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Introduction of the research problem. Tourism activities have shown a shift from privileged individuals with high purchasing power to individuals with lower income levels due to increased leisure time. Along with a high economic potential, tourism has an important social significance; namely, it ensures the restoration of human life forces spent in the work process and contributes to the spiritual and intellectual development of the individual, thereby increasing the quality of labor resources. Orientation to the development of tourism in view of the principles of sustainable development, with an understanding of the need for the development of social tourism and promoting the improvement of the level and quality of life of the population, ensuring accessibility for all segments of the population does not lose its relevance and the need to implement science-based initiatives and measures that should be based on specific research results, primarily geographical. In order to understand the opportunities and obstacles to the development of social tourism, the following questions remain essential: What is the attitude of the local population to the intensive development of tourism in the region of residence? What is the involvement of the local population in tourism? What problems does the local population face when organizing leisure activities? What are the obstacles, challenges, and opportunities for the organization of social tourism? Given the limited geographical studies on social tourism, this study is seen as an original and distinctive contribution. The significance of this research lies in its potential to serve as an example for Turkey. The purpose of this research is to identify the participation of the local community living in urban and rural neighborhoods of Serik district, which constitutes one of the significant destination points in Antalya province, known as the tourism capital of Turkey, in tourism activities. Additionally, if there are any factors hindering their participation, the aim is to identify and highlight them. Results, scientific novelty, practical significance. Research method was employed, and a face-to-face survey was conducted using a random sampling method between December 2022 and April 2023, reaching a total of 466 participants. Out of these, 33 surveys were used for pilot testing, and due to incomplete data, 384 surveys were entered into the SPSS software package for analysis. According to the findings, it was observed that 44.8% of the local community residing in urban and rural areas of Serik district had not had the opportunity to go on vacation in 2022 or earlier. In this context, it is evident that the most significant factor influencing the participants' inability to go on vacation is financial insufficiency. Therefore, the necessity of public and civil institutions and organizations supporting the local population with various holiday programs arises.Therefore, it is deemed necessary to integrate social tourism activities to the maximum extent possible in the tourism planning for the local community.

ÖZ: Bu çalışma ile bağımlı bireylerle çalışan profesyonellerin gözlemlerinden yola çıkarak gençlerde madde kullanımının oluşumu ve tedavi süreçlerinde aile etkisinin etiyolojini ortaya çıkarabilmek ve bağımlılık öyküsü içerisinde aile deneyimlerini daha yakından inceleyebilmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemine ve fenomenolojik desene uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Birbirinden farklı kurumlarda görev yapan, farklı mesleklere sahip ve madde bağımlısı bireylerle çalışan 15 kişiyle derinlemesine mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda; bağımlılığa evrilen aşamadan bağımlılık sonrası aşamalara kadarki her bir süreç içerisinde aile faktörünün farklı etki ve deneyimlere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bağımlılık öncesi süreçte krizler, problemler, iletişimsizlikler, travmatik yaşam deneyimleri sıklıkla karşılaşılan aile özellikleri olurken; bağımlılık sürecinde madde kullanımından geç haberdar olma, şok-panik-öfke-gizleme gibi davranışsal tepkiler verme ve eş bağımlılık geliştirme gibi aile deneyimleri öne çıkmaktadır. Bağımlılığın tedavisi aşamasında ise sürecin başarılı olabilmesi için aile katılımı ve desteği en önemli unsurlardan biridir. Tedavi aşamasında hızlı ve kolay çözüm yolları talep eden veya var olan tedavinin aksaması durumunda hızlı şekilde motivasyon kaybı yaşayabilen aile deneyimleri tespit edilmiştir. Yine annelerin babalardan daha uzun süre ve daha aktif şekilde tedavi sürecine katıldıkları aileler çoğunluktadır. Sonuç olarak aile faktörü bağımlılığın her aşamasında kendi özel şartları içerisinde değerlendirilmeli ve tedavi sürecine dahil edilmelidir. Tedavi süreçleri sadece bağımlı bireylerle sınırlandırılmamalı, sosyal çevrenin ve özellikle ailelerin de tedaviye uyumu desteklenmelidir. ABSTRACT: Based on the observations of professionals who work with addicted individuals, this study aims to reveal the etiological origins of the family effect in the formation and treatment processes of substance using in young people, and to understand family experiences in the addiction history better. The research was carried out in accordance with the qualitative research method and the phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews have been conducted with 15 people with different professions working in different institutions with drug addicts. As a result of the data that have been obtained, it has been determined that the family factor has different effects and experiences in each process from the stage that turns into addiction to the stages after addiction. While we see family problems, miscommunication, and traumatic life experiences occur in the pre-addiction process, during the addiction processes family members that become aware of the substance use later, that give behavioral responses like shock-panic-anger-hiding and develop co-dependence become prominent. During the treatment of addiction, the necessity and support of family participation is one of the most important elements for this process to be successful. Families that demand quick and easy solutions during the treatment or that can quickly lose motivation in case of disruption of the existing treatment have been identified. Likewise, it is far more frequent to see the mother participating in the treatment process longer and more actively than the father in a family. As a result, the family factor should be evaluated in its own special conditions at every stage of addiction and should be included in the treatment process. Treatment processes should not be limited only to addicted individuals, and the adaptation of the social environment and especially the families to treatment should be supported.

