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The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd.) using different tips and spray nozzles under controlled conditions. Rooted trifolia placed inside an acrylic box containing macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins were treated with epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin, ciproconazol + azoxystrobin and tebuconazol fungicides. These fungicides were sprayed at a height of 0.5 m with two knapsack sprayers pressurized with CO2 gas (drop generator in four spray tips spaced by 0.5 m from each other) and another rotating nozzle (drop generator through a rotating nozzle). Untreated trifolia were controls. Water sensitive paper was placed next to each acrylic box to obtain median volume diameter (VMD), number of droplets.cm2 and coverage (%). Trifolia were inoculated 24 hours after that these were treated with fungicide, using a spore concentration adjusted to 2 x 104 uredospores.mL1. Then, the number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 in central leaflets were quantified. Lower number of lesions and uredia.cm2 were observed in leaflets treated with two fungicide mixtures using an AIRMIX 11001 tip. A lower VMD was found in leaflets sprayed with the fungicides azoxystrobin + epoxiconazol and tebuconazol, when compared to the leaflets treated with another mixture. The Asian rust control, as well as the number of droplets.cm2 and coverage, seems to be dependent on the interactions among fungicides and tips or nozzles. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle químico da ferrugem asiática da soja utilizando diferentes pontas e bicos de pulverização sob condições controladas. Trifolios enraizados colocados dentro de caixas de acrílico contendo macronutrientes, micronutrientes e vitaminas foram tratados com os fungicidas epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina, ciproconazole + azoxistrobina e tebuconazole. Estes fungicidas foram pulverizados a uma altura de 0.5 m, com dois pulverizadores de mochila, um pressurizado com gás CO2 (gerador de gotas em quatro pontas de pulverização espaçadas a 0.5 m entre si) e outro um bico rotativo (gerador de gotas por um bico rotativo). Trifolios não tratados foram utilizados como controles. Papel hidrosensível foi colocado ao lado de cada caixa de acrílico para obter o diâmetro médiano volumétrico (DMV), número de gotas.cm2 e cobertura (%). Os trifólios foram inoculados 24 horas após ser tratados com fungicida, utilizando uma concentração de esporos ajustada a 2x104 uredosporos mL1. Em seguida, foi quantificado o número de lesões e urédia.cm2 no folhíolo central. Foi observado menor número de lesões e urédia.cm2 em folíolos tratados com as duas misturas de fungicidas e a ponta AIRMIX 11001. Menor DMV foi observado em folíolos pulverizados com os fungicidas azoxistrobina + epoxiconazole e tebuconazole, quando comparados aos tratados com a outra mistura. O controle de ferrugem, bem como o número de gotas cm-2 e a cobertura, parecem depender das interações entre fungicidas e pontas ou bicos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. and P. Syd.) using different tips and spray nozzles under controlled conditions. Rooted trifolia placed inside an acrylic box containing macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins were treated with epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin, ciproconazol + azoxystrobin and tebuconazol fungicides. These fungicides were sprayed at a height of 0.5 m with two knapsack sprayers pressurized with CO2 gas (drop generator in four spray tips spaced by 0.5 m from each other) and another rotating nozzle (drop generator through a rotating nozzle). Untreated trifolia were controls. Water sensitive paper was placed next to each acrylic box to obtain median volume diameter (MVD), number of droplets.cm-2 and coverage (%). Trifolia were inoculated 24 hours after that these were treated with fungicide, using a spore concentration adjusted to 2 x 104 uredospores.mL-1. Then, the number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 in central leaflets were quantified. Lower number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 were observed in leaflets treated with two fungicide mixtures using an AIRMIX 11001 tip. A lower VMD was found in leaflets sprayed with the fungicides azoxystrobin + epoxiconazol and tebuconazol, when compared to the leaflets treated with another mixture. The Asian rust control, as well as the number of droplets.cm-2 and coverage, seems to be dependent on the interactions among fungicides and tips or nozzles. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el control químico de la roya asiática de la soya (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. Y P. Syd.) Utilizando diferentes puntas y boquillas en condiciones controladas.La trifolia enraizada colocada dentro de una caja acrílica que contiene macronutrientes, micronutrientes y vitaminas se trataron con los siguientes fungicidas: epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, ciproconazol + azoxistrobina y tebuconazol. Estos fungicidas se pulverizaron a una altura de 0.5 m con dos pulverizadores de mochila presurizados con gas CO2 (generador de caída en cuatro puntas de pulverización espaciados 0.5 m uno del otro) y otra boquilla giratoria (generador de caída a través de una boquilla giratoria). La trifolia no tratada eran controles. Se colocó papel sensible al agua junto a cada caja de acrílico para obtener el diámetro medio del volumen (MVD), el número de gotas.cm-2 y la cobertura (%). Trifolia se inocularon 24 horas después de que estos se trataron con fungicida, usando una concentración de esporas ajustada a 2 x 104 uredosporas.mL-1. Luego, se cuantificó el número de lesiones y uredia.cm-2 en las valvas centrales. Se observó un menor número de lesiones y uredia.cm-2 en folíolos tratados con dos mezclas de fungicidas usando una punta AIRMIX 11001. Se encontró una menor VMD en foliolos pulverizados con los fungicidas azoxystrobin + epoxiconazol y tebuconazol, en comparación con los folíolos tratados con otra mezcla. El control de la roya asiática, así como el número de gotas.cm-2 y la cobertura, parece depender de las interacciones entre los fungicidas y las puntas o boquillas.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2017. Existe pouca informação sobre a colonização vascular do feijão comum por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), bem como sobre os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro frente ao ataque patogênico. Assim, o trabalho objetivou estudar a colonização vascular espaço-temporal de plantas de feijão comum dos genótipos UFSC-01 e Uirapuru por F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli e mecanismos físicos e químicos de defesa do hospedeiro. Na primeira parte do trabalho, a incidência e severidade da Murcha de Fusarium (MF), descoloração vascular do hipocótilo, unidades formadoras de colônias (ufc) e ergosterol foram quantificadas em tecidos da raiz, hipocótilo e epicótilo, aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após inoculação (dai). A colonização vascular também foi monitorada em secções dessas partes da planta e na coroa a 1, 3, 5 e 25 dai. Na segunda parte, sintomas externos e internos foram avaliados no sistema radicular e hipocótilos aos 25 dai. No sistema radicular e hipocótilos desses tecidos, foi monitorada a atividade das enzimas guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL) e polifenol oxidase (PPO) a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 dai. Nessas partes, também foi determinado o conteúdo de fenólicos totais, flavonoides e lignina, a 0, 3 e 6 dai. Secções da raiz principal e hipocótilo foram analisadas com microscópio de epifluorescência a 1, 3 e 6 dai. Nesse último tempo, secções ultrafinas desses tecidos foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Determinações de cfu e ergosterol conduziram a resultados semelhantes, mostrando que o fungo colonizou mais eficientemente plantas suscetíveis. Fop cresceu intercelularmente até alcançar os vasos do xilema das raízes principais. Depois disso, o patógeno começou a colonizar partes superiores pela produção de uma grande quantidade de conídios dentro dos vasos do xilema. Sintomas precoces e fortes em plantas suscetíveis foram associados a uma rápida colonização e um colapso dos vasos do xilema em tecidos aéreos. Em contraste, vasos de plantas resistentes permaneceram sem ser afetados e o retraso na colonização foi associada com a fraca formação/transporte de conídios em vasos de tecidos da raiz principal e a coroa. Uma precoce, maior e rápida atividade das enzimas GPX, PAL e PPO, aliado a uma parede celular espessa dos vasos do xilema, são importantes na defesa de feijão comum a Fop. As vesículas, além de inibir quimicamente o crescimento do patógeno, podem formar parte do material de oclusão no interior dos vasos do xilema de plantas resistentes. Abstract : There is a lack of information on the vascular colonization of common bean by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop), as well as the host defense mechanisms against the pathogen. Thus, this work was aimed to study the space-temporal vascular colonization of UFSC-01 and Uirapuru common bean plants by Fop and physical and chemical defense mechanisms of host. In the first part of the work, incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt (Fw), vascular discoloration in hypocotyls, colony forming units (cfu) and ergosterol were quantified on root, hypocotyl and epicotyl tissues, at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after inoculation (dai). Fungal colonization was also monitored by light microscopy of cross sections from the mentioned plants parts as well as root crown at 1, 3, 5 and 25 dai. In the second part, external and internal symptoms of Fw were quantified in plants, at 25 dai. guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were monitored in system roots and hypocotyls at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dai. In these tissues, total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin content were determined at 0, 3 and 6 dai. At the last time, ultrafine sections of these tissues were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Cfu and ergosterol determinations lead to similar results showing that fungus colonized more efficiently susceptible plants. Fop grew intercellularly until reaching the xylem vessels of taproots. Thereafter, it started to colonize upper parts by producing a large amount of conidia inside plant vessels. Earlier and stronger symptoms on susceptible plants were associated to both faster colonization and collapse of xylem vessels in aerial tissues. In contrast, vessels of resistant plants remained unaffected, and delayed colonization was associated with weak formation/transport of conidia in vessels of taproot and root crown. An early, larger and faster activity of the GPX, PAL and PPO enzymes, together with a thick cell wall of xylem vessels, are important in the defense of common bean to Fop. Vesicles besides inhibiting to chemically the growth of the pathogen, may form part of the occlusion material inside xylem vessels of resistant plants.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el potencial agronómico de 18 líneas F6 de fréjol durante la época seca del 2010 y 2011, en la cuenca alta del río Guayas. Se utilizaron 18 líneas promisorias F6 del cruzamiento Cf6 y como testigo la variedad comercial INIAP-473 (todas de hábito de crecimiento determinado tipo Ia). Se empleó al diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con 19 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones. Se cuantificó el número de plantas emergidas, días a floración, color de flor, altura de planta e inserción de vaina, intensidad del complejo de enfermedades foliares, y por separado de la roya (Uromyces apendiculatus Pers.:Pers.), mustia hilachosa [Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn)] y virosis [Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV)], así como el número de vainas por planta, peso de campo y rendimiento de granos. Para la comparación entre las medias de los tratamientos se empleó la prueba de Tukey (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and intensity of leaf diseases and crop cycle in six soybean cultivars in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, during two times of sowing in 2007-08 season. Cultivars A 4910 RG, BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR, CD 214 RR, FUNDACEP 55 RR and CD 219 RR were used, because they represent large area of cultivation in Brazilian state. A randomized complete block design (DBCA) with six treatments and four replications was used, and the data obtained were submitted to variance analysis. Subsequently, a comparison of media by Tukey (p≤0.05) was carried out for each season, and for the comparison between the seasons test T (p≤0.05) was used. The intensity of leaf diseases present in the aerial part of crop was evaluated weekly in a period of five weeks. Severity values (except cercospora blight and soybean rust) were integrated in the area under the relative disease progress curve (AACPDr). Cultivars A 4910 RG and BMX Apolo RR had lower severity of downy mildew and blight cercospora, as well as of the number of lesions cm-2 of Asian rust. Cultivars CD 219 RR and FUNDACEP 55 RR showed less bacterial blight, downy mildew and powdery mildew severity. Genotype A 4910 RG behaved as very early, BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR and CD 214 RR as precocious, FUNDACEP RR 55 as medium and CD 219 RR as late. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência e intensidade de doenças foliares e a duração do ciclo de cultivo de seis cultivares de soja em Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil, durante duas épocas de semeadura na safra agrícola de 2007-08. Utilizaram-se os cultivares A 4910 RG, BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR, CD 214 RR, FUNDACEP 55 RR e CD 219 RR, escolhidas por representarem grande área de cultivo no estado brasileiro. Avaliou-se semanalmente a intensidade de doenças presentes na parte aérea da cultura, totalizando cinco semanas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos ao acaso (DBCA), com quatro repetições, sendo os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0.05) para cada época, e para à comparação entre as médias das épocas a prova de T (p≤0.05). Os valores de severidade (exceto crestamento de cercospora e ferrugem asiática) foram integralizados na área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença relativa (AACPDr). Os cultivares A 4910 RG e BMX Apolo RR obtiveram menor severidade de míldio e crestamento foliar de cercospora, assim como de número de lesões cm-2 da ferrugem asiática. Os cultivares CD 219 RR e FUNDACEP 55 RR mostraram menor severidade de crestamento bacteriano, míldio e oídio. Durante esta safra o genótipo A 4910 RG se comportou como superprecoce, os BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR e CD 214 RR como precoces, FUNDACEP 55 RR como médio e CD 219 RR como tardio.

