the pre-deposited films by selective removal of the sacrificial substrates. Here, we demonstrate a facile strategy to switch the nucleation preference in the aqueous system, resulting in a versatile synthesis of various ultrathin inorganic membranes on solution surface. Through a comprehensive understanding of the kinematic evolution of floating building units for membrane construction, the phase diagram based on geometrical connectivity, as well as the principle of customizing membrane thickness and porosity, are established, providing access to unusual membrane topologies with complex architectures. This universal synthetic methodology, pivotal to both scientific and industrial communities, will hasten the exploitation of new functional membranes for a variety of novel applications.

Owing to its promising approach to tackling freshwater scarcity, solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) which confines the photothermal heat at evaporating surface has attracted tremendous research attention. Optimizing efforts on photothermal conversion and thermal management have greatly improved the SDIE performance. By taking advantage of the heat localization strategy, hybrid SDIE systems have been designed to enhance the solar energy utilization beyond water production. In this review, the development of SDIE and energy flow in hybrid system are discussed. The advanced conceptual designs of different hybrid applications such as electricity generation, fuel production, salt collection, photodegradation and sterilization are comprehensively summarized. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives of the hybrid systems are emphasized. This article aims to provide a systematic review on the recent progresses in hybrid SDIE systems to inspire both fundamental and applied research in capitalizing the undervalued auxiliary energy sources for future integrated water, energy and environmental systems.

As an abundant and ubiquitous energy source, solar energy has successfully demonstrated its potential in tackling the water-energy dilemma in an eco-friendly way. In this issue of Joule, Wenbin and co-authors creatively propose the co-generation of electricity and freshwater via an integrated PV-membrane distillation system.

We present a fully energy-autonomous temperature-to-time converter (TTC) for biomedical applications. This is the first work in literature to power the entire converter purely by a triboelectric energy harvester (TEG). The dynamic leakage suppression full-bridge rectifier (DLS-FBR) reduces reverse leakage current to 1/100, which enables the TEG operated by human motion at $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M CMOS consumes 0.14 pJ/conversion while powered up purely by a TEG, achieving energy-autonomous operation.

Hydrogels are promising starting materials for biomimetic soft robots as they are intrinsically soft and hold properties analogous to nature's organic parts. However, the restrictive mold-casting and post-assembly fabrication alongside mechanical fragility impedes the development of hydrogel-based soft robots. Herein, we harness biocompatible alginate as a rheological modifier to manufacture 3D freeform architectures of both chemically and physically cross-linked hydrogels using the direct-ink-write (DIW) printing. The intrinsically hydrophilic polymer network of alginate allows the preservation of the targeted functions of the host hydrogels, accompanied by enhanced mechanical toughness. The integration of free structures and available functionalities from diversified hydrogel family renders an enriched design platform for bioinspired fluidic and stimulus-activated robotic prototypes from an artificial mobile tentacle, a bioengineered robotic heart with beating-transporting functions, and an artificial tendril with phototropic motion. The design strategy expands the capabilities of hydrogels in realizing geometrical versatility, mechanical tunability, and actuation complexity for biocompatible soft robots.

Mechanical properties of hydrogels are crucial to emerging devices and machines for wearables, robotics and energy harvesters. Various polymer network architectures and interactions have been explored for achieving specific mechanical characteristics, however, extreme mechanical property tuning of single-composition hydrogel material and deployment in integrated devices remain challenging. Here, we introduce a macromolecule conformational shaping strategy that enables mechanical programming of polymorphic hydrogel fiber based devices. Conformation of the single-composition polyelectrolyte macromolecule is controlled to evolve from coiling to extending states via a pH-dependent antisolvent phase separation process. The resulting structured hydrogel microfibers reveal extreme mechanical integrity, including modulus spanning four orders of magnitude, brittleness to ultrastretchability, and plasticity to anelasticity and elasticity. Our approach yields hydrogel microfibers of varied macromolecule conformations that can be built-in layered formats, enabling the translation of extraordinary, realistic hydrogel electronic applications, i.e., large strain (1000%) and ultrafast responsive (~30 ms) fiber sensors in a robotic bird, large deformations (6000%) and antifreezing helical electronic conductors, and large strain (700%) capable Janus springs energy harvesters in wearables.

