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Let K be a finite extension of the p-adic field ${\mathbb {Q}}_p$ of degree d, let ${{\mathbb {F}}\,\!{}}$ be a finite field of characteristic p and let ${\overline {{D}}}$ be an n-dimensional pseudocharacter in the sense of Chenevier of the absolute Galois group of K over the field ${{\mathbb {F}}\,\!{}}$ . For the universal mod p pseudodeformation ring ${\overline {R}{{\phantom {\overline {\overline m}}}}^{\operatorname {univ}}_{{{\overline {{D}}}}}}$ of ${\overline {{D}}}$ , we prove the following: The ring $\overline R_{{\overline {{D}}}}^{\mathrm {ps}}$ is equidimensional of dimension $dn^2+1$ . Its reduced quotient ${\overline {R}{{\phantom {\overline {\overline m}}}}^{\operatorname {univ}}_{{{\overline {{D}}},{\operatorname {red}}}}}$ contains a dense open subset of regular points x whose associated pseudocharacter ${D}_x$ is absolutely irreducible and nonspecial in a certain technical sense that we shall define. Moreover, we will characterize in most cases when K does not contain a p-th root of unity the singular locus of ${\mathrm {Spec}}\ {\overline {R}{{\phantom {\overline {\overline m}}}}^{\operatorname {univ}}_{{{\overline {{D}}}}}}$ . Similar results were proved by Chenevier for the generic fiber of the universal pseudodeformation ring ${R{{\phantom {\overline {m}}}}^{\operatorname {univ}}_{{{\overline {D}}}}}$ of ${\overline {{D}}}$ .

Conventional methods for predicting chlorine demand (HOCldem) due to dissolved organic matter (DOM) are based on bulk water quality parameters and ignore structural features of individual molecules that may better indicate reactivity toward the disinfectant. The Quantitative Structure—Property Relationship (QSPR) modeling approach can account for structural properties of individual molecules. Here we report a QSPR for HOCldem based on eight constitutional descriptors. Model compounds with HOCldem ranging from 0.1 to 13.4 mol chlorine per mole compound were divided into a calibration and cross-validation data set (N = 159) and an external validation set (N = 42). The QSPR was calibrated using multiple linear regression in a 5-way leave-many-out approach and has average q² = 0.86 and standard error of regression (StdEreg) = 1.24 mol HOCl per mole compound and p < 0.05. Internal cross-validation has average q² = 0.85 and the external validation has q² = 0.88, indicating a robust model. The leverage of 7 of 42 compounds in the external validation data set exceeded the critical value, suggesting that these compounds may be overextrapolated. However, root-mean-square error of prediction in the external validation was 1.17 mol HOCl per mole compound, and all compounds were predicted with ±2.5 standardized residuals (Sresid). Application of the QSPR to model structures of NOM predicts HOCldem comparable to reported measurements from natural water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Schaffung von Schutzgebieten gehen oft Spannungen und intensive Diskussionen zwischen Vertretern und Vertreterinnen unterschiedlicher Interessen voraus. Öffentliche Körperschaften, Umweltschutzgruppen und lokale Beteiligte aus Landwirtschaft und Tourismus sind entweder für oder gegen die Ausweisung eines Schutzgebiets in ihrer Heimatregion. Am Beispiel von zwei Schutzgebieten in den österreichischen Ostalpen wendet die vorliegende Studie eine Kombination von mündlicher Geschichte und Recherche in Archiven an, um diese Pfade der Spannungen nachzuverfolgen und die Beteiligten zu identifizieren, ebenso wie die Themen, die auf dem Weg zur Ausweisung diskutiert wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse offenbaren die Komplexität beider Fälle, an der verschiedenste Beteiligte aus dem öffentlichen wie auch dem non-profit bzw. ehrenamtlichen und dem privaten Bereich mitgewirkt haben. Nach bis zu 30 Jahren an Debatten scheinen beide Schutzgebiete heute von großen Teilen der lokalen Bevölkerung akzeptiert und sogar gut in den regionalen landwirtschaftlichen und touristischen Rahmen integriert zu sein. Wenn diese „Pfade der Spannungen“ in zukünftigen Unter-Schutz-Stellungen verkürzt werden sollen, ließen sich die Kommunikationsmaßnahmen und -strategien sicher verbessern. Gleichzeitig könnten bisherige Erfahrungen mit der Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten den Verantwortlichen für politische Entscheidungen in den Alpen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Auf diese Weise könnten neue Schutzgebiete ohne übermäßige Spannungen geschaffen werden und den Weg für nachhaltige Entwicklung in ökologisch sensitiven Gebieten der europäischen Alpen ebnen.

The establishment of protected areas is often preceded by tensions and intense discussions between stakeholders of differing interests. Governmental bodies, environmental conservation groups and local actors, such as farmers or locals involved in tourism, are either in favour of or in opposition to the designation of protected areas in their home regions. Using two protected areas in the Eastern Austrian Alps as cases in point, the present study combines the methods of oral history and archival research to trace these timelines of tension and to identify the actors involved and the issues debated on the way to designation. Our results reveal the complex nature of both cases shaped by a variety of actors from the public, non-profit (or voluntary) and private sectors. After up to 30 years of discussions, both protected areas now seem to be accepted by large parts of the local population and are even well-integrated in the regional agrarian and touristic setting. To shorten these “timelines of tension” in future conservation projects, communication measures and strategies could clearly be improved and past experiences of protected area designations made available to present policy makers of the Alpine region. In this way, new protected areas could be established without undue tensions and pave the way for sustainable development in sensitive environments of the European Alps.