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Campanula L., Sp. Pl.: 163. 1753. Lectotypus (designated by Hitchcock in HITCHCOCK & GREEN, 1929: 131): Campanula latifolia L. Vernacular names. ��� Thirteen vernacular names in Cabo Verdean Creole language have been noted from the literature and herbarium labels; new names have been recorded on the field. Historically, the most ancient vernacular name has been reported by Feij�� who noted ���Campainhas���, a Portuguese vernacular name to designate the bellflowers which is no longer used in the archipelago (GARD��RE et al., 2019a). Short lists of vernacular names are published by BASTO (1988) and FEIJ��O (1960) but without any information about localities. More recently, GOMES et al. (1995b) and SZPERA (2015) have grouped all the CVB under ���Contra-Bruxas��� but this vernacular name is, in fact, peculiar to the bellflowers from Santo Ant��o (LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995). Distribution. ��� In the archipelago, the genus is found on all islands with elevations above 700 m, i.e. Santo Ant��o, S��o Vicente, S��o Nicolau, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava (Fig. 1). Phenology. ��� Flowering and fruiting observed year-round, but flowering peaks after the rainy season between October and December. During the dry season, from April to August, the rosettes of sterile stems contract considerably and the marcescent leaves droop along the stem., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["GARDERE, M. L., M. C. DUARTE, P. L. R. MORAES, S. MULLER & M. M. ROMEIRAS (2019 a). The scientific expedition of Joao da Silva Feijo to the Cabo Verde Islands (1783 - 1796) and the tribulations of his herbarium. Adansonia ser. 3, 41: 101 - 175.","FEIJAO, R. O. (1960). Elucidario fitologico: plantas vulgares de Portugal continental, insular e ultramarino 1. Instituto Botanico de Lisboa, Lisboa.","GOMES, I., S. GOMES, M. T. VERA-CRUZ, N. KILIAN, T. LEYENS & W. LOBIN (1995 b). Plantas endemicas e arvores indigenas de Cabo Verde. Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento Agrario, Praia.","SZPERA, A. (2015) Encyclopedie nature de l'archipel du Cap Vert. Ed. 2. ArtOpera, Ponta do Sol.","FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114."]}

1. Campanula jacobaea C. Sm. ex Webb in Hook., Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762. 1848 (Fig. 1, 2, 3A, 5C). Lectotypus (erroneously designated by PORTER, 1986: 85; corrected and designated here): CABO VERDE: sine loco, ���sp. r. to be figured, Cap Verd���, s.d. [IV.1822], Forbes s.n. (G [G 00426961] image!). Sub-frutex 15 ��� 40 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, decumbent to pendulous arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispidulous to hispid toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.2���1 mm long. Leaves: rosette leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic, (1.5���)3���4(���5) �� (0.5���)1���1.5(���2.5) cm, base cuneiform to slightly attenuate, apex �� obtuse to acute; cauline leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic, (1.5���)2.5���3.5(���5.5) �� (0.5���) 0.8���1.5(���2.5) cm, base attenuate sometimes asymmetric, apex �� obtuse to acute; margin weakly revolute, crenulate; adaxial side light green in vivo, weakly or densely covered with hispidulous to hispid indument, consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.5 mm long; abaxial side light green in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.4���0.6(���0.8) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme or rarely in pluriflorous thyrse. Flowers erect rarely pendulous, pedicel 0.5���1.5(��� 2) cm long, with the same indument as the stem; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaves. Calyx: calyx-lobes triangular, 10���13 �� 4���6 mm, erect, margin weakly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1.5���2 mm long; calyx-lobes, lobe edges, appendages and median main vein covered with an indument hispidulous to hispid consisting of trichomes 0.3���0.65 mm long. Corolla campanulate with inflexion point in the upper third, purplish-blue sometimes mauve with veins distinctly marked; base wide round c. 8 mm large; tube, 23���30 mm long, gradually widening and reach the maximum diameter of 14 ���18 mm in the upper third; throat slightly constricted then widening up to 20 ���26 mm at the mouth; lobes spreading to obliquely erect, 2 ���4 �� 9���12 mm, apex apiculate; primary external veins hispidulous. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers 2��� 4 mm long. Ovary with glabrous to glabrescent roof, flat, topped by a yellowish-with nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 15���18 mm long, included in the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The specific epithet ��� jacobaea ���, from the Latin Jacobus, refers to Santiago or ���Saint James���; the island was given the name because it was discovered on Saint James Day. Jacobaea was initially chosen by Smith in 1816 to name the bellflowers from Santiago, which he wanted to describe as new to the Cabo Verde flora. Vernacular name. ��� GOMES (1994) note ���Velho-Teso��� but in Brava this name is also use for Spermacoce verticillata L. (Rubiaceae) (BARBOSA, 1961; DINIZ et al., 2002; MARTINS, 2002) and Campanula bravensis (BOLLE, 1861). Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula jacobaea, now circumscribed to Santiago, is a montane chasmophyte that can be found from 600 m to 1100 m in humid rupicolous areas: on cliffs frequently covered in dense fog, with Limonium lobinii N. Kilian & Leyens (Plumbaginaceae), Polycarpaea gayi Webb (Caryophyllaceae), Kickxia elegans (G. Forst.) D.A. Sutton (Scrophulariaceae), sometimes Hypodematium crenatum (Dryopteridaceae) and abundant lichens, or on seeping rock faces and near to springs (chupadeiros) in the depths of valleys, near dense ferns, mainly Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae), and sometimes Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (Thelypteridaceae). Campanula jacobaea is confined to the main mountains: Serra do Pico da Ant��nia and Serra da Malagueta, but also Monte Afonso and Monte Tagarrinho, the last two localities being chorological novelties. Notes. ��� WEBB (1848: tab. 762) based the description of C. jacobaea on collections from different geographical origin and different collectors; only the names of the collectors were indicated. The following year in his Spicilegia Gorgonea WEBB (1849: 148) added information such as localities, dates and sometimes collection numbers. Eight syntypes have been located. Original material is extant in the Hooker Herbarium (now K) and mounted on two sheets (Fig. 4, 5) with duplicates in CGE and L and a further syntype has been located in G. On the first sheet of original material in K (Fig. 4), four specimens are mounted of which only those on the bottom half display the names of the collectors (Fig. 4A���B). On the bottom right, the Darwin���s specimen [K000865902] collected in Santiago represents C. bravensis (Fig. 4A). A small footnote cross leads to a label (Fig. 4 A���) with a printed reference ��� from J.S. Henslow ��� and ��� Campanula ��� in Hooker f.���s handwriting and ��� C. Darwin���s Ms. No. 279 (��.) ��� and ��� 166 ��� in an unidentified handwriting ��� probably numbering by Hooker f. or Henslow (PORTER, 1986). Just above Darwin���s specimen on the left is the Forbes��� specimen (Fig. 4B) from S��o Nicolau (��� n. 35 ��� according WEBB, 1849; [K001134406], identified here as C. fransinea) and with the locality and collector handwritten: ��� Isle San Nicol. Forbes ���. The other two specimens on the upper half [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) and [K001134405] (Fig. 4D), are erroneously annotated ��� Teneriffe ��� in the Canary Islands by Hooker f. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) were misled by the placement of the label (Fig. 4 A���) and wrongly attributed them to Darwin. These two specimens represent C. fransinea and most likely collected in S��o Nicolau. Among the collectors cited in the protologue, Forbes was the only one who visited S��o Nicolau from March 27 TH to 31ST, 1822 (OWEN, 1833); Darwin only visited Santiago (VALA, 2009). Therefore, the two specimens [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) and [K001134405] (Fig. 4D) must have been collected by Forbes. [K000865901] also holds the same fragment of Hypodematium crenatum found on [K001134406] that reinforced the collection locality, i.e. S��o Nicolau (Fig. 4B���C). Furthermore, [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) holds a small leaf of Diplotaxis gracilis (Webb) O.E. Schulz (Brassicaceae), a species endemic to the W S��o Nicolau. The second sheet in K (Fig. 5) contains three different specimens with original labels: on the upper half, Forbes s.n. [K001134390] identified by Webb as ��� C. daltonii ��� (see Introduction) from Santo Ant��o (��� n. 4 ��� according WEBB, 1849) and identified here as C. feijoana (Fig. 5A); on the bottom right, Vogel 73 [K001134391] from S��o Vicente, identified here as C. monteverdensis (Fig. 5B); and on the bottom right, Hooker 125 [K001134407] from Santiago, identified here as C. jacobaea (Fig. 5C). The original material located in G is a specimen collected by Forbes [G00426961]. The locality is not mentioned but should be from Santiago where Forbes made a stopover in early April 1822 (OWEN, 1833). On the original determination label on the bottom left is written ��� Campanula Daltonii Webb ��� and ��� sp. [specimen] r. [retained] to be figured, Cap Verd, Forbes ��� both in Webb���s handwriting. This specimen has served for the preparation of the illustrations of C. jacobaea (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762) and is here identified as C. jacobaea. Among these syntypes, PORTER (1986) chose Darwin 279 from K [K000865902] (Fig. 4A) as the lectotype of C. jacobaea with a duplicate CGE [CGE03087] but Darwin 279 is in serious conflict with the protologue. WEBB (1848) described the species as having a campanulate corolla, three times longer than the calyx-lobes, illustrating the throat as slightly constricted and the roof of the ovary as flat (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762). However, the flower of Darwin 279 has a tubular corolla that is barely longer than twice the length of the calyx-lobes, and the roof of the ovary appears to be conical. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) correctly identified Darwin 279 as C. bravensis. They chose Forbes s.n. [K001134390] (Fig. 5A), identified here as C. feijoana, as lectotype by adding a printed label indicating ��� Campanula jacobaea Webb ��� Lectotype ��� det. T. Leyens & W. Lobin 11.1994���. This lectotypification has never been effectively published. We propose that the lectotype designated by PORTER (1986: 85) is rejected according to Art. 9.19(c) of the ICN (TURLAND et al., 2018) and superseded by Forbes s.n. in G [G00426961]. We designated here this collection as a new lectotype for C. jacobaea because it represents unambiguous original material of C. jacobaea and this collection has served for Webb���s illustrations (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762). Selected material seen. ��� CABO VERDE. Santiago: Alto da Serra da Malagueta, 1000 m, 8.II.1986, Cardoso de Matos & Matos 6023 (LISC); Drago [Dragoeira], III.1998, Santos s.n. (ORT); Jo��o Teves, 550 m, 17.XII.1981, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1129 (O); Monte Afonso, 630 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1301 (P), 1303 (P); Monte Chota, c. 1000 m, 16.XII.1995, Leyens CV -95-529 (FR); Monte Rib��o de Cana, 650 m, 22.VII.2013, Gard��re 110 (LISC); Monte Tagarrinho, 850 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1308 (P); Org��os Grandes, 200 m, IV��� V.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); ibid. loco, c. 250 m, IV��� V.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); Os Org��os, 31. I.1866, Lowe s.n. (BM); path from Ch�� da Figueira to Coruja, c. 700 m, 18.XII.1993, Kilian 2779 & Leyens (B); Ribeira da Aguada, 25. I.1983, Grandvaux Barbosa et al. 14320 (CECV, LISC); Ribeira Cantada, 580 m, 26.XI.2014, Gard��re 934 (P); Ribeira Gon Gon, 710 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1345 (P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1347 (CECV, LISC, P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1619 (P); Ribeira da Janela, 770 m, 17. I.1980, Borgen 3390 (O); Ribeira Longueira, 800 m, 25.XI.2014, Gard��re 928 (P); Ribeira X��x��, 610 