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Gravitational Waves represent the transport of Gravitational Energy through Space. Equation (101) and in particular (107) and (108) represent the “Gravitational Wave Equation”. The article presents a new theory in physics which explains the interaction between gravity and light with mathematical results close to General Relativity (15 digits beyond the decimal point equal result) and unifies General Relativity with Quantum Physics by the fundamental elementary particle: the GEON. The GEON [1] is a fundamental solution of the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation (Quantum Physics) and the confinement has been controlled by the fundamental interaction between Gravity and Light (General Relativity). The GEON is the most fundamental elementary particle and can be created by the compression of light into extremely high densities. The GEON appears when an equilibrium has been established between the expanding radiation pressure of light and the confining gravitational force of light. The GEON is the fundamental solution of the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation. For this reason the GEON particle unifies Quantum Physics with General Relativity. The confinement of GEONS is only possible at discrete values. (Quantisation of Energy, Light and Gravity). The GEON carries the mass inside the structures of matter (Elementary Particles). The radius of a GEON with the mass of a proton (1.67×10-27 kg) equals 3 10-58 [m]. [30] PlotGraph 3, page 24. The GEON represents the creation of matter/anti-matter by Electromagnetic-Gravitational interaction. The new theory in physics has been based on the “divergence-free linear 4-dimensional stress-energy tensor in the Minkowski Space”. The difference between Einstein’s General Relativity and this theory is the different approach. Einstein has deformed (non-linear and non-divergence free) the “4-dimensional Stress-Energy Tensor” by introducing the curved 4-dimensional Riemannian Manifold to explain the interaction between Gravity and Light. The new theory describes the interaction between different fields (Electric, Magnetic and Gravitational) by identical interaction terms, generated by the separate divergence and the separate rotation of the different fields. (equation 24). The theory describes “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction”, “Magnetic-Gravitational Interaction” and “Electric-Gravitational Interaction”. In this new theory particles do not interact with fields. The interaction between an electric charged particle and an electric field is not the interaction between a particle and a field but it is the interaction between the electric field of the particle interacting with the other electric field. Every interaction is an interaction between fields. Electric Fields interact with Electric Fields , Magnetic Fields interact with Magnetic Fields and Gravitational Fields interact with Gravitational Fields. Electric Fields interact with 1st order Lorentz Transformed Magnetic Fields. Magnetic Fields interact with 1st order Lorentz Transformed Electric Fields. Gravitational Fields have been created by accelerated (Confined) 2nd order Lorentz Transformed Electromagnetic Fields. Electromagnetic Fields interact with 2nd order Lorentz Transformed Gravitational Fields. Gravitational Fields interact with 2nd order Lorentz Transformed (Confined) Electromagnetic Fields. This has been called: “Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction”.

