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Regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recognize pharmacogenetics as a key tool in their pharmacological guidelines for pharmaceutical counseling. In this context, community pharmacies play a crucial role in addressing this healthcare need, which could lead to a significant improvement in patients' quality of life by preventing ineffective or contraindicated treatments. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the available scientific evidence regarding druggene interactions relevant to community pharmacy. We identified the main genes and polymorphisms associated with treatment response and adverse effects in primary care. Finally, we propose a model for implementing pharmacogenetic services in community pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los organismos reguladores, como la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) y la European Medicines Agency (EMA), reconocen la farmacogenética como una herramienta clave en sus guías farmacológicas para el asesoramiento farmacéutico. En este contexto, la farmacia comunitaria tiene un papel esencial al responder a esta necesidad asistencial, lo que podría traducirse en una mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes al evitar tratamientos ineficaces o potencialmente contraindicados. En este trabajo, hemos llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de la evidencia científica disponible sobre las interacciones entre fármacos y genes de interés para la farmacia comunitaria. Se han identificado los principales genes y polimorfismos relacionados con la respuesta y los efectos adversos a tratamientos comunes en atención primaria. Finalmente, proponemos un modelo para la implementación de servicios de farmacogenética en la farmacia comunitaria.

La piruvato carboxilasa (PC), una enzima mitocondrial, cataliza la conversión de piruvato, producto final de la glucólisis, en oxaloacetato, un intermediario del ciclo del ácido tricarboxílico. El déficit de piruvato carboxilasa, un trastorno raro, se manifiesta en tres fenotipos clínicos y bioquímicos: tipo de inicio neonatal (tipo A), tipo de inicio infantil (tipo B) y un tipo benigno (tipo C).

Breeders are focused on developing high-yielding genotypes that can grow in semi-arid regions under water stress. A field experiment was conducted during the 2020 to 2021 cropping season at the experimental field of ITGC, Setif. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of durum wheat genotypes for agronomic traits growing under semi-arid conditions. The 10 genotypes evaluated were grown in a randomized block with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that the genotype effect was significant for most parameters studied. The best grain yield was recorded for genotypes G3 (3.52 t ha-1) G2 (3.48 t ha-1), and G5 (2.89 t ha-1); thus, they maintained the highest water content (81.09, 84.95, and 84.34%, respectively) and lower temperatures under these conditions. Simple linear regression showed that grain yield correlated positively with the number of spikes, and the number of grains per spike. The principal component (PC) analysis classified both genotypes G2 and G3 as high grain-yielding genotypes; by contrast, genotypes Jupare C 2001, Bouatleb, and G1 were low-yielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Jatropha curcas L. is distinguished by its rapid growth and adaptability to degraded and dry soils. This research, conducted at the Andil experimental farm of the Southern State University of Manabí, aimed to gather information on the morphological characteristics of six selected genotypes, including four hybrids and two clones of Jatropha curcas. A total of 576 plants were planted in 24 subplots, with four plots assigned to each genotype. Over a period of 23 months, variables such as height, stem diameter, and number of branches were measured on eight selected plants per subplot. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and interpolation was performed for periods not studied. The hybrid JAT 001100 stood out with an average height of 197,72 cm and a range of 199,44 cm, followed by JAT 001103 with 193,9 cm. Stem diameter showed no significant differences, ranging between 7 cm and 6,5 cm. Hybrids JAT 001100, JAT 001103, and JAT 001165 exhibited a higher number of branches (average of 8 to 8,1). Overall, commercial hybrids outperformed local clones in growth and development. These findings contribute to the understanding of Jatropha curcas and may be useful for genotype selection in genetic improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Determine the distribution of the RS5522 polymorphism of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene NR3C2 according to its origin and altitude in Peruvian populations. Materials and methods: After signing the informed consent, adults from Lima (22), Ica-Chincha (14), Lambayeque-San José (16) participated; Puno-Uros (10), Puno-Taquile (6), Puno-Amantani (6), Arequipa-Chivay (10), Arequipa-Cabanaconde (6), Ancash-Parobamba (20), Apurímac-Andahuaylas (10), Apurímac-Abancay (10), Cajamarca-Puentecillos (13), Cajamarca-Ichocan (7), Loreto-Andoas (16), and San Martín-Lamas (22). Epidemiological and geographical data, biological blood sample and/or oral swab were collected. DNA extraction was performed using a standard technique. The determination of the RS5522 polymorphism was by real-time PCR. Variables were categorized by origin, geographic region (coast, mountains or jungle), and altitude (<2500 meters above sea level or ≥2500 meters above sea level). The Hardy Weimberg statistical test and Pearson's X² test were applied, with a p value <0.05 being significant for a 95% CI. Results: A high frequency of the RS5522 variant of the NR3C2 gene was present in Peruvian populations. The distribution ranges in the Coast, Sierra and Jungle, respectively, were 78.57-87.50%, 50.00-93.75%, and 75.00-93.18%. According to the altitude, the distribution range at <2500 masl was 75.00-93.18%, and ≥2500 masl was 50.00-93.75%. Conclusions: A heterogeneous distribution of the genetic variant was observed among the Peruvian subpopulations studied, apparently being greater for those located in the mountain region and at =2500 meters above sea level. It should be noted that the genetic variant studied encodes a protein with an important physiological role. and also as a target for drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú is the property of Sociedad de Gastroenterologia del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La especie Jatropha curcas L. se destaca por su rápido crecimiento y su adaptabilidad a suelos degradados y secos. Esta investigación, realizada en la granja experimental Andil de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, tuvo como objetivo recopilar información sobre las características morfológicas de seis genotipos seleccionados, incluyendo cuatro híbridos y dos clones de Jatropha curcas. Se plantaron 576 plantas en 24 subparcelas, asignando cuatro parcelas a cada genotipo. Durante 23 meses, se midieron variables como altura, diámetro del tallo y número de ramas en ocho plantas seleccionadas por subparcela. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos y se realizó una interpolación para períodos no estudiados. El híbrido JAT 001100 destacó con una altura promedio de 197,72 cm y un rango de 199,44 cm, seguido por el JAT 001103 con 193,9 cm. El diámetro del tallo no mostró diferencias significativas, oscilando entre 7 cm y 6,5 cm. Los híbridos JAT 001100, JAT 001103 y JAT 001165 presentaron un mayor número de ramas (promedio de 8 a 8,1). En general, los híbridos comerciales superaron a los clones locales en crecimiento y desarrollo. Estos hallazgos contribuyen al conocimiento de Jatropha curcas y pueden ser útiles para la selección de genotipos en programas de mejoramiento genético.

