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Purpose: The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall (S. salsa) with a digesting food effect was taken as the research object, and its chemical composition and action mechanism were explored. Methods: The chemical constituents of S. salsa were isolated and purified by column chromatography, and their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. The food accumulation model in mice was established, and the changes of the aqueous extract of S. salsa in gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rate, colonic tissue lesions, serum brain-gut peptide hormone, colonic tissue protein expression, and gut microbiota structure were compared. Results: Ten compounds were isolated from S. salsa named as naringenin (1), hesperetin (2), baicalein (3), luteolin (4), isorhamnetin (5), taxifolin (6), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (7), luteolin-3′-d-glucuronide (8), luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide (9), and quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (10), respectively. The aqueous extract of S. salsa can improve the pathological changes of the mice colon and intestinal peristalsis by increasing the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion. By adjusting the levels of 5-HT, CCK, NT, SS, VIP, GT-17, CHE, MTL, and ghrelin, it can upregulate the levels of c-kit, SCF, and GHRL protein, and restore the imbalanced structure of gut microbiota, further achieve the purpose of treating the syndrome of indigestion. The effect is better with the increase of dose. Conclusion: S. salsa has a certain therapeutic effect on mice with the syndrome of indigestion. From the perspective of "brain-gut-gut microbiota", the mechanism of digestion and accumulation of S. salsa was discussed for the first time, which provided an experimental basis for further exploring the material basis of S. salsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the effects of ultrasound-guided saline and X-ray fluoroscopy air enema in the reduction of children's intussusception. Methods A total of 90 children with intussusception admit- ted to the pediatric ward of the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2021 to March 2023 were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group with 45 cases in each group by random number table method. The control group was treated with X-ray fluoroscopic air enema and the observation group was treated with ultrasound-guided saline enema reduction. The success rate of reduction, reduction time, changes of gastrointestinal hormone levels before and after treatment, and recurrence rate of the children were compared between the two groups. Results The success rate of reduction in the observation group was 97.78% (44/45), which was higher than that in the control group(84.44%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The proportion of reduction time within 30 min in the observation group was 70, 45%(31/44), which was higher than that in the control group (13,16%.5/38), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of gastrin and motilin in both groups on the 1st and 3rd day of treatment were lower than those before treatment, and those in the observation group were lower than the control group. the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The short-term recurrence rate of children in the observation group was 0, which was lower than 13.16% (5/38) of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with the application of X-ray fluoros copy air enema for the reduction of intussusception in children, ultrasound-guided saline enema has a higher success rate and shorter reduction time, which can effectively improve gastrointestinal hormone levels and lower short-term recurrence rate after reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Fuzi Lizhong decoction combined with Zusanli injection and heat ironing on gastrointestinal hormones, inflammatory response, nutritional parameters, serum microtubule depolymerizing protein (Stathmin) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) in patients after laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery (spleen-stomach deficiency cold syndrome). METHODS: A total of 126 patients with gastric cancer admitted into the hospital from Jan. 2021 to Mar. 2023 were selected and grouped by random number table method. In the control group, 42 patients (2 cases dropped, 40 cases eventually enrolled) were given conventional Western medicine treatment, and 42 patients (3 cases dropped, 39 cases eventually enrolled) in the observation group 1 were treated with Zusanli injection combined with heat ironing therapy based on the control group, 42 patients (2 cases dropped, 40 cases eventually enrolled) in the observation group 2 received Fuzi Lizhong decoction on the basis of the observation group 1. The clinical efficacy of three groups was compared, and the time of first anal exhaust, first oral feeding and first defecation were recorded in three groups. Nutritional parameters ( serum hemoglobin, transferrin and albumin) on the 1 d and 15 d after surgery, the inflammatory response indicators [heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), hypoxia-inducing factor-1 ( HIF-1α ) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 )], gastrointestinal hormone indicators [gastrin 17 (G-17), motilin (MTL)], MIP-3α and Stathmin levels of three groups were detected. RESULTS: The total effective rate of observation group 1 and observation group 2 was respectively 94. 87% (37 / 39) and 97. 50% (39 / 40), higher than that 75. 00% (30 / 40) of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between observation group 2 and observation group 1 (P> 0. 05). The time of first anal exhaust, first oral feeding and first defecation in observation group 2 was shorter than that in control group and observation group 1, and observation group 1 was shorter than control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0. 05). On the 15 d after surgery, the levels of transferrin, hemoglobin and albumin in observation group 2 were higher than those in control group and observation group 1, and observation group 1 was higher than control group; the levels of HO-1, HIF-1α and IL-6 in observation group 2 were lower than those in control group and observation group 1, and observation group 1 was lower than control group; the levels of G-17 and MTL in observation group 2 were higher than those in control group and observation group 1, and observation group 1 was higher than control group; the levels of Stathmin and MIP-3α in observation group 2 were lower than those in control group and observation group 1, and observation group 1 was lower than control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Fuzi Lizhong decoction combined with Zusanli injection and hot ironing can reduce inflammatory response, regulate gastrointestinal hormone and nutritional parameter, reduce the levels of Stathmin and MIP-3α, promote disease recovery and improve clinical efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversion colitis (DC) is a prevalent complication of colostomy characterized by intestinal inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of somatostatin (SST) in managing DC. After establishing a rat DC model, SST was administered via Mini Osmotic Pumps 2001W at a pumping rate of 1.0 μL/h. Various techniques, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, immunofluorescence staining, and electron microscopy were employed to assess the effects of SST. Intestinal barrier functions were evaluated using Evans blue, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and MacConkey agar. After SST treatment, the significant weight loss and associated high mortality in the DC group were successfully mitigated. Upregulation of claudin-3 and claudin-4 restored mechanical barriers in colon epithelial tissue, whereas protection of goblet cells and stimulation of mucus secretion enhanced mucus barriers. SST effectively reduced leaky gut and alleviated systemic inflammation. This study provides initial evidence supporting the efficacy of SST in the treatment of DC. It offers insights into the role of SST in DC by elucidating its ability to restore damaged intestinal barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ameliorates fatty infiltration in the liver. It is activated by growth hormone (GH); however, the role of GH–IGF-1 axis in NAFLD developmental phase has not been well identified. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the effect of IGF-1 in NAFLD pathology and GH excretion activation from the pituitary gland by peripheral autonomic neural pathways relaying liver–brain–gut pathway and by central neuropeptides. Methods: GH and IGF-1 levels were assessed in wild-type and melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mice upon the development of diet-induced NAFLD. The contribution of the peripheral autonomic nervous system connecting the liver–brain–gut axis was assessed by its blockade using capsaicin and that of the central nervous system was assessed by the expression of hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH), which activates GH release from the pituitary gland. Results: In the NAFLD mouse models, the levels of GH and IGF-1 increased (p <.05). Further, hepatic fatty infiltration was suppressed even under peripheral autonomic nervous system blockade (p <.001), which inhibited gastric ghrelin expression. In mice with peripheral autonomic nervous blockade, hypothalamic BDNF and CRH were inhibited (p <.05), resulting in GH and IGF-1 excretion, whereas other neuropeptides of somatostatin and cortistatin showed no changes. These complementary effects were canceled in melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mice, which diminished BDNF and CRH release control. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the release of IGF-1 by the nervous system is a key factor in maintaining the pathological homeostasis of NAFLD, suggesting its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food‐derived biological signals are transmitted to the brain via peripheral nerves through the paracrine activity of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. The signal transduction circuit of the brain–gut axis has been analyzed in animals; however, species‐related differences and animal welfare concerns necessitate investigation using in vitro human experimental models. Here, we focused on the receptors of five GI hormones (CCK, GLP1, GLP2, PYY, and serotonin (5‐HT)), and established human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines that functionally expressed each receptor. Compared to the original iPSCs, iPSCs expressing one of the receptors did not show any differences in global mRNA expression, genomic stability, or differentiation capacities of the three germ layers. We induced parasympathetic neurons from these established iPSC lines to assess vagus nerve activity. We generated GI hormone receptor‐expressing neurons (CCKAR, GLP1R, and NPY2R‐neuron) and tested their responsiveness to each ligand using Ca2+ imaging and microelectrode array recording. GI hormone receptor‐expressing neurons (GLP2R and HTR3A) were generated directly by gene induction into iPSC‐derived peripheral nerve progenitors. These receptor‐expressing neurons promise to contribute to a better understanding of how the body responds to GI hormones via the brain–gut axis, aid in drug development, and offer an alternative to animal studies.

Objective To explore the effects of simethicone on gastrointestinal hormones, intestinal floras and inflammatory process mediated by NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods A total of 120 patients with IBS admitted to the hospital were prospectively enrolled as the research objects between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022, and they were randomly divided into control group (60 cases) and treatment group (60 cases). The control group was treated with compound eosinophil-Lactobacillus, while treatment group was additionally treated with simethicone. The curative effect after treatment, scores of gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), levels of somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), NLRP3 inflammasome, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), counts of intestinal floras before and after treatment, and safety during treatment were compared between the two groups. Results After treatment, total response rate of treatment group was higher than that of control group (91.67% vs. 76.67%, P < 0.05). After treatment, GSRS scores in both groups were decreased, which were lower in treatment group than control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, levels of SS and VIP in both groups were decreased, which were lower in treatment group than control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, counts of eosinophil-Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria were increased in both groups, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in counts of intestinal floras between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment, levels of NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-8 and IL-1β were decreased in both groups, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). During treatment, there was no significant difference in side effects between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Simethicone can significantly improve response rate of treatment, improve gastrointestinal symptoms and gastrointestinal hormones in IBS patients, which has no significant effects on intestinal floras and inflammatory process mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome, with good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food‐derived biological signals are transmitted to the brain via peripheral nerves through the paracrine activity of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. The signal transduction circuit of the brain–gut axis has been analyzed in animals; however, species‐related differences and animal welfare concerns necessitate investigation using in vitro human experimental models. Here, we focused on the receptors of five GI hormones (CCK, GLP1, GLP2, PYY, and serotonin (5‐HT)), and established human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines that functionally expressed each receptor. Compared to the original iPSCs, iPSCs expressing one of the receptors did not show any differences in global mRNA expression, genomic stability, or differentiation capacities of the three germ layers. We induced parasympathetic neurons from these established iPSC lines to assess vagus nerve activity. We generated GI hormone receptor‐expressing neurons (CCKAR, GLP1R, and NPY2R‐neuron) and tested their responsiveness to each ligand using Ca2+ imaging and microelectrode array recording. GI hormone receptor‐expressing neurons (GLP2R and HTR3A) were generated directly by gene induction into iPSC‐derived peripheral nerve progenitors. These receptor‐expressing neurons promise to contribute to a better understanding of how the body responds to GI hormones via the brain–gut axis, aid in drug development, and offer an alternative to animal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To analyze the effect of hydrostatic enema under ultrasound guidance on stress response and gastrointestinal hormones in children with acute intussusception. Methods A total of 80 children with acute intussusception who were treated by hydrostatic enema in this hospital from April 2019 to July 2021 were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into the observation group (n=40, guided by ultrasound during hydrostatic enema treatment) and the control group (n=40, guided by X-ray during hydrostatic enema treatment), and the treatment effects (time of reduction, hospital stay, recovery time of fecal occult blood, success rate of reduction, recurrence rate), stress reaction (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein) gastrointestinal hormones (serum motilin, neurotensin and gastrin) and the incidence of complications (vomiting, intestinal perforation and abdominal distension) were compared between the two groups of children with acute intussusception. Results The reduction time, hospitalization time, and recovery time of fecal occult blood in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the success rate and recurrence rate of reduction were significantly lower than those of the control group, with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the levels of stress response indexes such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein and gastrointestinal hormones such as motilin, neurotensin and gastrin before enema (P＞0.05). Before discharge, the levels of each stress response indicator and gastrointestinal hormone indicator in the two groups of children with acute intussusception were significantly improved compared with those before enema (P＜0.05), and the improvement of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group, with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05) .The incidence of complications such as vomiting, intestinal