The article presents a new theory in physics which explains the interaction between gravity and light with mathematical results close to General Relativity (15 digits beyond the decimal point equal result) and unifies General Relativity with Quantum Physics by the fundamental elementary particle: the GEON. The GEON [1] is a fundamental solution of the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation (Quantum Physics) and the confinement has been controlled by the fundamental interaction between Gravity and Light (General Relativity). The GEON is the most fundamental elementary particle and can be created by the compression of light into extremely high densities. The GEON appears when an equilibrium has been established between the expanding radiation pressure of light and the confining gravitational force of light. The GEON is the fundamental solution of the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation. For this reason the GEON particle unifies Quantum Physics with General Relativity. The confinement of GEONS is only possible at discrete values. (Quantisation of Energy, Light and Gravity). The GEON carries the mass inside the structures of matter (Elementary Particles). The radius of a GEON with the mass of a proton (1.67×10-27 kg) equals 3 10-58 [m]. [30] PlotGraph 3, page 24 The new theory in physics has been based on the “divergence-free linear 4-dimensional stress-energy tensor in the Minkowski Space”. The difference between Einstein’s General Relativity and this theory is the different approach. Einstein has deformed (non-linear and non-divergence free) the “4-dimensional Stress-Energy Tensor” by introducing the curved 4-dimensional Riemannian Manifold to explain the interaction between Gravity and Light. The new theory describes the interaction between different fields (Electric, Magnetic and Gravitational) by identical interaction terms, generated by the separate divergence and the separate rotation of the different fields. (equation 24) The conclusion of the new theory is that “divergence-free” and “rotation-free” fields do not interact. When Isaac Newton published his 3 famous equations which became the foundation of Classical Dynamics, he was not aware that he was building the first elemental blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. When James Clerk Maxwell published his 4 famous equations which became the foundation for Classical Electrodynamics, he was not aware that he was building new blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. When Paul Dirac published his famous equation which became the foundation of Relativistic Quantum Physics, he was not aware that he was building further on blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. It was Albert Einstein who was one of the first physicists who discovered the importance of the Stress-Energy Tensor to describe in a mathematical way the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation and a Gravitational Field. Because there was no match, Einstein deformed the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor” by deforming Space and Time. Using curved Riemannian manifolds, he deformed the fundamental Tensor in physics in such a way that he found a very special Mathematics to describe the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation (Light) and a Gravitational Field. The Theory of General Relativity. This became a fundamental problem in physics. By deforming the fundamental building block in physics (the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor), there is no match anymore in the fundamental mainstreams in physics (classical mechanics, electrodynamics, quantum physics and general relativity). Classical Mechanics has no match with Classical Electrodynamics. Classical Electrodynamics has no match with Relativistic Quantum Physics. Relativistic Quantum Physics has no match with General Relativity. It is important to distinguish the “Physical Reality” from a Mathematical Description of it (which is in general an approach). The scalar curvature (or the Ricci scalar) is a measure of the curvature of a Riemannian manifold. Einstein used a curved Riemannian manifold to describe “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction”. But the physics beyond this is the interaction between the different fields. It is possible to describe this in different ways. This new theory demonstrates a more direct approach in the force densities acting between different fields expressed by equation (24). This new theory starts with the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor” in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. And from this unique Divergence-Free “Stress-Energy Tensor” follows Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Relativistic Quantum Physics and General Relativity. Bringing back the necessary unity in physics. Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like “String Theory”, predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant “G” which constrains until ( /G to be < 4 × 10-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the “Constant Value” in time for the Gravitational Constant “G”. A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of “Gravitational RedShift” [2]. The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “General Relativity”: The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “The Proposed Theory”: &nbsp