Este estudio analizó la evidencia centrada en la relación del gen ACTN3 R577X con la flexibilidad y los rangos de movimiento articular y su influencia en las lesiones deportivas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura aplicando las pautas establecidas en la declaración PRISMA sobre la asociación del gen ACTN3 con la flexibilidad y el rango de movimiento articular. La búsqueda realizada en PudMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus y Google académico incluyó estudios originales disponibles en texto completo a partir de enero del 2014. La deficiencia de alfa-actinina-3 (Genotipo XX) representó una flexibilidad y rango de movimiento significativamente mayores en la mayoría de los estudios. Además, se asoció con una menor rigidez muscular. Se evidencia una relación del ACTN3 R577X con la rigidez muscular, en donde el genotipo RR representaría un riesgo de lesión mayor en deportes que requieran una alta flexibilidad. El componente genético podría ser tenido en cuenta en programas de prevención de lesiones.

Objetivo. Describir los brotes de sarampión generados por la múltiple importación de casos y las intervenciones de control. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de brotes por múltiple importación de casos a Colombia entre 2018-2019. Se utilizaron las definiciones de caso, clasificación de fuente de infección, recolección de muestras biológicas, rastreo de casos sospechosos, identificación y seguimiento de contactos. El antecedente vacunal se obtuvo del carné o del sistema de información de Colombia. La nacionalidad se definió de acuerdo con el registro en el sistema de vigilancia en salud pública. Se empleó el sistema de comando de incidente con equipos de respuesta y planes de acción para controlar los brotes. Resultados. En marzo de 2018 se confirmó el primer caso de sarampión importado de Venezuela. La incidencia en 2018 fue 0,2 casos por 100 000 habitantes y en 2019 fue 0,3. La letalidad en 2019 fue de 0,4%. Se confirmaron 214 casos en población venezolana (91% sin antecedente vacunal). Se estudiaron 69 brotes sin vínculo epidemiológico. Se identificó el genotipo D8 linaje MVi/Hulu Langat.MYS/26.11. Se evitó la circulación endémica a través de intervenciones innovadoras tales como, la vigilancia y control de infecciones, notificación super inmediata, priorización de visitas de campo y criterios de niveles de riesgo de transmisión. Conclusiones. Colombia controló los brotes de sarampión que se presentaron por la importación de casos e impido la circulación endémica para conservar la certificación de la eliminación del virus de sarampión en el país.

Resumo Fundamento Genes e suas variantes associadas a fatores ambientais contribuem para o desenvolvimento do fenótipo hipertenso. O gene da subunidade beta 3 da proteína G ( GNB3 ) está envolvido no processo de sinalização intracelular e suas variantes têm sido relacionadas à suscetibilidade à hipertensão arterial. Objetivo Determinar a associação da variante GNB3 (rs5443:C>T) com a hipertensão arterial, parâmetros bioquímicos, idade e obesidade em indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Método A identificação das variantes foi realizada por PCR em tempo real, utilizando o sistema TaqMan®, em amostras de 310 pacientes (155 hipertensos e 155 normotensos). Análises bioquímicas (função renal, perfil lipídico e glicemia) foram realizadas a partir do soro por meio de espectrofotometria UV/Vis e eletrodo íon-seletivo. Foi utilizado um modelo de regressão logística múltipla para identificar fatores associados à hipertensão arterial. A análise das variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal foi realizada usando o teste t de Student não pareado; dados não normais foram analisados usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados A variante rs5443:C>T não esteve associada à hipertensão arterial na população avaliada (p = 0,88). Em relação às medidas bioquímicas, o alelo T esteve associado a níveis elevados de triglicerídeos, glicose e ácido úrico em indivíduos hipertensos (p < 0,05). Conclusão Os presentes resultados mostram a importância do diagnóstico genético para prevenir as causas e consequências de doenças e sugerem que a variante GNB3 rs5443:C>T pode estar associada a alterações no perfil bioquímico em indivíduos hipertensos.

