Search

It is critical to estimate the workforce requirements for the production of blocks in shipbuilding. In this study, the number of workforce (man-day) required for the production of a passenger ship’s double bottom block was estimated. Initially, the production of the block was observed, and the average working performance of the mounting, welding, and grinding workers was recorded. Block drawings were examined and the work required was calculated. The amount of work increased, depending on any revisions required due to incorrect or incomplete designs. The average working performance of an employee is uncertain due to environmental factors, including the weather and working conditions, as well as health (both physical and mental). A two-stage stochastic programming model with recourse was established to estimate man-day required and a Sample Average Approximation (SAA) technique was used to obtain a near-optimum solution. The results of the study were compared with shipyard records and an agreement of approximately 90% was achieved.

Most ship collisions and grounding accidents are due to errors made by watchkeeping personnel (WP) on the bridge. International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopts the resolution on the Bridge Navigation Watch Alarm System (BNWAS) detecting operator disability to avert these accidents. The defined system in the resolution is very basic and vulnerable to abuse. There is a need for a more advanced system of monitoring the behaviour of WP to mitigate watchkeeping errors. In this research, a Bridge Navigation Watch Monitoring System (BNWMS) is suggested to achieve this task. Architecture is proposed to train a model for BNWMS. The literature reveals that vision-based sensors can produce relevant input data required for model training. 2D body poses belonging to the same person are estimated from multiple camera views by using a deep learning-based pose estimation algorithm. Estimated 2D poses are projected into 3D space with a maximum 8 mm error by utilising multiple view computer vision techniques. Finally, the obtained 3D poses are plotted on a bird’s-eye view bridge plan to calculate a heatmap of body motions capturing temporal, as well as spatial, information. The results show that motion heatmaps present significant information about the behaviour of WP within a defined time interval. This automated motion heatmap generation is a novel approach that provides input data for the suggested BNWMS.

Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder. Clozapine has long been the gold standard for treatment of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia; however, some patients are only partially responsive to clozapine treatment. Augmentation of clozapine treatment might enhance its effectiveness in partial responders, but only a few studies have investigated possible augmentation strategies. This study compared the effectiveness and tolerability of the combination of amisulpride and clozapine with the combination of quetiapine and clozapine in patients who were only partially responsive to clozapine monotherapy. Fifty-six treatment-resistant patients who were partially responsive to clozapine were randomly assigned to receive amisulpride or quetiapine along with an ongoing stable dose of clozapine. Fifty patients completed the study. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at the first, third, sixth, and eighth weeks. Efficacy measures consisted of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. Tolerability and adverse effects were assessed with the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale and the Simpson Angus Scale (SAS). A substantial improvement occurred in both groups by the end of the eighth week; however, the improvement associated with amisulpride was significantly greater than that seen with quetiapine. This difference was noted as early as the third week of follow-up in terms of CGI scores, and by the sixth week with regard to BPRS, SANS, and SAPS scores. Both drugs were well tolerated, as measured by UKU and SAS. Improvement favoring clozapine+amisulpride could be attributed to the selective D2/D3 binding property of amisulpride, which had an additional effect in improving symptoms of schizophrenia. The authors concluded that amisulpride seems to be effective and well tolerated for augmentation purposes in clozapine-resistant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Accessible Quality Healthcare (AQH) project in Kosovo is funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and implemented by Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) and Save the Children. It supports the implementation of health reform, with a focus on Primary Health Care (PHC) and non-communicable diseases, in 12 municipalities of Kosovo. In Kosovo the complex needs of older people are often neglected, and providing person-centred care is a challenge when: there is limited collaboration between health and other sectors; patient record-keeping is generally weak; and care is often provided based on what services each sector wants to provide rather than what services the patient actually needs.The Municipality of Fushe Kosova is piloting an integrated care model that aims to improve the quality of care provided for patients over the age of 65yrs that have been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes, through better coordination of services provided by the health and social sectors. Methodology and Discussion: A key success factor of the progress made so far has been the establishment of a municipality-level multi-sectoral working group (WG), with representatives from: Health Sector, Social Services, local Non-Government Organizations, the Patients' Rights Association, and the Association of Retirees. This participatory approach was used as the basis for looking at how the coordination of services between health and social sectors, including community involvement, could be improved by adopting a patient-centered approach. An international expert has supported the WG through the process and, whilst the expert brings their experience and international best practice, it is the local multi-sectoral WG that ensures feasibility and sustainability of the integrated care model at Municipality level. The project has organized several trainings for medical staff on the WHO protocols for the management of diabetes, and is providing glucometers for self-management to identified patients. Health education and patient information materials have been also been produced as health literacy is generally recognized as being low. The most innovative intervention in the Kosovo context has been the development of a geriatric assessment tool, which comprises a questionnaire to collect information about health and social status of patients. For the first time, a joint assessment is now carried out by both a nurse and social worker in the patients’ home. Based on the findings of the assessment, a joint individualised patient care plan is then developed by a multi-disciplinary team comprising Family Medicine doctors, nurses and social workers. A Monitoring and Evaluation framework has been developed and this is now being used to monitor the implementation of activities and evaluate to what extent the quality of care for older people with Type 2 Diabetes has been improved. Conclusion: Integrated services, person-centered care and care-planning are all new concepts in the Kosovo context. The participatory approach of having a multi-sectoral WG lead the reform and ensure that all activities are locally – driven and entirely appropriate for the local context has been a huge asset in ensuring a clear commitment to implementation of integrated care model.