Durante las épocas secas de 2010 y 2011, en la finca experimental La María de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador, localizada en el km. 7.5 vía Quevedo-El Empalme, a 79° 30' 08" O y 01° 00' 35" S, se evaluaron las características agronómicas y las condiciones sanitarias de líneas y variedades de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.). Se utilizaron las líneas promisorias de maní CB-02, CB-05, CB-12, CB-13, CB-15, CB-16 y CB-23 de la Universidad y como testigos las variedades comerciales Diamante, Polachi, INIAP-380 e INIAP-381. Se midieron la emergencia de plántulas, días a floración, altura de planta, algunos componentes productivos (número de granos, frutos llenos y estériles, peso de frutos y granos) y la presencia de cercosporiosis (Cercospora arachidicola y Cercosporidium personatum) y roya (Puccinia arachidis). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con 11 tratamientos y tres repeticiones en 2010 y cuatro repeticiones en 2011. Para las comparaciones entre las medias de los tratamientos se empleó la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan (P < 0.05). La línea CB-23 se destacó entre el germoplasma promisorio por su mayor productividad; esta misma línea junto con la variedad comercial INIAP-380, presentaron los menores ataques de cercosporiosis. La línea CB-15 y la variedad Polachi no presentaron lesiones de la roya. During the dry seasons of 2010 and 2011 in the experimental farm La María of the State Technical University of Quevedo, Ecuador, located at km. 7.5 via Quevedo-El Empalme, at 79 ° 30' 08" W and 01 ° 00' 35" S, the agronomic characteristics and health status of lines and varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were evaluated. Peanut promising lines from university campus CB-02, CB-05, CB-12, CB-13, CB-15, CB-16 and CB-23 were used, and commercial varieties Diamante, Polachi, lNlAP-380 e lNlAP-381 were used as controls. Seedling emergence, days to flowering, plant height, some production components (number of grains, fruits and sterile full weight of fruits and grains) and the presence of leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) were measured. Design completely randomized (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications in 2010 and four replications in 2011, and for comparisons between treatment means blocks the multiple range test of Duncan (P < 0.05) was used. The CB-23 line stood out among the promising germplasm for increased productivity; this line with the commercial variety lNlAP-380, had the lowest leaf spot attacks. The CB-15 and Polachi genotypes showed no rust lesions