Favipiravir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor, is used to treat patients infected with influenza virus and most recently with SARS-CoV-2. However, poor accumulation of favipiravir in lung tissue following oral administration has required an alternative method of administration that directly targets the lungs. In this study, an inhalation solution of favipiravir at a concentration of 2 mg mL−1 was developed and characterized for the first time. The chemical stability of inhaled favipiravir solution in two different media, phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and normal saline (NS), was investigated under different conditions: 5 ± 3 °C, 25 ± 2 °C/60% RH ± 5% RH, and 40 ± 2 °C/75% RH ± 5% RH; in addition to constant light exposure. As a result, favipiravir solution in PBS revealed superior stability over 12 months at 5 ± 3 °C. Antiviral activity of favipiravir was assessed at the concentrations between 0.25 and 3 mg mL−1 with real time cell analyzer on Vero-E6 that were infected with SARS-CoV-2/B.1.36. The optimum concentration was found to be 2 mg mL−1, where minimum toxicity and sufficient antiviral activity was observed. Furthermore, cell viability assay against Calu-3 lung epithelial cells confirmed the biocompatibility of favipiravir at concentrations up to 50 μM (7.855 mg mL−1). The in vitro aerodynamic profiles of the developed inhaled favipiravir formulation, when delivered with soft-mist inhaler indicated good lung targeting properties. These results suggest that favipiravir solution prepared with PBS could be considered as a suitable and promising inhalation formulation for pulmonary delivery in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

Prevention of COVID-19 is of paramount importance for public health. Some natural extracts might have the potential to suppress COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study aimed to design a standardised, efficient, and safe chewable tablet formulation (with propolis and three herbal extracts) for possible prevention against two variants (Wuhan B.1.36 and Omicron BA.1.1) of SARS-CoV-2 virus and other viral infections. Green tea, bilberry, dried pomegranate peel, and propolis extracts were selected for this purpose. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of each component, as well as the developed chewable tablet, were examined against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus using Vero E6 cells with the xCELLigence real-time cell analyser-multiple plates system. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, as well as mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of the chewable tablet were also analysed. Compared to the control, it was observed that the chewable tablet at concentrations of 110 and 55 µg/mL had antiviral activity rates of 101% and 81%, respectively, for the Wuhan variant and 112% and 35%, respectively, for the Omicron variant. The combination of herbal extracts with propolis extract were synergically more effective (∼7-fold higher) than that of individual extract. The present work suggests that a combination of herbal extracts with propolis at suitable concentrations can effectively be used as a food supplement for the prevention of both variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the oral cavity (the first entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 virus).

A broad range of evidence has confirmed that natural products and essential oils might have the potential to suppress COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an oral/throat spray formulation for prophylactic use in the oral cavity or help treatment modalities. Based on a reference survey, several essential oils, a cold-pressed oil, and propolis were selected, and cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of each component and the developed spray formulation were examined against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using Vero E6 cells. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic activities as well as mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of the formulation were analysed. Forty-three phenolics were identified in both propolis extract and oral/throat spray. The spray with 1:640-fold dilution provided the highest efficacy and the cytopathic effect was delayed for 54 h at this dilution, and the antiviral activity rate was 85.3%. A combination of natural products with essential oils at the right concentrations can be used as a supplement for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The scale of the COVID-19 pandemic forced urgent measures for the development of new therapeutics. One of these strategies is the use of convalescent plasma (CP) as a conventional source for passive immunity. Recently, there has been interest in CP-derived exosomes. In this report, we present a structural, biochemical, and biological characterization of our proprietary product, convalescent human immune plasma-derived exosome (ChipEXO), following the guidelines set forth by the Turkish Ministry of Health and the Turkish Red Crescent, the Good Manufacturing Practice, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles, and the Gene Ontology Consortium. The data support the safety and efficacy of this product against SARS-CoV-2 infections in preclinical models.

Rubber recycling attracts considerable attention by a variety of industries around the world due to shrinking resources, increasing cost of raw materials, growing awareness of sustainable development, and environmental issues. Recycled rubber is commonly used in aeronautic, automotive, and transportation industries. In this study, recycled rubber composites designed with different reinforcements in the literature are scrutinized by means of toughening mechanisms, mechanical and physical properties, as well as microstructural and fracture surface analysis. Microscale reinforcements (glass bubbles, alumina fiber, etc.) and nanoscale reinforcements (nanosilica, graphene nanoplatelets, etc.) utilized as reinforcements in rubber composites are thoroughly reviewed. The general mechanical properties reported by previous studies, such as tensile, compressive, and flexural strength, are investigated with the main goal of optimizing the amount of reinforcement used. The majority of the studies on recycled rubber composites show that recycled rubber reinforced with microscale particles leads to the development of physical and mechanical properties of the structures and also provides low-cost and lightweight composites for several application areas. Moreover, recycled rubber containing composites can be suitable for applications where high toughness and high resistance to impact are desirable. The present review aims to demonstrate research on reinforced recycled rubber composites in the literature and prospective outcomes.

Recycling of materials attracts considerable attention around the world due to environmental and economic concerns. Recycled rubber is one of the most commonly used recyclable materials in a number of industries, including automotive and aeronautic because of their low weight and cost efficiency. In this research, devulcanized recycled rubber-based composites are designed with glass bubble microsphere, short glass fiber, aluminum chip and fine gamma alumina fiber (γ-Al2O3) reinforcements. After the determination of the reinforcements with matrix, bending strength and fracture characteristics of the composite are investigated by three-point bending (3PB) tests. Halpin–Tsai homogenization model is adapted to the rubber-based composites to estimate the moduli of the composites. Furthermore, the relevant toughening mechanisms for the most suitable reinforcements are analyzed and stress intensity factor, KIc and critical energy release rate, GIc in mode I are determined by 3PB test with single edge notch specimens. In addition, 3PB tests are simulated by finite element analysis and the results are compared with the experimental results. Microstructural and fracture surfaces analysis are carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical test results show that the reinforcement with glass bubbles, aluminum oxide ceramic fibers and aluminum chips generally increase the fracture toughness of the composites.