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Non-conventional heavy metal oxide glasses have attracted great interest owing to their unique optical properties and their radiation shielding behavior. Non-conventional glasses of main chemical composition (100 − x) PbO–xBi2O3 where x = 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 were prepared through the conventional melting and annealing approach. X-ray diffraction measurements denoted the amorphous nature of the prepared glasses. The optical absorption in the UV–visible range recorded strong UV-near visible absorption spectra that correlated to trivalent Bi3+ ions. The optical band gap Eopt, Urbach energy ∆E, and the refractive index were identified for the prepared glasses employing the cognizant theories. The variations in the optical parameters have been associated with the increasing Bi2O3 and the doses of γ- irradiation. The photoluminescent properties of the prepared non-conventional binary Bi2O3–PbO glasses were recorded in the visible range after UV excitation and the color coordinates are located and distributed in the hue violet degree. FT-IR spectroscopic measurements before and after gamma irradiation were applied to investigate the structural changes in the binary heavy metal PbO–Bi2O3 glasses. FTIR data specified that the glass network is composed of different structural building units from BiO3/BiO6 and PbO3/PbO4 depending on the addition ratio between PbO and Bi2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to detect and characterize the free radicals generated in gamma-irradiated diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DP-HCl), a precursor for an antihistamine drug. The investigation aims to assess the radiation sensitivity of DP-HCl under varying microwave power, radiation doses, temperature conditions, and storage durations. After irradiation with 14 kGy, the observed radical associated with the –ĊHCH2N– fragment exhibited a singlet signal with a g-value of g = 2.0016 ± 0.0005. The signal intensities from experimental spectra within the 2–20 kGy dose range were found to exhibit the optimal fit with a polynomial function. Experimental spectra were recorded in the temperature range of 123–423 K to investigate whether distinct types of radicals were formed at low and high temperatures. Furthermore, the stability of the free radicals generated in the irradiated sample was assessed by determining the extinction curves of the signal intensities of the sample. The novelty of this study lies in examining the radiation sensitivity of the –ĊHCH2N– radical, demonstrating its remarkable stability across different temperatures and storage durations. This leads to the conclusion that radiation sterilization of the DP-HCl sample is not suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA nanocomposite (NC) of polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyethylene oxide (PEO) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles (NP) was prepared using thermolysis and ex-situ casting techniques. The microstructure and shape of the CdSe NP were characterized with the Rietveld methodology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rietveld refinement of x-ray data indicated that the prepared CdSe NP had the cubic zinc blend structure with a lattice parameter of 6.057 Å. TEM images showed the formation of a dotted shape of CdSe with a particle size around 2 nm, confirming the quantum dot size of the mother phase CdSe. Samples from the prepared PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films were irradiated with γ ray doses ranging from 5 to 80 kGy. We used UV-vis spectroscopy to investigate the resultant effects of the γ ray irradiation on the optical properties of the prepared films. The effect of the γ ray irradiation on the light absorbance, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical conductivity of the PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films was studied. The absorbance of the NC films increased as they were irradiated with the γ ray doses up to 80 kGy, the maximum dose used. The increase in absorbance was accompanied with a decrease in the direct bandgap, from 5.31 to 4.05 eV, and an increase of Urbach energy from 0.44 to 0.89 eV. Also, we used the optical dielectric loss (ε”) to identify the type of microelectronic transition for the PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films, which was found to be a direct allowed transition. Furthermore, the optical color changes between the pristine and the irradiated films were evaluated using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color differences technique. The pristine film was uncolored. It showed significant color alterations when irradiated with γ radiation up to 80 kGy, the maximum dose used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent scientific investigation has shown promising results of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for the anticancer and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PVP SeNPs on bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Also, its antitumor activity against the MRC-5 carcinoma cell line. SeNPs were prepared via gamma irradiation using PVP as a capping agent, and their size and morphological structure were determined using HRTEM. The size of the SeNPs ranged from 36 to 66.59 nm. UV–vis spectra confirmed the formation of SeNPs, while FTIR measurement confirmed a change in the PVP structure after adding selenium nanoparticles. The highest effect was reported on HepG2 by an IC50 with a value of 8.87 µg/ml, followed by HeLa, PC3, MCF-7, and Caco2 cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, ZOI reached 36.33 ± 3.05 mm. The best value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.313 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging against bacteria showed deformations and distortions in their structures. Transmission electron (TEM) revealed ultrastructure changes in treated bacteria because of the free radicals that made cytotoxicity which confirmed by Electron spin resonance (ESR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date syrup is a very rich nutritional and medicinal product. It can be used alone or mixed with other food products. Now, it is widely used as a natural sweetener instead of harmful sugar in several food products. However, date syrup contains higher levels of 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (5-HMF) (heat-induced toxicant). HMF is normally formed during processing via Maillard reaction as a result of heating. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the effect of gamma irradiation in reducing HMF content and improving the quality properties of date syrup. Date syrup samples (commercial) were irradiated at different doses (15, 20 and 25 kGy). HMF content was determined using the HPLC method. The obtained results showed that γ-irradiation reduced the toxic compound (HMF) in date syrup, where irradiation dose (20 kGy) recorded the lowest HMF level (1956.40 mg/kg) with a reduction percentage of 46.96% compared to the non-irradiated sample. While the non-irradiated sample revealed the highest level of HMF and bacterial growth. Therefore, γ-irradiation is considered an effective treatment that reduces HMF using a particular dose (20 kGy) and prevents microbial growth (20–25 KGy). Furthermore, it may increase the nutritional value by increasing minerals' bioavailability (15 kGy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the effect of physical modification techniques on the properties of millet starch. The starch isolated from barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) is subjected to ultrasonication (20 kHz; 30 and 60 min) and gamma irradiation (5 and 10 kGy). The protein content decreases slightly (by 2.5–3.8%) with gamma irradiation and significantly (by 5.7–6.9%) with ultrasonication. As compared to the native starch (20.56%), the amylose content of ultrasonicated starch is significantly higher (21.42% and 21.88%), while it is significantly lower (19.73% and 19.18%) for gamma‐irradiated starch. The swelling power of the native starch (13.57%) increases significantly with ultrasonication (14.21% and 14.33%) treatment; while it decreases significantly with gamma irradiation (13.17% and 12.25%) treatment. The solubility increases to 11.23%, 11.19%, 12.09%, and 13.31% from 10.45%, with both modifications. The peak viscosity of modified starches decreases significantly (2872 and 2700 cP) as compared to the native starch (3832 cP). The starches exhibit a greater value for storage modulus (G′) as compared to loss modulus (G″), reflecting their elastic nature. These transformations in the microstructure, gelatinization, and physicochemical properties of native starch can further be explored for food and textile industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present laboratory investigation was designed to evaluate the integrated impact of commercial formulation Xentari 54% WP (Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai) and gamma radiation against 4th instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon. Full grown male pupae were irradiated with the sub-sterilizing dose 100Gy. The resulting 4th instar larvae of first generation (F1) were exposed to four different concentrations (3x104, 6x104, 9x104 and 12x104 D.U./100ml). Also, the mortality percentage was recorded daily in unirradiated fourth instar larvae treated with the same Bt. concentrations. The accumulative daily mortality revealed that when concentrations and time increased, the mortality percentage increased as well. The LC50 and LC90 levels of irradiated and unirradiated A. ipsilun F1 4th larval instars treated after 24 hours of feeding on leaves treated with various concentrations of Bt. (Xentari 54% WP) revealed that irradiated parents of A. ipsilon F1 4th larval instar were more vulnerable to Bt. than unirradiated ones. Also, histological study was carried out to describe the histological changes of the midgut tissues F1 larvae due to influence of gamma radiation either alone or in combination with LC50 of Bt. Results obtained revealed that large number of epithelial cells became vacuolated. The histopathological symptoms were severe which was clearly obvious by cells lysis and unclear of the epithelium nuclei. The combination of Bt. and gamma radiation may offer an acceptable integrated pest management program against A. ipsilon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present laboratory investigation was designed to evaluate the integrated impact of commercial formulation Xentari 54% WP (Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai) and gamma radiation against 4th instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon. Full grown male pupae were irradiated with the sub-sterilizing dose 100Gy. The resulting 4th instar larvae of first generation (F1) were exposed to four different concentrations (3x104, 6x104, 9x104 and 12x104 D.U./100ml). Also, the mortality percentage was recorded daily in unirradiated fourth instar larvae treated with the same Bt. concentrations. The accumulative daily mortality revealed that when concentrations and time increased, the mortality percentage increased as well. The LC50 and LC90 levels of irradiated and unirradiated A. ipsilun F1 4th larval instars treated after 24 hours of feeding on leaves treated with various concentrations of Bt. (Xentari 54% WP) revealed that irradiated parents of A. ipsilon F1 4th larval instar were more vulnerable to Bt. than unirradiated ones. Also, histological study was carried out to describe the histological changes of the midgut tissues F1 larvae due to influence of gamma radiation either alone or in combination with LC50 of Bt. Results obtained revealed that large number of epithelial cells became vacuolated. The histopathological symptoms were severe which was clearly obvious by cells lysis and unclear of the epithelium nuclei. The combination of Bt. and gamma radiation may offer an acceptable integrated pest management program against A. ipsilon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the best conditions for ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) of DPPH and phenolic compounds from cold brew coffee using Box‐Behnken Design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It explored the effects of solid‐liquid ratio (5%–15%), extraction time (40–50 min), and ultrasonic power (70%–80%) on these compounds, finding that all factors significantly influenced the outcomes. Statistical analysis showed the data fit a quadratic polynomial model well, with R2 values of 0.9981 for phenolic compounds and 0.9799 for DPPH radicals. Using 3D surface and contour plots from these models, the optimal extraction conditions for these compounds from cold brew coffee were determined. The highest yields of total phenolic compounds and DPPH radical were obtained when samples were extracted at a 10% solid–liquid ratio, 45 min extraction time, and 75% ultrasonic power. Under these optimal conditions, total phenolic compounds and DPPH radical were 64.10 ± 0.31 gGAE/mL and 61.90 ± 0.14%, respectively, with a maximum caffeine content of 213.13 ± 0.23 mg/L. Gamma irradiation at kGy also reduced cold brew coffee's microbial content. This research may be a new alternative for producing cold brew coffee that will save time and help extend the shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of gamma irradiation on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC):(50 nm)/CeO2:(10 nm)/TiO2 nanocomposite films. Gamma irradiation significantly enhances the optical conductivity (σopt) of the films, signifying increased light‐to‐current conversion efficiency. This improvement is attributed to a reduction in the bandgap and increased light absorption induced by irradiation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals a decrease in crystallinity due to disrupted atomic order within the nanocomposite. Williamson–Hall (W‐H) plots show a dose‐dependent reduction in crystallite size and a corresponding rise in lattice strain with increasing irradiation dose. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy suggests potential bond breaking of O‐H groups and modifications in C=O functional groups upon irradiation. The absorption coefficient and binding energy exhibit a nonmonotonic response with increasing dose, reaching an optimum at around 100 kGy. These findings demonstrate the potential of gamma irradiation for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of PVC:(50 nm)/CeO2:(10 nm)/TiO2 nanocomposites. This work paves the way for the development of next‐generation optoelectronic devices with optimized functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of radiation on MoS2-based devices is an important factor in the utilization of two-dimensional semiconductor-based technology in radiation-sensitive environments. In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation on the electrical variations in MoS2 field-effect transistors with buried local back-gate structures were investigated, and their related effects on Al2O3 gate dielectrics and MoS2/Al2O3 interfaces were also analyzed. The transfer and output characteristics were analyzed before and after irradiation. The current levels decreased by 15.7% under an exposure of 3 kGy. Additionally, positive shifts in the threshold voltages of 0.50, 0.99, and 1.15 V were observed under irradiations of 1, 2, and 3 kGy, respectively, compared to the non-irradiated devices. This behavior is attributable to the comprehensive effects of hole accumulation in the Al2O3 dielectric interface near the MoS2 side and the formation of electron trapping sites at the interface, which increased the electron tunneling at the MoS2 channel/dielectric interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of Euphorbia maculata calli (PC3012). Gamma irradiation at various doses (0, 0.05, 0.5, and 10 kGy) significantly enhanced the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities of the callus extracts of PC3012 in a dose-dependent manner. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) analyses revealed that irradiation increased the lysophospholipid content, although no new antioxidant compounds were formed. Furthermore, a PLS-DA analysis revealed evident metabolic differences between non-irradiated and irradiated samples, which were further verified by statistical validation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation induces specific biochemical modifications that enhance the bioactive properties of PC3012 calli. This technology exhibits potential for utilization in the natural product and food sectors, particularly in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals with improved health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In biological studies, low dose gamma radiation has been used as a stimulus to high dose as an inhibitor. Gamma ray is a physical mutagen. Cold and frost are limiting factors for pomegranate cultivation in many parts of the world, including Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of pomegranate leaves after exposure to gamma radiation and its relationship with tolerance to spring cold stress. Materials and Methods: The latent buds on one-year-old branches of Meles Saveh pomegranate were subjected to gamma radiation with a dose of 36 Gy from the cobalt 60 source. After that, the irradiated shoots were kept in the vault for almost one year and these mutant plants were used for vegetative propagation and production of second generation vegetative plants (mV2). In the winter of the following year, mV2 mutant clones were transferred to the main garden in Saveh. After a four-year growth period, all trees entered the flowering stage. The plants in the fifth growing season (mV5) were selected based on their resistance to winter cold and diseases visually (based on the percentage of dry shoots and browning of branches). 