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This paper presents a new conformal mapping method to solve 2D Laplace and Poisson equations in MOS devices. More specifically, it consists of an analytical solution of the 2D Laplace equation in a rectangular domain with Dirichlet boundary conditions, with arbitrary values on the boundaries. The advantages of the new method are that all four edges of the rectangle are taken into account and the solution consists of closed-form analytical expressions, which make it fast and suitable for compact modeling. The new model was validated against other similar methods. It was found that the new model is much faster, easier to implement, and avoids many numerical issues, especially near the boundaries, at the cost of a very small loss in accuracy.

In the era of man–machine interfaces, digital twins stand as a key technology, offering virtual representations of real-world objects, processes, and systems through computational models. They enable novel ways of interacting with, comprehending, and manipulating real-world entities within a virtual realm. The real implementation of graphene-based sensors and electronic devices remains challenging due to the integration complexities of high-quality graphene materials with existing manufacturing processes. To address this, scalable techniques for the in-situ fabrication of graphene-like materials are essential. One promising method involves using a CO2 laser to convert polyimide into graphene. Optimizing this graphitization process is hindered by complex parameter interactions and nonlinear terms. This article explores how these digital replicas can enhance the fabrication of laser-induced graphene (LIG) through laser simulation and machine learning methods to enable rapid single-step LIG patterning. This approach aims to create a universal simulation for all CO2 lasers, calculating optical energy flux and utilizing machine learning to control and predict LIG conductivity (ability to conduct current), morphology, and electrical resistance. The proposed procedure, integrating digital twins in the LIG production process, will avoid or reduce the preliminary tests required to determine the proper laser parameters to reach the desired LIG characteristics. Accordingly, this approach will reduce the time and costs associated with these tests and thus increase the efficiency and optimize the procedure.

Ectopic fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues is closely related to diabetes-related myocardial dysfunction. Nevertheless, the complete picture of the lipid metabolites involved in the metabolic-related myocardial alterations is not fully characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize the specific lipid profile in hearts in an animal model of obesity/insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The cardiac lipidome profiles were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS-MS and laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) tissue imaging in hearts from C57BL/6J mice fed with an HFD or standard-diet (STD) for 12 weeks. Targeted lipidome analysis identified a total of 63 lipids (i.e., 48 triacylglycerols (TG), 5 diacylglycerols (DG), 1 sphingomyelin (SM), 3 phosphatidylcholines (PC), 1 DihydroPC, and 5 carnitines) modified in hearts from HFD-fed mice compared to animals fed with STD. Whereas most of the TG were up-regulated in hearts from animals fed with an HFD, most of the carnitines were down-regulated, thereby suggesting a reduction in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Roughly 30% of the identified metabolites were oxidated, pointing to an increase in lipid peroxidation. Cardiac lipidome was associated with a specific biochemical profile and a specific liver TG pattern. Overall, our study reveals a specific cardiac lipid fingerprint associated with metabolic alterations induced by HFD.

This study delves into the Single Band Ratiometric (SBR) method for luminescence thermometry, specifically employing Tb3+-doped LiSrGdW3O12 (LSGW) as a novel phosphor. The prepared samples crystallize with the tetragonal scheelite structure, with the optimal Tb3+ concentration pinpointed at 0.3Tb(3+) ions. When stimulated at diverse wavelengths exhibit luminescence characterized by varying heat dependencies. By utilizing two Fluorescence Intensity Ratio (FIR) parameters for the 544 nm green emission, firstly excited at 405 nm and 488 nm, and then at 405 nm and 379 nm, the Sr relative thermal sensitivity of the luminescent thermometer peaks at 3.56% K-1 and 4.21% K-1, respectively, within the temperature range of 290-440 K. The temperature resolution (delta T) of the luminescent thermometer is calculated to be delta T-1 = 0.68 K and delta T-2 = 0.75 K for T = 290 K, respectively. These outcomes underscore the applicability of Tb3+ ions for SBR thermometry, emphasizing the impact of the excitation wavelength on the thermal sensitivity. The study lays the groundwork for developing highly sensitive temperature probes by elucidating the interplay of material properties and physical processes.