perforation and abdominal distension in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion The hydrostatic enema under ultrasound guidance can effectively reduce the stress response and gastrointestinal hormones in children with acute intussusception, improve the treatment effect in children, and reduce the occurrence of complications, and its effect is significantly better than that of X-ray guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of adaptive biofeedback training (ABF) on anorectal dynamics, gastrointestinal hormone levels and negative emotions in patients with outlet obstructive constipation (OOC). Methods: 104 OOC patients admitted to Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from June 2021 to December 2022 were selected as research objects, and were divided into observation group and control group with 52 cases in each group according to random number table method. The control group was treated with fixed biofeedback training (FBF), and the observation group was treated with ABF. The clinical efficacy, constipation symptom score, anorectal kinetic indexes (rectal anal pressure gradient, rectal initial sensory threshold, rectal defecation sensory threshold), gastrointestinal hormones [Substance P (SP), motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS)] levels and negative emotions [Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)] before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, the scores of constipation symptoms and total scores of the two groups were lower than before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of observation group was 96.15% higher than that 82.69% of control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the rectal anal pressure gradient in two groups was higher than before treatment, and the observation group was higher than the control group; the rectal initial sensory threshold and rectal defecation sensory threshold in two groups was lower than before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum SP, MTL and GAS levels of the two groups were higher than before treatment, and the observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the HAMA and HAMD scores of the two groups were lower than before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: ABF can effectively improve the clinical symptoms, anal motility, gastrointestinal hormone levels, and negative emotions of OOC patients, improve clinical efficacy, and is worthy of clinical promotion and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Protein intake potently increases body temperature and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanism thereof remains incompletely understood. Simultaneously, protein intake potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Here, we examined the involvement of GLP-1 in the thermic effects of dietary proteins in rodents by measuring rectal temperature and energy expenditure and modulating GLP-1 signaling. Rectal temperature of rats or mice fasted for 4 or 5 hours were measured using a thermocouple thermometer before and after an oral administration of nutrients. Oxygen consumption after oral protein administration was also measured in rats. Rectal temperature measurements in rats confirmed an increase in core body temperature after refeeding, and the thermic effect of the oral administration of protein was greater than that of a representative carbohydrate or lipid. Among the five dietary proteins examined (casein, whey, rice, egg, and soy), soy protein had the highest thermic effect. The thermic effect of soy protein was also demonstrated by increased oxygen consumption. Studies using a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist and thermal camera suggested that brown adipose tissue did not contribute to soy protein–induced increase in rectal temperature. Furthermore, the thermic effect of soy protein was completely abolished by antagonism and knockout of the GLP-1 receptor, yet potentiated via augmentation of intact GLP-1 levels through inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity. These results indicate that GLP-1 signaling is essential for the thermic effects of dietary proteins in rats and mice, and extend the metabolic actions of GLP-1 ensuing from nutrient ingestion to encompass the thermic response to ingested protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of tirzepatide, a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, on biomarkers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Research design and methodsPatients with T2DM received either once weekly tirzepatide (1, 5, 10, or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg), or placebo for 26 weeks. Changes from baseline in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), keratin-18 (K-18), procollagen III (Pro-C3), and adiponectin were analyzed in a modified intention-to-treat population.ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) reductions from baseline in ALT (all groups), AST (all groups except tirzepatide 10 mg), K-18 (tirzepatide 5, 10, 15 mg), and Pro-C3 (tirzepatide 15 mg) were observed at 26 weeks. Decreases with tirzepatide were significant compared with placebo for K-18 (10 mg) and Pro-C3 (15 mg) and with dulaglutide for ALT (10, 15 mg). Adiponectin significantly increased from baseline with tirzepatide compared with placebo (10, 15 mg).ConclusionsIn post hoc analyses, higher tirzepatide doses significantly decreased NASH-related biomarkers and increased adiponectin in patients with T2DM.

Purpose: The study aimed to perform a meta-analysis about the change in adipokines and gastrointestinal hormones after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity. Materials and Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and PubMed for related articles and used Review Manager 5.4 for data aggregation. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis were also conducted when feasible. Results: As a result, 95 articles involving 6232 patients were included in the meta-analysis. After bariatric surgery, the levels of leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), tumor necrosis, factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) reduced, while adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) levels increased significantly. Subgroup analysis indicated that there was a more significant reduction in leptin level with a longer follow-up time. OAGB had a greater effect on increasing adiponectin level compared with other procedures. SG procedure would bring about reduced ghrelin, while BPD resulted in increased ghrelin. Meta-regression analysis found that publication year, study design, number of patients, preoperative age, preoperative BMI, and quality assessment score were not significantly related to change in leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery was associated with a significant decrease in leptin, ghrelin, CRP, IL-6, Hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-1β, as well as increase in adiponectin, GLP-1, and PYY levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Impaired insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell dysfunction result in hyperglycaemia in patients of acromegaly. However, alterations in incretins and their impact on glucose-insulin homeostasis in these patients still remain elusive. Twenty patients of active acromegaly (10 each, with and without diabetes) underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp and mixed meal test, before and after surgery, to measure indices of IS, β-cell function, GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for GIP and GLP-1 was also done on intestinal biopsies of all acromegalics and healthy controls. Patients of acromegaly, irrespective of presence or absence of hyperglycaemia, had similar degree of insulin resistance, however patients with diabetes exhibited hyperglucagonemia, and compromised β-cell function despite significantly higher GIP levels. After surgery, indices of IS improved, GIP and glucagon levels decreased significantly in both the groups, while there was no significant change in indices of β-cell function in those with hyperglycaemia. IHC positivity for GIP, but not GLP-1, staining cells in duodenum and colon was significantly lower in acromegalics with diabetes as compared to healthy controls possibly because of high K-cell turnover. Chronic GH excess induces an equipoise insulin resistance in patients of acromegaly irrespective of their glycaemic status. Dysglycaemia in these patients is an outcome of β-cell dysfunction consequent to GIP resistance and hyperglucagonemia.