18 genotypes were selected from mV5 generation. One-year-old branches were harvested from the middle of each tree in April 1401 and kept on ice to be analyzed in the laboratory for physiological and biochemical traits such as frost tolerance, malondialdehyde, proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, Antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic pigments should be used. Results: The results of variance analysis of the data showed that there was a significant difference in the freezing tolerance of pomegranate mutant clones. Among the mutant clones, the highest and lowest freezing tolerance was observed in mutants 6 and 3, respectively. The highest amount of proline was observed in mutant 4, while the lowest amount was assigned to mutants 9, 2, 7, 10 and control. Among the mutant clones, mutants 1, 4, 13 and 18 had the highest leaf soluble carbohydrate content, while the lowest was found in mutant 9. The highest content of total phenol was observed in mutants 1, 4, 6, 13, 16, 17 and 18 and the lowest in control. The highest antioxidant capacity was related to mutants 4, 6, 13 and 18, while the lowest was found in control and mutants 2, 3 and 9. The results showed that the lowest and highest amount of malondialdehyde was related to mutants 13 and 2, respectively. Comparing the average data of photosynthetic pigments showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was observed in mutant 18 and the highest amount of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll was observed in mutants 4, 6 and 18. There was a negative and significant correlation between LT50 and proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic leaf pigments, while a significant positive correlation was observed between LT50 and malondialdehyde. In general, gamma irradiation increased membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage and decreased membrane stability. Although some pomegranate mutants were able to protect cell membranes against oxidative damage caused by gamma irradiation by increasing the concentration of osmolytes (such as carbohydrates and proline) and phenolic compounds, and thus increased cold tolerance. Conclusion: Irradiation of plant buds is an effective method to improve plant varieties. Pomegranate mutant clones 6, 4, 13 and 18 had significantly more proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic pigments and less malondialdehyde and as a result more cold-tolerance than the control. Mutant clones can be used in future breeding programs to produce cold-tolerant cultivars for cultivation in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment the development of the various chromosomal interchanges in Sowa (Anethum graveolens L.) was accomplished with the help of Gamma irradiations. The pollen mother cells of Anethum graveolens were observed to be perfectly normal in untreated plants and displayed a regular formation of eleven bivalents at diakinesis, followed by normal separation (11:11) at anaphase I. Cytological manifestation of chromosome configurations at diakinesis and metaphase-I exhibited translocation heterozygotes by the formation of either ring or chain of chromosomes in PMCs of Sowa, particularly at higher doses of Gamma irradiation (200 Gy). The translocation lines showed discernible prevalence of rings (56.58%) over chains (43.42%). In chromosomal configuration, PMCs of Irradiated plants, shows the presence of minimum one or more quadrivalent and bivalents, besides this, some PMCs showed other configurations such as trivalents, pentavalents, hexavalent, and octavalent along with variable number of univalents. At diakinesis, stage of PMCs, 2III + 1IX + 2IV + 1II + 1I configuration was observed in maximum (12.88%) followed by 6II + 1IV + 1V + 1I (12.37%) and 1VII + 1V + 2IV + 2I (11.85%). The configuration 1X + 2IV + 2II showed the lowest (5.15%) frequency. However, a variety of anomalies such as unequal separation (34.93%), laggards (21.91%) and bridges (12.32%) were also recorded. Pollen fertility was reduced (41.21 ± 0.19%) in translocation lines as comparison to control plant (98.59 ± 0.25%). Translocation heterozygotes might be used as an initial foundation for developing aneuploids with novel gene combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of natural rubber foam (NRF) containing gamma-synthesized chitosan (CS) powder were investigated to address the growing demand for efficient methods to treat industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The CS powder was prepared by irradiating chitin (CT) powder with varying doses of gamma rays (0–100 kGy), followed by deacetylation using 40% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 100 °C for 1 h. The resulting CS powders were then mixed with natural rubber latex (NRL) at different contents (0, 3, 6, and 9 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight; phr) and processed using Dunlop techniques to prepare the foam samples. The experimental findings indicated that the degree of deacetylation (%DD) of the CS powder increased initially with gamma doses up to 60 kGy but then decreased at 80 and 100 kGy. In addition, when the CS powder was incorporated into the NRF samples, there were increases in total surface area, density, compression set, and hardness (shore OO), with increasing gamma doses and CS contents. Furthermore, the determination of heavy metal adsorption properties for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd showed that the developed NRF sample exhibited high adsorption capacities. For instance, their removal efficiencies reached 94.9%, 82.5%, 91.4%, and 97.0%, respectively, in NRF containing 9 phr of 60 kGy CS. Notably, all adsorption measurements were determined using 3 cm × 3 cm × 2.5 cm specimens submerged in respective metal solutions, with an initial concentration of 25 mg/L. However, the removal capacity per unit mass of the sample (mg/g) showed less dependencies on CS contents, probably due to the higher density of CS/NRF composites in comparison to pristine NRF, resulting in a smaller volume of the former being submerged in the solution, subsequently suppressing the effects from CS in the adsorption. Lastly, tests on the reusability of the developed NRF indicated that the samples could be reused for up to three cycles, with the Cu removal capacity remaining relatively high (83%) in the sample containing 9 phr of 60 kGy CS. The overall outcomes implied that the developed NRF with the addition of gamma-synthesized CS not only offered effective and eco-friendly heavy metal adsorption capacity to improve public health safety and the environment from industrial wastewater but also promoted greener and safer procedures for the synthesis/modification of similar substances through radiation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four-dimensional-printed smart materials have a wide range of applications in areas such as biomedicine, aerospace, and soft robotics. Among 3D printing technologies, fused deposition molding (FDM) is economical, simple, and apply to thermoplastics. Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) forms a stable chemical cross-linking structure and shows good shape-memory properties, but the sample is not soluble or fusible, which makes it hard to be applied in FDM printing. Therefore, in this work, a new idea of printing followed by irradiation was developed to prepare 4D-printed XLPE. First, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used to print the products using FDM technology and then cross-linked by gamma irradiation was used. The printing parameters were optimized, and the gel content, mechanical properties, and shape-memory behaviors were characterized. After gamma irradiation, the samples showed no new peak in FTIR spectra. And the samples exhibited good shape-memory capabilities. Increasing the irradiation dose increased the cross-linking degree and tensile strength and improved the shape-memory properties. However, it also decreased the elongation at break, and it did not affect the crystallization or melting behaviors of LDPE. With 120 kGy of irradiation, the shape recovery and fixity ratios (Rr and Rf) of the samples were 97.69% and 98.65%, respectively. After eight cycles, Rr and Rf remained at 96.30% and 97.76%, respectively, indicating excellent shape-memory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGamma irradiation is one of the preservation techniques used to increase the shelf life of foods. The current study was aimed to determine the volatile flavor contents of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds and the impact of gamma radiation upon these compounds. The seeds were irradiated with gamma rays at 1, 5, 10, and 20 kGy doses. The volatile compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), using n-pentane/diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 70 volatile flavor compounds were identified in the control, with 2,3-butanediole (18.01%) and 1-hexanol (6.06%) as the major compounds. The number and percentage of the volatile compounds varied with the gamma irradiation doses. Twenty-eight volatile compounds were present in the non-irradiated and irradiated samples at different concentrations. Up to the recommended gamma irradiation dose of 10 kGy, the number of volatile flavor compounds generally increased. There were changes in both the number and percentages of the identified volatile flavor compounds following gamma irradiation of the Cucumis melo L seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying gamma irradiation doses on banana scalps' survival and regeneration potential, specifically focusing on their interaction with different culture media components. Banana scalps, derived from a selected cultivar (Calcutta-4), were exposed to gamma irradiation doses ranging from 10 Gy to 70 Gy. Following irradiation, the scalps were transferred to fresh culture media, and their survival rates and regeneration potential were assessed. The findings revealed a clear inverse relationship between radiation dose and scalp survival. Lower doses of 10 Gy and 20 Gy exhibited higher survival rates when cultured on a modified MS medium. In comparison, higher doses, such as 50 Gy and 60 Gy, led to a significant decrease in survival. The optimal gamma irradiation dose for both scalp survival and successful regeneration fell within the range of 30 Gy to 40 Gy when using a medium supplemented with lower concentrations of BAP and Ads (1.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l BAP + 200 mg/l to 300 mg/l Ads). Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the surviving irradiated scalps exhibited a high potential for shoot regeneration when cultured on an MS medium with 3.0 mg/l BAP + 400 mg/l Ads. Gamma irradiation facilitated the initiation of new shoots, and the specific concentration of plant growth regulators and media composition influenced the response. These findings have significant implications for optimizing tissue culture techniques and improving crop production in banana cultivars and are crucial for advancing banana farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal treatment procedures were employed, to generate hydroxyapatiteCa10(PO4)6(OH)2,(HAP) powder, from the femur and ribs of bovine bone samples. This investigation delves into the effect of gamma rays, from a Cs-137 activity equal to 220 µCi at integral doses of 20 kGy, on the surface structures, vibration properties, and attenuation coefficient of HAP, in the bovine femur bone and ribs. The mass attenuation coefficients for HAP powder were registered as E= 511 keV, with 1276 keV gamma energy released from the 22Na radioisotope, and 662 keV gamma energy released from the 137Cs radioactive isotope. We used the Nist XCom program to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient of HAP before and after radiation for photon energies ranging from 0 keV to 100 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout radiotherapy, radiation of the hepatic tissue leads to damage of the hepatocytes. We designed the current study to examine how cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) modulate gamma irradiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animals received CONPs (15 mg/kg body weight [BW], ip) single daily dose for 14 days, and they were exposed on the seventh day to a single dose of gamma radiation (6 Gy). Results showed that irradiation increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Furthermore, it elevated oxidative stress biomarker; malondialdehyde (MDA) and inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in hepatic tissues homogenate. Additionally, hepatic apoptotic markers; caspase‐3 (Casp‐3) and Casp‐9 were elevated and the B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) gene level was decreased in rats exposed to radiation dose. We observed that CONPs can modulate these changes, where CONPs reduced liver enzyme activities, MDA, and apoptotic markers levels, in addition, it elevated antioxidant enzyme activities and Bcl‐2 gene levels, as well as improved histopathological changes in the irradiated animals. So our results concluded that CONPs had the ability to act as radioprotector defense against hepatotoxicity resulted during radiotherapy. Significance statement: The present study concluded that CONPs represents a promising new nanoparticles with a great radioprotector efficacy to abolish oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by ionizing radiation (as indicated by reducing MDA, Casp‐3, and Casp‐9, and elevating antioxidants enzymes and Bcl‐2), and can effectively mitigate injuries to the hepatocellular tissues. In view of these results, we ended to: CONPs can be used in radiation protection in the clinical field but later studies on adequate doses, methods to deliver nanoparticles, and mechanism of action are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and characterization of Dy3+-activated CaSi2O5 phosphor is reported. The phosphors were synthesized using a modified solid-state reaction method with variable concentrations of doping ions (0.1–2.5 mol.%) of Dy3+. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique. The XRD pattern revealed that the doped phosphors had a cubic structure. FESEM micrographs clearly indicated that the particles crystallized in inhomogeneous morphology on a micrometer scale with a sporadic and asymmetrical shape. Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra were monitored for variable doping concentrations and the emission found at 485 and 576 nm (excited at 353 nm). The corresponding transitions of the doping ion and concentration quenching effect were studied in detail. The 1931 CIE (x, y) chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.30 and y = 0.31) showed the distribution of a spectral region calculated from PL emission spectra. On the basis of CIE analysis, the prepared phosphor is useful for white light emission in inorganic light-emitting diodes. As-synthesized phosphor was examined by thermoluminescence glow curve analysis with different doses of gamma and electron beam and corresponding kinetic parameters were calculated using the computerized glow curve deconvolution technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a gamma pretreatment of water hyacinth powder for activated carbon (AC) production with improved electrochemical properties for supercapacitor applications. The structural and morphological changes of post-irradiation were meticulously analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The pretreatment significantly modifies the pore structure and reduces the particle size of the resulting activated carbon (WHAC). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated a substantial increase in micropore volume with escalating doses of gamma irradiation. Electrochemically, the activated carbon produced from pretreated WH at 100 kGy exhibited a marked increase in specific capacitance, reaching 257.82 F g−1, a notable improvement over the 95.35 F g−1 of its untreated counterpart, while maintaining 99.40% capacitance after 7000 cycles. These findings suggest that gamma-pretreated biomasses are promising precursors for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, offering a viable and environmentally friendly alternative for energy storage technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is conducted to study the effect of heat‐moisture treatment (HMT), ultrasonication (US), and gamma‐irradiation (GI) on various properties of teff starch. Starch is subjected to HMT at 28% moisture level, US at a frequency of 20 kHz for 30 and 60 min, and GI at 5 and 10 kGy. US has an increased swelling power (8.22–9.39 g g−1) and solubility (9.5–10.5%). Water binding and Oil binding capacity are improved in modified starches than native. The highest amylose content (24.94–25.24%) is observed in US than native (20.82%). Thermal characteristics show an increment in the modified teff starches with enthalpies varied from 2.30 to 3.81 J g−1. Significant differences in starch gel textural properties are identified. Similar outcomes for native and modified findings are seen in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. X‐ray diffraction shows a similar X‐ray pattern with crystallinity decreases for HMT (28.07%) and gamma irradiated starches (30.21%) and increases for ultrasonicated samples (32.23%). The morphological changes in teff starch are observed after physical modification. All in all, significant improvements have been reported in modified teff starch, which not only increases its industrial application but also improves the utilization of teff grain globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent sensor-based carbon dots (CDs) have significantly developed for sensing metal ions because of their great physical and optical properties, including tunable fluorescence emission, high fluorescence quantum yield, high sensitivity, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this research, a green synthetic approach via simple gamma irradiation for the carbon dot synthesis from water hyacinth was developed since water hyacinth has been classified as an invasive aquatic plant containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The thiol moiety (SH) was further functionalized on the surface functional groups of CDs as the "turn-off" fluorescent sensor for metal ion detection. Fluorescence emission displayed a red shift from 451 to 548 nm when excited between 240 and 500 nm. The quantum yield of CDs-SH was elucidated to be 13%, with strong blue fluorescence emission under ultraviolet irridiation (365 nm), high photostability and no photobleaching. The limit of detection was determined at micromolar levels for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+. CDs-SH could be a real-time monitoring sensor for Hg2+ and Cu2+ as fluorescence quenching was observed within 2 min. Furthermore, paper test-strip based CDs-SH could be applied to detect these metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood products including RBC, platelets and plasma are used for the treatment of different diseases, especially in cancer patients. Administration of these derivatives may be associated with a wide range of adverse effects. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a fatal complication resulting from blood transfusion. Currently, irradiation of blood products containing cells, which can be achieved using X-ray or gamma ray, represents an optimal approach to prevent TA-GVHD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to address studies conducted to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation from different sources of 60Co and 137Cs on the laboratory quality of platelets (PCs) and red blood cell concentrates (RBCCs). The results of our review on pre-storage (day 0) gamma irradiation of platelet products (apheresis and PRP) for 7 days of follow-up showed that there was no significant difference between non-irradiated and pre-storage 137Cs-irradiated PCs. In addition, 60Co-irradiated PRP before storage also showed comparable results to their non-irradiated counterparts. Results of our retrospective study on pre-storage (day 0) gamma irradiation of red blood cell concentrates (RBCCs) products for 28 days of follow-up, demonstrated that the viability of CPDA-1-preserved RBCCs appears to be 14 days post-irradiation, while this period for SAGM-preserved RBCCs is up to 21 days. Preservation of irradiated red blood cells in mannitol-containing solutions reduces lipid peroxidation. Overall, the results if our study showed that irradiation time and storage conditions, including preparation methods, anticoagulant/additive solutions, filtration, and washing, affect the quality of transfused blood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the influence of Cu doping and gamma irradiation on the photocatalytic activity of lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles for methylene blue (MB) degradation under solar light. The optical bandgap of the γ-irradiated Pb (1-x) Cu x S (where x = 0 to 0.02) was calculated between 2.29 eV - 2.72 eV, facilitating the modulation of optical bandgaps in PbS. Additional analyses incorporating photoluminescence and the Brunauer (Emmett) Teller method were used to determine optical properties, surface area, and pore distribution. The photocatalytic degradation of MB under sunlight irradiation was investigated. The photocatalytic activity was enhanced with the increasing rate of MB degradation. Notably, gamma-irradiated Pb 0.99 Cu 0.01 S exhibited a remarkable MB degradation efficiency of 73.64 %, demonstrating its stability over three consecutive cycles. This underscores its inherent stability and potential for repeated use. Overall, these findings highlight the significant potential of gamma-irradiated Cu-doped PbS nanoparticles as durable, renewable photocatalysts for efficient degradation in an aqueous media, thereby offering a promising approach for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is extracted and purified from as-received sugarcane bagasse by alkaline treatment. Then, regenerated cellulose (RC) is successfully prepared by dissolving cellulose suspension into 1:1 (v/v) of NaOH/urea mixture. The evaluation of the transformation of RC is investigated by FTIR and XRD. It is observed that the peak at the wavenumber of 1453 cm−1 is presented due to C–H stretching of RC. It is related to intramolecular hydrogen bond. The crystallinity of cellulose is transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II. Gamma-irradiation technique is employed to induce the in situ polymerization of the polypyrrole (PPy) onto RC. The irradiation doses are ranged from 10–50 kGy without the addition of an oxidizing agent. The increase of PPy content results in the enhancement of wettability and electrical conductivity. However, the percentage of crystallinity is significantly decreased. With the optimum of 5 wt % of PPy onto RC, the percent of crystallinity, the content of nitrogen, contact angle, and electrical conductivity are found to be 28.5%, 0.87 wt %, 14.4°, and 17.8 × 10–4 S·cm−1, respectively. The PPy/RC composite film is successfully developed through gamma-irradiation-induced in situ polymerization. This composite is remarkably considered as a great promise for potential candidate of bio-electrode in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing industrial waste is one of the new tactics being used to fight the dumping of solid waste for environmental protection. In the current work, the waste polyurethane (WPU) was ground to a fine powder and used for reinforcement of devulcanized waste rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (DWR/SBR) blends. DWR/SBR/WPU composites were prepared using (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30) phr (parts per hundred of rubber) of WPU. It was hypothesized that the treatment of WPU with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTMA) and irradiated at 10 kGy would improve its compatibility with the DWR/SBR blend and, consequently, its reinforcement efficacy. The incorporation of 30 phr of treated WPU (TWPU) improved the tensile strength (TS) by 47.7% and 8.6% compared to neat DWR/SBR and composites containing 30 phr of untreated WPU (UWPU). In addition, the incorporation of TWPU improved other mechanical characteristics such as tear strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance. As a result of increasing polarity and cross‐link density within the DWR/SBR blend after the addition of polar WPU, the resistance to motor oil was improved. The outcomes are encouraging from the standpoint of the circular economy and help produce high‐performing, reasonably priced DWR/SBR composites for a range of industrial uses, especially in the floor tiles application. Highlights: Waste polyurethane (WPU) was activated using gamma irradiation in the presence of TMPTMA.The treatment of WPU improved its compatibility with DWR/SBR blend.The impact of WPU treatment on the properties of DWR/SBR blend was investigated.TWPU improved the mechanical properties of DWR/SBR blend more than UWPU.TWPU increased the motor oil resistance