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E-mails present an interpersonal computer-mediated communication and a most-widely used form of digital communication. In the formal academic setting, digital interaction between students and professors, although used on daily bases, frequently requires students to deliver higher pragmatic competence and language awareness to reflect power asymmetry. However, it also provides an opportunity for lowering the power distance settings, and for the utilization of engagement markers in order to establish and maintain a more accommodating and beneficent environment. As the markers involving the reader into the context, engagement markers explicitly build the relationship between the students and their professors. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the paper will demonstrate how the use of engagement markers as a distinct metadiscourse category in student-professor e-mail communication facilitates interaction and establishes a more trusting relationship. Using the corpus of student e-mails to professors, in both Serbian and English, the analysis will focus on the lexical elements (second person pronouns, imperatives, question forms, etc.) that explicitly address professor as the participant in the e-mail content, thus creating a more amiable context and a low power distance setting. The results will demonstrate the differences in the use of engagement markers in English with the distinct formal communication and in Serbian with less lexical formal engagement markers. Finally, the results will reveal the distinctive use of metadiscourse markers in digital environment and the informal tendencies that are gradually prevailing over the formal communication.

kursa poslovnog engleskog jezika koji ima za cilj razvoj pragmatičkekompetencije polaznika i unapređenje poslovne komunikacije na engleskom jeziku.Uspostavljanje i održavanje uspešne poslovne komunikacije koja uključuje poslovneljude kojima je engleski jezik zajedničko sredstvo komunikacije zavisi od njihovesposobnosti da koriste jezik na odgovarajući način u odgovarajućem poslovnomkontekstu.Istraživanje za disertaciju sastojalo se iz dva dela. U uvodnom deluistraživanja učestvovali su predavači poslovnog engleskog jezika, studenti koji slušajukurs poslovnog engleskog jezika i zaposleni polaznici koji pohađaju kurs poslovnogengleskog jezika u školama stranih jezika. Cilj ovog dela istraživanja je bio da seprikupe podaci o nastavi poslovnog engleskog jezika kod nas – na koji način se onaorganizuje i šta bi trebalo uključiti u nastavu kako bi polaznici bili što uspešniji uposlovnoj komunikaciji na engleskom jeziku.Nakon toga usledilo je glavno istraživanje u kome je učestvovalo dvadesetzaposlenih polaznika koji su pohađali kurs poslovnog engleskog jezika. Oni su bilipodeljeni u dve grupe, kontrolnu i eksperimentalnu, sa po deset polaznika. Obe grupesu pohađale kurs poslovnog engleskog jezika. Kontrolna grupa je kurs slušala samona osnovu odabranog udžbenika, a eksperimentalna grupa je pohađala kurs koji jeizrađen na osnovu analize potreba i u skladu sa poslovnim situacijama u kojima onikoriste engleski jezik. Pre početka kursa obe grupe su popunile upitnik sa opštimpodacima o njima i upitnik za analizu potreba, ulazni test opšteg engleskog jezika iulazni test poslovnog engleskog jezika. Podaci dobijeni upitnikom za analizu potrebaupotpunjeni su pitanjima u prvom intervjuu. Napredak u sposobnosti korišćenjaengleskog jezika u poslovnoj komunikaciji obe grupe, posebno u pogledu korišćenjagovornih činova, praćen je tokom kursa pomoću pet testova nakon svake obrađeneteme.Istraživanjem su dobijeni kvantitativni podaci (pomoću testa i upitnika) ikvalitativni podaci (pomoću upitnika i intervjua) koji su detaljno analizirani. Naosnovu analize svih podataka može se zaključiti da su polaznici iz eksperimentalnegrupe ostvarili primetno bolji napredak na testovima koji su pratili kurs, ali i usposobnosti poslovne komunikacije, što je bio i cilj kursa.Značaj ovog istraživanja je višestruk jer ukazuje na potrebu da se veća pažnjaposvećuje izradi kurseva poslovnog engleskog jezika za zaposlene polaznike,detaljnoj analizi poslovnog konteksta u kome rade i njihovih stvarnih potreba. Takvikursevi omogućavaju polaznicima da lakše i uspešnije razviju svoju pragmatičkukompetenciju i unaprede poslovnu komunikaciju., This thesis in applied linguistics and language teaching focuses on designing abusiness English course for the purpose of the development of pragmatic competenceof business English learners in order to improve their business communication in theEnglish language. Establishing and maintaining successful business communicationinvolving business people who use English as a common communication languagedepends on their ability to use the language in an appropriate way in an appropriatebusiness context.The research for this thesis consisted of two parts. The first part of the researchinvolved teachers of business English, students who attended business Englishcourses and employed learners who attended business English courses in privatelanguage schools. The purpose of this part of the research was to collect the data onbusiness English language teaching, the way the courses are organized and whatshould be included in the courses so that the learners are able to participate inbusiness communication in the English language.This was followed by the main part of the research, which involved twentyprofessionals attending a business English course. They were divided into two groups,control and experimental, with ten learners in each group. Both groups attended abusiness English course, however, the control group had a course based only on theselected course book, and the experimental group had a course designed on the basisof needs analysis and in accordance with the business situations in which they useEnglish language daily. Prior to the course learners in both groups completed ageneral data questionnaire, a needs analysis questionnaire, general and businessEnglish language entrance tests. The data gathered by the needs analysis questionnairewere additionally clarified by the answers in the first interview. The learners' progressin using English in business communication in both groups, especially regarding theuse of speech acts, was monitored by five tests, one after each of the topics coveredduring the course.The data collected in the research, both quantitative (collected by tests andquestionnaires) and qualitative (collected by questionnaires and interviews), werethoroughly analyzed. The analysis led to a conclusion that learners from theexperimental group showed substantially better improvement in tests and their overallability to communicate in business related contexts.The significance of this research is manifold and suggests that greater attentionshould be paid to designing business English courses for professionals and to athorough needs and business context analysis. Such courses would enable learners todevelop their pragmatic competence more successfully and, consequently, improvetheir business communication.

