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Background: Adjuvants like AS01 B increase the immunogenicity of vaccines and generally cause increased transient reactogenicity compared with Alum. A phase II randomized trial was conducted to characterize the response to AS01 B and Alum adjuvanted vaccines. A post-hoc analysis was performed to examine the associations between reactogenicity and innate immune parameters., Methods: The trial involved 60 hepatitis B-naïve adults aged 18-45 years randomized 1:1 to receive either two doses of HBsAg-AS01 B on Day (D)0 and D30, or three doses of HBsAg-Alum on D0, D30, D180. Prior to vaccination, all subjects received placebo injection in order to differentiate the impact of injection process and the vaccination. Main outcomes included reactogenicity symptoms, vital signs, blood cytokines, biochemical and hematological parameters after vaccination. Associations were explored using linear regression., Findings: The vaccine with AS01 B induced higher HBsAg-specific antibody levels than Alum. Local and systemic symptoms were more frequent in individuals who received HBsAg AS01 B /Alum vaccine or placebo, but were mild and short-lived. Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), bilirubin, leukocyte, monocyte and neutrophil counts increased rapidly and transiently after AS01 B but not after Alum or placebo. Lymphocyte counts decreased in the AS01 B group and lactate dehydrogenase levels decreased after Alum. Modelling revealed associations between systemic symptoms and increased levels of CRP and IL-6 after the first HBsAg-AS01 B or HBsAg-Alum immunization. Following the second vaccine dose, CRP, IL-6, IP-10, IFN-γ, MIP-1β and MCP-2 were identified as key parameters associated with systemic symptoms. These observations were confirmed using an independent data set extracted from a previous study of the immune response to HBsAg-adjuvanted vaccines (NCT00805389)., Conclusions: IL-6 and IFN-γ signals were associated with systemic reactogenicity following administration of AS01 B -adjuvanted vaccine. These signals were similar to those previously associated with antibody and T-cell responses induced by HBsAg-adjuvanted vaccines, suggesting that similar innate immune signals may underlie adjuvant reactogenicity and immunogenicity., Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01777295., (Copyright © 2019 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To study the success rate and reproducibility of sputum induction (SI) in healthy subjects (HS) and asthma patients (AP)., Materials and Methods: 130 HSs/APs were recruited for early-phase studies to evaluate sputum biomarkers. SI and sample processing were performed according to standard protocols., Results: Adequate samples were obtained from 46% of HSs and 80% of APs. There was no difference between the groups with adequate and nonadequate samples. Differences between HS and AP groups were minor. Reproducibility was 56.0% in HSs and 90.6% in APs., Conclusion: Sputum induction for biomarker assessment in early drug development is feasible in HSs and APs, but only modestly reproducible in HSs. The technique is complex and time consuming.
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Objective: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are hypothesized to improve cognition in schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease by increasing cGMP levels in certain brain regions. This phase I, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study provides proof-of-mechanism evidence for BI 409306, a novel, oral PDE9A inhibitor., Methods: In healthy males, exposure of BI 409306 (25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-mg single dose) and placebo was assessed in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Effect of BI 409306 on CSF cGMP levels was evaluated, and adverse events (AEs) were monitored., Results: In all enrolled subjects (N = 20), plasma BI 409306 concentration increased rapidly (median t max : 0.75-1.25 hr) followed by rapid increases in CSF (median t max : 1.5-2.0 hr). Maximum CSF cGMP concentrations were achieved within 2 to 5 hr, declining to baseline levels 10 to 14 hr after dosing. Dose-dependent increases in plasma and CSF exposure and CSF cGMP were shown. BI 409306 was safe and well tolerated. Most AEs were mild to moderate in intensity and study procedure-related., Conclusions: BI 409306 increased rapidly in plasma and was subsequently detected in CSF, resulting in dose-dependent increases in cGMP levels in CSF. Results indicate BI 409306 efficiently crosses the blood-CSF barrier, with an acceptable level of AEs., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: This Phase I study (VOLTAIRE®-PK) aimed to evaluate three-way pharmacokinetic similarity (bioequivalence), safety, and immunogenicity of BI 695501 (a Humira® [adalimumab] biosimilar candidate) compared with US- and EU-approved Humira in healthy male subjects., Methods: Subjects (N = 327) were randomized 1:1:1 to receive one 40-mg subcutaneous dose of BI 695501, US- or EU-approved Humira; safety was assessed for 70 days. Bioequivalence was evaluated using the average bioequivalence method to test if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric means (BI 695501 vs US- and EU-approved Humira) for the primary end points were within prespecified acceptance ranges (80-125%). Immunogenicity was assessed using a sensitive bridging method., Results: Bioequivalence between BI 695501 and US- and EU-approved Humira was demonstrated with the 90% CIs of the ratios of all primary end points: C max , AUC 0-inf, pred and AUC 0-tz being within the prespecified acceptance ranges of 80-125%. Concentration vs time profiles were similar as were the time course and frequency of immunogenic responses. All study drugs showed similar safety and tolerability results., Conclusions: Three-way bioequivalence of BI 695501 to US- and EU-approved Humira was demonstrated; safety and immunogenicity results of the three study drugs were also similar., Clinical Trial Registration: 2013-003722-84 (EudraCT) and NCT02045979.