Photocatalytic overall water splitting is a promising strategy to store abundant solar energy as clean fuel, but recombination of photogenerated carriers is the key factor that reduces the efficiency. Herein, we report multi‐interfacial ternary CoP@ZnIn2S4@Co3O4 photocatalyst with coordinated structural and electronic band coupling to concurrently fulfill spatially decoupled redox centers and modulated electric field. For one, the realization of 3D open framework consists of 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on 1D CoP co‐catalyst maximizes exposures apart from circumvents aggregation and shielding issues. Another is the spatially defined and selective redox reactions where CoP is designated for proton reduction and Co3O4 for water oxidation. And finally, constructed type II band structure and p‐n junction facilitates directional charge separation, thereby prohibiting the recombination of charge carrier and also increase the local charge density. Besides, small band gap CoP and Co3O4 exhibit photothermal effect to further enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production. As a result, the photocatalysts could achieve the respective half reaction and pure water hydrogen evolution rate of 4254 and 145 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light illumination and further enhance to 10 740 and 308 μmol g−1 h−1 when subjected to full spectrum photoheating. This work presents a promising strategy in designing surface and interfacial dominated photocatalytic system to achieve efficient solar energy to chemical conversion.

A persistent challenge in classical photocatalyst systems with extended light absorption is the unavoidable trade-off between maximizing light harvesting and sustaining high photoredox capability. Alternatively, cooperative energy conversion through photothermic activation and photocatalytic redox is a promising yet unmet scientific proposition that critically demands a spectrum-tailored catalyst system. Here, we construct a solar thermal-promoted photocatalyst, an ultrathin "biphasic" ordered-disordered D-HNb3 O8 junction, which performs two disparate spectral selective functions of photoexcitation by ordered structure and thermal activated conversion via disordered lattice for combinatorial photothermal mediated catalysis. This in situ synthetically immobilized lattice distortion, constrained to a single-entity monolayer structure not only circumvents interfacial incompatibility but also triggers near-field temperature rise at the catalyst-reactant complexes' proximity to promote photoreaction. Ultimately, a generic full solar conversion improvement for H2 fuel production, organic transformation and water purification is realized.

Solar water evaporation plays a central role in low-energy fresh water production which is essential for both human health and economic development. The utilization of photothermal materials with broad solar absorption, in parallel to engineered evaporator designs, offers new approach to achieve efficient light-to-vapor conversion. Thereinto, the stratagem of interfacial water evaporation with the localized heating and restrictive heat losses, has gained wide recognition as an effective avenue towards high-performance sustainable solar steam generation. In this review, we discuss photothermal conversion processes of various solar absorber materials and the conceptual designs of different interfacial photothermal evaporation pertaining to judicious optical, thermal and wettability management, and finally the current progress in scalable saline water desalination, wastewater purification and energy generation applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent development in interfacial photothermal evaporation and to inspire research efforts/translations from laboratory to practical large-scale solar-driven clean water production. Furthermore, the opportunities of solar water evaporation should be explored beyond silos so as to conjointly address the interlinked water, energy and environmental nexus.

Photothermal materials with broad solar absorption and high conversion efficiency have recently attracted significant interest. They are becoming a fast-growing research focus in the area of solar-driven vaporization for clean water production. The parallel development of thermal management strategies through both material and system designs has further improved the overall efficiency of solar vaporization. Collectively, this green solar-driven water vaporization technology has regained attention as a sustainable solution for water scarcity. In this review, we will report the recent progress in solar absorber material design based on various photothermal conversion mechanisms, evaluate the prerequisites in terms of optical, thermal and wetting properties for efficient solar-driven water vaporization, classify the systems based on different photothermal evaporation configurations and discuss other correlated applications in the areas of desalination, water purification and energy generation. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the current development in efficient photothermal evaporation, and suggest directions to further enhance its overall efficiency through the judicious choice of materials and system designs, while synchronously capitalizing waste energy to realize concurrent clean water and energy production.

Polymer-MOF hybrid enables simultaneous and uninterrupted sorption and release of atmospheric water., The atmosphere contains an abundance of fresh water, but this resource has yet to be harvested efficiently. To date, passive atmospheric water sorbents have required a desorption step that relies on steady solar irradiation. Since the availability and intensity of solar radiation vary, these limit on-demand desorption and hence the amount of harvestable water. Here, we report a polymer–metal-organic framework that provides simultaneous and uninterrupted sorption and release of atmospheric water. The adaptable nature of the hydro-active polymer, and its hybridization with a metal-organic framework, enables enhanced sorption kinetics, water uptake, and spontaneous water oozing. We demonstrate continuous water delivery for 1440 hours, producing 6 g of fresh water per gram of sorbent at 90% relative humidity (RH) per day without active condensation. This leads to a total liquid delivery efficiency of 95% and an autonomous liquid delivery efficiency of 71%, the record among reported atmospheric water harvesters.

