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This paper is based on the theoretical discussion of the following analyze categories: reflective expectations, affection, agrarian systems, and geographical indication. The reflective expectations category has its proposition based on the notion, the concepts of expectations and reflexivity, supporting etymologically. This concept is explicitly analyzed when the agrarian system formation is considered and recognizes the geographical indications of a product, culturally linked to a territory and region. It is not about a specific study of a product, a region, contemplated with a geographical indication, and Indication of Origin and Denomination of Origin or a specific agrarian system. The aim is to comprehend how the knowledge is disseminated, appears, and signifies itself in the agrarian systems formation and its products in its regions linked to a public policy of the geographical indication. The thesis is that social formation happens through two affection-cognitive processes: knowledge transmission by affection and reflective expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of geographical indications (GIs) in the Global South, particularly in Africa, has sparked political interest due to their potential as a development tool. GIs are perceived as important innovations within food systems, which lead to changes in how actors coordinate within the sector and the territory. These new forms of coordination can generate positive economic impacts across various scales. Drawing on theories of change, the commons and collective action, this article seeks to highlight the importance of collective actions to these potential economic impacts, as collective action is notably necessary to manage the common resource that is the collective reputation of GIs. The analysis of economic impacts of GIs in in the Global South through literature reviews shows that the institutionalization of the collective reputation management through GIs does not guarantee economic impacts on the one hand, and on the other hand, that it generates mixed economic impacts within the production system, value chain, and territory. The in-depth analysis of the mechanism underlying these economic impacts of GIs, which resulted in modeling an impact pathway of GIs, shows that the success of collective actions (CAs) is fundamental to the realization of the expected impacts. This success is explained by numerous factors, analyzed in the article, that vary depending on the impacts they contribute to. In delving into GIs in in the Global South, various constraints such as the top-down approach in GI implementation that inadequately involves upstream stakeholders in the GI process, and the heterogeneity of actors shaping rules in terms of resources and power, hinder the success of these CAs and consequently the success of GIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of young people in agriculture and the decline of rural areas are increasingly pressing issues that capture the attention of European policymakers and researchers. Despite the low rate of youth involved in agricultural production, recent data reveal a significant proportion of young farmers in Italy that are engaged in geographical indication (GI) production. Statistics provide trend analysis, but they alone are not sufficient in clarifying the motivations behind young people's decision-making. We conducted a qualitative study of Sicilian youth involved in GI to understand their motivations to pursue GI certification and the implications for youth embeddedness in rural areas. Using a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), qualitative data have been translated in quantitative, giving evidence on key variables and their inter-relationships that influence young people's decision-making in a GI complex system. A total of twenty-two categorized variables have been identified. Results show how the young entrepreneurs' thinking in GI is structured, based on the cause-effect relationships between the variables. This study finds evidence that the GI system facilitates young generations of farmers in developing a personal approach to modern agribusiness starting from traditions and origins. At the same time, it gives evidence of a new perspective for involving young people in agricultural careers. In this sense, the present research contributes to the literature on factors that add attractiveness to the agricultural sector, to lead researchers and policymakers in dealing with alternative strategies for incentivizing youth involvement in farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the economic, social, environmental, and institutional impacts of the Geographical Indication (GI) of the Indication of Origin (IO) type in the Abaíra Microregion, Bahia, Brazil, and its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. The research focuses on assessing the long-term sustainability effects of the Abaíra GI on local communities and territories after its recognition in 2014. Using an exploratory, qualitative approach, this study applies the Economic, Social, and Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology for GIs developed by EMBRAPA, along with semi-structured interviews and field visits with local producers and cooperative members. The analysis highlights the importance of post-GI sustainability assessment and identifies significant impacts on local economic development, cultural preservation, and environmental management. The research reveals improvements in product visibility and commercial value, as well as the adoption of sustainable and innovative practices by local cooperatives and producers. Among the key findings are the strengthening of local traditions, enhanced product quality, and increased market access despite challenges such as rural exodus. When compared with Embrapa Grape and Wine's methodology, this study proposes a comprehensive framework for evaluating other GIs. Additionally, the results show that support from SEBRAE and educational institutions through training and technical assistance has positively impacted territorial conditions, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2018 on, there have been changes in the national production scenario for black pepper, with the center of production shifting from the North to the Southeast region, with Espírito Santo (ES) taking on the role of the main national producer. One of the