Introduction. Epidermoid inclusion cysts are usually composed of epidermal elements implanted into the dermal layers. Patients are seen in the outpatient clinics with a mass. Most of the complaints are mechanical and cosmetic problems. Case Outline. A 34-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic because of swelling and pain in her right foot. A palpable mass was detected in the first web. On the x-rays of the foot no osseous lesion was detected. There was a soft tissue mass in the first web according to MRI report. Soft tissue mass was excised and sent to pathology. According to pathology report the mass was an epidermoid cyst 5Ч2Ч1.5 cm in size. There were no problems during follow-up of the patient for 6 months after surgery. The patient had no swelling in the foot and had no additional complaints on checkup. Conclusion. In the differential diagnosis, we should take into consideration epidermoid cyst of large soft tissue masses of the foot. Surgical excision should be done within the appropriate limits.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is a non-motile, gram positive, non-sporforming, facultative anaerobic microorganism. It is one of the important bacteria as a potential pathogen specifically for nosocomial infections. The sulfonamide derivative medicines are preferred to cure infection caused by S. aureus due to methicillin resistance. Methods Antimicrobial activity of four sulfonamide derivatives have been investigated against 50 clinical isolates of S. aureus and tested by using MIC and disc diffusion methods. 50 clinical isolate which collected from specimens of patients who are given medical treatment in Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School Hospital. A control strain of S. aureus ATCC 29213 was also tested. Results The strongest inhibition was observed in the cases of I [N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzensulfonamid], and II [N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzensulfonamid] against S. aureus. Compound I [N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzensulfonamid] showed higher effect on 21 S. aureus MRSAisolates than oxacillin antibiotic. Introducing an electron withdrawing on the ring increased the antimicrobial activity remarkably. Conclusion This study may help to suggest an alternative possible leading compound for development of new antimicrobial agents against MRSA and MSSA resistant S. aureus. It was also shown here that that clinical isolates of 50 S. aureus have various resistance patterns against to four sulfonamide derivatives. It may also be emphasized here that in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing results for S. aureus need standardization with further studies and it should also have a correlation with in vivo therapeutic response experiments.

Background/Aim: To evaluate the performance of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT), a large language model trained by Open artificial intelligence. Materials and Methods: This study has three main steps to evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT in the urologic field. The first step involved 35 questions from our institution's experts, who have at least 10 years of experience in their fields. The responses of ChatGPT versions were qualitatively compared with the responses of urology residents to the same questions. The second step assesses the reliability of ChatGPT versions in answering current debate topics. The third step was to assess the reliability of ChatGPT versions in providing medical recommendations and directives to patients' commonly asked questions during the outpatient and inpatient clinic. Results: In the first step, version 4 provided correct answers to 25 questions out of 35 while version 3.5 provided only 19 (71.4% vs 54%). It was observed that residents in their last year of education in our clinic also provided a mean of 25 correct answers, and 4th year residents provided a mean of 19.3 correct responses. The second step involved evaluating the response of both versions to debate situations in urology, and it was found that both versions provided variable and inappropriate results. In the last step, both versions had a similar success rate in providing recommendations and guidance to patients based on expert ratings. Conclusion: The difference between the two versions of the 35 questions in the first step of the study was thought to be due to the improvement of ChatGPT's literature and data synthesis abilities. It may be a logical approach to use ChatGPT versions to inform the nonhealth care providers' questions with quick and safe answers but should not be used to as a diagnostic tool or make a choice among different treatment modalities.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the radiological and clinical results of VP and EF applications in multi-fragmented radius distal intra-articular fractures (AO type C) in our clinic., Methods: We retrospectively analysed 80 patients who underwent surgery for radius distal fracture (AO type C) between 2014 and 2020. Group 1 comprised patients who were treated with VP, and Group 2 comprised patients who were treated with EF. Radiological evaluation was performed by measuring radial inclination, radial length, volar tilt, intra-articular step-off and ulnar variance by two-way radiography. The clinical findings were evaluated using the Gartland and Werley scoring system, and complications were noted., Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, side, fracture subtypes and follow-up time (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in radiological parameters (based on cut-off values) (p > 0.05). The clinical evaluation did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.613)., Conclusion: EF is as successful as VP in providing radiological cut-off values. EF treatment can be used as an effective and safe alternative method for multi-fragmented radius distal intra-articular fractures., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