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El cacao (Theobroma cacao) es originario de la selva amazónica ecuatoriana, en Ecuador hay 3 grupos de genotipos conocidos; criollos, forasteros y trinitarios, siendo los más importantes los criollos por su calidad de exportación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la morfología de las flores de cacao en 20 árboles élite de la colección de la UTMACH. Fueron seleccionados 20 árboles de los cuales se escogieron 5 flores de cada uno para observar la estructura floral y el polen de cada antera con el uso de un microscopio binocular, las variables analizadas fueron: diámetro y área del grano del polen, largo, ancho y color del pedicelo, largo, ancho y color del sépalo, largo del pétalo, largo, ancho y color del estaminoide, largo y ancho del estambre, largo y ancho del ovario. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la mayor varianza se distribuye a cinco descriptores: AncE, Csep, AO, Lpet, Lest, el dendrograma y análisis de dispersión. Se concluye que basados en la morfología floral se han formado seis grupos definidos conforme a los cinco descriptores que explican el 80,05% de la varianza ya que los otros nueve descriptores no presentan significancia.

La Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), es una especie originaria de Paraguay y Brasil, la cual se utiliza como edulcorante natural con valor medicinal en la preparación de bebidas, dulces y otros. Su propagación a través de semillas sexuales está limitada por la mala calidad de las mismas, por lo que se promueve su propagación asexual mediante diferentes técnicas in vitro. En la presente investigación se estudió la respuesta de tres líneas avanzadas de stevia a la propagación en Biorreactores de Inmersión Temporal con cuatro tratamientos diferentes. El tratamiento M2 (MS + 1 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 30 g Sacarosa) dio los mejores resultados para todas las características evaluadas con excepción del número de raicillas/plántula y siendo el tratamiento M1 (MS sin reguladores de crecimiento + 30 g de Sacarosa) con la que se logró el mayor número, de raíces y buenos valores para las demás características. Se lograron plantas de alta calidad y el genotipo que mejor respondió fue IBT-1 y en la fase de aclimatación se obtuvo una alta tasa de supervivencia.

Diabesity is a neologism that we use to describe Type 2 diabetes in the context of obesity. In this descriptive review, we aim to analyze the phenomenon of diabesity in the context of the Yucatecan Maya population, given the demographic importance of this ethnic group in Mexico and due to the high prevalence of diabetes and obesity observed. Firstly, we describe the phenotypic and genotypic traits associated with diabesity. We also discuss the role of the sociocultural factors that have impacted the dietary pattern of the Maya, the available evidence regarding the phenotypic characteristics acquired during the early stages of development, their possible repercussions on the metabolism and the presence of obesity and diabetes. Finally, we propose that the failure of insulin secretion and glucolipotoxicity are common factors and a possible unifying factor of diabesity within the Maya population. For this purpose, we draw upon primary sources of information, including original research articles, chapters from edited books about diabesity and sociohistorical essays on the Maya population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Variations in drug metabolism are based on constitutional, genetic and environmental factors; therefore, knowing the type and allelic frequencies of the CYP2D6 gene polymorphism in patients with Huntington's disease is relevant in the application and efficacy of available pharmacological treatments that are beneficial and improve their quality of life. Aim: To establish the allelic and genotype frequencies of the CYP2D6 gene: *3, *4, *5 and *6 in a population sample of patients with Huntington's disease in Juan de Acosta, Colombia. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling consisting of 23 individuals: 10 patients with signs and symptoms of the condition, 5 relatives and 8 unrelated people. After signing the informed consent, DNA was isolated and quantified in peripheral blood samples using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The identification of polymorphism: *3, *4 and *6 was performed by Variant RFLP-conventional PCR and digestion with endonucleases. The *5 allele and CYP2D6 gene duplication were genotyped by multiplex real PCR. Results: In the population sample, the CYP2D6 *4 and *6 alleles have frequencies 0.304 and 0.435, respectively; CYP2D6 *3 is monomorphic; assuming population genetic equilibrium, the frequency of the mutated allele *5 is 0.295 and 0.511, the CYP2D6 duplication. Conclusions: The most represented genotype in the population was the wild type *1/*1 of CYP2D*3, homozygous, the genotype *4/*4 with mutated allele represents 30.4%; finally, a frequency of 26.1% with duplication/multiplication of active CYP2D6 alleles, a higher value than those reported in the Hispano-American and Colombian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was carried out with 3 repetitions according to the randomized blocks trial design in winter and summer planting periods of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in order to determine the agronomic and quality characteristics of some black cumin genotypes at different sowing periods under Mardin ecological conditions. Çameli variety and 18 different black cumin seed genotypes were used in the study and some quality parameters were examined. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that fatty oil ratio varied between 32.45-39.02% and fatty oil yield varied between 12.94-42.72 kg da-1 in winter planting. In summer planting; fatty oil ratio ranged between 33.99-38.13% and fatty oil yield ranged between 9.69-25.18 kg da-1. As a result of the study, it was determined that Eskişehir-5 (G9) genotype performed better than other varieties and genotypes in terms of fatty oil yield under Mardin ecological conditions. Due to the early increase in temperature in Mardin conditions, quality parameters decreased in summer planting compared to winter planting. Therefore, winter planting is recommended as the most suitable planting time for black cumin cultivation under Mardin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the association between phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and disease severity in individuals with cystic fibrosis treated at a reference center in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective study that collected clinical and laboratory data, respiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations, type of treatment, Shwachman-Kulczycki score, and mutations from the patients’ medical records. Results: The sample included 50 participants aged one to 33 years, 50% of whom were female. Out of the one hundred alleles of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, the most prevalent mutations were DeltaF508 (45%) and S4X (18%). Mutation groups were only associated with pancreatic insufficiency (p=0.013) and not with disease severity (p=0.073). The latter presented an association with colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (p=0.007) and with underweight (p=0.036). Death was associated with age at diagnosis (p=0.016), respiratory symptomatology (p=0.013), colonization (p=0.024), underweight (p=0.017), and hospitalization (p=0.003). Conclusions: We could identify the association of mutations with pancreatic insufficiency; the association of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and underweight with disease severity; and the lack of association between mutations and disease severity. Environmental factors should be investigated more thoroughly since they seem to have an important effect on disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in defense against tumor cells. The development and function of NK cells is governed by a dynamic balance between inhibition and activation of cell surface receptors, including KIR receptors. Patients and method: A case–control study is carried out that compares a group of 46 children diagnosed with malignant diseases, the control group is made up of 82 healthy children. KIRs genes, haplotypes and ligands were determined and compared between groups. Results: There are no differences in KIRs genes, KIRs haplotypes or in KIRs gene ligands between groups. However, when KIRS and ligands were jointly studied, k2DS1_C2 was significantly higher in the group of cancer children (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Our results do not provide evidence of an association between pediatric cancer disease with genotypes and groups of genes KIRs. The k2DS1_C2 genotype could predispose to susceptibility to malignant processes in children. Resumen: Introducción: Las células natural killer (NK) juegan un papel importante en la defensa contra las células tumorales. El desarrollo y la función de las células NK se rige por un equilibrio dinámico entre la inhibición y la activación de los receptores de la superficie celular, incluidos los receptores KIR. Pacientes y método: Se realiza un estudio de casos y controles que compara a un grupo de 46 niños diagnosticados de enfermedades malignas, el grupo control está constituido por 82 niños sanos. Se determinaron y compararon entre grupos los genes, haplotipos y ligandos KIRs. Resultados: No existen diferencias en genes KIRs, haplotipos KIRs ni en ligandos de genes KIRs entre grupos. Sin embargo, al estudiar conjuntamente KIRs y ligandos, k2DS1_C2 fue significativamente superior en el grupo de niños oncológicos (p = 0,016). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados no proporcionan evidencia de una asociación entre enfermedades oncológicas pediátricas con genotipos y grupos de genes KIRs. El genotipo k2DS1_C2 podría predisponer a la susceptibilidad a procesos malignos en la población infantil.