The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of foliar diseases, yield and its components, in 16 bean genotypes during the rainy season of 2011, in Quevedo, Ecuador. The experimental design used was the randomized complete block (RCBD) with 16 treatments and four replications. Mutual effect of the web blight severity (%), rust and viruses, during stages R5 (preflowering), R6 (flowering) and R7 (pod formation) was estimated. After harvesting, yield components per plant were quantified (pods number, seeds number, number of seeds per pod, grains weight and sterile pods) as well as grain yield (kg ha-1) corrected to 13% of the moisture content. The lines Cf4 0-0-2-1 and EVG-16-08 showed the lowest final severity (phenological stage R7) of foliar diseases (28.3%). Number of pods, grains number and grains weight per plant were determined as important secondary components, showing significant yield regressions (p≤0.01). Cluster analysis clearly distinguished foreign variety FTS Soberano and the line-EVG 16-08, as promising lines with higher production qualities. El objetivo del trabajo fue cuantificar la severidad de enfermedades, el rendimiento y sus componentes, y su relación en 16 genotipos de fréjol durante la época lluviosa del 2011, en Quevedo, Ecuador. El diseño experimental empleado fue en Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 16 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Se estimó la severidad (%) de la mustia hilachosa, la roya y virosis de manera conjunta, durante los estadíos R5 (prefloración), R6 (floración) y R7 (formación de vainas). Después de la cosecha se cuantificó los componentes de rendimiento por planta (número de vainas, número de granos, número de granos por vaina, peso de granos y vainas estériles) y rendimiento de granos (kg ha-1) corregidos al 13% de humedad. Las líneas Cf4 0-0-2-1 y EVG-16-08 con 28.3% presentaron la menor severidad final (estadío fenológico R7) de enfermedades. Se determinaron como componentes secundarios importantes al número de vainas por planta, número de granos por planta y peso de granos por planta, por haber obtenido regresiones significativas (p≤0.01) con el rendimiento. En función del análisis de conglomerados, se destacaron la variedad extranjera FTS Soberano y la línea promisoria EVG-16-08 con cualidades productivas superiores.

The aim was to evaluate diseases and yield components in four promising bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three planting spacing. The work was carried out during the dry season of 2011, in the UTEQ, Quevedo, Ecuador. Intensity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) and web blight (Rhizoctonia solani) were evluated in R7 (pod formation) and R8 (pod filling) growth stages; likewise, root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina and R. solani) incidente was evaluated after harvest. Some yield components were also quantified (number of nodes, pods, grains, grains per pod and sterile pods) and grain weight. A randomized complete block (RCBD) experimental design with twelve treatments and three replications in a factorial arrangement of 4 (lines promising) x 3 (plant/m) was used. Tukey test at 5% probability of error was used for comparison between treatments means. The bean promising lines EVG 06-103 and SER-03 showed lower disease intensity. An increase in density plant population caused a higher rust intensity. Bean lines SER-08 and SER-03 showed the highest productivity, according to most yield components and grain weight. Finally, the increase in plant density promoted a significant reduction in the number of pods, grains and grains per pod per plant, contrary to the observed increase in the weight of grains. El objetivo fue evaluar las enfermedades, el rendimiento y sus componentes en líneas de fréjol bajo tres distanciamientos de siembra. El trabajo se realizó durante la época seca del año 2011, en la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo, Ecuador. Se determinó la incidencia y severidad de la roya (Uromyces appendiculatus) y mustia hilachosa (Rhizoctonia solani) en los estadíos R7 (formación en legumbres) y R8 (llenado de legumbres), y después de la cosecha la incidencia de las pudriciones radiculares (Macrophomina phaseolina y R. solani). Los componentes de rendimiento (número de nudos, legumbres, granos, granos por legumbre, legumbres estériles y granos por planta) y peso de granos. Se empleó un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con doce tratamientos y tres repeticiones, con arreglo factorial de 4 (líneas promisorias) x 3 (planta/m). Para la comparación entre las medias de los tratamientos se empleó la prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad del error. Las líneas promisorias de fréjol EVG 06-103 y SER-03 presentaron menor intensidad de enfermedades. Un aumento en la densidad poblacional causó un acrecentamiento en la intensidad de la roya. Las líneas SER-08 y SER-03 obtuvieron la mayor productividad según la mayoría de componentes de rendimiento y peso de granos. Finalmente, el incremento de la densidad de plantas promovió reducción significativa en el número de legumbres, granos y granos por legumbre por planta, contrario al aumento observado en el peso de granos.