This article describes a new theory in physics which has been based on the “divergence-free linear 4-dimensional stress-energy tensor in the Minkowski Space”. The difference between Einstein’s General Relativity and this theory is the different approach. Einstein has deformed (non-linear and non-divergence free) the “4-dimensional Stress-Energy Tensor” by introducing the curved 4-dimensional Riemannian Manifold to explain the interaction between Gravity and Light. The new theory describes the interaction between different fields (Electric, Magnetic and Gravitational) by identical interaction terms, generated by the separate divergence and the separate rotation of the different fields. (equation 24) The conclusion of the new theory is that “divergence-free” and “rotation-free” fields do not interact. When Isaac Newton published his 3 famous equations which became the foundation of Classical Dynamics, he was not aware that he was building the first elemental blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. When James Clerk Maxwell published his 4 famous equations which became the foundation for Classical Electrodynamics, he was not aware that he was building new blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. When Paul Dirac published his famous equation which became the foundation of Relativistic Quantum Physics, he was not aware that he was building further on blocks for the Stress-Energy Tensor in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. It was Albert Einstein who was one of the first physicists who discovered the importance of the Stress-Energy Tensor to describe in a mathematical way the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation and a Gravitational Field. But because there was no match, Einstein deformed the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor” by deforming Space and Time. He deformed this Tensor in such a way that he found a very special Mathematics to describe the interaction between Electromagnetic Radiation (Light) and a Gravitational Field. The Theory of General Relativity. And that became a problem. Because Einstein deformed the fundamental building block in physics (the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor), nothing fits anymore. Classical Mechanics has no match with Classical Electrodynamics. Classical Electrodynamics has no match with Relativistic Quantum Physics. Relativistic Quantum Physics has no match with General Relativity. It is important to distinguish the “Physical Reality” from a Mathematical Description of it (which is in general an approach). The scalar curvature (or the Ricci scalar) is a measure of the curvature of a Riemannian manifold. Einstein used a curved Riemannian manifold to describe “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction”. But the physics beyond this is the interaction between the different fields. It is possible to describe this in different ways. This new theory demonstrates a more direct approach in the force densities acting between different fields expressed by equation (24). This new theory starts with the Divergence-Free Linear “Stress-Energy Tensor” in the 4-dimensional Minkowski Space. And from this unique Divergence-Free “Stress-Energy Tensor” follows Classical Mechanics, Classical Electrodynamics, Relativistic Quantum Physics and General Relativity. Bringing back the necessary unity in physics. Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like “String Theory”, predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant “G” which constrains until ( /G to be < 4 × 10-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the “Constant Value” in time for the Gravitational Constant “G”. A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of “Gravitational RedShift” [2]. The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “General Relativity”: The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “The Proposed Theory”: describes a new theory in physics which has been based on the“divergence-free linear 4-dimensional stress-energy tensor in the Minkowski Space”.The difference between Einstein’s General Relativity and this theory is the differentapproach.Einstein has deformed(non-linear and non-divergence free)the “4-dimensional Stress-Energy Tensor” by introducing the curved 4-dimensionalRiemannian Manifold to explain the interaction between Gravity and Light. The newtheory describes the interaction between different fields (Electric, Magnetic andGravitational) by identical interaction terms,generated by theseparatedivergenceand the separaterotation of the different fields. (equation 24) The conclusion of thenew theory is that “divergence-free” and “rotation-free” fields do not interact.

Albert Einstein has introduced a new understanding of light by introducing the concept of the “photon”. This concept originated (1905) in Albert Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light. Because photons propagate with the speed of light, it is a necessary requirement that the rest-mass of photons equals zero. Recently experiments have resulted in the observation that the rest mass of a photon does not equal zero. [10]. Einstein’s solution to explain the interaction between gravity and light (particles with rest-mass zero, photons) was a curved space-time continuum. A Space-Time continuum curved due to a gravitational field. The assumption of the zero-mass of photons had been based on Maxwell’s assumption that electromagnetic waves do not carry mass and do not generate a gravitational field.This article describes electromagnetic fields which do carry mass (inertia) ([12] and equation (92)) and do generate a gravitational field, expressed in the terms B-1 (inertia) and B-6 (Gravity) in equation 23. In this way Newton’s Classical Dynamics will be unified with Maxwell’s Electrodynamics and Einstein’s General Relativity. Extending Newton’s 3-dimensional Equilibrium in Classical Mechanics into a model of confined electromagnetic energy within a 4-dimensional Equilibrium will unify Classical Mechanics with Relativistic Quantum Physics (Dirac Equation).The research has been focussed to unify the four fundamental theories in physics. Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics, James Clerk Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, Quantum Physics (Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg) and Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. These four fundamental theories also mark the different periods when they have been created and a fundamentally different way of thinking at those times. To unify these four principles of Physics, it is necessary to link electromagnetism and gravitation. Here it is proposed that the 2-dimensional confinement of electromagnetic radiation (a beam of light) creates its own gravitational field, and that field will interact with other gravitational fields. To illustrate the utility of this theory, an example has been discussed with regard to the measured gravitational redshift associated with Earth’s gravity. This Theory has been called “Quantum Light Theory”. Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like “String Theory”, predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant “G” which constrains until ( /G to be < 4 × 10-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the “Constant Value” in time for the Gravitational Constant “G”. This article describes the energy transitions within GEONs (Published in 1955 by J. A.Wheeler).