Os circovírus suíno (Porcine circovirus - PCV), descritos pela primeira vez na década de 70, são os menores vírus pertencentes à família Circoviridae. Atualmente, existem quatro espécies de circovírus suíno (PCV1 a PCV4), sendo PCV2 o de maior importância econômica na suinocultura por estar associado à diversas síndromes patológicas e representar uma distribuição ubíqua. Nos últimos anos, foram descobertos oito genótipos de PCV2 (2a-2h), sendo os PCV2a, PCV2b e PCV2d de maior prevalência nas granjas de suínos no mundo todo. Os fatores que contribuíram para o surgimento desses novos genótipos são desconhecidos, mas um deles está relacionado à alta taxa de mutação observada nos PCVs. As vacinas disponíveis contemplam PCV2a e PCV2b, e apesar do surgimento de novos genótipos, experimentos realizados à campo e em condições controladas, indicam proteção cruzada entre os principais genótipos de PCV2 por vacinas comerciais que utilizam como base PCV2a e PCV2b. Assim, no Brasil e em outros países produtores de suínos, as doenças relacionadas ao PCV2 estão controladas, mas o vírus apresenta uma evolução rápida sendo necessário um monitoramento constante.

La leptospirosis es una zoonosis mundial y es endémica en muchos países. Esta enfermedad se mantiene en la naturaleza por la infección renal crónica de los animales portadores; los roedores y otros mamíferos pequeños son los reservorios más importantes. Además, otras fuentes importantes de infección para el humano son los animales domésticos, como el ganado y los perros. El jabalí (Sus scrofa) es una especie introducida de Europa que está muy extendida en América y particularmente en el centro y sur de Argentina. Esta especie es muy valorada por los cazadores de la región y su carne se consume con mayor frecuencia. En muchos países del mundo (Europa, EE. UU. y Australia) se han realizado estudios sobre seroprevalencia, la seroreactividad no significa que el jabalí manifieste síntomas clínicos de leptospirosis o que los jabalíes sean reservorios de este patógeno bacteriano. Sin embargo, estos animales han estado en contacto con leptospiras en su entorno en el pasado. Este estudio tiene el objetivo de tipificar molecularmente la cepa aislada obtenida a partir de 4 fetos de jabalíes (Sus scrofa) provenientes de la Patagonia argentina. Se realizaron necropsias de los 4 fetos y se cultivaron muestras de riñones, hígado, bazo y pulmón en medios Fletcher y EMJH. Además, las muestras de hígado, bazo, pulmón y riñón de los fetos se procesaron y analizaron por inmunofluorescencia directa. Se utilizó el análisis de repeticiones en tándem de número variable de locus múltiple (MLVA) para caracterizar la cepa aislada. El perfil genético de la cepa de leptospira fue idéntica al perfil de Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Castellonis Castellon 3 perteneciente al serogrupo Ballum. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer aislamiento de Leptospira spp. de un feto de jabalí.