Fungicidas triazóis e suas misturas com estrobilurinas são os mais utilizados no controle da ferrugem asiática em soja. Mudanças na sensibilidade do fungo aos fungicidas requerem estudos continuados sobre a eficácia destes compostos. Neste trabalho, um estudo comparativo foi realizado, onde um triazol (tebuconazole) e uma mistura de triazol + estrobilurina (epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina) foram avaliados quanto ao controle da ferrugem da soja, com aplicações em épocas (V9, R4 ou R5.3) e número (1, 2 ou 3) variáveis. Utilizaram-se 64 parcelas de campo da cultivar Nidera 5909 AG, distribuídas em blocos casualizados. A intensidade da ferrugem foi medida em cada terço da planta, através de sete contagens de lesões e urédias, posteriormente convertidas a severidade (%). Esta foi superior a 40% nas plantas onde não foi aplicado fungicida. O progresso da ferrugem foi maior no terço inferior das plantas. As aplicações realizadas a partir do estádio V9 (haste com nove folhas) resultaram em melhor controle. A mistura de triazol + estrobilurina foi mais efetiva que o triazol. O progresso da doença ocorreu mais pelo aumento das lesões, pois o número de urédias por lesão pouco variou entre tratamentos.

El rendimiento del cultivo de fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es disminuido por el ataque de las enfermedades a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, disminuyendo los ingresos de los agricultores en la zona central del Litoral Ecuatoriano. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar cuales son las enfermedades que se presentan, y cuantificar las mismas en 21 materiales genéticos de fréjol en el cantón Quevedo. Se describieron los agentes causales de la muerte de plántulas luego de la emergencia, así como las enfermedades presentes en el agroecosistema de fréjol. También se cuantificó la severidad (%) de enfermedades foliares en plantas y por parcela, roya (Uromyces appendiculatus), mustia hilachosa (Rhizoctonia solani), así como la incidencia (%) de virosis y pudriciones radiculares. Fueron encontrados patógenos causantes de la muerte de plántulas (Fusarium spp., R. solani y Macrophomina phaseolina), enfermedades foliares predominantes (U. appendiculatus y R. solani), la presencia de virosis y finalmente los microorganismos promotores de pudriciones radiculares (fusariosis, pudrición de rhizoctonia y macrofomina). Fue evidenciado comportamiento diferenciado entre los cultivares evaluados. Los materiales que obtuvieron una menor intensidad de problemas fitosanitarios fueron el CAL - 96, EVG - 06 - 103, Cf4 0-0-4-8, INIAP-473 y Cf4 0-0-12-5 The yield of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is diminished by the onslaught of disease throughout the crop cycle, reducing farmers' incomes in the central part of the Ecuadorian coast. The objective of this research was to identify which are the diseases that occur, and quantify them in 21 bean genetic materials in Quevedo city. Described the agents causing the damping off after emergence, and the diseases present in the bean agroecosystem. Also quantified the severity (%) of foliar diseases in plants and per plot, rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), web blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and incidence (%) of virus and root rot. Pathogens were found in the damping off (Fusarium spp. and R. solani), predominant foliar diseases (U. appendiculatus, R. solani and Macrophomina phaseolina), the presence of viruses and microorganisms promoters eventually root rot (fusarium, rhizoctonia and macrofomina). Different pattern was evident among the cultivars evaluated. The materials were a lower intensity of phytosanitary problems were the CAL - 96, EVG - 06 - 103, Cf4 0-0-4-8, INIAP-473 and Cf4 0-0-12-5 O rendimento da cultura (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é diminuído pelo ataque das doenças ao longo de seu ciclo, diminuindo os ingressos de agricultores da parte central do Litoral Equatoriano. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar quais são as doenças que se apresentam, e quantificá-las em 21 materiais genéticos de feijoeiro na cidade de Quevedo. Foi descrito os agentes causais da morte de plântulas logo da emergência, assim também as doenças presentes no agroecosistema de feijoeiro. Igualmente, quantificou-se a severidade (%) de doenças foliares em plantas e em parcelas, ferrugem (Uromyces appendiculatus), mela (Rhizoctonia solani), assim como a incidência (%) de viroses e podridões radiculares. Foram encontrados patógenos que induzem da morte de plântulas (Fusarium spp., R. solani e Macrophomina phaseolina), doenças foliares predominantes (U. appendiculatus e R. solani), a presencia de viroses e finalmente os microorganismos promotores de podridões radiculares (fusariosis, podridão de rhizoctonia y macrofomina). Foi evidenciado comportamento diferenciado entre as cultivares avaliadas. Os materiais que obtiveram uma menor intensidade de problemas fitossanitários foram o CAL - 96, EVG - 06 - 103, Cf4 0-0-4-8, INIAP-473 e Cf4 0-0-12-5.

The rice (Oryzaesativa L.) is the main food source in Ecuador. It is mainly a part of the staple diet of people from coast region. The disease called blast or burning rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav., is among adverse biotic factors to the culture. It can cause damage from 59.6% to 100%. The objective of this research was to quantify the severity (numbers of lesions per leaf) in 39 materials (lines and varieties) in small and medium size of rice. Both of them were divided into two experiments established in central zone on ecuadorian region. The severity of rice blast was assessed on leaves of the lower, middle and superior strata in plants of rice, once by week, totaling eight times. It was used an experimental design at random complete blocks (RCB) with 3 replications. The values obtained were joined in the Area under progress curve on rice blast (AUPCRB). It was used "T" test at 5% probability of error for comparison between treatments means. There was differential health behavior between genotypes assessed in both experiments. Outstanding materials in the first experiment were the variety INIAP-16 (9.9) and the lines INIAP-14-7 (11.2) while in the second experiment were the variety Caluma (17.4) and the line CC-05-27 (18.8) for having obtained a least AUPCRB. Resumen En el Ecuador, el cultivo de arroz (Oriza sativa L.) es la principal fuente alimenticia, principalmente formando parte de la dieta básica de los habitantes de la costa ecuatoriana. Entre los factores bióticos adversos al cultivo, está la enfermedad denominada piricularia o quemado del arroz, producida por Pyricularia oryzae Cav., la misma que puede causar daños desde el 59.6% hasta el 100%. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue cuantificar la severidad (número de lesiones por hoja) en 39 materiales (líneas y variedades) de arroz de pequeño y mediano porte, divididos en dos experimentos establecidos en la zona central del litoral ecuatoriano. La severidad de piricularia se evaluó en hojas de los estratos inferior, medio y superior de las plantas de arroz, una vez por semana totalizando ocho ocasiones. Se empleó un diseño experimental de Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 3 repeticiones. Los valores obtenidos fueron integralizados en el Área abajo la curva de progreso de la quemazón del arroz (AACPQA). Para la comparación entre las medias de los tratamientos se empleó la prueba de T al 5% de probabilidad de error. Existió comportamiento sanitario diferenciado entre los genotipos evaluados en los dos experimentos. Los materiales sobresalientes fueron la variedad INIAP-16 (9.9), y la línea INIAP-14-7 (11.2) en el primer experimento; mientras que en el segundo fueron la variedad Caluma (17.4) y la línea CC-05-27 (18.8), por haber obtenido una menor AACPQA.