of DWR/SBR blend more than UWPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The γ-irradiation effects on nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and fatty acids profile of cocoa beans were investigated. Raw cocoa bean samples were irradiated using 60Co source at doses of 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 kGy. The examined nutrient contents were moisture, protein, ash and fat contents. A total of 10 phenolic compounds from the screening of 32 standards were identified and quantified by LC-MS/MS, with theobromine (2418.52–3506.95 µg/g) and epicatechin (444.24–1090.98 µg/g) being the most abundant. Overall, the irradiation treatment did not significantly influence the protein and moisture content of cocoa beans. On the other hand, 3 kGy irradiation dose led to a significant decrease in fat content of cocoa bean samples. Furthermore, fatty acid composition changed with increasing the irradiation dose. Gamma irradiation caused a significant increase in saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids ratio. On the whole, the analysis of phenolic compounds of cocoa beans showed that irradiation influence the phenolic compounds significantly, with a few exceptions. The quantities of epicatechin and luteolin 7 glucoside were higher in raw cocoa beans than in irradiated cocoa beans. Highlights: Gamma irradiation ensures food safety without changing proximate composition of cocoa beans. The major phenolic compounds detected in all cocoa samples were influenced by gamma irradiation. Gamma irradiation significantly influenced the fatty acid composition of cocoa bean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A recent scientific investigation has shown promising results of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for the anticancer and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PVP SeNPs on bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Also, its antitumor activity against the MRC-5 carcinoma cell line. SeNPs were prepared via gamma irradiation using PVP as a capping agent, and their size and morphological structure were determined using HRTEM. The size of the SeNPs ranged from 36 to 66.59 nm. UV–vis spectra confirmed the formation of SeNPs, while FTIR measurement confirmed a change in the PVP structure after adding selenium nanoparticles. The highest effect was reported on HepG2 by an IC50 with a value of 8.87 µg/ml, followed by HeLa, PC3, MCF-7, and Caco2 cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, ZOI reached 36.33 ± 3.05 mm. The best value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.313 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging against bacteria showed deformations and distortions in their structures. Transmission electron (TEM) revealed ultrastructure changes in treated bacteria because of the free radicals that made cytotoxicity which confirmed by Electron spin resonance (ESR).

Tomato buds of cv. Idkawy were cultured in vitro on solid MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The plantlets that were produced were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, ranging from 100 to 200 Gy. Afterward, single pieces of nodes were cut and moved to a fresh MS medium with 0.2 mg-l of BAP. The gamma radiation caused a mortality rate of 18.75% to 52.5% among the explants. The surviving plantlets were then cut into single node pieces and transferred to an MS medium containing 0.2 mg-l of BAP, with added NaCl concentrations of either 50 or 100 mM. There was increased mortality of the vegetative buds on the explants with increased salt concentrations. It was shown that the all gamma radiation doses caused reduced the percentage of survival at saline levels. The genetic diversity was assessment by using ten primers for each SCoT and ISSR markers to six irradiated treatments grew under salt stress (100 Gy x 50 mM, 150 Gy x 50 mM, 200 Gy x 50 mM, 100 Gy x 100 mM, 150 Gy x 100 mM, 200 Gy x 100 mM). It was showed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (29.56%) is higher than the ISSR marker (26.78%). The average of PIC values for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.197 and 0.288 (PIC ˂0.5), as well as, MI values were 0.077 and 0.081, respectively. In contrast, when considering the number of alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) parameters, it was observed that the greatest genetic variation was caused by the combined treatment of 200 Gy x 50 mM NaCl using the SCoT marker. On the other hand, with the ISSR marker, the highest induced genetic variation was seen with the combined treatment of 150 Gy x 50 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets grew under salt stress. The relationships within treatments were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.

In this work, Ce- and Li-doped CaF2 phosphor (CaF2:Ce,Li) was synthesized by the combustion technique. Structural and morphological analysis of the synthesized material has been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The XRD pattern reveals the formation of a pure phase of the CaF2 crystal with a crystallite size of 717 nm. The luminescence properties were investigated by the thermoluminescence (TL) technique. The effect of sintering temperature on the TL glow curve of the pellets has been investigated for different temperatures (450, 500, 525, 550, and 575 °C). Pellets sintered at 525 °C and 550 °C presented higher sensitivity in their TL responses for gamma and UV irradiation, respectively. Samples irradiated with gamma radiation show two intense TL peaks centered at 172 °C and 275 °C. On the other hand, samples irradiated with UV radiation show two peaks centered at 195 and 280 °C. The intensity of the TL peaks increases with gamma radiation dose and UV irradiation time. The kinetic parameters of the glow curve peaks were determined through the combined analysis of the results obtained by the Tm-Tstop and deconvolution methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) is a type of hazardous waste generated by the batik industry. In this study, the gamma irradiation technique was applied to precipitate chromium in simulated batik mordanting waste. Gamma irradiation induced the generation of active species, including hydrated electrons (eaq-) and hydrogen atoms (•H), which effectively reduced Cr(Ⅵ) ions to Cr(Ⅲ) and caused precipitation as chromium hydroxide (Cr(OH)3) upon interaction with hydroxide ions (OH-). Optimal precipitation conditions were observed at 40 kGy irradiation dose, 4M of 2-propanol work as scavenger, and pH 9. The applied reaction conditions led to a decrease in the concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in simulated waste from 11,673 ppm to 177 ppm. The Cr(OH)3 was calcined to form chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and through a chemical process was synthesized back into K2Cr2O7 with the total Cr recovery of 63.39%. SEM and FTIR analysis indicated that the recovery of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(OH)3, Cr2O3, and K2Cr2O7 can be considered successful.

Abstract Current study is the first ever storage cum market trial of radiation processed (28 tons) of potato conducted in India at a commercial scale. The objective was to affirm the efficacy of very low dose of gamma radiation processing of potato for extended storage with retained quality and to understand the plausible mechanism at the gene modulation level for suppression of potato sprouting. Genes pertaining to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were upregulated whereas its catabolism was downregulated in irradiated potatoes. Additionally, genes related to auxin buildup were downregulated in irradiated potatoes. The change in the endogenous phytohormone contents in irradiated potato with respect to the control were found to be correlated well with the differential expression level of certain related genes. Irradiated potatoes showed retention of processing attributes including cooking and chip-making qualities, which could be attributed to the elevated expression of invertase inhibitor in these tubers. Further, quality retention in radiation treated potatoes may also be related to inhibition in the physiological changes due to sprout inhibition. Ecological and economical analysis of national and global data showed that successful adoption of radiation processing may gradually replace sprout suppressants like isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC), known to leave residue in the commodity, stabilize the wholesale annual market price, and provide a boost to the industries involved in product manufacturing.