In the current study, some phenolic compounds, including acteoside, isoacteoside, echinacoside, and arenarioside purified and characterized from Plantago subulata. These compounds were tested for its antioxidant potential, including Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ reductive ability and Fe 2+ chelating effects. The inhibitory effects of isolated phenolic compounds were tested towards human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aldose reductase (AR) and α-glycosidase (α-gly). K i values were found these compounds in range of 0.24±0.05-1.38±0.34 μM against hCA I, 0.194±0.018-1.03±0.06 μM against hCA II, 0.043±0.01-0.154±0.02 μM against AChE, 3.92±1.08-11.93±4.45 μM against BChE, 0.082±0.0008-1.68±0.42 μM against AR, and 6.93±2.74-17.17±6.70 μM against α-glycosidase. As a result, isolated compounds displayed inhibition effects against studied all metabolic enzymes. They are promising candidates for treating disorders like Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, leukemia, and epilepsy., (© 2022 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Carotenoids are natural fat-soluble pigments synthesized by plants, algae, fungi and microorganisms. They are responsible for the coloration of different photosynthetic organisms. Although they play a role in photosynthesis, they are also present in non-photosynthetic plant tissues, fungi, and bacteria. These metabolites have mainly been used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to their utilization as pigmentation, they have significant therapeutically applications, such as improving immune system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Primarily, they have attracted attention due to their antioxidant activity. Several statistical investigations indicated an association between the use of carotenoids in diets and a decreased incidence of cancer types, suggesting the antioxidant properties of these compounds as an important factor in the scope of the studies against oxidative stress. Unusual marine environments are associated with a great chemical diversity, resulting in novel bioactive molecules. Thus, marine organisms may represent an important source of novel biologically active substances for the development of therapeutics. Marine carotenoids (astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein but also the rare siphonaxanthin, sioxanthin, and myxol) have recently shown antioxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress markers. Numerous of bioactive compounds such as marine carotenoids have low stability, are poorly absorbed, and own very limited bioavailability. The new technique is nanoencapsulation, which can be used to preserve marine carotenoids and their original properties during processing, storage, improve their physiochemical properties and increase their health-promoting effects. This review aims to describe the role of marine carotenoids, their potential applications and different types of advanced nanoformulations preventing and treating oxidative stress related disorders.

Cancer is one of the most common causes of disease-related deaths worldwide. Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit uncontrolled cell division processes for the treatment of various cancers, serious side effects of these drugs are a crucial disadvantage. In addition, multi-drug resistance is another important problem in anticancer treatment. Due to problems such as cytotoxicity and drug resistance, many investigations are being conducted to discover and develop effective anticancer drugs. In recent years, researchers have focused on the anticancer activity coumarins, due to their high biological activity and low toxicity. Coumarins are commonly used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia, and they also have the ability to counteract the side effects caused by radiotherapy. Both natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives draw attention due to their photochemotherapy and therapeutic applications in cancer. In this review, a compilation of various research reports on coumarins with anticancer activity and investigation and a review of structure-activity relationship studies on coumarin core are presented. Determination of important structural features around the coumarin core may help researchers to design and develop new analogues with a strong anticancer effect and reduce the potential side effects of existing therapeutics.