γ-Glutamylation of beef protein hydrolysate (BPH) by L-glutaminase was carried out to improve the taste, as well as enhance the stimulating effect of gastrointestinal hormone (CCK and GLP-1) secretion and the anti-inflammatory property. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the kokumi taste, umaminess, saltiness of the γ-glutamylated product (γ-GBPH) were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whilst the bitterness was remarkably decreased (p < 0.05) than that of BPH. γ-GBPH had a better promoting effect (p < 0.05) on CCK and GLP-1 secretion and a higher inhibition (p < 0.05) on TNF-α and IL-8 production than BPH in vitro cell experiments. In γ-GBPH, 15 γ-Glutamylated amino acids (γ-[Glu] (n =1/2) -AAs) and 10 γ-Glutamyl-tripeptide (γ-Glu-AA-AAs) were synthesized from the bitter amino acids and bitter peptides, respectively, and their total production yield was 140.01–170.46 mg/g and 149.06 mg/g, respectively. The synthesized γ-Glu-AA-AAs entered the binding pocket of the calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR), and they all interacted with three reported amino acid residues (Ser147, Ala168, and Ser170) of CaSR. • γ -glutamylated hydrolyzed beef proteins can enhance sensory properties. • The physiological function was increased after γ -glutamylation. • Obtained new γ -glutamyl tripeptides with high affinity for the CaSR receptor. • Beef protein is a better source for the synthesis of γ -glutamyl peptide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is a common issue that severely affects the human health. Between the central nervous system and the enteric system, the '' Gut-Brain '' axis, the bidirectional connection involved in the neuro-immuno-endocrine network, is crucial for the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke can lead to change in the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal hormones, which will then reversely affect the disease development. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has unique advantages with reference to the treatment for ischemic stroke. The latest research revealed that a significant portion of medicines and prescriptions of TCM exert their therapeutic effects by improving the gut microbiota and regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones. The present review summarized the Chinese medicines that play a therapeutic role in cerebral ischemia through regulating the ''Gut-Brain'' axis and described the corresponding mechanisms. This study attempts to provide reference for clinical selection of Chinese medicines and helps better understand the relevant mechanisms of action.

Bacillus coagulans SNZ 1969 (B. coagulans SNZ 1969) is a spore-forming bacterium reported to be effective in attenuating constipation. However, there is no study on whether B. coagulans SNZ 1969 could improve constipation through mucin secretion and changes in intestinal hormones. To address this knowledge gap, rats were orally administrated with various treatments for four weeks. The normal control (NOR) group received saline only. There were four constipation-induced groups. The LOP group received only loperamide (LOP), a constipation-inducing agent. The BIS group received both LOP and Bisacodyl (BIS, a constipation treatment agent). The SNZ-L group received both LOP and B. coagulans SNZ 1969 at 1 × 108 CFU/day. The SNZ-H group received LOP and B.coagulans SNZ 1969 at 1 × 1010 CFU/day. As indicators of constipation improvement, fecal pellet weight, fecal water content, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal motility were measured. Mucus secretion in the colon was determined by histological colon analysis and mucin-related gene expressions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones were also measured. SNZ-L and SNZ-H groups showed significantly increased fecal weights, fecal water contents, and intestinal motility than the LOP group. SNZ-L and SNZ-H groups also showed higher secretion of mucin in the colon and mRNA expression levels of Mucin 2 and Aquaporin 8 than the LOP group. The SNZ-H group showed significantly increased substance P but significantly decreased somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide than the LOP group. The results of this study suggest that B. coagulans SNZ 1969 intake could attenuate constipation through mucin secretion and alteration of GI hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many gastric artery embolizations (GAE) have been performed in recent years. We try to determine whether GAE caused weight loss by decreasing gastrointestinal hormone through the analysis of weight loss and gastrointestinal hormones changes. Methods: The PubMed and Medline databases, and the Cochrane Library, were searched using the following keywords. A total of 10 animal trials (n=144), 15 human trials (n=270) were included for analysis. After GAE, we mainly evaluated the changes in body weight loss (BWL) and body mass index (BMI), as well as metabolic indexes, such as blood glucose, lipids, and gastrointestinal hormones levels. Results: Animal subjects received either chemical or particle embolization, while human subjects only received particle embolization. In animal trials (growing period), the GAE group gained weight significantly slower than the sham-operated group, ghrelin levels decreased. In human trials, GAE brought more weight loss in the early stages, with a trend towards weight recovery after several months that was still lower than baseline levels. Besides weight loss, abnormal metabolic indicators, such as blood glucose and lipids were modified, and the quality of life (QOL) scores of obese patients improved. In addition, weight loss positively correlates with ghrelin. Conclusion: GAE may help people lose weight and become a new minimally invasive and effective surgery for the treatment of modest obesity. Physiologic changes in gastrointestinal tract of gastrointestinal hormones level may be one reason for weight loss in GAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMany gastric artery embolizations (GAE) have been performed in recent years. We try to determine whether GAE caused weight loss by decreasing gastrointestinal hormone through the analysis of weight loss and gastrointestinal hormones changes.MethodsThe PubMed and Medline databases, and the Cochrane Library, were searched using the following keywords. A total of 10 animal trials (n=144), 15 human trials (n=270) were included for analysis. After GAE, we mainly evaluated the changes in body weight loss (BWL) and body mass index (BMI), as well as metabolic indexes, such as blood glucose, lipids, and gastrointestinal hormones levels.ResultsAnimal subjects received either chemical or particle embolization, while human subjects only received particle embolization. In animal trials (growing period), the GAE group gained weight significantly slower than the sham-operated group, ghrelin levels decreased. In human trials, GAE brought more weight loss in the early stages, with a trend towards weight recovery after several months that was still lower than baseline levels. Besides weight loss, abnormal metabolic indicators, such as blood glucose and lipids were modified, and the quality of life (QOL) scores of obese patients improved. In addition, weight loss positively correlates with ghrelin.ConclusionGAE may help people lose weight and become a new minimally invasive and effective surgery for the treatment of modest obesity. Physiologic changes in gastrointestinal tract of gastrointestinal hormones level may be one reason for weight loss in GAE.