Background and Aim: Irradiation is one of the most effective microbial decontamination treatments for eliminating foodborne pathogens and enhancing chicken meat safety. The effect of gamma irradiation on the overall quality of chicken meat and its products must be observed to provide a comprehensive explanation to the public. This meta-analysis examined the effects of gamma irradiation on the oxidation parameters, microbial activity, physicochemical characteristics, sensory parameters, and nutrient quality of chicken meat and meat products. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search using various search engines (Scopus®, PubMed®, and Google Scholar®) with “irradiation,” “gamma,” “chicken,” and “meat” as keywords. Gamma irradiation treatment was set as a fixed effect, and the difference between experiments was set as a random effect. This study used a mixed-model methodology. After evaluation, we selected 43 articles (86 studies) for inclusion in the database. Results: Gamma irradiation significantly increased (p < 0.01) thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels on days 0, 7, and 14 of storage. Gamma irradiation reduced total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Salmonella, yeast, and mold activity (p < 0.01). According to our meta-analysis, 21.75 kGy was the best dose for reducing total aerobic bacteria. On day 0, gamma irradiation did not affect the color parameters (L*, a*, b*). However, a significant difference (p < 0.01) was noted for a* and b* parameters between the control and irradiation treatments at 7 and 14 days. Although irradiation treatment was less consistent in sensory parameters, overall acceptability decreased on days 0, 7, and 14 after storage (p < 0.05). Regarding nutrient composition, gamma irradiation reduced moisture content and free fatty acid (FFA) content (p < 0.05). Although irradiation significantly reduces the microbial population, it increases the oxidation of chicken meat and its products. Irradiation decreases FFA content and overall acceptability, but it does not affect flavor, tenderness, juiciness, or cooking loss. Conclusion: Gamma irradiation positively reduces the microbial activity in chicken meat and its products but increases the oxidation parameters. Although gamma irradiation does not alter the flavor, tenderness, juiciness, or cooking loss, gamma irradiation can reduce the FFA content and overall acceptability.

Abstract Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers are widely employed as pour point depressants to enhance the flow properties of crude oil. However, EVA copolymers have limitations that necessitate their development. This work investigated the modification of EVA via gamma radiation-induced grafting of butyl acrylate (BuA) monomers and the evaluation of grafted EVA as a pour point depressant for crude oil. The successful grafting of poly(butyl acrylate) p(BuA) onto EVA was verified through grafting parameters, FTIR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Treating crude oil with 3000 ppm of (EVA)0kGy, (EVA)50kGy, and (1EVA:3BuA)50kGy yielded substantial reductions in pour point of 24, 21, and 21 °C, respectively. Also, rheological characterization demonstrated improving evidenced by a viscosity reduction of 76.20%, 67.70%, and 71.94% at 25 °C, and 83.16%, 74.98%, and 81.53% at 12 °C. At low dosages of 1000 ppm, the EVA-g-p(BuA) exhibited superior pour point reductions compared to unmodified EVA, highlighting the benefit of incorporating p(BuA) side chains. The grafted EVA copolymers with p(BuA) side chains showed excellent potential as crude oil flow improvers by promoting more effective adsorption and co-crystallization with paraffin wax molecules.

Abstract Background Anti-virulence therapy is a promising strategy to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potent opportunistic pathogen because of an array of virulence factors that are regulated by quorum sensing systems. Methods The virulence features of four multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa strains were investigated upon exposure to the sub-lethal dose of gamma rays (1 kGy), and sub-inhibitory concentrations of bioactive metabolites recovered from local halophilic strains in comparison to control. Then, the gene expression of AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) was quantitatively determined in treated and untreated groups by real-time PCR. Results The bioactive metabolites recovered from halophilic strains previously isolated from saline ecosystems were identified as Halomonas cupida (Halo-Rt1), H. elongate (Halo-Rt2), Vigibacillus natechei (Halo-Rt3), Sediminibacillus terrae (Halo-Rt4) and H. almeriensis (Halo-Rt5). Results revealed that both gamma irradiation and bioactive metabolites significantly reduced the virulence factors of the tested MDR strains. The bioactive metabolites showed a maximum efficiency for inhibiting biofilm formation and rhamnolipids production whereas the gamma irradiation succeeded in decreasing other virulence factors to lower levels in comparison to control. Quantitative-PCR results showed that AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) in P. aeruginosa strains were downregulated either by halo-bacterial metabolites or gamma irradiation in all treatments except the upregulation of both lasI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in P. aeruginosa NCR-RT3 and both rhlI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in P. aeruginosa U3 by nearly two folds or more upon exposure to gamma irradiation. The most potent result was observed in the expression of lasI internal gene that was downregulated by more than ninety folds in P. aeruginosa NCR-RT2 after treatment with metabolites of S. terrae (Halo-Rt4). Analyzing metabolites recovered from H. cupida (Halo-Rt1) and H. elongate (Halo-Rt2) using LC–ESI–MS/MS revealed many chemical compounds that have quorum quenching properties including glabrol, 5,8-dimethoxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde, linoleoyl ethanolamide, agelasine, penigequinolones derivatives, berberine, tetracosanoic acid, and liquidambaric lactone in the former halophile and phloretin, lycoctonine, fucoxanthin, and crassicauline A in the latter one. Conclusion QS inhibitors can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of MDR P. aeruginosa strains; and thus can be an effective and successful strategy for treating antibiotic resistant traits.

Leather tanning involves several processes of converting putrescible hide to stable leather resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Severe conditions such as high temperatures and UV radiation, when exposed to the leather materials, cause degradation and decrease physical, chemical, and structural properties. The effect of gamma irradiation on viscoelastic properties and stability of tanned leather against thermal and photodegradation was studied using the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) technique. The thermal stability of chrome and mimosa-tanned leather was inferred from the peak of storage modulus graphs. Gamma irradiation of samples with low doses increased the storage modulus of chrome and mimosa-tanned leathers. Doses up to 20 kGy decreased the stability of thermally aged chrome-tanned leather. However, for mimosa-tanned, there was an increase at higher doses as a result of gamma irradiation inducing additional bonds that enhance the stability of the tanned leather. Nevertheless, there is a variation in the stability of chrome-tanned leather at different doses of irradiation.