The objective of this study was to determine the fungal species forming arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inhabiting in traditional agroforestry systems with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Five agroecosystems located in farms from the humid tropics in Ecuadorian central region were sampled, particularly the farms ‘La Represa’, ‘La Propiedad’, ‘La Union’, ‘Fatima’ and ‘Mi Recuerdo’ located in Quevedo and Valencia cantons of Los Rios province. Soil and root samples were collected during the dry season between June and December of 2009. The fungi genera found were: Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus and Scutellospora. In all sites sampled, Glomus was the most representative genus in terms of amount of spores found per gram of soil, while Gigaspora was the genus of which fewer spores were found. The percentage of existing level of mycorrhizal colonization in T. cacao was also assessed, with the highest percentage found in samples collected from farms ‘Mi Recuerdo’ and ‘La Union’, whilst the lowest percentage was found in the roots of T. cocoa collected from ‘La Propiedad’ farm. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular asociados a sistemas agroforestales con cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Se muestrearon cinco sistemas ubicados en fincas de la zona central del trópico húmedo ecuatoriano, en la provincia de Los Ríos, en los cantones Quevedo y Valencia: fincas La Represa, La Propiedad, La Unión, Fátima y Mi Recuerdo. Las muestras de suelo y raíces se recolectaron en la época seca entre los meses de junio y diciembre del 2009. Los géneros de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares encontrados fueron los siguientes: Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus y Scutellospora. En todos los sitios muestreados el género con mayor repre- sentatividad en cantidad de esporas encontradas por gramo de suelo fue Glomus, mientras que para Gigaspora hubo la menor cantidad de esporas. También se evaluó el porcentaje de colonización micorrízica existente en T. cacao donde el mayor porcentaje de densidad de colonización se encontró en las muestras recolectadas de las fincas Mi Recuerdo y La Unión, y el menor porcentaje en la finca La Propiedad.

The black mucuna (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy) is an annual forage plant,which belongs to the Fabaceae family, it is used to feed cattle, pigs and goats in Ecuador. Lesions were found (reddish-brown circular spots with darker halo ) on trefoils of S. aterrimum located in the experimental farms “La María” and “La Represa” belonging to Quevedo Technical State University (UTEQ) later those trefoils were carried out to the Microbiology Plant and Environmental laboratory, UTEQ, where carried out macro and microscopic observations to determinate the causal agent for this symptomatology. Also it was carried out isolation of the tissue with presence of lesions, it was sown like resource of culture (PDA). They were identified using stereoscopic magnifying glass, structures with fungal character corresponding to sporodochia which excel from the surface of the trefoils of S. aterrimum. In the structures were obtained conidia in differents lengths, thin, multicellular, dark, measuring between 4-7 μm in width and 43-140 μm in length. The organism did not develop in the middle of culture in isolations that were carried out. By the morphological features presented, the organism corresponds to a fungus with pathogenic character called Cercospora stizolobii, which would correspond to the first report in Ecuador, associated with S. aterrimum. Thereby, it must work in a better health management in the production of S. aterrimum plants to diminish potential damage and to live with this disease. La mucuna negra (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy) es una planta forrajera anual, perteneciente a la Familia Fabaceae, utilizada para la alimentación de ganado bovino, porcino y caprino en el Ecuador. En las fincas “La María” y “La Represa” pertenecientes a la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), se encontraron lesiones (manchas cafés-rojizas circulares con halo más oscuro) en trifolios de S. aterrimum. Posteriormente esos trifolios fueron llevados al Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Vegetal, UTEQ, realizándose observaciones macro y microscópicas para determinar el agente causal de esta sintomatología. También se realizaron aislamientos del tejido con presencia de lesiones, sembrándolo en medio de cultivo (PDA). Bajo lupa estereoscópica se identificaron estructuras de carácter fúngico correspondientes a esporodoquios, los que sobresalen de la superficie de los trifolios de S. aterrimum. De las estructuras se obtuvieron conidias de diferentes longitudes, delgadas, multicelulares y oscuras, midiendo entre 4-7 μm de ancho y 43-140 μm de largo. El organismo no se desarrolló en medio de cultivo en los aislamientos realizados. Por las características morfológicas presentadas, el organismo corresponde a un hongo de carácter patogénico denominado Cercospora stizolobii, lo cual correspondería al primer reporte en el Ecuador asociado a S. aterrimum. De esta forma, se deberá trabajar en un mejor manejo sanitario en la producción de plantas de S. aterrimum, para reducir potenciales daños y el poder convivir con esta enfermedad.

The united States is the world’s largest producer of soybeans, followed by Brazil. The soybean crop is affected by 47 diseases previously reported, including soybean rust caused by the biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow e Sydow. This disease can reach 100% damage and losses may reach 737,453,718 USD annually. Therefore a literature review of this disease becomes appropiate because it is very important to know about its occurrence worldwide, symptoms, hosts, taxonomy and etiologic of causal agent, effects of climatic factors over the disease, cycle of the pathogen, progress and temporal analysis of disease, reduced leaf area and yield components in soybean and control strategies disease integrated management, the aim of this review is to compile relevant information about soybean rust in the most explanatory and understandable way as possible for the reader. Os Estados Unidos são o principal produtor mundial de soja, seguido pelo Brasil. A cultura da soja é afetada por 47 doenças já relatadas, entre elas a ferrugem asiática causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow e Sydow. Esta doença pode atingir até 100% de dano e causa perdas no Brasil estimadas em 737,453,718 dólares ao ano. Em função de sua importância, faz-se oportuno uma revisão bibliográfica sobre esta doença, que abordará a sua ocorrência a nível mundial, a sintomatologia, os hospedeiros, a taxonomia e a etiologia do agente causal, efeitos dos fatores climáticos sobre a doença, ciclo biológico do patógeno, progresso e análise temporal, redução na área foliar e nos componentes de rendimento da cultura da soja e as estratégias de manejo integrado da enfermidade. Foi objetivo desta revisão recopilar as informações mais relevantes sobre a ferrugem asiática de modo o mais explicativo e entendível possível para o leitor.