Amino-terminal regions of secretin-family peptides contain key determinants for biological activity and binding specificity, although the nature of interactions with receptors is unclear. A helix N-capping motif within this region has been postulated to directly contribute to agonist activity while also stabilizing formation of a helix extending toward the peptide carboxyl terminus and docking within the receptor amino terminus. We used cysteine trapping to systematically explore spatial approximations between cysteines replacing each residue in this motif of secretin (sec), Phe(6), Thr(7), and Leu(10), and cysteines incorporated into the extracellular face of the receptor. Each peptide was a full agonist for cAMP, but had a lower binding affinity than natural hormone. These bound to COS cells expressing 61 receptor constructs incorporating cysteines in every position along each extracellular loop (ECL) and adjacent parts of transmembrane (TM) segments. Patterns of covalent labeling were distinct for each probe, with Cys(6)-sec labeling multiple residues in the carboxyl-terminal half of ECL2 and throughout ECL3, Cys(7)-sec predominantly labeling only single residues in the carboxyl-terminal end of ECL2 and the amino-terminal end of ECL3, and Cys(10)-sec not efficiently labeling any of these residues. These spatial constraints were used to refine our model of secretin bound to its receptor, now bringing ECL3 above the amino terminus of the ligand and revealing possible charge-charge interactions between this part of secretin and receptor residues in TM5, TM6, ECL2, and ECL3, which can orient and stabilize the peptide-receptor complex. This was validated by testing predicted approximations by mutagenesis and residue-residue complementation studies.

To explore the effects of compound glutamine combined with bifidobacterium triple viable capsule on intestinal mucosal barrier function, gastrointestinal hormone, serum serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y (SPY) in patients with diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). 104 patients with IBS-D treated in our hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into group A and group B, with 52 cases in each group. Group A was treated with compound glutamine and group B was treated with compound glutamine combined with bifidobacterium triple viable capsule. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. Gastrointestinal hormones, serum 5-HT and SPY levels, intestinal mucosal barrier function indexes and therapeutic effects were detected and compared between the two groups. Adverse reactions during treatment were recorded. The total effective rate in group B was higher than that in group A (P<0.05). After treatment, the level of 5-HT decreased and the level of SPY increased in the two groups. Compared with group A, the level of 5-HT in group B was lower and the level of SPY was higher (P<0.05). The levels of endotoxin, D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase (DAO) in the two groups decreased after treatment, and the levels of endotoxin, D-lactic acid and DAO in group B were lower than those in group A(P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SS) in group B were lower than those in group A(P<0.05). There were no adverse reactions in the two groups during treatment. IBS-D patients treated with compound glutamine combined with bifidobacterium triple viable capsule have significant curative effect, which can improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function, gastrointestinal hormone and serum 5-HT and SPY levels, with no obvious adverse reactions and high safety. It is worthy of clinical combined use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiac benefits of gastrointestinal hormones have been of interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the myocardial and renal effects of the gastrointestinal hormone secretin in the GUTBAT trial (NCT03290846). A placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted on 15 healthy males in fasting conditions, where subjects were blinded to the intervention. Myocardial glucose uptake was measured with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography. Kidney function was measured with [18F]FDG renal clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Secretin increased myocardial glucose uptake compared with placebo (secretin vs. placebo, means ± SD, 15.5 ± 7.4 vs. 9.7 ± 4.9 µmol/100 g/min, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.2, 9.4], P = 0.004). Secretin also increased [18F]FDG renal clearance (44.5 ± 5.4 vs. 39.5 ± 8.5 mL/min, 95%CI [1.9, 8.1], P = 0.004), and eGFR was significantly increased from baseline after secretin, compared with placebo (17.8 ± 9.8 vs. 6.0 ± 5.2 DmL/min/1.73 m², 95%CI [6.0, 17.6], P = 0.001). Our results implicate that secretin increases heart work and renal filtration, making it an interesting drug candidate for future studies in heart and kidney failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bifidobacterium lactis A12 (B. lactis A12) has been shown to have the potential to prevent obesity. However, the mechanisms by which it affects the control of energy metabolism have not been fully elucidated. Objective: The present work aimed to clarify the mechanisms by that B. lactis A12 has an effect on the management of energy metabolism. Design: Three- to five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups, 15 mice for each group. Low-fat diet (LFD) group and high-fat diet (HFD) group were fed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on a daily basis. Cell-free supernatant (CFS), A12, and B. lactis BB12 (BB12) groups were fed with daily probiotics for 10 weeks (1 × 109 CFU of every strain). Results: The results showed that A12 effectively alleviated relieved weight gain and dyslipidemia, inhibited liver adipose accumulation, and improved leptin resistance in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05). The anti-obesity effects of B. lactis A12 were closely related to the assembly of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), SCFA-downstream receptors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA showed that B. lactis A12 supplementation reversed HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, which was possible related to the augmented abundance of SCFA-producing bacterium and a minimized ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes in mice. Conclusions: B. lactis A12 prevents obesity in some pathways, including the downregulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 mRNA levels in the liver, modulation of the structure of gut microbiota in a gut microbiota-dependent manner, and the upregulation of the SCFA-producing bacteria-related G protein-coupled receptor 43 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the effect of Compound cantharis capsules on gastrointestinal hormone and Th1/Th2 immune balance in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma after surgery. METHODS: Totally 86 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma received surgery admitted into the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering from Jun. 2018 to Jul. 2020 were selected and divided into observation group and control group via random number table, with 43 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional processing after surgery, while the observation group was treated with Compound cantharis capsules for 2 weeks since the second day after treatment based on the control group. Recovery of gastrointestinal function after surgery, levels of gastrointestinal hormone, peripheral blood Th1-like cytokines[including interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) ], Th2-like cytokines[including interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 ( IL-10) ], proportion of Th1 cell and Th2 cell, Th1/Th2, incidences of postoperative complications and adverse drug reactions during treatment were observed. RESULTS: After surgery of cholangiocarcinoma, the recovery time of bowel sounds, the first anal venting and defecation time of patients in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0. 05). After treatment, the motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS) levels of both groups were significantly higher than those of before treatment, the MTL and GAS levels of observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group; the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels of both groups were significantly lower than those of before treatment, and the VIP level of observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0. 05). After treatment, the peripheral blood IL-2, IFN-γand TNF-α levels, proportion of Th1 cell and Th1/Th2 value of both groups were significantly higher than those of before treatment, and those of the observation group were significantly higher than the control group; the IL-4 and IL-10 levels and proportion of Th2 cell of both groups were significantly lower than those of before treatment, and those of the observation group were significantly lower than the control group, with statistically significant differences (P <0. 05). The incidence of complications was 32. 56% (14/43) in the observation group, which was slightly lower than41. 86% (18/43) in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). During treatment, the incidences of adverse drug reactions were respectively 60. 47% ( 26/43) in the observation group and 58. 