reasons for this change is that the pipericulture of ES is more competitive than Para's, which was then the main national producer. This led us to the following question: would a geographical indication (GI) for black pepper produced in the state of Pará help to reverse this situation? Our research showed that the granting of a geographical indication for black pepper from Para is urgent and necessary, as this makes it possible to differentiate this production and begin work on qualifying and adding value to product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The shortage of young people in agriculture and the decline of rural areas are increasingly pressing issues that capture the attention of European policymakers and researchers. Despite the low rate of youth involved in agricultural production, recent data reveal a significant proportion of young farmers in Italy that are engaged in geographical indication (GI) production. Statistics provide trend analysis, but they alone are not sufficient in clarifying the motivations behind young people’s decision-making. We conducted a qualitative study of Sicilian youth involved in GI to understand their motivations to pursue GI certification and the implications for youth embeddedness in rural areas. Using a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), qualitative data have been translated in quantitative, giving evidence on key variables and their inter-relationships that influence young people's decision-making in a GI complex system. A total of twenty-two categorized variables have been identified. Results show how the young entrepreneurs' thinking in GI is structured, based on the cause-effect relationships between the variables. This study finds evidence that the GI system facilitates young generations of farmers in developing a personal approach to modern agribusiness starting from traditions and origins. At the same time, it gives evidence of a new perspective for involving young people in agricultural careers. In this sense, the present research contributes to the literature on factors that add attractiveness to the agricultural sector, to lead researchers and policymakers in dealing with alternative strategies for incentivizing youth involvement in farming.

Abstract The emergence of geographical indications (GIs) in the Global South, particularly in Africa, has sparked political interest due to their potential as a development tool. GIs are perceived as important innovations within food systems, which lead to changes in how actors coordinate within the sector and the territory. These new forms of coordination can generate positive economic impacts across various scales. Drawing on theories of change, the commons and collective action, this article seeks to highlight the importance of collective actions to these potential economic impacts, as collective action is notably necessary to manage the common resource that is the collective reputation of GIs. The analysis of economic impacts of GIs in in the Global South through literature reviews shows that the institutionalization of the collective reputation management through GIs does not guarantee economic impacts on the one hand, and on the other hand, that it generates mixed economic impacts within the production system, value chain, and territory. The in-depth analysis of the mechanism underlying these economic impacts of GIs, which resulted in modeling an impact pathway of GIs, shows that the success of collective actions (CAs) is fundamental to the realization of the expected impacts. This success is explained by numerous factors, analyzed in the article, that vary depending on the impacts they contribute to. In delving into GIs in in the Global South, various constraints such as the top-down approach in GI implementation that inadequately involves upstream stakeholders in the GI process, and the heterogeneity of actors shaping rules in terms of resources and power, hinder the success of these CAs and consequently the success of GIs.

This study aims to assess the carbon footprint of Ankara's geographically indicated dishes and their environmental impact. Twelve dishes from Ankara province were selected. Their carbon footprints were calculated using the CCaLC2 1.700 2016 application. The carbon footprint values are as follows: Akyurt Fıtı Soup (0.143 kg CO2e per portion), Akyurt Cold Soup (0.140 kg CO2e per portion), Akyurt Toyga Soup (0.073 kg CO2e per portion), Akyurt Tutmaç Soup (0.066 kg CO2e per portion), Akyurt Tandır Böreği (0.09 kg CO2e per portion), Ankara Simidi (0.050 kg CO2e per portion), Şereflikoçhisar Tahinli Pide (0.096 kg CO2e per portion), Ankara Döner (2.38 kg CO2e per portion), Akyurt Homaça (0.46 kg CO2e per portion), Ankara Tava (1.43 kg CO2e per portion), Ankara Sarma (1.14 kg CO2e per portion), and Ankara Höşmerim Dessert (0.09 kg CO2e per portion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the beverages with geographical indication registration in Türkiye. In this direction, geographical indication registered beverages on the website of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office were analysed by content analysis. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the number of geographically marked products in Türkiye is 1516. It was found that food products (88.8%) were more prevalent among the geographically labelled products, but the proportion of beverages (2.74%) among food products was low. The research identified a total of 37 registered beverages, 25 non-alcoholic and 12 alcoholic, of which 22 were registered as appellations of origin and 15 as names of origin. It was found that the majority of non-alcoholic beverages (turnip, ayran, sherbet, syrup, boza, hoşaf, etc.) were registered with a designation of origin, while all alcoholic beverages (raki, liqueur, whisky, etc.) were registered with a designation of origin. The number of registered beverages will increase by 35% if a total of 13 beverages are registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erzurum Rosette holds significant cultural value as a traditional dessert widely produced and consumed in Erzurum. Limited knowledge exists regarding the difficulties encountered by producers and the influence of Geographical Indication (GI) registration on production and marketing. This study aims to enhance the recognition of Erzurum Rosette, assess its production process to comply with the standards of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TPTO), and