Smart nanoparticle swarm allows dynamic multimaterials integration to access distinctive functions., Bioinspired nano/microswarm enables fascinating collective controllability beyond the abilities of the constituent individuals, yet almost invariably, the composed units are of single species. Advancing such swarm technologies poses a grand challenge in synchronous mass manipulation of multimaterials that hold different physiochemical identities. Here, we present a dynamic thermal trapping strategy using thermoresponsive-based magnetic smart nanoparticles as host species to reversibly trap and couple given nonmagnetic entities in aqueous surroundings, enabling cross-species smart nanoparticle swarms (SMARS). Such trapping process endows unaddressable nonmagnetic species with efficient thermo-switchable magnetic response, which determines SMARS’ cross-species synchronized maneuverability. Benefiting from collective merits of hybrid components, SMARS can be configured into specific smart modules spanning from chain, vesicle, droplet, to ionic module, which can implement localized or distributed functions that are single-species unachievable. Our methodology allows dynamic multimaterials integration despite the odds of their intrinsic identities to conceive distinctive structures and functions.

Continuing population growth and accelerated fossil‐fuel consumption with recent technological advancements have engendered energy and environmental concerns, urging researchers to develop advanced functional materials to overcome the associated problems. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as frontier materials due to their unique porous organic–inorganic hybrid periodic assembly and exceptional diversity in structural properties and chemical functionalities. In particular, the modular nature and modularity‐dependent activity of MOFs and MOF derivatives have accentuated the delicate atomic‐ and molecular design and synthesis of MOFs, and their meticulous conversion into carbons and transition‐metal‐based materials. Synthetic control over framework architecture, content, and reactivity has led to unprecedented merits relevant to various energy and environmental applications. Herein, an overview of the atomic‐ and molecular‐design strategies of MOFs to realize application‐targeted properties is provided. Recent progress on the development of MOFs and MOF derivatives based on these strategies, along with their performance, is summarized with a special emphasis on design–structure and functionality–activity relationships. Next, the respective energy‐ and environmental‐related applications of catalysis and energy storage, as well as gas storage‐separation and water harvesting with close association to the energy–water–environment nexus are highlighted. Last, perspectives on current challenges and recommendations for further development of MOF‐based materials are also discussed., Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a preeminent class of nanoporous crystalline materials regarding their modular nature that guides the preparation of chemically and structurally diverse frameworks, and renders them promising candidates for many potential applications. Synthetic controllability of MOFs and MOF derivatives toward targeted structural properties and chemical functionalities for energy storage/conversion, gas storage/separation, and water remediation/harvesting applications are discussed to unveil design–structure and functionality–activity relationships.

Rational design of multi-compositional hierarchical nanostructures from earth-abundant materials holds great potential in the fields of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and supercapacitive energy storage. However, such nanostructures often require multi-step synthesis routes which are rather elaborate. In this study, we demonstrate a facile synthesis route to attain hierarchical nanostructures comprised of multiple constituents with varied geometric dimensionality, i.e. NiO nanoparticles incorporated in two-dimensional (2D) sulfurized molybdenum-based nanosheets coated on a one-dimensional (1D) Ni3S2 nanorod scaffold grown directly on Ni foam. The metallic nature of the Ni3S2 nanorods provides a 1D conductive pathway to the active sites, and their overall nanostructure increases the specific surface area of the electrode and maintains the structural integrity. Furthermore, synergistic interactions between the molybdenum-based nanosheets and NiO nanoparticles can improve the overall activity of the catalyst towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via playing specific roles in the water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption steps. Consequently, the design of the multi-compositional hierarchical nanostructure led to a remarkable enhancement in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, and this material also exhibited excellent supercapacitive energy storage properties. This work illustrates a straightforward approach to the design and tailoring of hierarchical nanostructured materials with promising application in the field of energy conversion and storage.