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of a novel oral CRTh2 antagonist, fevipiprant (QAW039), in healthy subjects. Peak concentrations of fevipiprant in plasma were observed 1-3 hours postdosing. Concentrations declined in a multiexponential manner, followed by an apparent terminal phase (t1/2 , ∼20 hours). Steady state was achieved in 4 days with <2-fold accumulation. Elimination was partly by renal excretion (≤30% of the dose) and glucuronidation. Food had minimal impact on the PK of fevipiprant, and it was well tolerated at single and multiple oral doses up to 500 mg/day. No dose-dependent adverse events were observed, and all the events were mild or moderate in severity. Systemic concentrations were sufficiently high to achieve relevant target occupancy, considering in vitro pharmacology data. In summary, the data support further development as a once-daily oral therapy for allergic diseases., (© 2016, The Authors. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Context: Women's health disorders are commonly treated by agents that suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. NK3 receptor antagonism modulates this axis with distinct pharmacology compared to existing therapies., Objective: The study aim was to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics on gonadotropins and sex hormones after single- and multiple-dose administration of an NK3R antagonist to healthy men and women., Design and Setting: This was a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, combined single and multiple ascending dose trial., Participants: Forty-one men and 24 regularly cycling women participated in the study., Intervention(s): In part 1 of the study, men received single oral doses of 3-180 mg or placebo. In part 2, men received placebo or 20, 60, or 180 mg each day for 10 days. In part 3, women received placebo or 20, 60, or 180 mg each day for 21 days, where dosing was initiated on day 3 ± 2 after menses., Main Outcome Measure(s): Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics on circulating levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, in addition to physiological biomarkers of endometrial thickening, follicle growth, and the duration of the menstrual cycle were evaluated., Results: ESN364 was well-tolerated and rapidly bioavailable with linear pharmacokinetics and no drug accumulation with repeated, daily oral administration. Drug treatment dose-dependently decreased basal LH, but not FSH, and consequently decreased estradiol and progesterone (in women) as well as testosterone (in men). The hormonal changes in women corresponded to delayed ovulation, decreased endometrial thickening, impeded follicular maturation, and prolongation of the menstrual cycle. Drug effects were rapidly reversible., Conclusions: Oral administration of the NK3R antagonist, ESN364, suppressed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in healthy volunteers by selective modulation of gonadotropin secretion, leading to a restrained decrease in ovarian hormone levels in women. These results suggest that ESN364 may offer therapeutic benefit in the treatment of women's health disorders with a mitigated risk of menopausal-like adverse events.

Objectives: We sought to validate Cognitive Research Corporation's Driving Simulator (CRCDS Mini-Sim) for studies of drug safety with respect to driving ability., Methods: A total of 30 healthy subjects were randomized to receive placebo or 7.5 mg zopiclone, a hypnotic known to impair driving, in random order during the 2 treatment periods of a 2 period crossover design., Results: Evening administration of 7.5 mg zopiclone increased next-day standard deviation of lateral lane position (SDLP) by 2.62 cm on average compared with evening administration of placebo, and caused significant effects on symmetry analysis. The magnitude of the change in SDLP is highly similar to changes previously observed using on-the-road driving methods., Conclusions: Further validation of the CRCDS Mini-Sim is warranted to develop this platform for drug safety studies.

Objective: To investigate indications, features and outcome of pediatric tracheotomy in our ENT department., Methods: A retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients who underwent tracheotomy between 1992 and 2006 in the Children's Hospital of the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel. The main parameters of the study were age, gender, indications, morbidity and mortality rate, time and success of decannulation., Results: Twenty-nine children younger than 16 years of age, 21 males and 8 females, underwent tracheotomy. Indications for tracheotomy fell into two main groups: chronic diseases requiring ventilation support (55%) and relief of airway obstruction (45%). Tracheotomies were mainly performed in young children, 76% were under 3 years of age. In this age group, upper airway obstruction was the most frequent indication. The complication rate was 36%, and the nontracheotomy-related mortality rate was 25%. The tracheotomy-related mortality rate was 3.5%. Successful decannulation was possible in 28% after a mean duration of 24 months after surgery. Of the remaining 72% for whom decannulation was not performed, 35% died mainly because of the underlying disease. Those infants failing decannulation (65%) had neurologic disorders., Conclusions: In accord with the literature, where a shift towards very young patients and towards indications related to chronic ventilatory support is observed, in this series tracheotomies were mainly performed for the youngest children. Relief of upper airway obstruction was the most frequent indication. Morbidity and mortality rates among this specific patient population should not be ignored.