Growing interest in lignocellulosic bioethanol stems from the European Union's renewable energy directive, targeting a global bioethanol output of 130 billion L to achieve a minimum threshold of 42.5%. Despite industrialization challenges, recent advancements, especially in crucial stages like pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation, are transforming the landscape. This review delves into the progress of bioethanol production, addressing technological, environmental, and economic hurdles. Innovations such as deep eutectic solvent pretreatment and mechanocatalysis, offering advantages like 30% and 100% solid loading, respectively, surpass traditional techniques and enzymatic hydrolysis in yielding better results. Improved pretreatment methods, enzyme exploration, saccharification techniques, genetic engineering, and integrated biorefineries contribute to overall economic viability. Ongoing research involves techno-economic analysis for cost-effective strategies, aiming to enhance the competitiveness of lignocellulosic bioethanol production. Scrutinizing the feasibility of these innovative approaches not only highlights their potential to overcome existing shortcomings but also envisions a more attractive future for industrial bioethanol production. Embracing these advancements could pave the way for a vibrant and sustainable bioethanol industry.

The recovery of additional mandibular fossils from the Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos (SH) site provides new insights into the evolutionary significance of this sample. In particular, morphological descriptions of the new adult specimens are provided, along with standardized metric data and phylogenetically relevant morphological features for the expanded adult sample. The new and more complete specimens extend the known range of variation in the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles in some metric and morphological details. In other aspects, the addition of new specimens has made it possible to confirm previous observations based on more limited evidence. Pairwise comparisons of individual metric variables revealed the only significant difference between the Atapuerca (SH) hominins and Neandertals was a more vertical symphysis in the latter. Similarly, principal components analysis of size-adjusted variables showed a strong similarity between the Atapuerca (SH) hominins and Neandertals. Morphologically, the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles show nearly the full complement of Neandertal-derived features. Nevertheless, the Neandertals differ from the Atapuerca (SH) mandibles in showing a high frequency of the H/O mandibular foramen, a truncated, thinned and inverted gonial margin, a high placement of the mylohyoid line at the level of the M3, a more vertical symphysis and somewhat more pronounced expression of the chin structures. Size-related morphological variation in the SH hominins includes larger retromolar spaces, more posterior placement of the lateral corpus structures, and stronger markings associated with the muscles of mastication in larger specimens. However, phylogenetically relevant features in the SH sample are fairly stable and do not vary with the overall size of the mandible.

This study reports a three-year monitoring campaign of 62 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of increasing concern in urban atmospheres near petrochemical industrial areas. A total of 770 air samples were taken during the sampling campaigns conducted monthly between January 2019 and December 2021. The analytical method applied involved a 14-day passive sampling in Carbopack X tubes followed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). To gain insight into the correlations between VOCs, multivariate data analysis was used to assess the similarities and differences between datasets. Special attention was paid to benzene, 1,3-butadiene and 1,2-dichloroethane, because they are carcinogenic and are produced, handled and stored in the petrochemical industrial areas studied. The compounds found in the highest concentrations were alkanes, which were 21-66% of the total. Aromatic hydrocarbons and solvents were also detected at all the sampling sites, with BTEX and ethanol as the most prevalent compounds. Various concentration peaks of up to 4.8 mu g m(-3) for benzene and up to 4.0 mu g m(-3) for 1,3-butadiene were detected during the monitoring campaigns performed. Nevertheless, the average concentrations of these two compounds were always below the values set in the current air quality regulations, with maximum values of 1.3 mu g m(-3) for benzene and 1.5 mu g m(-3) for 1,3-butadiene near the North industrial park of Tarragona. Multivariate analysis results revealed four different patterns at the reference sites and discriminated between the sampling sites close to the petrochemical areas evaluated. The autumn-winter months, with thermal inversion phenomena and prevailing north and north-westerly winds, were the ones with the highest concentration level