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The plants physiological processes such as transpiration and photosynthetic efficiency are directly related to leaf area, which is difficult to quantify in a nondestructive manner. To generate a model to estimate the total leaf area of plants of banana cv. Vitória, simple and multiple linear regressions utilizing the length and width of the third leaf, the product of length and width of the third leaf, and the total number of leaves of 'Vitória' plants, were tested. The data to develop the model were obtained from 'Vitória' banana plants from different edafoclimatic conditions and management. The best performance of the model was obtained using stepwise multiple regression with r²=0.93 and r²= 0.94. Validation of the model resulted in an r² of 0.74. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pharmacogenetics evaluates how genetic variations influence drug responses. Nowadays, genetic tests have advanced, becoming more affordable, and its integration is supported by stronger clinical evidence. Guidelines such as those from CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium) and resources like PharmGKB facilitate genotype-based prescribing; and organizations like the FDA promote genetic testing before initiating certain medications. Preventive pharmacogenetic panels seem promising, but further research on biomarkers and diverse populations is needed. The aim of this review is to analyze recent evidence on the genotype-drug response relationship to examine how the genetic profile of patients influences the clinical response to treatments, and analyze the areas of research that need further study to advance towards a genetic-based precision medicine., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed to identify articles investigating the genotype-drug response relationship. The search strategy included terms such as "pharmacogenetics", "personalized treatment", "precision medicine", "dose adjustment", "individualized dosing", "clinical routine" and "clinical practice." Clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses published in English or Spanish between 2013 and 2023 were included. The initial search resulted in a total of 136 articles for analysis., Results: 49 articles were included for the final analysis following review by two investigators. A relationship between genetic polymorphisms and drug response or toxicity was found for drugs such as opioids, GLP-1 agonists, tacrolimus, oral anticoagulants, antineoplastics, atypical antipsychotics, efavirenz, clopidogrel, lamotrigine, anti-TNF-α agents, voriconazole, antidepressants, or statins. However, for drugs like metformin, quetiapine, irinotecan, bisoprolol, and anti-VEGF agents, no statistically significant association between genotype and response was found., Conclusion: The studies analyzed in this review suggest a strong correlation between genetic variability and individual drug responses, supporting the use of pharmacogenetics for treatment optimization. However, for certain drugs like metformin or quetiapine, the influence of genotype on their response remains unclear. More studies with larger sample sizes, greater ethnic diversity, and consideration of non-genetic factors are needed. The lack of standardization in analysis methods and accessibility to genetic testing are significant challenges in this field. As a conclusion, pharmacogenetics shows immense potential in personalized medicine, but further research is required., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective. To determine the genetic structure of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that circulated throughout Peru during the years 2011-2015, by using haplotypes obtained from a line probe assay. Materials and methods. A total of 6589 samples that were admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Salud for routine diagnosis using the GenoType® MTBDRplus v2 assay were analyzed during the study period. Resistant haplotypes were created by concatenating 21 polymorphic sites of the evaluated genes using the line probe assay; and the association analysis was carried out with phenotypes obtained by the 7H10 agar ratio method. Results. The most frequent mutations were: rpoB S531L (55.4%) and rpoB D516V (18.5%) for rifampicin resistance, and katG S315T (59.5%) and inhA c-15t (25.7%) for isoniazid resistance. We obtained 13 representative haplotypes (87.8% of analyzed samples), 6 corresponded to the multidrug-resistant genotype, 4 to the isoniazid mono-resistant genotype and 3 to the rifampicin mono-resistant genotype. Eighteen regions and the province of Callao showed high haplotype diversity; four showed moderate diversity and two showed low diversity. Conclusions. Most regions showed high haplotype diversity; in addition, most drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were concentrated in the cities of Lima and Callao. Likewise, drugresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in Peru mainly contain the genetic markers with the highest prevalence worldwide, which are associated with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid.

Entre las diferentes acciones encaminadas a mejorar la tecnificación del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) se encuentra la optimización de sus condiciones de crecimiento. Identificar sus requerimientos nutricionales, es una de las estrategias que permite mejorar el material vegetal. Entre los nutrientes esenciales, se seleccionó el potasio como uno de los elementos fundamentales para la regulación de procesos hídricos, enzimáticos, iónicos y de osmorregulación. Así, se buscó profundizar en la optimización de los niveles de potasio para diferentes genotipos de cacao. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones y fuentes de K+ sobre características morfo-fisiológicas de cinco genotipos de T. cacao. Principalmente se encontraron diferencias en altura, longitud de raíz y biomasa, entre los clones CCN-51, FSA-13 y FEAR-5, siendo los dos primeros los que registraron valores superiores. Igualmente, se encontró una redistribución de la biomasa de la raíz y el vástago en las plantas crecidas con la menor concentración de potasio (0,16g/planta). Particularmente el índice raíz: vástago para el genotipo CCN-51 fue superior. Respecto a los parámetros fisiológicos se encontraron valores altos en conductancia estomática y fluorescencia de la clorofila para todos los genotipos independientemente de los tratamientos evaluados. Además, las variaciones genéticas entre los genotipos muestran respuestas diferenciales para las condiciones nutricionales evaluadas. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que las plantas de cacao lograron un desarrollo adecuado al ser suplementadas con 0,16 g de K+ /planta en esta etapa de crecimiento, y ambas fuentes, KNO3 y KCl, son adecuadas para el suministro de este nutriente.