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1620 (P); Rui Vaz, 15.VII.1934, Chevalier 44593 (COI, K, P); ibid. loco, 750 m, 27.XI.2014, Gard��re 936 (P); ibid. loco, 750 m, 17.VII.2016, Gard��re 1220 (CECV, LISC, P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 24.III.1968, de Naurois s.n. (LISC); S��o Jorge, Ribeira Matom [Mato Moniz], 400 m, 2.IV.1984, Veiga 19 (LISC); Serra da Malagueta, 1040 m, 31.XII.2013, Aedo 21160 (MA); ibid. loco, 850 m, 22.XI.1987, Cardoso de Matos 6333 (LISC, MA); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 11.X.1988, Diniz et al. 214 (LISC); ibid. loco, V.1989, Doutre 19 (ALF); ibid. loco, 800 m, 28.VIII.2013, Gard��re 284 (LISC), 285 (LISC); ibid. loco, 800 m, 25.VIII.2013, Gard��re 287 (P); ibid. loco, 800 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 603 (LISC); ibid. loco, 750 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 604 (P); ibid. loco, 800 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 605 (CECV); ibid. loco, 840 m, 15.VII.2016, Gard��re 1211 (P); ibid. loco, 850 m, 27.X.2016, Gard��re 1428 (P); ibid. loco, 840 m, 30.X.2016, Gard��re 1435 (P); ibid. loco, 1310 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1618 (CECV, MARS, P); ibid. loco, 27.XII.1955, Grandvaux Barbosa 6087 (CECV, COI, LISC); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 17.XII.1993, Kilian & Leyens 2751 (B, FR); ibid. loco, 1000 m, 26.X.1986, Mies 383 (FR); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 5.II.1994, Leyens CV -94-079 (FR); ibid. loco, 1.X.1979, Lobin 759 (FR); ibid. loco, 920���950 m, 15. I.1980, Rustan 790 (O); ibid. loco, c. 900 m, 1.XII.1996, Schmidt CV /KS -1996-59 (FR), CV /KS -1996-60 (FR); ibid. loco, 800 m, 17.XI.1976, Sunding 3659 (O); Serra do Pico da Ant��nia, 800���1200 m, 16.IV.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); ibid. loco, 1135 m, 27.XII.2015, Gard��re 1198 (P); sine loco [Serra do Pico da Ant��nia], 11.IV.1816, Smith 39 (BM); entre a Trindade e o Curralinho, 720 m, 24.XI.1955, Grandvaux Barbosa 5676 (CECV, LISC); ���a most beautiful sp. [���] on a peak in the valley of St Domingo at 2000 ft ���, XI.1839, Hooker 125 (K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 16-20, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["PORTER, D. M. (1986). Charles Darwin's plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 93: 1 - 172.","GOMES, S. (1994). Nomes vernaculos e vulgares de plantas de Cabo Verde. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 12: 127 - 150.","MARTINS, E. S. (2002). Rubiaceae. In: MARTINS, E. S., J. PAIVA, M. A. DINIZ, I. GOMES & S. GOMES (ed.), Flora de Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa.","WEBB, P. B. (1848). Campanula jacobaea. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762.","WEBB, P. B. (1849). Spicilegia Gorgonea; or a catalogue of all the plants as yet discovered in the Cape Verde Islands. From the collections of J. D. Hooker, Esq. M. D. R. N., Dr. T. Vogel, and other travellers. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Niger Flora: 89 - 197. Hippolyte Bailliere, London.","OWEN, W. F. (1833). Narrative of voyages to explore the shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar. Richard Bentley, London.","VALA, F. (2009). Darwin em Cabo Verde. Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon.","TURLAND, N. J., J. H. WIERSEMA, F. R. BARRIE, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, W. - H. KUSBER, D. - Z. LI, K. MARHOLD, T. W. MAY, J. MCNEILL, A. M. MONRO, J. PRADO, M. J. PRICE & G. F. SMITH (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Veg. 159."]}