Lesser mealworm protein concentrate (LMPC) was conjugated with chlorogenic acid (CA) or tannic acid (TA) using an alkaline method. The impact of polyphenol type and concentration on the physicochemical and structural characteristics, antioxidant, interfacial, and emulsifying properties of the LMPC-polyphenol conjugates were investigated. Under the conditions tested, TA demonstrated higher affinity for LMPC compared to CA. The conjugation of LMPC induced conformational changes as showed by intrinsic fluorescence and FT-MIR raw spectra analysis. The surface hydrophobicity of the conjugates was reduced, leading to increased interfacial tension values for LMPC-TA conjugates without impairment of the emulsifying activity. The antioxidant properties were significantly improved by the conjugation. Flaxseed oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by the conjugates and LMPC remained physically stable for 12 days at 50 °C with a notable reduction of secondary oxidation products when conjugates were used. LMPC-TA and LMPC-CA exhibited potential to be used as novel antioxidant emulsifiers in O/W emulsions.

One challenge of teaching and learning the lack of information during these processes, including information about students’ emotions. Emotions play a role in learning and processing information, impacting accurate comprehension. Furthermore, emotions affect students’ academic engagement and performance. Consideration of students’ emotions, and therefore their well-being, contributes to building a more sustainable society. A new way of obtaining such information is by monitoring students’ facial emotions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explore whether the use of such advanced technologies can assist the teaching–learning process while ensuring the emotional well-being of secondary school students. A model of Emotional Recognition (ER) was designed for use in a classroom. The model employs a custom code, recorded videos, and images to identify faces, follow action units (AUs), and classify the students’ emotions displayed on screen. We then analysed the classified emotions according to the academic year, subject, and moment in the lesson. The results revealed a range of emotions in the classroom, both pleasant and unpleasant. We observed significant variations in the presence of certain emotions based on the beginning or end of the class, subject, and academic year, although no clear patterns emerged. Our discussion focuses on the relationship between emotions, academic performance, and sustainability. We recommend that future research prioritise the study of how teachers can use ER-based tools to improve both the well-being and performance of students.

Intra-tooth or sequential stable isotope analyses are nowadays widely implemented in zooarchaeological research. Sequential isotopic analyses have been mainly restricted to the mineral fraction of the enamel, while a wider implementation in dentine collagen has been generally eluded, despite conforming an essential organic compound for paleodietary studies. In high-crowned teeth, dentine grows oblique to the vertical axis of growth and some challenges arise when trying to isolate dentine increments during a sequential sampling. Previous sampling strategies slice the whole dentine thickness and provide sequences where isotopic variation is largely attenuated. In this study, we show a new proposal for performing carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of dentine collagen which better fits dentine's growth. We implemented it in mandibular second molars of an experimental modern sheep flock. Our sampling largely reduces the isotopic "damping" of previous approaches and provides short time-span samples. Sequential 813C values obtained in dentine tissue yielded similar resolution to those obtained in enamel tissue of the same individuals. This proposal, especially suitable for caprine and other bovid species, broadens the implementation of dentine collagen signatures in the field of stable isotope analyses in zooarchaeology.