Stone fruit cultivation is an alternative income for rural producers in Brazil, mainly for the southern region. In the specific case of plums, the lack of varieties adapted to the climatic conditions of this region is an obstacle that the research needs to resolve. In this context, the work aimed to evaluate the behaviour of the Japanese plum genotype FLA3-3 from the breeding program of the University of Florida (USA) in Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil, during the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experimental design used was entirely random. Twenty plants of the genotype under study were used, each one being a repetition. The characteristics evaluated in the field were the flowering and fruiting cycles according to the plant phenology. Physical analyzes of the fruits were carried out in the laboratory: average mass (pulp and seeds) and diameter and chemical analyze: total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and ratio. The results confirm that the genotype is precocious and the fruit harvest begins in October / November. It is adapted to the climatic condition of the municipality of Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil, in addition to presenting fruits within the commercial standards sought by producers and consumers. It is a viable alternative for rural producers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The determination of the physical characteristics of cocoa such as the bean index and the percentage of husk is a parameter of interest in the commercialization of dry cocoa. This methodology is supported by the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 1252, to determine the physical characteristics in the regional genetics FSV41, FEAR5, FLE2 and the universal genotype CCN51, cultivated in the municipality of Rionegro, department of Santander. This research was conducted with the main harvest of 2019 and the analysis of the information was valued in triplicate for each of the samples supporting the statistical analysis and the results obtained. The results present the FSV41 genotype with outstanding characteristics such as the large grain index and lower percentage of husk, in addition, the FSV41 genotype has fine attributes of flavor and aroma and is considered a promising genetic material of interest for its attributes in crop renewal and implementation of cocoa plantations for the economic and social contributions in the cultivated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three way hybrids present the advantage of the heterosis in the maize production, besides, they represent agronomic and economic advantages in certificated seed production; Thus, with the objective of knowing the yield and agronomic characteristics of maize hybrids, during the spring summer season in 2021, were evaluated 12 maize hybrids, on which, there are participating inbred lines of the maize breeding program of Cotaxtla, Ver., and Iguala, Gro., from INIFAP and inbred lines from CIMMYT. These hybrids were arranged under complete blocks at random, with 12 treatments and four replications in plots of two rows 5m long, and 62,500 plants ha-1 . The agronomic traits were: Grain yield, days to tassel and silking, plant and ear height, plant and ear aspect and sanity, lodging, bad husk cover and ear rot. From the combined analysis for grain yield there was found significant differences for genotypes (G) and for the Genotype environment interaction (GE). The best hybrids were above 7.0 t ha-1 in grain yield, 9 to 13% more than the check H-520; These hybrids were: (T35xT10)xLT154, (T35xT10)xLT156, (CML500xCML498)xLT155, (CML264xCML311)xLT-156, (LT-164xLT-165)xLT-156, (LT-169xLT-170)xLT-156. The inbred line LT156, participated in the best hybrids as a male parent; This line present good General Combining Ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM), representa un grave problema por el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro. En nuestro país, durante el primer cuatrimestre del año, se observó un aumento inusual en el número de aislamiento de gérmenes multirresistentes, sobre todo de bacilos gramnegativos, los cuales fueron remitidos al laboratorio de referencia con el objetivo de caracterizar los genes de resistencia a los carbapenemes. Estudio observacional y prospectivo de corte transversal en 456 aislamientos de bacilos gramnegativos provenientes de 11 centros colaboradores de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia de la RAM, remitidos al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública entre enero y abril de 2021, para la detección molecular (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa múltiple) de los genes de resistencia enzimática bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-58, bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM. Trescientos sesenta correspondieron a bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores: 346 Acinetobacter baumannii y 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 96 fueron miembros de Enterobacterales, siendo prevalente Klebsiella pneumoniae (81). Todos los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii resultaron ser productores de carbapenemasas: OXA-23 (94%), NDM (4%), NMD+OXA-58 (2%); en Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7 de los 14 aislamientos (50%) fueron portadores de metalobetalactamasa del genotipo NDM (100%). Los genotipos NDM (92%) y KPC (8%) fueron confirmados en Enterobacterales. La resistencia plasmídica a carbapenemes es endémica en nuestro país, siendo prevalentes los genotipos OXA-23 en Acinetobacter baumannii y NDM en Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacterales.