This study aimed to evaluate the health and physiological quality of soybean seeds due to the chemical treatment of seed and leaf in the field. The experiments were performed in the Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Seeds of the University of Passo Fundo – UPF of College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine – FAMV. The cultivars used in this work were FUNDACEP 53 RR and FUNDACEP 55 RR from the research field of the UPF, harvest was in 2009-2010. The work was composed of 28 treatments for each cultivar, 56 in total. The samples of both cultivars were subjected to different combinations of seed treatment, Cropstar® + Derosal plus®, Cropstar® + Derosal plus® + Atento®, Standak Top® and control (no fungicide aplication), and the doses being used in accordance with the recommendations of the commercial products. The fungicides applications in the aereal part were made with Opera® (Piraclostrobina+Epoxiconazol), Sphere Max® (Trifloxistrobina+Ciproconazol) in doses of 150, 500 mL ha-1 and control (no fungicide aplication). The experiment design was randomized in all the experiments. The germination and seed health were also evaluated. The pathogens of the genero Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Alternaria alternata, were the predominant fungi with the highest rates for Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. On the other hand, the physiological seed quality was preserved, with no significant effect of phytotoxicity observed. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de soja em função do tratamento químico de sementes e foliar no campo. Os experimentos foram realizados nos Laboratórios de Fitopatologia e de Sementes da Universidade de Passo Fundo – UPF da Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária – FAMV. As cultivares utilizadas para o trabalho foram FUNDACEP 53 RR e FUNDACEP 55 RR, provenientes do campo experimental da UPF, safra 2009-2010. O trabalho foi composto de 28 tratamentos para cada cultivar, totalizando 56. As amostras das duas cultivares foram submetidos a diferentes combinações de tratamento de sementes, Cropstar®+Derosal plus®, Cropstar®+ Derosal plus®+Atento®, Standak Top® e testemunha (sem aplicação de fungicidas), sendo as doses utilizadas de acordo com as recomendações dos produtos comerciais. As aplicações de fungicidas na parte aérea foram com Opera® (Piraclostrobina+Epoxiconazol), Sphere Max® (Trifloxistrobina+Ciproconazol) nas doses de 150, 500 mL ha-1 e testemunha (sem aplicação de fungicidas). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em todos os experimentos. Foram realizadas avaliações de germinação e sanidade das sementes. Os patógenos que predominaram foram fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus spp. , Penicillium spp. e Alternaria alternata, com os maiores índices para Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp. Por outro lado, a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi preservada, não se observando efeito de fitotoxicidade.

The availability of nitrogen in extensive herbaceous crops in the form of NO3-, NH4+ and PMN (potentially mineralizable nitrogen) in the area of Huesca (Spain) was determined. In conventional farming systems a greater contribution of nitrogen (N) is made than in the ecologic farming, but in these, on the other hand, the contribution of organic matter is much higher than conventional ones. The logical consequence would be to expect a higher content of N in soils from conventional farming, and increased organic matter content from soils with organic farming. However, the results of percentage of carbon (C) (representative of organic matter) obtained in this study did not corroborate the theory, because the main difference was found in the rainfed and irrigation management, regardless of whether it was conventional systems or ecological. The increased availability of nitrogen was found in soils with organic irrigation management. Se determinó la disponibilidad de nitrógeno en cultivos herbáceos extensivos, en formas de NO3-, NH4+ y NPM (nitrógeno potencialmente mineralizable), en la zona de Huesca (España). En los sistemas agrícolas convencionales se realiza un mayor aporte de nitrógeno (N) que en los ecológicos; en estos, por otro lado, el aporte de materia orgánica es mucho mayor que en los convencionales. La consecuencia lógica sería de esperar un mayor contenido de N en los suelos de cultivos convencionales, y un mayor contenido de materia orgánica en los suelos de cultivos ecológicos. Sin embargo, los resultados de porcentaje de carbono (C) (representativo en materia orgánica) obtenido en este estudio no corroboraron la teoría, porque la principal diferencia se encontró en la gestión de regadío y secano, independientemente de si se trataba de sistemas convencionales o ecológicos. La mayor disponibilidad de nitrógeno se encontró en los suelos de gestión de regadíos ecológicos.

Among the main problems affecting the production of corn (Zea mays L.), it could be mentioned the diseases caused by different pathogens, including Curvularia leaf spot caused by Curvularia spp. The cheaper control, viable and that does not cause any environmental damage against almost any pathogen is through genetic host resistance, i.e. by breeding and use of resistant varieties. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the severity of curvularia in promissory inbred lines S4 of yellow maize derived from commercial materials. In the first population (LM1) found maximum values of 5.6 and of minimum 1.4 under injuries by cm-2, while in the second experiment (LM2) maximum and minimum averages were 8.0 and 1.5 lesions by cm-2, respectively. Difference was found among the valuated line depending on the severity of Curvularia leaf spot, in both experiments. With the information obtained, it becomes important to consider the severity values obtained in these experiments, for the future development of new maize hybrids with contrasting characters in the behavior of the plant to certain diseases, ensuring the success of a breeding program. On the other hand, for future similar work it is recommended to do more than one evaluation during different phenological stages of the crop. Entre los principales problemas que afectan la producción del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), podemos citar a las enfermedades, causadas por diferentes patógenos, entre ellos la mancha foliar de curvularia causada por Curvularia spp. El control más barato, viable y que no causa daños al medio ambiente contra casi cualquier patógeno, es a través de la resistencia genética de la planta hospedante es decir, mediante el mejoramiento genético y utilización de variedades resistentes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la severidad de curvularia en líneas promisorias autofecundadas S4 de maíz amarillo, obtenidos a partir de materiales comerciales. En la primera población (LM1) se encontraron valores máximos de 5.6 y menores de 1.4 lesiones cm-2, mientras que en la segunda población (LM2) los promedios máximos y mínimos fueron de 8.0 y 1.5 lesiones cm-2, respectivamente. Se constató diferencia entre las líneas evaluadas en función de la severidad de mancha de curvularia, en los dos experimentos. Con la información obtenida se torna importante considerar los valores de severidad obtenidos en estos experimentos, para el futuro desarrollo de nuevos híbridos de maíz con caracteres contrastantes en el comportamiento de la planta a determinadas enfermedades, asegurando el éxito de un programa de mejoramiento genético. Por otro lado, para futuros trabajos similares se recomienda realizar más de una evaluación y en diferentes estadios fenológicos del cultivo.