AbstractThe effect of gamma irradiation upon the bioactive potentials of selected Cucurbitaceae seeds commonly known as Char Magaz was investigated. The seeds were irradiated in triplicate at doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kGy gamma rays in a cobalt-60 irradiator. These were extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol and the extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporation. The antimicrobial effects of the irradiated and non-irradiated samples against bacterial strains and the fungal strains were assessed by the agar-well diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration technique. The antioxidant activities were determined via 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The chloroform extract of cucumber seeds exhibited the greatest zone of inhibition (18.0 mm) against S. aureus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for antibacterial and antifungal activities ranged from 320.0 to 1280 µg/mL, and 0.50 to 16.0 µg/mL, respectively. Seeds exposed up to 10 kGy gamma irradiation increased DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities. Comparatively, all seed extracts showed high antioxidant potentials in the FRAP assay at all doses. The results suggested that gamma irradiation up to 10 kGy enhances bioactivities of the analyzed seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPolycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/polyethylene oxide (PC/PMMA/PEO) blends were formed using a casting technique. Samples from the prepared PC/PMMA/PEO films were irradiated with γ ray doses ranging from 20 to 180 kGy. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to explore the resulting effects of the γ ray irradiation on the optical properties of the prepared films. The impact of the γ ray irradiation on the light absorbance, transmission, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constant and optical conductivity of the PC/PMMA/PEO blend films was examined. The absorbance of the blend films increased as it was irradiated with the γ ray doses up to 180 kGy, the maximum dose used. The increase in absorbance was associated with a decrease in the direct bandgap from 4.52 to 4.20 eV, and an increase of Urbach energy from 0.37 to 0.87 eV. Also, we used the optical dielectric loss (ε”) to detect the type of microelectronic transition for the PC/PMMA/PEO blend films, which was found to be a direct allowed transition. Moreover, the optical color changes between the pristine and the irradiated films were assessed using the International Commission on Illumination color differences technique. The pristine film was uncolored. It showed significant color alterations when irradiated with γ radiation up to 180 kGy. The induced enhancement in the optical properties indicated that the γ radiation is a useful tool that would allow the application of the resulting PC/PMMA/PEO blend films in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the use of synthetic antioxidants has been limited due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, studies to find new herbal compounds have been considered in the treatment, reduction and prevention of oxidative effects. At the current study, the ethanolic extract was prepared from the seeds, leaves and stems of milk thistle, Silybum marianum. After irradiation of the extracts with doses of 10, 20 and 30 KGy of gamma ray, Total Phenolic Content (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent at 263 nm, the percentage of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were investigated. On the results of free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS tests: Seed extract and treated extracts by dose of 20 KGy gamma ray showed significant increase in TPC and antioxidant activity to leaves and stems and compare to the other doses of gamma rays, respectively (P<0.05). Therefore, componed on the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidants and the obtained results can be suggested replacing synthetic antioxidants with milk thistle seed in particular. In addition, Current results suggested that applying gamma irradiated milk thistle seed extract at a dose of 20 kGy as a functional feed additive for aquatic animals would be a promising strategy for protecting them from oxidative stress and inflammation induced especially by High-fat diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been produced by low-dose (1–20 kGy) gamma irradiation of silver nitrate in the presence of graphene-based material (graphene oxide or electrochemically exfoliated graphene). The large surface area of those graphene-based materials combined with the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface provided successful nucleation and growth of Ag nanoparticles, which resulted in a uniformly covered graphene surface. The obtained Ag nanoparticles were spherical with a predominant size distribution of 10–50 nm for graphene oxide and 10–100 nm for electrochemically exfoliated graphene. The photothermal efficiency measurement showed a temperature increase upon exposure to a 532 nm laser for all samples and the highest photothermal efficiency was measured for the graphene oxide/Ag NP sample prepared at 5 kGy. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency measurements showed poor shielding for the composites prepared with graphene oxide. On the other hand, all composites prepared with electrochemically exfoliated graphene showed EMI shielding to some extent, and the best performance was measured for the samples prepared at 5 and 20 kGy doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiation is an emerging technique in agriculture with the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of forage crops and improve their adaptability to infertile environments. This study examined how different doses of gamma irradiation affected the nutrient content, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) uptakes, and the in vitro digestibility of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, a forage grass cultivated on acidic soil. The experiment involved the application of various gamma irradiation doses (0 Gy, 5 Gy, 10 Gy, 15 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy, and 30 Gy). Four replications were done using a randomized block design, with 25 P. purpureum cv. Mott seeds in each repetition, totaling 700 seeds. The plants were grown in acidic soil with a pH of approximately 4.5-5. After two months of growth, the plants were harvested, and various parameters were analyzed. The research results indicated that the treatment had a significant effect on increasing organic matter content (p<0.01), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) (p<0.01), ADF (acid detergent fiber) (p<0.01), cellulose (p<0.01), hemicellulose (p<0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), crude fat (p<0.05), non-nitrogen-free extract (p<0.05), fiber fractions (p<0.01), nutrient digestibility (p<0.01), and fiber fraction digestibility (p<0.01). Overall, it can be concluded from this study that a gamma irradiation dose of 15 gy can enhance the nutritional content of P. purpureum cv. Mott cultivated on acidic soil and improves its utilization efficiency for livestock due to the increased digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study of the properties of ferroelectric materials against irradiation has a long history. However, anti−irradiation research on the ferroelectric domain has not been carried out. In this paper, the irradiation of switched domain structure is innovatively proposed. The switched domain of 700 nm lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) thin film remains stable after gamma irradiation from 1 krad to 10 Mrad, which was prepared by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). In addition, the changing law of domain wall resistivity is explored through different sample voltages, and it is verified that the irradiated domain wall conductivity is still larger than the domain. This domain wall current (DWC) property can be applied to storage, logic, sensing, and other devices. Based on these, a ferroelectric domain irradiation resistance model is established, which explains the reason at an atomic level. The results open a possibility for exploiting ferroelectric materials as the foundation in the application of space and nuclear fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most widely product used in a range of industrial and commercial applications due to its high chemical resistance, properties, and low cost. Thin films of polyvinyl chloride were produced using a casting process. Cobalt (60Co) source and radiation doses of (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20) kGy were used for gamma irradiation. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the PVC films had an amorphous structure. Before irradiation, the surface PVC did not have a porous structure, but after irradiation, porous PVC formed, according to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) photographs. The polymer chains exposed to gamma radiation showed no structural alterations according to the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer FTIR measurements. The effect of radiation on optical characteristics was determined using the UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results demonstrate that the absorption spectrum increases, and transmission decreases with the increase in the dose of irradiation and indicated that indirect transition was allowed and the energy gap of PVC films decreased when irradiated with a radiation dose from (4.95 eV -- 4.48 eV). The purpose of gamma irradiation is to improve the specifications and properties of the polymer for use in other application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]