We discuss the possibility that gravitational fluctuations (“gravitational-waves”) are trapped in space by gravitational interactions in two dimensional Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity. In the standard geon (gravitational electromagnetic entity) approach, the effective energy is entirely deposited in a thin layer, the active region, that achieves spatial self-confinement and raises doubts about the geon’s stability. In this paper we relinquish the “active region” approach and obtain self-confinement of “gravitational waves” that are trapped by the vacuum geometry and can be stable against the backreaction due to metric fluctuations.

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) can serve as a basis for analyzing and assessing the degree of landslide susceptibility in a region. This study uses the object-based geons aggregation model to map landslide susceptibility for all of Austria and evaluates whether an additional implementation of the Dempster&ndash, Shafer theory (DST) could improve the results. For the whole of Austria, we used nine conditioning factors: elevation, slope, aspect, land cover, rainfall, distance to drainage, distance to faults, distance to roads, and lithology, and assessed the performance and accuracy of the model using the area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristics (ROC). We used three scale parameters for the geons model to evaluate the impact of the scale parameter on the performance of LSM. The results were similar for the three scale parameters. Applying the Dempster&ndash, Schafer theory could significantly improve the results of the object-based geons model. The accuracy of the DST-derived LSM for Austria improved and the respective AUC value increased from 0.84 to 0.93. The resulting LSMs from the geons model provide meaningful units independent of administrative boundaries, which can be beneficial to planners and policymakers.

Most people think science is exclusively about things like experiments, observations, and measurement. But to quote Professor of Mathematics Holmes Boynton who wrote World Book Encyclopedia’s “Geometry” article, “(Geometry) is important (later in the paragraph the quote is from, he uses the words “simple and easy to picture”) … because it shows students how to develop ideas by logical reasoning, rather than by observation, description, and measurement.” Therefore, it’s reasonable to use a simple geometry to help show that physics has uncovered a flaw with the results of all kinds of radioactive dating. Four years after publishing General Relativity (ie in 1919), Albert Einstein published a paper that asked "Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?" (1) That paper was published in an attempt to clarify the inner workings of the atom. But it might well apply in the present paper. Central to radiometric dating’s overestimates are two things: a) mathematics’ vector-tensor-scalar geometry (a simple geometry conceived by the author) which, answering “yes” to Einstein’s 1919 paper, shows that gravitational and electromagnetic waves compose particles of matter; and b) the conclusion supported by last century’s physics that these waves contain “advanced” and “retarded” components travelling backwards and forwards in time (this is not science fiction but will be reconciled here with quantum entanglement as well as Einstein’s Relativity). Astronomers study gravitational and electromagnetic waves - it's natural to wonder if, for example, distances to astronomical objects have also been overestimated. Intriguingly, neutralizing the advanced waves should dramatically increase the health and lifespan of humans and all other species if it doesn't adversely affect anatomy and physiology ie if the retarded waves alone are sufficient for normal structure and function.This work relates waves to the Complex Number Plane and Wick rotation - different phases rotate from the x-axis to the so-called “imaginary” y-axis where they can produce the extra mass of another large-scale dimension (so-called Dark Matter) as well as the Dark Energy which the mass possesses. &nbsp

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) can serve as a basis for analyzing and assessing the degree of landslide susceptibility in a region. This study uses the object-based geons aggregation model to map landslide susceptibility for all of Austria and evaluates whether an additional implementation of the DempsterShafer theory (DST) could improve the results. For the whole of Austria, we used nine conditioning factors: elevation, slope, aspect, land cover, rainfall, distance to drainage, distance to faults, distance to roads, and lithology, and assessed the performance and accuracy of the model using the area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristics (ROC). We used three scale parameters for the geons model to evaluate the impact of the scale parameter on the performance of LSM. The results were similar for the three scale parameters. Applying the DempsterShafer theory could significantly improve the results of the object-based geons model. The accuracy of the DST-derived LSM for Austria improved and the respective AUC value increased from 0.84 to 0.93. The resulting LSMs from the geons model provide meaningful units independent of administrative boundaries, which can be beneficial to planners and policymakers. (VLID)4670298