This research paper presents a data-driven framework for design optimization of renewable energy communities (RECs) in the residential sector, considering both techno-economic challenges and environmental impact. The study's focus is to determine suitable sizes for photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and battery electrical energy systems by evaluating energy, economic, and environmental criteria. To achieve this, we develop a data-driven model that incorporates Homer Pro and an in-house tool developed in Python programming language that integrates a machine learning algorithm, life cycle cost (LCC), life cycle assessment (LCA) calculations of the REC model. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization model is established to minimize the LCC and LCA parameters while maximizing green energy use. Moreover, a multi-criteria decision-making approach based on Weighted Sum Model (WSM) is proposed to help the stakeholders to see beyond the selection criteria based on LCC and LCA to choose the most appropriate scenario optimal solution for the desired energy community and interpret the effect of various economic parameters on the sustainable performance of REC. The framework application is illustrated through a case study for the optimal design of REC for a residential community in Tarragona, Spain, consisting of 100 buildings. The results revealed a substantial improvement in economic , environmental benefits for designing REC, the optimal minimum cost solution with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE = 0.044 $/kWh) and a payback period of 7.1 years with an LCOE reduction of 85.04% compared to the base case. The minimum impact with an LCOE = 0.220 $/kWh and a payback period of 12.5 years with a reduction in environmental impact of 54.59% compared to the base case. Overall, the de

Pharmaceutical contaminants are frequently encountered at trace concentrations in various environmental ecosystems. This study introduces a significant approach to water treatment and environmental remediation by combining liquid membrane and ozonation. Initially, diclofenac is transported across the supported liquid membrane using a neutral organic extractant Cyanex 923. The highest removal efficiency was achieved with a 40 % concentration of Cyanex923 dissolved in kerosene, resulting in a permeability of 10.2 cm/h. Additionally, diclofenac is extracted from different environmental matrices such as tap water and real effluent of wastewater, and the effect of ions species was studied. The post-ozonation in the stripping phase resulted in removal of pharmaceuticals and 72 % reduction of total organic carbon at pH = 10 and 45.3 g/Nm3 initial ozone concentration. The study also investigates the identification and tracking of the most prevalent by-product of diclofenac over time.

The bioeconomy includes the sectors that use renewable biological resources to produce value added products, such as food, feed, energy, and bio-based products. Its importance has been demonstrated by its inclusion as a priority in specific and related policies such as the bioeconomy strategy, the Sustainable Development Goals, the European Green Deal, and the Next Generation recovery plan. Spain has not lagged behind and considers the bioeconomy as a priority in its policy strategies to achieve a more sustainable economy. Despite its importance, the analysis of the potential of the bioeconomy sectors in Spain is limited. To carry out policy-relevant impact assessment in support of bioeconomy development, specific databases describing bio-based products are required. Hence, this work based on the Bio Social Accounting Matrix (BioSAM) for Spain for the year 2010 with a high disaggregation of bio products to perform a structural analysis based on two different and complementary methods: the traditional and the Hypothetical Extraction approach. The structural analysis results reveal promising products as key wealth generators and growth promoters and allow to identify the most suitable to be stimulated with policies to promote the development of the Spanish bioeconomy. Therefore, this paper provides some proposed avenues that should be considered by policymakers.

Renewable energies can reduce emissions from fossil fuel-based power production by a significant amount, reducing climate change. Among the several options being investigated, hydrogen is now recognized as one of the primary enabling technologies for future large-scale and long-term green storage of renewable energy. However, using clean and renewable energy sources like water and sunlight is the best option. According to recent studies, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a potential technology for creating hydrogen using free solar energy since hydrogen and oxygen gases may be easily identified in PEC. This study uses bibliometric and systematic literature review methodologies to examine the scientific understanding of PEC water splitting and hydrogen generation, evaluating 936 articles issued in the Web of Science database from 1970 to 2022. The authors looked at how PEC water splitting research has developed compared to prior research, what criteria make up practical approaches, and what subjects have emerged as new trends in reacting to changing situations. The key findings from the article analysis, future research potential, and practical implications for the field are discussed.