Key to the Cabo Verdean species of Campanula 1. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform; roof of the ovary glabrous and flat.......................................................... 2 1a. Corolla tubular (rarely urceolate); roof of the ovary pubescent and conical...................................... 2. C. bravensis 2. Corolla campanulate................................................... 3 2a. Corolla infundibuliform.............................................. 4 3. Corolla with inflexion point in the upper third, throat slightly constricted; calyx-lobes triangular........................................................................................ 1. C. jacobaea 3a. Corolla with inflexion point in the middle, throat not constricted; calyx-lobes deltoid......... 7. C. cochleromena 4. Corolla constricted in the median part..... 3. C. feijoana 4a. Corolla gradually widening without any visible constriction.............................................................................. 5 5. Corolla narrowly flared, style included; calyx-lobes triangular, margin not or weakly revolute............................ 6 5a. Corolla widely flared, style exserted; calyx-lobes widely triangular, margin clearly and distinctly revolute................................................................... 5. C. monteverdensis 6. Corolla-tube ob-tronconical straight, 20 ���34 mm long; rosette-leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, (3���) 4���7.5(���10) �� (0.8���)1���2.5(���3) cm, surface matt and pubescent with scattered hispidulous trichomes adaxially, with margin obscurely undulate to plane, primary and secondary veins hispidulous to hispid abaxially; margin of calyxlobes hispidulous to hispid..................... 6. C. fransinea 6a. Corolla-tube ob-tronconical straight to concave, 16���20 mm long; rosette-leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, (1���)1.5���2.7(���3.3) �� (0.5���)0.7���1(���1.2) cm, surface glossy and glabrescent adaxially, with margin always clearly undulate, primary and secondary veins strigillose to strigose abaxially; margin of calyx-lobes strigillose to strigose.............................................................. 4. C. vicinituba, Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807

Campanula jacobaea var. hispida Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Typus: CABO VERDE. Santiago: ���loco natali specialiore ignoto���, s.d., Bocand�� s.n. (not found). Notes. ��� We transcribe here the note of BOLLE (1861: 51) on the variety hispida: ��� Hab. in insula Santiago, loco natali specialiore ignoto. Inter reliquias B. Bocand�� inventam e pessimis exemplis imperfecte tantum novimus. Fieri potest, hanc propriam esse speciem; eximia setositate florumque exiguitate habitu saltem a stirpe Webbiana, quae probabiliter et Smithiana, magnopere recedit; tamen ab hac eam separare non ausi sumus ���; and we give here-after this loose translation: ���Grows on the island of Santiago, the exact locality is unknown. We only know it [var. hispida] imperfectly from poor specimens of B. Bocand��. It may be a particular species. By the extreme hairiness of the flower and the weakness of the habit, it differentiates itself strongly from that of Webb and is probably that of Smith; however, we dare not separate it from that [C. jacobaea]���. BOLLE (1861) described the var. hispida for the island of Santiago based on the Bocand�����s collection, currently untraceable. The specimens from B used by Bolle for the description of his varieties were destroyed in the fire of Berlin in 1943 (HIEPKO, 1987) and probably alongside those of Bocand��. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) treated the variety as a synonym of C. jacobaea but the same authors saw and identified a specimen of Bocand�� conserved at ���D��� as C. bravensis. However, ���D��� does not correspond any indexed herbarium (THIERS, 2019) and it is probably a typing error (W. Lobin, pers. comm.). The only known European Herbaria to hold Bocand�����s collections are B, FI-W and S (M. L. Gard��re, unpubl. data) but S is temporarily closed for renovation. We were unable to check this specimen and to confirm or not the identification of LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). The description of Bolle is insufficient to place the variety hipida among the CVB species. Given that Santiago harbors both C. jacobaea and C. bravensis, we prefer a precautionary approach and rather consider it to be a nomen dubium., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["HIEPKO, P. (1987). The collections of the Botanical Museum Berlin- Dahlem (B) and their history. Englera 7: 219 - 252.","THIERS, B. (2019). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. [http: // sweetgum. nybg. org / science / ih]"]}