14% (25/43) in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of Compound cantharis capsules on patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma after surgery can promote the recovery of gastroenteric function, regulate gastrointestinal hormones, increase the proportions of Th1-like cytokines and Th1 cell, decrease the proportions of Th2-like cytokines and Th2 cell, improve the Th1/Th2 immune balance and reduce postoperative complications, with good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus coagulans SNZ 1969 (B. coagulans SNZ 1969) is a spore-forming bacterium reported to be effective in attenuating constipation. However, there is no study on whether B. coagulans SNZ 1969 could improve constipation through mucin secretion and changes in intestinal hormones. To address this knowledge gap, rats were orally administrated with various treatments for four weeks. The normal control (NOR) group received saline only. There were four constipation-induced groups. The LOP group received only loperamide (LOP), a constipation-inducing agent. The BIS group received both LOP and Bisacodyl (BIS, a constipation treatment agent). The SNZ-L group received both LOP and B. coagulans SNZ 1969 at 1 × 108 CFU/day. The SNZ-H group received LOP and B.coagulans SNZ 1969 at 1 × 1010 CFU/day. As indicators of constipation improvement, fecal pellet weight, fecal water content, gastrointestinal transit time, and intestinal motility were measured. Mucus secretion in the colon was determined by histological colon analysis and mucin-related gene expressions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones were also measured. SNZ-L and SNZ-H groups showed significantly increased fecal weights, fecal water contents, and intestinal motility than the LOP group. SNZ-L and SNZ-H groups also showed higher secretion of mucin in the colon and mRNA expression levels of Mucin 2 and Aquaporin 8 than the LOP group. The SNZ-H group showed significantly increased substance P but significantly decreased somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide than the LOP group. The results of this study suggest that B. coagulans SNZ 1969 intake could attenuate constipation through mucin secretion and alteration of GI hormones.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Weisu granule combined with quadruple therapy on serum inflammatory factors, gastrointestinal hormones and quality of life in patients with helicobacter pylori (Hp) associated peptic ulcer. Methods: 124 cases of HP positive peptic ulcer patients who were admitted in our hospital from March 2018 to December 2019 were selected, they were divided into control group, combined group according to odd even number method, 62 cases per group. The control group was given quadruple therapy, and the combined group was given Weisu granule combined with quadruple therapy, the course of treatment was 4 weeks. The efficacy, HP eradication rate, levels of inflammatory factors, levels of gastrointestinal hormones, quality of life and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: HP eradication rate, clinical total effective rate of the combined group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The SF-36 scale scores of each dimension in the combined group were higher than those of the control group after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). The levels of serum procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP) in the combined group were lower than those of the control group after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). The gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL) in the combined group was lower than those of the control group after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Weisu granule combined with quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP related peptic ulcer, can effectively improve the levels of serum inflammatory factors and gastrin indexes of the patients, and improve their quality of life and HP eradication rate, the curative effect is better than simple quadruple therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of compound Houtou capsule combined with teprenone on gastrointestinal hormones, inflammatory factors and expression of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and Smad3 in patients with gastric ulcer. Methods: 120 patients with gastric ulcer who were treated in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were selected. According to the method of envelope lottery, they were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 60 cases in each group. Both groups were given esomeprazole orally. On this basis, the control group was treated with tepreidone, and the observation group was given compound Houtou capsule combined with teprenone. The changes of gastrointestinal hormones, inflammatory factors and the expression of TGF-β and Smad3 in gastric antral mucosa of the two groups were observed before and after treatment. The ulcer healing, adverse reaction rate and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate of ulcer healing of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) of the two groups were all lower than those before treatment, and the levels of the above indicators of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the expression levels of TGF-β and Smad3 of the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), and the expressions of TGF-β and Smad3 of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The recurrence rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Compound Houtou capsule combined with teprenone can significantly improve the levels of gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in patients with gastric ulcer, reduce the expression of TGF-β and Smad3 in gastric antral mucosa, promote ulcer healing, and have good safety and low recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of exercise on appetite have recently been systematically evaluated with a focus on endurance training (ET). However, resistance training (RT) may induce different adaptations than ET. This scoping review aimed to examine the acute and chronic effects of isolated RT and comparisons with other exercise modalities on appetite-related variables and energy intake. 17 acute studies were identified, six examining isolated RT, while 11 focused on RT intensity, amount of exercise, targeted muscle groups, or comparison with ET and combined training (RT plus ET; CT). Nine chronic studies were identified. Three investigated isolated RT vs control and six manipulated the amount of RT exercise, types of RT, or comparison with ET and CT. Acute RT compared to control conditions appears to induce responses favoring appetite inhibition. While the amount of RT exercise may acutely play a role in the suppression of appetite, while ET seems to have more potential to suppress appetite. Chronic RT does not seem to stimulate compensatory mechanisms; however, there is not clear evidence regarding the role of RT intensity or other exercise modalities. Chronic ET and CT may be more prone to favor appetite inhibition than RT. More comprehensive evaluations including the exploration of multiple appetite-related factors are needed for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dexamethasone has well-described effects to induce insulin resistance and increase insulin secretion. Herein, we examined potential contributors to the effect of dexamethasone to increase insulin secretion in rhesus macaques. Six male rhesus macaques received daily injections of either saline or dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg i.m. for 7 days) in random order with 3 weeks between treatments. At the end of the treatment period, animals were fasted overnight and underwent a feeding study the next day, during which blood samples were taken before and for 60 min after a meal in order to assess islet hormone and incretin secretion. Dexamethasone induced marked increases in fasting plasma insulin, glucagon, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations (P

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Aims: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is expressed in cardiomyocytes and may also play an important role in cardiovascular regulation. Clinical studies have shown that plasma CCK levels are an independent marker of cardiovascular mortality in cardiac disease. However, whether the development of postinfarction heart failure is associated with changes in CCK expression is unknown. Methods: To investigate CCK expression patterns and the association between CCK expression and heart functional parameters, we randomized male Sprague-Dawley rats into myocardial infarction (MI) or sham operation (SO) groups. CCK expression levels were assessed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at different time points (2, 4 or 6 weeks) after surgery. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations were determined using Western blotting and ELISA, myocardial morphology was assessed by microscopy. Results: Plasma CCK and BNP levels were significantly increased in all the MI groups compared with the corresponding SO groups. However, the degree to which myocardial CCK mRNA and protein expression levels were increased the MI groups compared with the SO groups was greater in the 4- and 6-week groups than in the 2-week group. Furthermore, plasma CCK levels were positively correlated with BNP concentrations and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVDs) and significantly negatively correlated with the ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction (SF) in model animals. Conclusions: Heart failure progression after infarction is associated with upregulated CCK levels; thus, CCK may be useful as a novel marker of heart failure.