explore its potential as a sustainable tourist product. A qualitative analysis was conducted on six producers of Erzurum Rosette. The information was gathered through semi-structured interviews that focused on demographic data, understanding GI, production challenges, and the influence of GI registration on sales. Responses were examined using thematic coding and statistical analysis. The study revealed that this traditional dessert production involves both male and female producers and that the producers have significant professional experience. General materials for production can be easily obtained, but obtaining the necessary special iron molds poses a significant challenge. Producers with a comprehensive understanding of GI have reported increased sales and market access after registration, but those with limited understanding have seen minimal impact. Common challenges include material supply and equipment availability, particularly regarding the procurement of iron molds. Sales and marketing strategies are generally effective, but continuous innovation is necessary for market expansion. Addressing supply chain issues and increasing awareness of GI benefits for producers are crucial for the sustainability and promotion of Erzurum Rosette. Improving support for local production and targeted training initiatives can help preserve traditional production methods and enhance the potential of Erzurum Rosette as a cultural and tourism value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baklava is one of the most distinguished desserts of Turkish cuisine. It offers a unique flavor enriched with finely prepared layers of phyllo dough filled with ingredients such as walnuts or pistachios. Baklava has become a symbol of Turkish culinary culture. The research aims to compile information on Turkish baklavas with geographical indications, which are a significant element of Turkish cuisine, and to comprehensively elucidate their distinctive features, similarities, and differences. In this context, the production processes, ingredients, and regional variations of baklavas with geographical indications are examined in detail. The study seeks to highlight the cultural and gastronomic values of baklavas with geographical indication certification, showcasing the richness and diversity of Turkish cuisine. The study utilizes qualitative research design, specifically employing the document analysis technique. Data regarding geographically indicated baklavas are gathered by scanning the Geographical Indications Portal of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office. The research encompasses baklavas from 13 different destinations registered between 07.03.2024 and 18.05.2024. The obtained data are subjected to descriptive analysis method and evaluated using qualitative data analysis software to identify registered distinctions and similarities. The study reveals not only commonalities such as ingredients, production techniques, and syrup compositions among baklavas but also intricate differences. The findings of the research would significantly contribute to the preservation and promotion of geographically indicated baklavas, which serve as a reflection of the richness of Turkish cuisine and its cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine is linked to the history of Western civilization and, throughout history, has been expanding to new frontiers. In Brazil, new regions have been developing, whether in traditional viticulture or in tropical viticulture and winter wines. The article analyzes the process of insertion of viticulture in the high-altitude Cerrado, highlighting the integration with the territory and the perspectives in terms of local development. The study is qualitative and exploratory and included primary and secondary data. Bibliographic and documentary research was carried out, as well as interviews with wine grape producers in the region. The results show the presence of a product with a territorial identity, which has already been integrating local elements. The survey shows the availability of several territorial resources that can be valued in terms of heritage, culture, and landscape, and the presence of research to support the new sector. The presence of common elements in other wine territories can be identified in terms of terroir, landscape, and wine tourism. The preliminary results point to a potential for designation of origin, based on in-depth studies and characterization of wines from the high-altitude Cerrado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to reveal how the concept of geographical indication is perceived by the local people living in Rize. To achieve this, the Word Association Test (WAT) was used to measure the concept of geographical indication. Data was collected from a total of 31 locals living in Rize using the WAT form. The analysis revealed that 52 words were repeated 212 times. The most frequently repeated words were "Laz Böreği" (21), "Tea" (20), and "Kara Lahana" (17). The words associated with the concept of geographical indication are products commonly found in almost every home and business in Rize. It is known that only one of these products has geographical indication registration. Overall, responses from participants indicated that 9 out of 15 geographically indicated products in Rize were mentioned. Additionally, participants provided definitions of geographical indication that were close to the original meaning. These results suggest that the local people in Rize have knowledge about the concept of geographical indication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Place-centred branding is increasingly perceived as a mode of product differentiation and a rural development strategy that emphasizes the singularities of production regions and methods to meet global market demands for quality and authenticity. We use a global value chain (GVC) analysis to compare the trajectories of Peruvian and Chilean pisco – a distilled spirit like brandy – finding that each country's efforts to claim its authenticity are grounded in different cultural–economic imperatives as well as vexed historical bilateral relations. Our analysis suggests that antagonism can compromise the authenticity premium. A GVC lens offers important analytic leverage for locating pisco producers' market strategies as nested within the larger GVC for alcoholic spirits, and we suggest this