Combretastatins are a class of closely related stilbenes (combretastatins A), dihydrostilbenes (combretastatins B), phenanthrenes (combretastatins C) and macrocyclic lactones (combretastatins D) found in the bark of Combretum caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, commonly known as the South African bush willow. Some of the compounds in this series have been shown to be among the most potent antitubulin agents known. Due to their structural simplicity many analogs have also been synthesized. Combretastatin A4 phosphate is the most frequently tested compounds in preclinical and clinical trials. It is a water-soluble prodrug that the body can rapidly metabolize to combretastatin A4, which exhibits anti-tumor properties. In addition , in vitro and in vivo studies on combretastatins have determined that these compounds also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Nano-based formulations of natural or synthetic active agents such as combretastatin A4 phosphate exhibit several clear advantages, including improved low water solubility, prolonged circulation, drug targeting properties, enhanced efficiency, as well as fewer side effects. In this review, a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the combretastatins, their potential effects and nanoformulations as lead compounds in clinical applications is provided., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed the use of fruits of Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. for treating diabetes, burns, bronchial asthma, constipation, kidney stones, and rheumatic pains and as a sedative in Turkish folk medicine. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of the fruits of O. ficus indica experimentally and to define components responsible for the activity using bioassay-guided procedures. The crude methanolic extract of the fruits was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts: n -hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n -butanol, and water. Further experiments were carried out on the most active subextract, that is, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract, which was further subjected to fractionation through successive column chromatographic applications on Sephadex LH-20. For activity assessment, each extract or fraction was submitted to bioassay systems; traction test, fireplace test, hole-board test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field test were used for sedative and anxiolytic effects, and a thiopental-induced sleeping test was used for the hypnotic effect. Among the subextracts obtained from the methanolic extract, the EtOAc subextract showed significant sedative and anxiolytic effects in the bioassay systems. From the EtOAc subextract, major components were isolated, and their structures were determined as isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3- O -glucoside, isorhamnetin 3- O -rutinoside, and kaempferol 3- O -rutinoside using spectral techniques. In conclusion, this study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate (PP) in schizophrenic patients using real-life data., Methods: This national, multicenter, retrospective, and mirror-image study was performed reviewing the medical records of patients in 18 centers. Adult schizophrenic patients receiving PP treatment (n = 205) were enrolled. Patients' data covering the last 12 months before the initial PP injection and the period until the end of study with at least 12 months after the initial PP injection were evaluated. Patients' characteristics, scale scores, and adverse events were recorded., Results: Nonadherence to prior medication was the most frequent reason for switching to PP treatment. Comparing with the period before PP treatment, the rate of patients visiting the hospital for relapse (79.5% vs 28.9%, P < 0.001) and the median number of hospitalizations (2 vs 0, P < 0.001) were lower during PP treatment. During PP treatment, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score decreased by 20% or more (response to treatment) in 75.7% of the patients. The frequency of adverse events did not differ between the period before and during PP treatment. Improvement in functionality was higher in those with disease duration of 5 years or less., Conclusions: Paliperidone palmitate is effective and safe in treatment of schizophrenic patients and in switching to PP treatment in patients with schizophrenia, which reduced the percentage of patients admitted to the hospital for relapse and the median number hospitalization, and has positive effects on functionality.

Sedum L. species are used for their hemostatic, antidiarrheal, antifungal, diuretic and wound healing properties, and there is growing interest in these species because of their usage in folk medicine. DPPH, SO, NO, and ABTS radical scavenging activities and protective effects against H(2)(02) induced cytotoxicity, as well as cytotoxic activities against the Hep-2 cell line of various extracts from Sedum spurium Bieb. were investigated. Besides, the total phenol, flavonoid, and flavonol contents of the extracts were determined to clarify their biological and phytochemical properties. Chromatographic studies on the most active extract led to the isolation of the major compound, identified as 2-methyl-erythritol by (1)H and (13)C NMR techniques. The EtOAc extract is found to be the most active extract in all tests. However, major compound of EtOAc extract did not possess tested activities. The EtOAC extract of S. spurium could be effective to improve antihemolytic defences of erythrocytes, and radical scavenging potential of the antioxidant mechanism. The extracts should be investigated in detail for their cytotoxic activities because of their possible pro-oxidant effects at high concentrations.