The objective of this work was todetermine the effects of several fungicides on the controlof the soybean Asian rust. The experiment was conductedat the experimental fi elds of the Faculty of Agronomy andVeterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil,during the summer of 2009/2010. The incidence and numberof ureides/cm2, transformed to severity (%) were evaluated.The fungicides applied were tebuconazol and a mix ofepoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, at seven developmentalstages. Applications made before crop canopy closure weremore effective because the fungicides reached the lowerpart of the plants where the disease starts. The mix oftraizol + estrobirulina was more effective tan triazol alone incontrolling soybean Asian rust. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de fungicidas en el control de la roya asiática de la soya. El experimento fue conducido en el campo experimental de la Facultad de Agronomía y MedicinaVeterinaria de la Universidad de Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil,en la época de verano 2009/2010. Se cuantifi có la incidenciay número de uredos/cm2 transformado después a severidad(%). Se aplicó tebuconazol y la mezcla de epoxiconazol +piraclostrobina, en siete estadios de desarrollo. Aplicacionesrealizadas antes del cerramiento del espacio entre líneas delcultivo resultaron en un mejor control, pues permitieron distribuirel fungicida en la parte inferior de la planta, y al iniciode la enfermedad. La mezcla de traizol + estrobirulina fuemás efectiva que el triazol utilizado sólo, en el control de laroya asiática de la soya.

Se relaciona la incidencia con la severidad de la roya asiática de la soya, donde los valores generados por las ecuaciones pueden ser usados en cualquier estudio de este patosistema, proporcionando una herramienta para evaluar la incidencia como también la severidad. Se generaron gradientes de la enfermedad mediante el uso de fungicidas y momentos de aplicación, de manera preventiva y curativa. El experimento de campo con el cultivar Nidera 5909 RG, fue distribuido en bloques completos al azar. La intensidad de la roya asiática fue medida en los estratos inferior, medio y superior de la planta, a través de diferentes conteos de incidencia (porcentaje) y severidad (lesiones cm-2, urédias cm-2 y porcentaje) en folíolos. Las regresiones realizadas, presentaron una correlación significativa entre incidencia y severidad a 1% de probabilidad. Con los datos obtenidos, el evaluador puede escoger el método de cuantificación mas razonable o confiable a su criterio para otros trabajos de investigación o aplicar un determinado control de la enfermedad, utilizando las ecuaciones lineales generadas, facilitando el trabajo de cuantificar la roya asiática, bien se busque medir la incidencia (%) o el número de lesiones cm-2, urédias cm-2 o severidad (%). Incidence is related to severity of the Asian soybean rust, where values generated by the equations can be used in any study of this pathosystem, providing a tool to evaluate incidence as well severity. Gradients of the disease were generated by means of the use of fungicides and moments of application, in a preventive and curative way. The field experiment with the cultivar Nidera RG 5909, was distributed in a randomized complete block. The intensity of Asian rust layers was measured in the lower, middle and top of the plant, through various counts of incidence (percentage) and severity (lesions cm-2, uredinia cm-2 and percentage) in leaflets. The regressions showed a significant correlation between incidence and severity at 1% probability. With obtained data, the assessor can choose the most reasonable or reliable quantification method at their discretion for other research or apply a particular disease control, using the linear equations generated, facilitating the work of quantifying Asian soybean rust either seeking to measure the incidence (%) or the number of injuries cm-2, urédias cm-2 or severity (%).

Measurements of leaf area are important in yields damage studies, but the equipment needed may not be available for every one. Therefore, the use indirect comparisons with weight of fresh or dried leaves may help in estimating leaf area. This research studied the relationship between leaf weight and leaf area in plants sampled at the growth stage R7.1 from 64 field plots of Nidera 5909 RG soybean cultivar. The leaves were weighted soon after sampling for fresh weight and again after 48 hours of incubation at 65° C for dried weight. Leaf area was measured with a Licor digital leaf area meter. The model equations were significant (p < 0.0001, R2 0.74 to 0.97) for each plant part (lower, medium, or upper third) and for the whole plant. In average, leaf area (y) was estimated as y = 45.53x + 19.03 from fresh weight (x) and as y = 176.17x – 75.30 for dried weight (x). This tool was shown potentially viable to estimate plant leaf area. The method based on dried weight is more labor consuming but does not require leaves being weight soon after sampling. The use of such comparisons for other soybean cultivars may require additional validation studies. Cuantificaciones del área foliar en plantas son importantes en estudios de daños ocasionados por enfermedades, por lo tanto su determinación requiere el uso de equipamientos que no siempre se encuentran disponibles para todos. La utilización de determinaciones indirectas, como el peso de materia fresca o seca podría ayudar en este proceso. En este trabajo, se evaluó la relación entre el peso de hojas y área foliar, a partir de plantas recolectadas en el estadío R7.1, en 64 parcelas de campo con el cultivar de soja Nidera 5909 RG. El peso fresco fue medido luego de la colecta, el peso seco después de 48 horas de incubación a 65° C y el área foliar a través de un integralizador digital Licor. Fueron obtenidas ecuaciones significativas (p < 0.0001 e R2 de 0.74 a 0.97) para cada estrato y para la planta entera. Para la media de la planta, la relación de área foliar fue de y = 45.53 x + 19.03 para peso fresco e y = 176.17 x – 75.30 para peso seco. Esta herramienta se presenta potencialmente viable para estimar el área foliar de la planta. La utilización del peso seco es mas trabajosa, más no requiere pesaje de las hojas inmediatamente después de su colecta. La utilización futura de esta herramienta requiere estudios adicionales con otros cultivares a fin de verificarse si el comportamiento es similar.

In Ecuador, the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is consumed by the population majority, and also a source of income for small and medium producers. One of the most important disease is the blight or root rot rhizoctonia, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris Frank). The objective was to determine the reduction in grain yield caused by natural infection of leaf blight disease in different cultivars of beans, the crop year 2010, the city of Quevedo, Ecuador. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates, which were used to generate gradients of disease, while having the genetic variability among the materials. The assessment of severity (% leaf area necrotic.plot-1) of the disease was in the R7 growth stage (pod development). The crop was harvested at the 124 days post-seeding, to quantify the yield. The equation of the damage function obtained was R = 4,257.50 to 33.16 S, where R is yield and S is the severity (%) of the disease, with R2 = 0.82 and P