perspective would benefit from more robust considerations of local–global trade-offs therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to reveal the role that local tourists visiting Kastamonu attribute to geographically indicated products in the context of destination branding. The sample of the research consists of domestic tourists visiting Kastamonu. A survey was used as a data collection tool in the research. Research data; It was collected face to face between 01-31 August 2021, by tourist guides distributing it to their groups and via Google Form. 425 valid survey forms were evaluated. Survey data were analyzed with measures of central tendency, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Research findings reveal that participants' perceptions of the role of geographical indications in destination branding are above the average value (x̄=3.80). It is seen that the averages of the participants who want to buy geographically indicated products as souvenirs and who want to see the production centers are very high. Another important finding was that older participants had higher perceptions of the role of geographically indicated products in terms of destination branding than younger participants and those who had visited Kastamonu more than those who had visited less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications are generally signs indicating that the quality, reputation or other characteristics of a product essentially originate from a specific geographical place. Two different systems have been adopted worldwide for the protection of geographical indications. One of them is the independent (sui generis) protection system accepted by EU and treats geographical indications as a separate intellectual property right. The other system, adopted by the United States, is based on the protection of geographical indications under trademark law. Indeed, a compromise had been found in Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) which outlines the minimum rules for geographical indications and it is stated that countries are free to choose one of the systems. While geographical indications and trademarks have some functional similarities, they have fundamentally differents aspects. Therefore, general regulations of trademark law can be applied to geographical indications in the system which protects these signs under trademark law, but in contrast, for the system that considers geographical indications as a separate intellectual property right, it is seen that they are subject to quite different regulations other than trademarks. In this respect, based on EU and US law, the features and differences of both systems are examined and the advantages and disadvantages of those systems are tried to be revealed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Geographical Indication (GI) registry has seen a rampant surge in GI registrations for the last two years. However, academicians frequently raise the problem of post-registration GI regulation in India. Early research has underscored the importance of generating GI awareness and quality control regulations. It is evident from the literature that the Indian GI protection system is engulfed with several lacunae, starting from clarity of definition to having inspection bodies. In the background of such remarks, this article talks about holistic GI governance. The primary requirement for building GI governance starts with understanding the persistent core problems in this area. Hence, this article critically evaluated the challenges existing in the GI framework and the measures taken by the government to overcome those problems. The evaluation of the legal frameworks explored multiple suggestions for the authorities to amend the provisions of the GI Act. The field observations provided that GI producers require handholding from production to commercialization. The evaluation of NABARD and MSME schemes revealed that these bodies have taken significant initiatives in providing marketing and promotion platforms for GI goods. Nevertheless, these authorities are missing out on giving GI goods preferential treatment in their policy implementations. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for the preferential treatment of potential GI goods for inclusive GI governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, food authentication has acquired significant importance due to the increase in the incidence of fraud and counterfeiting. Alcoholic beverages are among the food products most susceptible to these kinds of illicit practices due to their high commercial value. In the EU alone, there are 47 categories of spirit drinks and approximately 250 geographical indications (GIs). The production and labeling of GIs are strictly regulated, and developing analytical procedures that can ensure compliance with the legislation is essential to guarantee the typicality of these products. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant analytical techniques used for the authentication and quality control of two well-renowned GIs: "Grappa" and wine brandy. It considers the last decade of advancements for both conventional targeted chromatographic techniques and less common methods mainly based on spectrometry coupled with chemometrics for quick and non-destructive discrimination of samples. Novel approaches and future perspectives are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIndonesia is a salak producing country with five superior varieties, namely: Salak Pondoh, Salak Madu, Salak Gading, Salak Gula Pasir and Salak Sidempuan. The large number of Indonesian salak which are claimed to be Thai fruit products marketed to China shows the weak legal protection for salak fruit, which has a geographical indication of originating from Indonesia. This study collects data from relevant online literature and then analyzes them based on inductive analogies. By analogizing the concept of marketing communication tetrahedron analysis from Kevin Lane Keller, which considers four factors (consumer, communication, response and situation), through inductive analogy this paper offers steps that must be taken by the Indonesian government to provide protection and development of salak. Fruit products originating from Indonesia need to be protected and developed through legal measures, good marketing communication, and preservation technology so that they can compete in the international market.