Aims: To analyse specific volatile sulphur compound(VSC) levels in a group of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and determine the relationship between these VSC levels and organoleptic measurements, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, dental and periodontal conditions, salivary flow rate, and tongue coating scores., Materials and Methods: One examiner performed organoleptic and VSC measurements on fifty patients with CRF before and after haemodialysis (HD) and controls. DMFT and CPITN indexes, tongue coating scores, salivary flow rates were measured. Comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-ranks, and chi-square tests. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyse correlations., Results: Before HD, the mean dimethyl sulphide level was 1.04 ± 1.20 in the CRF patients and 0.51 ± 0.65 in controls, with a significant difference. The mean hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide levels in CRF patients were 1.47 ± 3.04, 1.03 ± 1.85, and 1.04 ± 1.20, respectively, before HD; and 0.53 ± 1.65, 0.48 ± 1.27, and 0.56 ± 0.85, respectively, after HD; with the differences being significant. Methyl mercaptan levels increased with an increase in HD duration. Tongue coating and organoleptic measurements were significantly correlated with methyl mercaptan., Conclusions: Dimethyl sulphide is the main VSC in extraoral blood-borne halitosis; but methyl mercaptan may also contribute to this type of halitosis. A decreased salivary flow rate and an increased pH of the biofilm matrix may be a significant parameter for VSC levels in CRF patients., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the added diagnostic value of T1-weighted gradient-echo in-phase images obtained during MRCP in the detection and differentiation of hepatolithiasis and intrahepatic pneumobilia., Materials and Methods: Intrahepatic bile ducts in 47 patients were scored in terms of their possibility of containing biliary stone and air. MRI was performed with a 1-T system for 32 patients and with a 3-T system for 15 patients. Two radiologists independently reviewed two sets of MRI scans: set 1 included T2-weighted MRCP images, and set 2 included T2-weighted MRCP images plus T1-weighted gradient-echo in-phase images. The diagnostic performances of set 1 and set 2 in the evaluation of the bile ducts containing air or stone and bile ducts containing neither of them were analyzed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for clustered data. The sensitivities and specificities of both image sets to detect intrahepatic stone or air were also calculated and compared., Results: For the diagnosis of hepatolithiasis, the AUC obtained from set 2 (0.983) was significantly higher than that obtained from set 1 (0.879; p = 0.037). For the diagnosis of pneumobilia, the AUC obtained from set 2 (0.965) was also significantly higher than that of set 1 (0.765; p = 0.002). With use of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, ERCP, and CT as the reference standards, the sensitivity of set 2 (97.1%; 95% CI, 91.1-100%) was significantly higher than that of set 1 (74.3%; 95% CI, 56.7-91.9%) in detecting intrahepatic stones (p = 0.011). For the detection of pneumobilia, the sensitivity of set 2 (98.5%; 95% CI, 95.4-100%) was also significantly higher than that of set 1 (70.8%; 95% CI, 57.7-83.3%; p = 0.000)., Conclusion: The addition of T1-weighted gradient-echo in-phase images to standard MRCP sequences improves the detection and differentiation of hepatolithiasis and intrahepatic pneumobilia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal and discuss occupational health risks, violence against sex workers working in brothels and their working conditions in Ankara., Materials and Methods: The study included 138 sex workers. Data were collected at face to face interviews with a questionnaire composed of 40 questions about socio-demographic features, familial characteristics, reasons for becoming a sex worker, experiences of violence and occupational health risks., Results: Twenty-two point five percent of the women were aged 21-30 years and 39.9% were aged 31-40 years. The mean time of education was 5.9±3.5 (0-14) years. Forty-eight point five percent of the women were exposed to physical abuse and 13% of the women had been exposed to sexual abuse in their childhood. Fifty-five point eight percent of the women reported that their clients always used condoms, but 97.1% of the women noted that their clients insisted on not using a condom. Fourteen point five percent and 70.3% of the women were exposed to physical and verbal violence respectively from their clients. Ten point one percent of the women suffered sexual assault while working., Conclusion: Sex workers, like other people, should have human rights, all types of violence that they face should be eliminated and the social conditions they are exposed to should be improved. Sexually transmitted diseases, the most important health risk of sex workers, should be considered as occupational diseases in the new regulations.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of conventional and bone-condensing implantation techniques and time (6 and 12 months after implantation) on levels of marginal bone surrounding implants and to assess the level of agreement between measurements made using digitized intraoral images and film. The study group consisted of 14 healthy patients (9 female, 5 male; age range, 23-59 years; mean age, 41.1 years) with 28 single-tooth dental implants. In each patient, an implant was placed on one side using a conventional technique and on the opposite side using a bone-condensing technique. Film radiographs were taken at 6 and 12 months following implant placement and were digitized at 300 dpi and 600 dpi using a laser scanner. All scanned images were stored as both TIFF and JPEG files. A single observer twice measured distal and mesial marginal bone loss from film and digitized images. At the mesial site, there was a significant main effect of time (6 and 12 months after implantation) on the measurement of bone loss, F(1, 26) = 6.08, P = .02, but no significant main effect of implantation technique, F(1, 26) = 1.56, P = .223, and no significant interaction between time and technique, F(1, 26) = 2.09, P = .160. Similarly, at the distal site, there was a significant main effect of time on the measurement of bone loss, F(1, 26) = 14.1, P = .001, but no significant main effect of implantation technique, F(1, 26) = 1.21, P = .281. However, in contrast to the mesial site, there was also significant interaction between technique and time on the distal site, F(1, 26) = 4.974, P = .035. Intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients and repeatability measurements showed high agreement for all image types. The bone-condensing technique resulted in greater marginal bone loss. Marginal bone measurements made using digitized intraoral images and conventional film showed high levels of agreement.