El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en la Universidad Técnica de Machala, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias en el área Experimental de la Granja Santa Inés ubicada en el km 5.5 de la vía Machala – Pasaje, fueron evaluadas seis variedades de café donadas por el Municipio de Zaruma del semillero de café. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los genotipos más idóneos en función de las condiciones edafoclimáticas para el establecimiento de parcelas de producción en el área experimental de la Granja Santa Inés, se tomaron veinte descriptores morfoagronómicos. Se realizaron parcelas repetidas con treinta y cinco plantas por genotipo teniendo un total de seiscientas cincuenta y ocho plantas de café, se implementó sombra utilizando musáceas. Con los datos obtenidos de la investigación sobre la caracterización morfoagronómicos de las diferentes variedades de café se realizó un Diagrama de medias marginales para identificar qué variedad fue la que mejor se adaptó a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona, siendo la variedad Geisha la que presentó el mejor comportamiento en relación a las otras variedades.

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The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

Background. Cacao is an important source of income, especially for small farmers in developing countries. However, its commercialization, and consequently its production, is threatened by the high levels of cadmium (Cd+2) in grains. Objective. This work was carried out with the objective of determining the differentiated uptake of six cacao genotypes in San Ramón, central Peruvian jungle. Methodology. The treatments consisted of the combination of different doses Cd+2 (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) with the genotypes CCN-51, ICS-60, ICS-95, POUND-7 and VRAE-99. Results. The results indicate that POUND 7 absorbed a greater amount of Cd+2 concentrated mainly in the root, while CCN-51 concentrated it mainly in the aerial tissues. In VRAE-99, a significant drop in stem height and diameter was observed, especially at the 150 ppm dose. This genotype was shown to be more sensitive to this metal at high doses (150 ppm) and decreased its photosynthetic rate and its efficiency in the use of water, which was confirmed by the increase in the internal carbon content. Implications. In general, it was found that POUND-7 is a promising genotype that can potentially be used as a rootstock because it is capable of accumulating Cd+2 mainly in the roots. Conclusion. Although cacao is considered a Cd+2 accumulator plant, this heavy metal can negatively affect the physiology of the plant as in the case of VRAE-99. Further studies are suggested to better understand how Cd+2 affects cacao physiology.

Polymorphisms of the ACTN3 and ACE genes related to athletic performance are controversial due to those who favor differences between ethnicity and athletic status. However, although the above is the subject of debate through genetics, it is known that the potential benefits of the R + I allele fall on anaerobic performance and the carriers of the X + D allele on aerobic performance, biologically indicative that the genotype RX + DD + II is the key to the excellent performance of athletes with similar physical abilities and makes both power and endurance phenotypes important. The objective of this paper was to select and describe the studies that support the association of the genotype of the ACTN3 and ACE genes with the performance of individual sports athletes, considered elite for their high sports performance. 1,153 articles on the subject were reviewed and only 13 were included in the research. The results obtained indicate that athletes with the RR/RX + ID/DD genotype stand out in speed/power and those with the XX + II genotype in endurance. In conclusion, it is possible that there is a specific genetic structure associated with the polymorphisms of the ACTN3 and ACE genes that allow them to be predisposed to a high level of anaerobic and/or aerobic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (CTV) es el agente causal de la enfermedad de la tristeza, reportada por primera vez en Argentina en 1930. El vector más eficiente, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), está presente en el país, la enfermedad es endémica, y por lo tanto las plantaciones se realizan con combinaciones tolerantes copa/portainjerto. Las plantas de limonero (Citrus limon (L) Burm f.) injertadas en naranjo agrio (Citrus x aurantium, L.) son asintomáticas y su desarrollo y producción no son afectados por el virus. Sin embargo, cuando el limonero se injerta en Citrus macrophylla (Wester) se manifiestan en el portainjerto síntomas severos de acanaladuras o " stem pitting" en la parte área y raíces, y detención del crecimiento del árbol. Existen diversas cepas o genotipos de CTV que difieren en su habilidad de desplazamiento y multiplicación según la especie del hospedero, que ejerce una fuerte presión selectiva sobre el virus. Debido a esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la población del virus en diferentes cultivares de limonero injertados en naranjo agrio y en C. macrophylla en un ensayo de campo plantado en diciembre de 2013 y expuesto a infección natural. Los genotipos del virus presente se detectaron mediante la transcripción reversa y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR), utilizando cinco juegos de cebadores específicos de genotipos de CTV (T30, RB, B165, T3 y VT). Los genotipos T3 y RB se detectaron en todas las muestras analizadas, mientras que el T30 estuvo ausente. Por su parte, el genotipo B165 se detectó por primera vez en limonero en la región del noroeste argentino y estuvo presente en el 85% de las muestras examinadas en todos los cultivares. Algunos limoneros injertados en naranjo agrio mostraron una menor concentración de T3 y/o ausencia del genotipo VT, ambos considerados severos y presentes en todas las muestras de limonero en C. macrophylla. A pesar de estas diferencias puntuales, en líneas generales la infección natural y composición de la población de CTV fue muy homogénea en todas las plantas del ensayo, independientemente del portainjerto, por lo que estos resultados indican que C. macrophylla es susceptible a los genotipos detectados.