Consumer ethnocentrism plays a key role in the markets of developed countries when governments take protectionist measures due to economic crises and downturns. Consumer ethnocentrism appears to be stronger in relation to the choice and purchase of food and beverages. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and socio-demographic characteristics in the case of a Hungarian national ‘geographical indication’ (GI) spirit called pálinka. The literature emphasises the importance of testing the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on different products, and research on national and GI products is quite limited. Although pálinka is one of the best-known products in Hungary, the perception and quality of the alcoholic beverage have undergone significant changes in recent decades. The analysed sample, representative of the Hungarian alcohol-consuming population, contains the answers of 760 respondents. Consumers' Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale items were used to cluster consumer groups with different perceptions using latent profile analysis (LPA). According to the results, consumer ethnocentrism remains a significant issue in the Hungarian pálinka market despite growing globalisation and consumers' openness to foreign products. There is a higher level of ethnocentrism with national and GI products, which needs to be taken into account by market participants. With the help of cluster analysis, four consumer groups with different socio-demographic characteristics were identified. The results may help actors in the pálinka industry and their competitors (e.g., vodka and whiskey producers and distributors) to understand the Hungarian alcohol market and related consumer groups in respect of ethnocentrism.

A comprehensive assessment of the level of environmental competitiveness of agricultural enterprises of the Carpathian region of Ukraine allows to recognise them as priority, important competitors of high quality and safe agricultural products with geographical indication. In this regard, the problem of developing and implementing an environmental competitiveness strategy of agricultural enterprises in the Carpathian region, which is characterised by a relatively low level of environmental pollution and has significant land and resource potential for the production of the main types of agricultural products, is being updated at the national level. Methodology. The article uses the methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, statistical sampling, comparison, expert opinions, associations and analogies. Results. The identified conceptual foundations of the competitive environmental strategy of agricultural enterprises at the regional level provide for improvement of the regulatory and legal support for their functioning. A grouping of farms in the Carpathian region of Ukraine was carried out according to two key criteria: the area of agricultural land and the number of farms. Based on the results of the analysis, a matrix of problematic aspects of the development of organic agriculture is formed, which is based on the following levels of management: legislative-institutional and organisational-economic. Practical implications. Implementation of a competitive environmental strategy in the Carpathian region of Ukraine requires active and coordinated work of government authorities, scientific institutions, NGOs and the private sector. This will help to preserve and rationally use the region's environmental resources, ensure its sustainable development and improve the quality of life. Value/Originality. The paper suggests and evaluates the environmental competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in the Carpathian region of Ukraine using the integrated index of environmental competitiveness based on the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine.

This article explores the determinants of the consumption of geographical indication agricultural products through a ten-year systematic review. In recent years, the demand for healthier and safer products from consumers has been continuously increasing owing to the influence of the geographical indication of agricultural products. Geographical indication products, a type of label that associates food with specific regions, occupy a certain position in the global food market. This article aims to answer research questions about the determinants of the consumption of geographical indication agricultural products and provide a comparative analysis of five literature reviews related to this topic. We collected and processed relevant research data through a systematic literature review and provided transparent, complete, and accurate explanations using the PRISMA criterion. The research results reveal the consumer response to the geographical indication of agricultural products and the determining factors of different responses. The research in this article is of great significance for understanding the consumption trends and important information of geographical indication of agricultural products, helping enterprises better understand consumer behavior, and improving the income of farmers, producers, and enterprises.