Efficient charge separation for a photocatalyst can be realized via addition of a co-catalyst, whereby most conventional techniques, i.e., deposition–precipitation, photoreduction, hydrothermal and vapour phase deposition result typically in surface loading effects. Moreover, the loading amount is deliberately kept nominal (below 10 wt%) as excessive loading causes both agglomeration and light blocking issues which limit the performance and stability of the photocatalyst. This work demonstrates one-pot in situ synthesis towards interdispersion and inclusion of a high concentration (Cu : TiO2 weight ratio > 1) of a Cu NP co-catalyst into TiO2 nanosheets without compromising its critical dispersivity and light absorption properties. The exceptional photocatalytic H2 performance of 16.1 ± 0.35 mmol g−1 h−1 stems from the embedment and confinement of the small Cu NPs within the TiO2 matrix which facilitates a shorter diffusion distance, thereby increasing the number of electrons available for catalytic reactions. Thus, this work highlights a facile approach towards optimal interfacing of the hybrid catalyst constituents to mitigate the limited interfacial contact and charge transfer challenges commonly faced in photocatalyst design.

Solar energy is a major source of renewable energy with the potential to meet the energy demand and to support the sustainable development of the world. The efficient harvesting and conversion of solar energy is one of the key factors to maximize the utilization of solar energy. In general, solar energy can be harnessed and converted into various kinds of energy, including electricity, fuels and thermal energy, through photovoltaic, photochemical and photothermal processes, respectively. Among these technologies, photothermal conversion is a direct conversion process that has attained the highest achievable conversion efficiency. The photothermal effect has been used as a novel strategy to augment vaporization and catalysis performance. In this review, we look into the basis of the photothermal conversion process, the design of efficient photothermal conversion materials in terms of both light harvesting and thermal management, a fundamental understanding of various system schemes, and the recent progress in photothermal evaporation and catalysis applications. This review aims to afford researchers with a better understanding of the photothermal effect and provide a guide for the rational design and development of highly efficient photothermal materials in energy and environmental fields.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revealed widespread success in converting ambient mechanical energy into electric power. However, the challenge remains to improve the output performance for extensive applications. Herein, a strategy of combining surface texturing and dielectric constant control is developed to enhance the output performance of poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based TENGs. The introduction of highly dielectric particles significantly enhanced the dielectric constant and surface charge potential of the PDMS film, supported by both experimental analysis and COMSOL simulation. With an optimized weight ratio, an output voltage of ∼390 V (peak to peak), a short-circuit current density of ∼170 mA m−2, and a charge density of ∼108 μC m−2 were obtained, corresponding to the peak power density of 9.6 W m−2, showing a 10-fold power improvement compared with flat PDMS-based TENGs. This work demonstrates a promising strategy for exploring high performance triboelectric generators.

Photocatalysts based on p–n junction heterostructures have demonstrated their ability to enhance the separation of photo-generated charge carriers and promote their lifetimes for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. However, few reported studies have extended to the optimization of charge carrier dynamics to facilitate favorable kinetics of the target surface reaction for photocatalysis. Herein, a novel ternary chalcogenide photocatalyst ZnMoS4 is developed with ideal multiple heterojunctions of the ZnMoS4/ZnO/CuS band structure. Besides synergistically enhancing charge carrier separation, more importantly, the intercalated ZnO layer in the ZnMoS4/CuS p–n heterojunction induces interfacial band bending that consequently allows kinetically desirable electron migration from ZnMoS4 across the multi-junction heterostructures, towards the photocatalyst surface for an efficient water reduction reaction. This optimized electrodynamic configuration results in a 97% higher hydrogen evolution rate as compared to a typical unoptimized ZnMoS4/CuS p–n heterostructure. Essentially, this work offers a band structure engineering strategy for heterostructured photocatalyst design which enables efficient charge carrier dynamics and electrochemical reactivity.

Traditionally, porous carbon can be realized through chemical activation as well as templating with different materials for generation of hierarchical pores. However, the former method often results in the loss of the carbon’s initial structure, while the latter is known to be complex and requires additional procedures to remove the templates. This work demonstrates one-step activation-excavation approach towards simultaneous etching of hierarchical pores with the preservation of its hollow framework for enhanced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption and supercapacitance performance. The improvement in activity in both applications stems from the micropores, mesopores and hollow interior for containment, selectivity of larger adsorbents and enhanced transport diffusion respectively for VOCs adsorption. Similarly, the hierarchical pore sizes and hollow cavity in supercapacitors serve the purpose of increased electroactive sites, provides shorter diffusion pathway and facilitates ion diffusion for improved capacitive rate. Thus, this facile and effective approach of producing hollow interior and hierarchical pores carbon nanostructures is promising for bifunctional pollutant removal and energy storage solutions.