The performance of diagnostic Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems for retinal diseases depends on the quality of the retinal images being screened. Thus, many studies have been developed to evaluate and assess the quality of such retinal images. However, most of them did not investigate the relationship between the accuracy of the developed models and the quality of the visualization of interpretability methods for distinguishing between gradable and non-gradable retinal images. Consequently, this paper presents a novel framework called “FGR-Net” to automatically assess and interpret underlying fundus image quality by merging an autoencoder network with a classifier network. The FGR-Net model also provides an interpretable quality assessment through visualizations. In particular, FGR-Net uses a deep autoencoder to reconstruct the input image in order to extract the visual characteristics of the input fundus images based on self-supervised learning. The extracted features by the autoencoder are then fed into a deep classifier network to distinguish between gradable and ungradable fundus images. FGR-Net is evaluated with different interpretability methods, which indicates that the autoencoder is a key factor in forcing the classifier to focus on the relevant structures of the fundus images, such as the fovea, optic disk, and prominent blood vessels. Additionally, the interpretability methods can provide visual feedback for ophthalmologists to understand how our model evaluates the quality of fundus images. The experimental results showed the superiority of FGR-Net over the state-of-the-art quality assessment methods, with an accuracy of >89% and an F1-score of >87%. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/saifalkh/FGR-Net.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with alterations of lipoprotein structure and function that can be characterized with advanced lipoprotein testing (ADLT). The effect of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and weight loss on the lipoprotein subclass profile has been scarcely studied. Within the PREDIMED-Plus randomized controlled trial, a sub-study conducted at Bellvitge Hospital recruiting center evaluated the effects of a weight loss program based on an energy-reduced MedDiet (er-MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) promotion (intervention group) compared with energy-unrestricted MedDiet recommendations (control group) on ADLT-assessed lipoprotein subclasses. 202 patients with MetS (n = 107, intervention; n = 95, control) were included. Lipid profiles were determined, and ADLT was performed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of intervention on lipoprotein profiles. Compared to the control diet, at 12 months, the er-MedDiet+PA resulted in a significant additional 4.2 kg of body weight loss, a decrease in body mass index by 1.4 kg/m2, reduction in waist circumference by 2.2 cm, decreased triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol, and increased HDL-cholesterol. In er-MedDiet+PA participants, ADLT revealed a decrease in small dense-LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C), intermediate-density lipoproteins, VLDL-triglyceride, and HDL-Triglyceride, and an increase in large LDL and large VLDL particles. In conclusion, compared to an ad libitum MedDiet (control group), er-MedDiet+PA decreased plasma triglycerides and the triglyceride content in HDL and VLDL particles, decreased sd-LDL-C, and increased large LDL particles, indicating beneficial changes against cardiovascular disease.

En las últimas décadas es plausible un creciente reconocimiento sobre la importancia de integrar las competencias en sostenibilidad en los diferentes niveles educativos, aunque hasta la fecha los estudios sobre la educación secundaria son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo es explorar la autopercepción del desarrollo de competencias en sostenibilidad del alumnado de educación secundaria y su relación con el género. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 372 estudiantes de 5 institutos de educación secundaria de la provincia de Tarragona. Los resultados muestran un nivel de autopercepción de las competencias en sostenibilidad bueno, aunque existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, principalmente en actitudes y comportamientos en sostenibilidad. Este estudio puede informar el diseño de planes de estudio y el desarrollo de estrategias de educación para la sostenibilidad.

Years of study have shown that creating a commercial photoelectrode to solve particular bottlenecks, such as low charge separation and injection efficiency, short carrier diffusion length and lifespan, and poor stability, requires the employment of a variety of components. Developing photovoltaic-electrolysis, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical approaches to accelerate hydrogen production from solar energy has been highly competitive. Photoelectrochemical water splitting utilizing nanoporous materials is one of the promising approaches to produce hydrogen more efficiently, cost-effectively, and on a long-term basis. Nanoporous materials have been highly used in photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems and are crucial in numerous applications. Those materials have a porous structure and excellent conductivity, enabling the deposition of transition metal atoms and electrochemically active chemicals on a large active surface area. However, there remains a dearth of review articles exploring the application of nanoporous materials in photoelectrochemical reactions. Therefore, this review provides bibliometric statistics and various perspectives on a range of nanoporous materials, including indium, nickel, gold, copper, lead, silver, aluminum, silicon, tin, iron, zinc, titanium, bismuth vanadate, cadmium sulfide, and zeolites. Additionally, this review offers a comprehensive assessment of worldwide studies on utilizing nanoporous materials in photoelectrochemical cells. We show how morphological modifications to materials may improve charge transfer and, as a consequence, overall power conversion efficiency.ke The superior catalytic performance of nanostructures with varying levels of complexity has been discovered in photoelectrochemical reactions. Finally, signif

Nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have emerged as a class of promising optical tools for the ultrasensitive quantification of metal ions of environmental and biological interest. A central bottleneck in this field is the availability of suitable surface receptors able to convert the selective binding with these vibrationless analytes into measurable SERS signals. In this work, we tackle this issue by employing a hybrid substrate comprising a highly SERS-active plasmonic core and a ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF) shell. The ZIF-8 shell firmly captures aromatic receptors close to the plasmonic structure regardless of their intrinsic affinity for the metallic surface and without altering their ability to coordinate metal ions. Furthermore, it imparts molecular sieving abilities enabling the direct use of the SERS sensing platform in complex media such as biological fluids. This was demonstrated by using different classes of chromogenic reagents (bathocuproine, a 2,6':2′,2″-terpyridine derivative, and Arsenazo III) which were exploited for the SERS detection of both transition and alkaline earth metal ions (i.e., divalent copper, cobalt and calcium ions). Notably, we successfully applied this approach for the detection of Cu(II) in untreated urine samples for Wilson's disease diagnosis. Overall, we believe this class of multifunctional hybrid substrates will serve as a valuable material for expanding the applicability of SERS spectroscopy in real-life environmental and biomedical metal ions analysis.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram positive bacteria frequently used in the food industry for fermentation, mainly transformation of carbohydrates into lactic acid. In addition, these bacteria also have the capacity to metabolize citrate, an organic acid commonly found in food products. Its fermentation leads to the production of 4-carbon compounds such as diacetyl, resulting in a buttery flavor desired in dairy products. Citrate metabolism is known to have several beneficial effects on LAB physiology. Nevertheless, a controversial effect of citrate has been described on the acid tolerance of the wine bacterium Oenococcus oeni. This observation raises questions about the effect of citrate on the capacity of O. oeni to conduct malolactic fermentation in highly acidic wines. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of citrate metabolism in LAB, with a focus on the wine bacterium O. oeni. Metabolism with the related enzymes is detailed, as are the involved genes organized in cit loci. The known systems of cit locus expression regulation are also described. Finally, the beneficial effects of citrate catabolism on LAB physiology are reported and the negative impact observed in O. oeni is discussed.

The aquatic ecosystem is one of the most delicate environments, housing a diverse range of organisms, including fish, all of which are exposed to a wide variety of pollutants. The accumulation of these harmful substances in fish, which are part of the human diet, presents a significant health risk to humans. In our study, we have optimized an extraction technique to determine the presence of 25 high production volume chemicals in liver and skin samples taken from commonly consumed fish species. We have employed ultrasound-assisted extraction in conjunction with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to achieve this goal. Apparent recoveries of the method ranged from 50% to 111% for both sample types with some exceptions such as most of the benzosulfonamides and benzothiazole. Additionally, the method's detection and quantification limits varied from 0.1 to 1.7 ng g−1 (dry weight, d.w) and 0.2–4.5 ng g−1 (d.w), respectively. Our investigation focused on three frequently consumed fish species in Tarragona: sea bass, sea bream, and turbot. Almost all of the samples we analysed contained traces of contaminants, with phthalates being the most commonly detected. The highest concentrations were observed for diethyl phthalate, with levels peaking at 8350 ng g−1 (d.w.). Organophosphate esters, such as triethyl phosphate and tributyl phosphate, also showed notable presence, with peak concentrations of 93.6 and 34.0 ng g−1 (d.w.), respectively.