This research explores the real-world impact of Geographical Indication (GI) registration on product holders at the New Town Hosto Shilpo Mela, an annual handicraft trade fair in Kolkata, India. Using a mixed methodology of doctrinal analysis and qualitative interviews with 60 GI product owners, the study examines the commercial behaviors and decision-making processes of registered GI holders. The findings reveal a nuanced landscape: while some sellers effectively exploit their GI status for premium pricing, others lack awareness of its potential, leading to inconsistent market outcomes. Notably, certain sellers experienced a paradoxical decline in sales when charging higher prices for GI-tagged items. The study highlights the need for improved consumer education, stricter regulations, and collaborative stakeholder efforts to enhance the commercial utility of GI products. It also underscores the broader socio-economic implications of GIs, particularly for marginalized communities. Recommendations are provided to refine policy and support the sustainable growth of GI markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to verify how the construction of spirals of knowledge of geographical indications occurs in the Brazilian wine sector and to identify the conversion of the knowledge of Geographical Indication (GI) from tacit to explicit according to the SECI model (the epistemological spiral). Additionally, to identify how the ontology spiral occurs in the opinion of government agencies, associations, and managers of wineries. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research was qualitative and exploratory. The study was delimited to the Brazilian wine sector. All interviews were conducted in person. There were twenty interviews with interest groups: government agencies (5 interviews), associations (5 interviews), and managers of wineries (10 interviews). Findings: The Epistemological Spiral is constructed at the individual, group, and organization levels, within the wineries, converting tacit to explicit knowledge according to the SECI model. The Ontology Spiral is completed with the inter-organizational level that, in the case of Geographical Indications, is formed by the Associations. The Ontology spiral is produced in the context of GIs, and the wineries have the generation of knowledge in each one of them and, at the same time, interact within the Associations and form a representative body of GIs. Originality: Within the GIs, there is the generation of knowledge, which is shared between the coopetitors. Knowledge Management of Geographical Indication emerges, and the block that forms the body of the association produces knowledge that adds experiences and strengths of each individual, group and organization, culminating in the dissemination of superior knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional knowledge is gaining momentum. The concept came as an inherent one with the grand demand from the global south onbenefit sharing, which is connected with intellectual property. However, traditional knowledge has its own independent standing as well. Biologically rich countries have started taking steps at the national level to strengthen and reap the benefits of traditional knowledge. This has resulted in interesting situations, like the protection of traditional knowledge through intellectual property. The scenario as to the protection of traditional knowledge through intellectual property prevailing in India and Thailand has been discussed in this article to trace the crossroadsbetween intellectual property and traditional knowledge. The paper reviews the said scenario in India and Thailand, and the samemay allow the reader to ascertain the possible juncture and technical gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Artvin Coruh University International Journal of Social Sciences (ACUSBD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowing the geographical origins of chili papers produced in specific areas is crucial because the geographical origins of various varieties of chili powder have a significant impact on their quality and price. In this research, for the first time, NIR (near-infrared) spectroscopy was used for the identification and classification of the geographical origin of chili powder of 6 different varieties, combining the method of PCA (principal component analysis) to extract relevant spectral features from the spectral data and segregate visible cluster trends, SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogy) statistically based classification model, and the four machine learning (ML) classifiers, including K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were applied for supervised classification. It was found that the SVM classifier, with a C value of 4013.0 and γ of 0.04125, delivered the highest cross-validation accuracy of 98.41% and prediction accuracy of 97.22%. The optimization process, guided by a detailed 3D contour plot, led to a model that not only generalized well but also offered remarkable precision, as confirmed by confusion matrices. The classification accuracy of the SIMCA model was 94.04% for the calibration set and 84.74% for the prediction set. The nonlinear SVM technique of classification outperformed the linear SIMCA model and other ML models. In general, the results indicated that chili powder from various geographic origins could be discriminated by the use of NIR spectroscopy combined with the SVM model quickly, nondestructively, and reliably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prosperity of Po River Valley's quality agri-food system depends on the efficiency of its field crops, which are recently facing a crisis evidenced by cultivated areas decreasing and yields stagnating. Several factors, including EU policies and climate variability, impose an improvement in the use of production factors and adapted business models: literature shows how digitalization and Agriculture 4.0 can contribute to addressing these challenges. This paper aims to explore drivers and barriers in the adoption of digitalization among Po River Valley field crop farms, in a dynamic view. Using a case study approach to guarantee adequate consideration of context and conditions, three farms were studied. As one of the main outcomes, several drivers (digital skills, data management practices, and interoperability) that should be at the heart of policies were identified as demands to farmers in exchange for financial contributions, or as "innovation space" offered by EU institutions. Policies should not only focus on supporting mechanical/digital equipment acquisition but also on promoting the evolution of farmers' human capital. The framework developed paves the way for future research on the degree of farm digitalization in the same/similar territorial contexts: identified drivers of digital transition can be used as a basis for survey questionnaires, as well as tested in their validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bartin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Yeasts play a crucial role in the winemaking process contributing to the typicity and originality of wines in a region. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to isolate, characterize, and select yeasts from the Geographical Indication "Pozo de Los Algarrobos", San Juan, Argentina. Yeasts were directly isolated from grapes and at different stages of spontaneous fermentations of Vitis vinifera Viognier and Chardonnay varieties. Molecular and intraspecific identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was conducted using the D1/D2 domain and interdelta, respectively, observing 13 different yeast strains from Viognier and 12 from Chardonnay vinifications. Based on the enological traits assayed, two strains, V22 (Viognier) and C14 (Chardonnay), were selected for further studies. Microvinifications with these yeasts were carried out with Viognier and Chardonnay grape must in 2 L flasks, and the resulting wines were analytically and sensorially evaluated. Overall, strain V22 produced wines with positive and particular sensory properties, associated with fruity and floral aromas, color intensity, sweetness, aromatic persistence, and varietal typicity. Consequently, biomass propagation of V22 was conducted to inoculate pilot- (100 L) and industrial (12,000 L)-scale fermentations. V22 resulted in a correct wine fermentation performance obtaining a final product with distinctive and genuine properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erzurum Rosette holds significant cultural value as a traditional dessert widely produced and consumed in Erzurum. Limited knowledge exists regarding the difficulties encountered by producers and the influence of Geographical Indication (GI) registration on production and marketing. This study aims to enhance the recognition of Erzurum Rosette, assess its production process to comply with the standards of the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TPTO), and explore its potential as a sustainable tourist product. A qualitative analysis was conducted on six producers of Erzurum Rosette. The information was gathered through semi-structured interviews that focused on demographic data, understanding GI, production challenges, and the influence of GI registration on sales. Responses were examined using thematic coding and statistical analysis. The study revealed that this traditional dessert production involves both male and female producers and that the producers have significant professional experience. General materials for production can be easily obtained, but obtaining the necessary special iron molds poses a significant challenge. Producers with a comprehensive understanding of GI have reported increased sales and market access after registration, but those with limited understanding have seen minimal impact. Common challenges include material supply and equipment availability, particularly regarding the procurement of iron molds. Sales and marketing strategies are generally effective, but continuous innovation is necessary for market expansion. Addressing supply chain issues and increasing awareness of GI benefits for producers are crucial for the sustainability and promotion of Erzurum Rosette. Improving support for local production and targeted training initiatives can help preserve traditional production methods and enhance the potential of Erzurum Rosette as a cultural and tourism value.

The study aims to highlight the conditions that a product must meet in order to be protected by an indicative sign as well as the advantages conferred by means of protection through the prism of Community legislation and the CJEU jurisprudence. Indicative signs are marketing tools that contribute to the effective promotion of the product protected by a European and national quality system, intended to protect consumers against misleading practices aimed at misleading them about the geographical origin or production methods of the product, as well as producers against acts of unfair competition. Geographical indications, designations of origin and names of guaranteed traditional specialties allow consumers to trust and distinguish quality products, also helping producers in their marketing, in the case of the former, the connection between the specific geographical region and the name of the product being highlighted, in case a certain quality, reputation or other characteristic can be attributed essentially or exclusively to its geographical origin, as regards traditional specialties guaranteed, the link referring to the production method used over time in the determined geographical region with the quality and characteristics of the product protected by indicative sign. The protection of indicative signs is an effective tool to prevent the use of a name on the market, but this protection does not aim to limit the range of products available on the market, but to reserve a specific name for products that comply with the requirements of the specifications and that have a link clear geographical connection with a certain place, region or, as we have seen, in some cases, with the territory of a country, which does not prevent other producers from marketing the same type of product under a different name. It is unanimously accepted that the added value conferred by the indicative signs is based on the trust of consumers and only an effective protection system can guarantee them that a certain quality, characteristic or reputation of the products protected by the indicative sign are maintained for the entire duration of the protection period.