According to Recognition-By-Components theory, object recognition relies on a specific subset of three-dimensional shapes called geons. In particular, these configurations constitute a powerful cue to three-dimensional object reconstruction because their two-dimensional projection remains viewpoint-invariant. While a large body of literature has demonstrated sensitivity to changes in these so-called nonaccidental configurations, it remains unclear what information is used in establishing such sensitivity. In this study, we explored the possibility that nonaccidental configurations can already be inferred from the basic constituents of objects, namely, their edges. We constructed a set of stimuli composed of two lines corresponding to various nonaccidental properties and configurations underlying the distinction between geons, including collinearity, alignment, curvature of contours, curvature of configuration axis, expansion, cotermination, and junction type. Using a simple visual search paradigm, we demonstrated that participants were faster at detecting targets that differed from distractors in a nonaccidental property than in a metric property. We also found that only some but not all of the observed sensitivity could have resulted from simple low-level properties of our stimuli. Given that such sensitivity emerged from a configuration of only two lines, our results support the view that nonaccidental configurations could be encoded throughout the visual processing hierarchy even in the absence of object context. ispartof: i-Perception vol:8 issue:2 pages:1-12 ispartof: location:Leuven, Belgium status: published

Humans often evidence little difficulty at recognizing objects from arbitrary orientations in depth. According to one class of theories, this competence is based on generalization from templates specified by metric properties (MPs), that were learned for the various orientations. An alternative class of theories assumes that non-accidental properties (NAPs) might be exploited so that even novel objects can be recognized under depth rotation. After scaling MP and NAP differences so that they were equally detectable when the objects were at the same orientation in depth, the present investigation assessed the effects of rotation on same-different judgments for matching novel objects. Judgments of a sequential pair of images of novel objects, when rendered from different viewpoints, revealed relatively low costs when the objects differed in a NAP of a single part, i.e. a geon. However, rotation dramatically reduced the detectability of MP differences to a level well below that expected by chance. NAPs offer a striking advantage over MPs for object classification and are therefore more likely to play a central role in the representation of objects.

The article describes exotic objects, the geons, which emerge as the result of gravitational attraction among massless energy quanta. It is shown that the formation of geons occurs at the energy E_Pl = 10 19 GeV and leads to the rise of microscopic black holes of a Planck dimension, Planck mass and two horizon events. It is shown that the formation of Planck geons is energetically more likely in 3-dimensional space than with "physics" of geons in a space of a different number of dimensions, what, as it appears, determined the 4-dimensional space-time at the very first moments after the "Big Bang". The problem of singularity in the theory of relativity is discussed. It is shown that, from the mathematical point of view, any space of finite dimensions of any extension can be placed in a dimensionless "point" of space of the Planck dimensions without the change of density of matter of the Metagalaxy. That theoretically solves the problem of physical singularities of the general theory of relativity., Razmatra ju se eqzotični objekti, geoni, koji su posljedica gravitacijskog privlačenja među bezmasenim kvantima energije. Pokazuje se da se geoni javlja ju na energiji EPl = 1019 GeV, što vodi na stvaranje mikroskopskih crnih rupa Planckove veličine. Pokazuje se da je stvaranje Planckovih geona vjerojatnije u 3-dimenzijskom prostoru nego "fizika" geona u prostoru s drugim brojem dimenzija, što je, kako se čini, odredilo 4-dimenzijski prostor-vrijeme u prvi trenucima nakon "Velikog praska". Raspravlja se problem singularnosti u teoriji relativnosti. Pokazuje se, polazeći s matematičkog stajališta, da se bilo koji prostor konačne veličine može smjestiti u bezdimenzijski "točkast" prostor Planckove veličine bez promjene gustoće Metagalaksije. Ovo teorijski rješava problem fizičkih singularnosti opće teorije relativnosti.