Objectives: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) on the gastric emptying rate, the level of serotonin (5-HT) and the protein expression of motilin (MTL), ghrelin, substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the antral tissue of the rats with functional dyspepsia (FD) and explore the effect mechanism of EA in treatment of FD., Methods: A total of 21 SPF male SD rat pups were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and an EA group, with 7 rats in each group. In the model group and the EA group, FD model was prepared by the gavage with 0.1% sucrose iodoacetamide solution combined with the modified small platform method. After the successful modeling, EA was applied to "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) in the rats of the EA group, with disperse-dense wave, 20 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, stimulated for 30 min, once daily, for 7 days consecutively. Before and after intervention, the general condition of the rats was observed in each group. After the completion of intervention, the gastric emptying rate was measured, the morphological changes of gastric antral tissue were observed using HE staining, the level of 5-HT was detected with ELISA method, and the protein expression of MTL, ghrelin, SP, and VIP was determined with Western blot method in the antral tissue of rats., Results: In the normal group, the rats were in a good mental state, with lustrous fur, flexible movement and the increase of food intake and body mass. In the model group, the rats were poor in mental state, lack of lustre in fur, preference for the body curled up, reduced activity and response; and a part of rats had loose stool, obviously enlarged gastric body and gastric food retention. In the EA group, the general condition of rats, e.g. the mental state, food intake and activity, were improved, the gastric body got smaller obviously and the gastric food retention was reduced when compared with the model group. The antral structure was intact, the glands were rich and no injury of the gastric mucosa was found, e.g. inflammatory reaction and edema in the rats of each group. Compared with the normal group, the gastric emptying rate was decreased ( P <0.01), 5-HT level was increased ( P< 0.01), the protein expression of MTL and ghrelin was reduced ( P <0.01) and that of VIP was elevated ( P< 0.01) in the rats of the model group. The gastric emptying rate was increased ( P <0.01), 5-HT level was decreased ( P< 0.01), and the protein expression of MTL and ghrelin was elevated ( P <0.05, P< 0.01) in the rats of the EA group when compared with those in the model group., Conclusions: Electroacupuncture at "Neiguan" (PC 6) and "Zusanli"(ST 36) may effectively relieve gastric dysfunction, strengthen gastric motility and promote gastric emptying so as to alleviate the symptoms of dyspepsia in FD rats, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones in the antral tissue.

Objective: To investigate the effect of intestinal flora from Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) on visceral sensitivity, gastrointestinal hormones and cytokines in pseudo-sterile rats. Methods: The pseudo-sterile rat model was established. The rats were was given fecal microbiota solutions of children with abdominal HSP and healthy children, respectively. The visceral sensitivity was determined by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) which was induced by rectal balloon distention in all the rats. And serum gastrin (Gas), motilin (MTL), cholecystokinin (CCK), substance P (SP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6 levels in rats were measured with ELISA method. Results: The volume of rectum water injection under the score 3 of AWR in the rats administrated with fecal microbiota solution from HSP children (HSP group) was significantly decreased compared with that in the rats administrated with fecal microbiota solution from healthy children (HC group), and there was significant difference between these two groups (P<0.05). The serum Gas, MTL, CCK and SP levels were higher in HSP group than those in HC group. And serum MTL, CCK and SP levels in HSP group were significantly different from those in the HC group. The serum TNF-αandIL-6 levels were higher in HSP group than those in HC group, there was significant difference between these two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intestinal flora from HSP can induce the production of visceral sensitivity, inhibit gastrointestinal hormone secretion and prompt cytokine production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss the effects of minimally invasive surgery under transrectal anoscope on pain stress, gastrointestinal hormones and vascular endothelial function in patients with rectal cancer. Methods Totally 64 patients with rectal cancer who underwent minimally invasive surgery under transanal anastomosis from January 2017 to December 2018 in our hospital were selected as the observation group and the retrospective analysis of clinical data was conducted. Another 64 patients who underwent traditional laparotomy at the same time in our hospital were selected as the control group. Pain stress, gastrointestinal hormones, vascular endothelial function, and tumor marker changes were compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in pain stress index, gastrointestinal hormone, vascular endothelial function index and tumor marker level between the two groups before operation (P>0.05). After operation, the levels of SP, BK and PGE2 in the two groups were higher than those before surgery (P<0.05), and the levels of GAS, MTL, VIP, VEGF, MMP-9, ET-1, CEA, CA724, CA125 and CA19-9 were higher with preoperative reduction of P<0.05. The levels of SP, BK, PGE2, VEGF, MMP-9, ET-1, CEA, CA724, CA125 and CA19-9 in the observation group after operation were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the GAS, MTL and VIP levels were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Minimally invasive surgery under transanal anoscope can reduce the pain stress of patients with rectal cancer, and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones is slight. It can effectively reduce the vascular endothelial function index and tumor marker level, help the immune function recovery of patients, and promote postoperative rehabilitation of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now widely appreciated that gastrointestinal function is central to the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Following meal ingestion, the delivery of nutrients from the stomach into the small intestine (i.e., gastric emptying) is tightly controlled to optimise their subsequent digestion and absorption. The complex interaction of intraluminal nutrients (and other bioactive compounds, such as bile acids) with the small and large intestine induces the release of an array of gastrointestinal hormones from specialised enteroendocrine cells (EECs) distributed in various regions of the gut, which in turn to regulate gastric emptying, appetite and postprandial glucose metabolism. Stimulation of gastrointestinal hormone secretion, therefore, represents a promising strategy for the management of metabolic disorders, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). That EECs are distributed distinctively between the proximal and distal gut suggests that the region of the gut exposed to intraluminal stimuli is of major relevance to the secretion profile of gastrointestinal hormones and associated metabolic responses. This review discusses the process of intestinal digestion and absorption and their impacts on the release of gastrointestinal hormones and the regulation of postprandial metabolism, with an emphasis on the differences between the proximal and distal gut, and implications for the management of obesity and T2DM.