Wearable electronics have gained dramatic development in recent years, owing to the advancement in flexible/stretchable electronics, and achieved considerable progress in various applications. Nanogenerators capable of harvesting energy from human activities is considered as a promising alternative for powering the wearable electronic devices, considering the sustainability and rich biomechanical energy from human body. Currently, most of the nanogenerators are aimed at converting limited forms of mechanical energy, mostly pressing or bending, which hampers adaptive exploitation of bodily energy source. Also, the incapability to respond to multiple forms of mechanical stimuli deters the nanogenerators from functioning as full-range human activities sensors. Here, we devise a stretchable integrated nanogenerator-sensory coaxial core-sheath fiber with improved functionality and sustainability. The combination of materials engineering and structure design enables the fiber to scavenge versatile mechanical energy, including stretch, bend, twist and press, through a gap size variation induced electrostatic effect. Besides, the fiber realizes the detection of joint-bending and joint-twisting related motions, such as walking and elbow rotation, and also succeeds in capturing subtle physiological signals, such as breath, pulse and speech recognition, which paves the way for full-range personal healthcare monitoring and documenting in a self-powered, wearable and noninvasive manner.

In this paper, we present an L-cysteine-mediated hydrothermal synthesis of manganese copper sulfide (MCS) nanocomposites with versatile nanostructures and demonstrate their applications in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic hydrogen generation from water splitting. Variation of the Mn/Cu molar ratios in the precursors facilely tailors the MCS nanocomposites into one-dimensional nanowires or two-dimensional nanosheets, which are different from the zero-dimensional nanoparticles of pure MnS and CuS. By virtue of the well-interfaced heterojunctions formed, the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes is suppressed, giving rise to photocatalytic hydrogen generation behavior that is unattainable from either MnS or CuS. Meanwhile, the electrochemical conductivity is dramatically enhanced, hence rendering the MCS nanocomposites with improved electrocatalytic kinetics. This approach will contribute to an inexpensive and convenient synthetic strategy of transition-metal-based nanostructures for functional applications in photovoltaic, electrochemical and catalytic fields.

Solar‐driven water evaporation and valuable fuel generation is an environmentally friendly and sustainable way for clean water and energy production. However, a few bottlenecks for practical applications are high‐cost, low productivity, and severe sunlight angle dependence. Herein, solar evaporation with enhanced photocatalytic capacity that is light direction insensitive and of efficiency breakthrough by virtue of a three‐dimensional (3D) photothermal catalytic spherical isotopic evaporator is demonstrated. A homogeneous layer of microfluidic blow spun polyamide nanofibers loaded with efficient light absorber of polypyrrole nanoparticles conformally wraps onto a lightweight, thermal insulating plastic sphere, featuring favorable interfacial solar heating and efficient water transportation. The 3D spherical geometry not only guarantees the omnidirectional solar absorbance by the light‐facing hemisphere, but also keeps the other hemisphere under shadow to harvest energy from the warmer environment. As a result, the light‐to‐vapor efficiency exceeds the theoretical limit, reaching 217% and 156% under 1 and 2 sun, respectively. Simultaneously, CO2 photoreduction with generated steam reveals a favorable clean fuels production rate using photocatalytic spherical evaporator by secondary growth of Cu2O nanoparticles. Finally, an outdoor demonstration manifests a high evaporation rate and easy‐to‐perform construction on‐site, providing a promising opportunity for efficient and decentralized water and clean fuel production.

Narrow band gap semiconductors heterojunction with superior coupling and composition matching can enhance light absorption, reduce carrier recombination and increase redox activity. Here, we report Co9S8/Cd/CdS Z-scheme type heterojunctions with hierarchical tubular heterostructure and inexpensive transition metallic electronic bridge between two distinct semiconductors by a simultaneous immobilization and in-situ reduction strategy. The designed heterostructure greatly promotes the redox activity owing to high-density catalytic sites, excellent visible light capture by small band gap Co9S8/CdS and hollow framework in conjunction with fast charge separation and smooth transfer through intermediary conductive Cd. The optimized photocatalyst exhibits a hydrogen generation rate up to 10.42 μmol h−1 without obvious drop in performance over multiple cycles. The structural design, matching tandem constituent and continuous phase mediator are the pivotal factors to engender an efficient solid-state Z-scheme photocatalysis. The facile synthetic approach and noble metal free tandem structure of this work provide alternative avenues for the development of heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient solar-to-chemical conversion.