El ciclo de cultivo de soya 2009-10 favoreció una mayor intensidad de la roya asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow y Sydow) en el sur de Brasil, por tanto fue necesario evaluar el avance del hongo y su efecto en el rendimiento del cultivo. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas en experimentos de campo con 64 parcelas (2.7 x 5 m) del cultivar Glycine max L. (Nidera 5909 RG), establecido el 05/12/09. Para generar gradientes de la enfermedad se utilizaron los fungicidas tebuconazol y epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina, en una, dos o tres aplicaciones en estadios fenológicos diferentes. La enfermedad fue cuantificada por el número de lesiones y urédias, posteriormente convertido para severidad (%). Se cuantificó también el índice de área foliar (IAF) al final del llenado de granos y los componentes de rendimiento después de la cosecha. La severidad promedio final de la enfermedad superó el 50%. Las diferencias en severidad entre los estratos de la planta fueron influenciados por la cantidad inicial de la enfermedad, una vez que las tasas de progreso, determinadas por los modelos Logístico y de Gompertz, fueron semejantes entre los estratos (0.13 a 0.14 para Logístico y 0.10 a 0.11 para Gompertz). El IAF fue bajo (1.96) en las plantas no tratadas vs. 4.40 en el tratamiento con cuatro aplicaciones de epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina. Los programas de control iniciados en el estadio fenológico V9, con dos o tres aplicaciones, difirieron del testigo en el IAF. El número de vainas y granos por planta, así como de granos por vaina, no variaron entre los tratamientos. Sólo existió diferencia en el peso de granos del estrato superior, cuando los fungicidas fueron aplicados dos o tres veces a partir del estadio fenológico V9. A safra de soja 2009-10 favoreceu a uma maior intensidade da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow y Sydow) no Sul do Brasil, de forma que seu progresso e redução puderam ser quantificados. As avaliações foram conduzidas em experimento de campo com 64 parcelas (2.7 x 5 m) da cultivar Glycine max L. (Nidera 5909 RG), estabelecida em 05/12/09. Para gerar gradientes de doença utilizaram-se dois fungicidas (tebuconazol e epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina), em uma, duas ou três aplicações em estádios fonológicos diferentes. A doença foi quantificada por número de lesões e urédias, posteriormente convertido para severidade (%). Quantificou-se também o índice de área foliar ao final do enchimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento após a colheita. A severidade média final da ferrugem superou 50%. As diferenças em severidade entre os estratos da planta foram influenciadas pela quantidade inicial de doença, uma vez que as taxas de progresso, determinadas pelos modelos logístico e de Gompertz, foram semelhantes entre os estratos (0.13 a 0.14 para o logístico e 0.10 a 0.11 para Gompertz). O índice de área foliar (IAF) foi de apenas 1.96 nas plantas não tratadas, contra 4.40 no tratamento com quatro aplicações de epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina. Programas de controle iniciados em estádio fonológico V9, com duas ou três aplicações, diferiram da testemunha em IAF. O número de legumes e grãos por planta, assim como grãos por legume não variaram entre os tratamentos. Só houve diferença no peso de grãos do estrato superior, quando os fungicidas foram aplicados duas ou três vezes a partir de estádio fonológico V9. The harvest of the year 2009-10 of soybean crop in Southern Brazil occurred under higher intensity of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow y Sydow), which allowed studies on disease progress and crop reduction. A field experiment with 64 plots (2.7 x 5 m) of the cultivar Glycine max L. (Nidera 5909 RG) sown on 5/Dec/2009 was used for the evaluations. Disease gradients were obtained by spraying the fungicides tebuconazol or epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin once, twice or three times, at different plant growth stages. Disease progress was assessed as number of lesions and urédias and later converted into percent severity (%). The leaf area index (LAI) was measured at the full pod filling stage and the grain yield components at the harvest. The final disease severity was over 50% on non-sprayed plots. There were differences in disease severity among plant parts (lower, medium, and upper thirds), which were caused by varying initial disease, since the rates of disease progress determined by Logistic and Gompertz models were similar among thirds (0.13 to 0.14 to Logistic and 0.1 to 0.11 to Gompertz). The LAI varied from 1.96 on non-treated plots to 4.4 on the standard treatment with four sprays of epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin. Disease control programs with two or three sprays began at the phenological stage V9 resulted in higher LAI and higher grain weight on the upper third. The number of pods or grains per plant and the number of grains per pod did not differ among treatments. There was only difference in weight of the upper grain, when fungicides were applied two or three times from phenological stage V9.

The bean is attacked, in addition to fungi, nematodes and bacteria, by a virus that can cause injury and loss on a crop. The diseases caused by viruses have played a role in the low productivity of beans in Brazil and other Latin-American countries. The control for viral diseases of cultivated plants is in general, very limited. For lack of this information and for the importance ofculture, it brings this review, where the most important diseases caused by viruses in bean, within Brazil and abroad, detailing their symptoms, etiology and control are described. The virus related whit the most important diseases in Brazil are the bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), bean rugose mosaic virus (BRMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV) and southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV). This review describes the principal aspects related to the most important diseases caused by plant viruses in common bean crop. O feijoeiro é atacado, além de fungos, nematóides e bactérias, por vírus que podem causar danos e perdas numa lavoura. As doenças causadas por vírus têm exercido um papel relevante na baixa produtividade do feijoeiro no Brasil e outros países Latino-Americanos. Os métodos de controle para as viroses de plantas cultivadas são, em geral, muito restritos. Pela falta desta informação e pela importância da cultura do feijão, se traz esta revisão, onde são relatadas as doenças virais mais importantes desta cultura dentro do Brasil e fora dele, explicando detalhadamente sua sintomatologia, etiologia e seu controle. As doenças viróticas mais importantes no feijoeiro no Brasil são o bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), bean rugose mosaic virus (BRMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV) e southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV). Esta revisão traz o mais importante em relação às doenças primordiais causadas por vírus de plantas na cultura de feijão.

Among the bacterial born diseases there are several that affect melon crop worldwide, being the bacterial spot of the fruits or aqueous stain, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli the most important. The losses may reach 100% damage when environmental conditions are ideal for the development of the pathogen. The symptoms of this disease are easily observed in the fruits and there is not a well established measure for their control yet. Despite that the most relevant and important information available and related to this fitobacteria, including the control measures more used in the melon production are reviewed. Dentro de las enfermedades bacterianas que ataca al cultivo de melón a nivel mundial, se encuentran varias bacteriosis, en donde la más importante es la mancha bacteriana de los frutos o mancha acuosa, causada por Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Los daños pueden llegar hasta 100% de daños cuando las condiciones son ideales para el patógeno. Los síntomas de esta enfermedad son fácilmente observados en los frutos y no existe todavía medidas de control bien establecidas para su control. A pesar de eso, en esta revisión se ha tratado de colocar lo más relevante e importante en relación a la fitobacteria, incluyendo las medidas de control más utilizadas en el cultivo de melón.