Introduction: Pigs without intestinal receptors for F4 fimbriae are congenitally resistant to F4 fimbriae-bearing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4). In general, 50 % and 100 % of piglets born to resistant (RR) sows crossed with hetero- or homozygous susceptible (SR, SS) boars, respectively, are susceptible but do not receive colostral antibodies against F4 fimbriae unless the sows have been vaccinated. The question arises as to whether resistant sows produce protective amounts of F4 antifimbrial antibodies after vaccination. The serum and colostrum antibody titres of 12 resistant and 12 susceptible vaccinated gilts were compared. The effect of the receptor status of the dam and sire on the preweaning performance of 5027 piglets was evaluated using Agroscope's recordings. The sows of the experimental herd, where ETEC F4 was circulating, were vaccinated against ETEC twice during the first pregnancy and once during each following pregnancy. The log2 transformed F4 antibody titres in the serum obtained after the second vaccine injection as well as in the colostrum of the 12 resistant animals were lower than the titres of the susceptible animals (serum: F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019; colostrum: F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). The heat labile enterotoxin (LT) antibody titres after vaccination did not differ between susceptible and resistant animals (p > 0,10). Preweaning mortality in the offspring of RR sows × SS boars was slightly lower than in the offspring of SS sows × RR boars (P = 0,04), suggesting that the disease risk of susceptible piglets born to vaccinated resistant sows was not increased, even though they received colostrum with a slightly reduced content of antibody against F4 fimbriae.

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This is an empirical-analytical investigation that aims to find the relationship between the genetic testosterone marker (T) visible in a larger size of the ring finger with respect to the index, and the affective choice in people of the LGTBIQ+ community. To do this, a template was designed to measure the difference between the two fingers, which also contained male and female images of "strong" and "delicate" linear faces and a semi-structured interview. 54% presented high T and 34.5% low, and 11.5% symmetrical fingers; 13.5% chose the male face with the highest T, 14.5% with the lowest T, and 9% the female face with the highest levels of T. In the choice of couple who have higher levels of T choose the dominant attitude and a strong face (13%), and 11% the dominant attitude and the delicate face. The genetic influence of T on homosexuality should not be ruled out, as should the influence of parenting and the environment. The high T indicator is manifested in men and women but is higher in men. The T does not specifically influence the choice of the couple's face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coat color is the name given to the color of the sum of the coat of the skin, fur, mane, tail and extremity of horses and is used mainly to identify them. The objective was to carry out this literature review on the genetics of coats and peculiarities of equines to avoid economic losses in production and expand the horse’s agribusiness. The coat is determined by several genes and pairs of alleles that will influence the distribution of melanocytic cells and the type of pigment. There are two types of pigments that give rise to equine coats, eumelanin and pheomelanin. These pigments are regulated by the activation or inactivation of the surface receptor on the melanocyte called MC1R and by the action of surface receptors encoded by the extension locus and agouti locus. From the action of pigments, other modifying and diluting genes can act, originating the variations of coats. The particularities of depigmented skin and white hair are explained by independent mutations in the MITF and PAX3 genes, and variants in the EDNRB and KIT genes. When the KIT and MITF loci act together, there is an increase in the extent of depigmented particularities in the phenotype. The genetic study of coats is necessary for the correct identification of horses, as well as avoiding diseases and economic losses and helping to expand the horse’s agribusiness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial hybridization in Phaseolus lunatus L. is still little used in genetic improvement programs in Brazil due to the low establishment percentages. This work aimed to evaluate pollen viability and stigma receptivity in different Lima bean genotypes throughout the day. Accessions 'Roxinha -MT' and 'Cana Longa-PB' were used in the experiment. Five flower buds were collected from each genotype at 6:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. The stigma receptivity was determined using 3% hydrogen peroxide, whereas pollen viability was determined with 2% acetocarmine colouration. The genotype and time factors acted independently on the percentage of viable and non-viable pollen grains and stigma receptivity. The genotype 'Roxinha' presented 88.54% viable pollen grains, a value 84.27% higher than that of the 'Cana Longa' genotype. This percentage varied as a function of time, with the highest means observed at 6:00 a.m. Stigma receptivity was influenced only by the time of the day, undergoing a great reduction in receptivity, from 88% in the early morning to slightly more than 40% around noon. These results indicate that 6:00 a.m. is the most suitable time to perform artificial crosses in Lima bean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few studies in Mexico aimed at evaluating the genetic variability of Sechium spp. Despite certain biological variants are reported with very high potential to develop antineoplastic supplements to treat public health conditions. Using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique, the genetic variability of a sample of 95 accessions of three species of Sechium (S. edule, S. chinantlense, S. compositum) was evaluated, with leaf DNA from the Banco Nacional de Germoplasma de Sechium edule en Mexico. Four combinations of AFPL were applied (EcoRI + ACC/MseI + CAC, EcoRI + ACC/MseI + CAT, EcoRI + ACC/MseI + CGC, and EcoRI + ACC/MseI + CGG). DNA samples were classified into three groups based on the flavour of the fruit (sweet, neutral, bitter). An average of 47.91% polymorphism, 0.16 heterozygosity, 32.83 number of polymorphic bands, and a zero Wright fixation index (Fst) was obtained. The evidence showed that the domesticated accessions (sweet, neutral) were separated from the bitter-taste genotypes. A monophyletic tree was generated with the genetic distance matrix and the neighbour-joining methodology. Analyses showed S. edule as the root taxon, deriving S. compositum and S. chinantlense as subgroups, and suggesting that there is not enough differentiation to treat them as separate species. The evaluated sample showed that there is no apparent reproductive barrier for genetic cross breeding. Genotypes behaved as a complex with evolutive dynamism; that genetic complexity would allow the design of new variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]