Objective To investigate the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the recovery of hormone secretion and gastrointestinal function. Methods A total of 90 patients with cholecystolithiasis underwent cholecystectomy from May 2017 to December 2018 were selected, and randomly divided into two groups, 45 patients in each group. The control group was treated with open cholecystectomy, while the observation group was treated with cholecystectomy under endoscopy. The recovery of gastrointestinal function, gastrointestinal hormone secretion (motilin, gastrin) and serum inflammatory factors[tumor necrosis factor a(TNF a) , interleukin 6(IL 6) , Creactive protein(CRP) ] were compared between the two groups after treatment. Results After operation, the recovery time of bowel sounds, exhaust time and defecation time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P

Objectives: To explore the effects of somatostatin on the levels of gastrointestinal hormones and clinical outcomes in critically ill infants after gastrointestinal surgery., Methods: Using a random number table method, critically ill infants after gastrointestinal surgery who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Xuzhou Children's Hospital from June 2019 to June 2021 were randomly divided into an observation group (29 cases) and a control group (30 cases). The control group received routine treatment such as anti-infection and hemostasis after surgery, while the observation group received somatostatin in addition to the routine treatment [3.5 μg/(kg·h) infusion for 7 days]. The levels of serum gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) before surgery, on the 3rd day after surgery, and on the 7th day after surgery were compared between the two groups. The recovery progress and incidence of complications after surgery were also compared between the two groups., Results: There was no significant difference in the levels of serum GAS, MTL, insulin, and GLP-1 between the two groups before surgery ( P >0.05). On the 3rd and 7th day after surgery, the levels of serum GAS, MTL, insulin, and GLP-1 in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P <0.05). In the observation group, the levels of GAS, MTL, insulin, and GLP-1 on the 7th day after surgery were higher than those before surgery and on the 3rd day after surgery ( P <0.05), and the levels on the 3rd day after surgery were higher than those before surgery ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of serum GAS, MTL, and insulin before surgery, on the 3rd day after surgery, and on the 7th day after surgery in the control group ( P >0.05). The level of GLP-1 on the 7th day after surgery was higher than that before surgery and on the 3rd day after surgery ( P <0.05), and the level on the 3rd day after surgery was higher than that before surgery ( P <0.05) in the control group. The observation group had shorter first time of anal exhaust, recovery time of bowel sounds, and first time of defecation after surgery compared to the control group ( P <0.05). The incidence of complications after surgery in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (10% vs 33%, P <0.05)., Conclusions: Somatostatin can increase the levels of serum GAS, MTL, insulin, and GLP-1 in critically ill infants after gastrointestinal surgery, promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function, and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

Background Since short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients face life-threatening conditions, the development of therapeutic strategies to induce intestinal adaptation has been investigated. Ghrelin, a ligand of growth hormone (GH) secretagogue-receptor that stimulates the release of GH and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), has several pleiotropic effects. We investigated whether ghrelin induces intestinal adaptation in parenterally fed rats with SBS. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats underwent venous catheterization and were divided into 3 groups: those receiving 90% small bowel resection while leaving the proximal jejunum and distal ileum (90% SBR) with TPN (SBS/TPN group), those receiving 90% SBR with TPN + ghrelin (SBS/TPN/ghrelin group), and those receiving sham operation and fed chow (sham group). Ghrelin was administered intravenously at 10 μg/kg/day. On Day 13, the rats were euthanized and the small intestine harvested, and the histology and crypt cell proliferation rates (CCPR), apoptosis, and nutrient transporter protein levels were analyzed and the plasma hormones were measured. Results The villus height and crypt depth of the ileum in the SBS/TPN/ghrelin group were significantly higher than in the SBS/TPN group. The CCPR of the jejunum and the ileum significantly increased by the administration of ghrelin; however, the apoptosis rates did not significantly differ between the SBS/TPN and SBS/TPN/ghrelin groups. Significant differences did not exist in the plasma IGF-1 and nutrient transporter protein levels among three groups. Conclusions The intravenous administration of ghrelin stimulated the morphological intestinal adaptation of the ileum to a greater degree than the jejunum due to the direct effect of ghrelin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding ( IOF) L-arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post-hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non-injected control, diluent-injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution-injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased ( p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post-hatch broilers during 1-7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon-like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7-day-old post-hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased ( p < .05) the villus height ( VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth ( CD) and decreased ( p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post-hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post-hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]