Northeastern states of India are known for unique landraces of Capsicum spp. with geographical indications. However, little information is available about these valuable landraces of chillies. Surveys and collections were carried out in niche areas to find out their ecology and diversity through morphological traits and molecular analysis using microsatellite markers. Our result characterized the ecology of niche areas as cool (11.0°C--20.7°C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) climates for dalle-chilli (Capsicum annuum L.); mild-warm (12.2°C--28.6°C) and humid for king-chilli (C. chinense Jacq.); and cool to warm (11.3°C--33.1°C) and humid for bird's eye chilli (C. frutescens L.) during the crop period. The canonical correspondence analysis has shown the significant impact of temperature on the agro-morphological traits and distribution of the landraces in their niche areas. A wide variability was observed for different quantitative traits and yield attributing characters (fruit length, diameter, weight, and yield), showing high heritability (97.0%-- 99.0%), and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (119.8%--434.0%). A total of 47 SSR markers used for the molecular analysis generated 230 alleles, ranging from 2 (HPMSE-7) to 10 (HPMSE-5), with an average of 4.89 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content was also high (0.61) and ranged from 0.20 (HPMSE-7) to 0.85 (CAMS-91). The observed average heterozygosity was lower than the expected value. Analysis of molecular variance has shown significant variation within (69%) and between (31%) of the populations of Capsicum spp. Based on Nei's genetic distance, bird's eye chilli and king-chilli were found to be closer to each other, whereas dalle-chilli, a tretraploid species, was closer to hot pepper (C. annuum). However, the flower size of dalle-chilli was large and found closer to king-chilli in color and differs from C. chinense due to the presence of calyx teeth. For quality traits, landraces king-chilli, dalle-chilli, and bird's eye chilli have shown 2.8, 2.0, and 1.4 times higher average capsaicin and 0.46, 0.25, and 0.22 times higher average oleoresin content over the hot pepper, respectively. The knowledge of ecology and diversity can be used in identifying new areas for production, selection of elite lines, conservation, and crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-centrifugal sugars (NCS) are traditionally consumed sweeteners which are gaining momentum in the global market due to the presence of nutritional and mineral content. Field studies at the traditional production site of Marayur, Kerala revealed the energy efficiency as low as 10–12% with an effective bagasse consumption of around 8 kg bagasse/kg NCS produced. As an alternative, the concentration of cane juices by thermic oil heaters and infrared electric heating has been studied, and it has been found that the thermic oil-aided evaporation can enhance the energy efficiency to 79 ± 3.43%. The performance of infrared (IR) heating and thermic oil evaporation was studied in terms of energy consumption and thermal efficiency. It was found that the IR heating improved the energy efficiency to 52.64 ± 2.6% in bench-scale studies, but IR heating cannot be implemented in field-level systems due to difficulty in controlling the power supply during processing and thermic oil-controlled evaporation was found to perform better than the existing improved methods like multi-pan evaporation and freeze concentration techniques. Controlled concentration by thermic oil heating provided energy efficiency of around 80% and reduced the bagasse consumption to 1.2 kg bagasse/kg NCS produced. Thus, replacement of traditional open pan evaporation would help in conserving energy and also aids in production of NCS in a more hygienic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bourbon whisky is one of the world's most popular spirits and is a vital component of U.S. spirits exports. Yet, very limited research has examined the trade patterns of U.S. bourbon whisky. The purposes of this paper lie in (i) filling a void in the literature about the driving forces behind U.S. bourbon whisky exports, especially justifying the impact of geographical indications and trade disputes, and (ii) examining global and regional trade efficiency and trade potential of U.S. bourbon whisky, considering consumer preferences. This study adopts the stochastic frontier gravity model and trade inefficiency model to analyze bourbon trade patterns between the U.S. and its primary bourbon trade partners over 1990–2019. Results reveal that economic size, income level, trade facilitation, common language and the weighted share of adults who drink in the importing country are important factors in boosting bourbon trade flows. As expected, U.S. bourbon's geographical indication is playing a significant role in boosting bourbon exports. Trade disputes between the U.S. and its trading partners are found to have significantly negative impacts on U.S. bourbon exports. Our research also reveals that U.S. bourbon whisky has great potential to reach markets throughout the world, particularly in Europe, North America and Oceania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]