In the context of ecological transition, the use of wine by-products for industrial applications is a major challenge. Wine lees, the second wine by-product in terms of quantity, represent a source of nutrients that can be used for stimulating the growth of microorganisms. Here, white wine lees were used as a stimulating agent for the growth of wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to promote wine malolactic fermentation (MLF) driven out by Oenococcus oeni. By adding freeze-dried wine lees to wines under different conditions – including different wine lees at different concentrations and different O. oeni strains at various initial populations - it was observed that wine lees can enhance the growth of LAB and reduce the duration of MLF. The chemical composition of wines was also evaluated, proving that wine lees do not compromise the quality of the wines. In addition, wine lees did not seem to promote the growth of spoilage microorganisms like as Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Altogether, this work reports the possibility of recovering the lees of white wine to obtain a product favoring the MLF of red wines. More general, we propose a recycling strategy of wine by-products to obtain new products for winemaking.

Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has been facing air pollution for several decades due to rapid urbanization, population growth, improper vehicle use, and the low quality of fuels. In this study, 31 indoor dust samples were collected passively from residential and commercial buildings located in the central and densely populated districts of the city. These samples were analyzed after preparation to measure the concentration of elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn). Statistical data analyses were employed to compare their relationship across various uses, variations, and for source identification. Geochemical indices of contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb (938, 206, and 176 µg g-1, respectively) are 6, 5, and 3 times higher than their mean values in worldwide urban soils. Additionally, Cd, Mo, and Ni showed concentrations about 1.5 times higher, while As, Co, Cr, Mn, and Sr fell within the range of reference soils. Be, V, and Sb displayed remarkably lower mean values. Building use did not significantly influence element levels in indoor deposited dust except for Pb and Zn. A comparison of indoor concentrations with previously published data for outdoor dusts revealed higher enrichments of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni, while As, Cd, and Zn showed lower enrichments in street dust samples. The order of CF values indicated Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V. For Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all or almost all samples exhibited very high contamination. PLI values were consistently higher than 1, indicating contamination in all samples. Multivariate statistical analysis and Tehran's specific geological location suggested that ma

In the present study, a homemade mixed-mode ion-exchange sorbent based on silica with embedded graphene microparticles is applied for the selective extraction of 2-aminobenzothiazole (NH2BT) followed by determination through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The sorbent was evaluated for the solid-phase extraction of NH2BT from environmental water samples (river, effluent wastewater, and influent wastewater), and NH2BT was strongly retained through the selective cation-exchange interactions. Therefore, the inclusion of a clean-up step of 7 mL of methanol provided good selectivity for the extraction of NH2BT. The apparent recoveries obtained for environmental water samples ranged from 62 to 69% and the matrix effect from -1 to -14%. The sorbent was also evaluated in the clean-up step of the organic extract for the extraction of NH2BT from organic extracts of indoor dust samples (10 mL of ethyl acetate from pressurized liquid extraction) and fish (10 mL of acetonitrile from QuEChERS extraction). The organic extracts were acidified (adding a 0.1% of formic acid) to promote the cation-exchange interactions between the sorbent and the analyte. The apparent recoveries for fish samples ranged from 22 to 36% depending on the species. In the case of indoor dust samples, the recovery was 41%. It should be highlighted the low matrix effect encountered in such complex samples, with values ranging from -7 to 5% for fish and dust samples. Finally, various samples were analyzed. The concentration in river samples ranged from 31 to 136 ng/L; in effluent wastewater samples, from 55 to 191 ng/L; in influent wastewater samples, from 131 to 549 ng/L; in fish samples, from 14 to 57 ng/g dried weight; and in indoor dust samples, from

Ground-based stations are one of many observing systems contributing to the generation of data to evaluate climate trends and variations locally and globally. Networks of stations are made of various numbers of observing sites, equipped with different typologies and varieties of instruments, differently managed and maintained. Among such networks a limited number of stations are required as a reference, to provide top quality traceable measurements and as the top level of a tiered approach; it is these stations which are here designated as Climatological Reference Stations (CRS). At present, there is no agreed definition of the key instrumental and technical features of a CRS, nor are there defined reference measurement procedures. This leads to the situation of a multitude of approaches among different National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), research institutes and other agencies that reduces the comparability of results in space and in time. The lack of CRSs, moreover, is a major contributor to the huge efforts required to harmonize data and detect biases locally, regionally and globally, as in their absence there is a need to fall back on other stations which are more likely to have such biases. This article reports on the outcomes of the work of a group of experts, nominated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology (CCI), tasked to promote a standardized and agreed concept about the definitions, specifications and technical characteristics of climate reference data and stations for ground-based networks, with the addition of a practical example of climatological reference station installed in the framework of an European funded project, with the purpose of comparing and confirming the prescribed characteristics and

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma contributes significantly to global cancer-related deaths, featuring only a 10% survival rate over five years. The quest for novel tumor markers is critical to facilitate early diagnosis and tailor treatment strategies for this disease, which is key to improving patient outcomes. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, these markers have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in early identification, continuous monitoring, and prediction of its prognosis and have led to better patient outcomes. Nowadays, biopsy specimens serve to ascertain diagnosis and determine tumor type. However, liquid biopsies present distinct advantages over conventional biopsy techniques. They offer a noninvasive, easily administered procedure, delivering insights into the tumor's status and facilitating real-time monitoring. Liquid biopsies encompass a variety of elements, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, circulating RNA, tumor platelets, and tumor endothelial cells. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical applications of liquid biopsy as a technique in the management of pancreatic cancer.

The use of social media was one of the most common way to keep in touch with friends and family during confinement. For higher education students, the fact that their universities were closed was a major change in their lives. The aim of this study is to relate the prevalence and type of social media with Internet addiction and mental health of university students in a district of Portugal during COVID-19 confinement. Mental health was studied by applying the reduced version of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) and to measure the Internet use and dependence, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used. The study (cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational) used an online questionnaire, conducted on Google((R)) Forms and the link was sent to 4450 students, in the months of April to June 2020, during the confinement. A total of 329 valid questionnaires were obtained. We can conclude that regarding mental health, students in the 18-24 age group, single or divorced and who are not in a relationship, and with worse academic results, show worse levels of mental health. It is noteworthy that the students with the same characteristics also have the highest levels of addiction to internet.

The late Early Pleistocene archaeological site of Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain), dated to ~1.4 Ma, provides evidence on the subsistence strategies of the first hominin population that dispersed in Western Europe. The site preserves Oldowan tool assemblages associated with abundant remains of large mammals. A small proportion of these remains show cut marks and percussion marks resulting from defleshing and bone fracturing, and a small proportion of bones also show tooth marks. Previous taphonomic studies of FN3 suggested that the hominins had secondary access to the prey leftovers abandoned by sabretooth cats and other primary predators. However, a recent analysis by Yravedra et al. (2021) of the frequency of anthropogenic marks and tooth marks has concluded that the hominins had primary access to the carcasses of a wide variety of ungulate prey, even though the frequency of evisceration marks is strikingly low. In this rebuttal, we analyse the patterns of bone preservation in FN3, which show that the exploitation of bone marrow by the hominins after hammerstone breakage was a usual activity at the site. Our study also reviews the evidence available on the lesser abilities of sabretooth cats for carcass processing compared to pantherine felids. This reinforces the hypothesis that primary predators provided the hominins the opportunity to scavenge sizeable chunks of meat and bone marrow of their prey carcasses before the arrival of hyaenas. Finally, we also provide new inferences on resource availability and competition intensity among the members of the carnivore guild in FN3, which reinforce our interpretation that a secondary access by the Oldowan hominins to the prey leftovers of sabretooth cats was an optimal foraging strategy in the Guadix