U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su predstavljeni rezultati proučavanja ponašanja kristala natrijum hlorata u blago presićenim rastvorima. Eksperimentalni dio rada je izveden u Laboratoriji za rast kristala na Fizičkom fakultetu u Beogradu. Izvedena su dva tipa eksperimenata. Proučavano je ponašanje kristala natrijum hlorata u vremenski dugim eksperimentima, gdje su posmatrane promjene u brzinama rasta kristala, nezavisno o makroskopskim spoljašnjim uslovima. Izučavani su i diskutovani uzroci postojanja disperzije brzina rasta malih kristala natrijum hlorata, kao i njihova vremenska evolucija. Radi detaljnog proučavanja pojave disprzije brzina rasta kristala i njihove vremenske evolucije u vremenski dugim eksperimentima uvedeni su pojmovi početne, intermedijalne i stabilisane brzine rasta kristala. Uočeno je da većina proučavanih kristala doživljava značajne promjene u brzinama u prvih nekoliko sati rasta. Izdvojeno je pet tipičnih promjena u brzinama rasta kristala: 1) smanjivanje u početnom periodu rasta od 2 - 4 h, zadržavanje dostignute vrijednost (u granicama greške mjerenja) do kraja eksperimenata. 2) smanivanje velikih početnih brzina rasta u početnom periodu od 2 - 4 h do intermedijalnih vrijednosti i dostizanje, nakon nekoliko narednih časova, stabilisane vrijednosti brzine. 3) brzine koje se nisu mjenjale tokom cijelog eksperimenta (u granicama greške mjerenja). 4) porast brzina u prvih nekoliko sati eksperimenta do vrijednosti koju su zadržale do kraja. 5) prestanak rasta kristala bilo u nekom od posmatranih pravaca, bilo u svim pravcima. Da bi se opisala disperzija brzina rasta, rezultati su fitovani višestrukom normalnom raspodjelom. Statistički podaci omogućili su dobro definisanje nekoliko maksimuma distribucija početnih, intermedijalih i stabilisanih brzina rasta, po redu. Predloženi su i diskutovani mogući uzroci promjena brzinama rasta proučavanih kristala i to smanjivanje mas - transfer koeficijenta, prisustvo primjesa, prelaz dominantne dislokacione grupe sa navećom aktivnosti sa jedne na drugu pljosan, promjene na površini kristala, naprezanje kristalne rešetke. U drugom tipu eksperimenata proučavano je ponašanje kristala natrijum hlorata raslih iz vodenih rastvora na temperaturama bliskim temperaturi zasićenja rastvora. Uočeno je postojanje tri tipa kristala: kristali koji su rasli, kristali koji nisu rasli (brzina rasta 0 nm/s u granicama greške mjerenja) i kristali koji su se rastvarali. Detaljno su analizirani mogući uzroci za pojavu koegzistencije kristala tokom cijelog perioda rasta, na presićenjima nižim od 0,18 %. Istraživanja su bila usmjerena na kristale koji su se rastvarali u presićenim rastvorima. Analize rezultata su pokazale da postojanje kristala koji se rastvaraju u presićenim vodenim rastvorima ne zavisi od: 1) položaja kristala u ćeliji za kristalizaciju, 2) orijentacije kristala u odnosu na pravac proticanja rastvora kroz ćeliju, 3) međusobnu udaljenost kristala i 4) veličine i debljine kristala. Predloženi su i diskutovani mogući razlozi prisustva kristala natrijum hlorata koji se rastvaraju u presićenim vodenim rastvorima i to: Ostvald ripening, makroskopski uslovi u ćeliji za kristalizaciju, mikrostruktura ratućih pljosni kristala, naprezanje kristalne rešetke, Gibs - Tomsonov efekat i prisustvo primjesa. Analiza eksperimentalnih rezultata predstavljenih u disertaciji doprinosi objašnjavanju proučavanih pojava u fizici rasta kristala. In this thesis the results of investigation of sodium chlorate crystals behavior in slightly supersaturated solutions will be presented. Experimental part of investigations was performed in Laboratory for crystal growth on Faculty of physics, University of Belgrade. Two types of experiments were performed. Behavior of sodium chlorate crystals in long time experiments in which growth rate changes inherent to crystals, independent of macroscopic external conditions, was investigated. The results of growth rate dispersions of small sodium chlorate crystals as well as their evolution in time were also discussed. For detailed study of phenomena of crystal growth rate dispersion and their time evolution in long - term experiments were introduced in terms of initial, intermedial and stabilized crystal growth rates. It was noticed that most of the studied crystals exhibited significant changes in their growth rates in the first few hours of growth. Five typical changes in crystal growth rate were noticed: 1) Measured growth rates decreased during the initial period of growth for 2 - 4 h. These growth rates did not change until the end of the experiments (within the measurement error limits). 2) Very high initial growth rates decreased and then, after 2 - 4 h, reached relatively high intermediate growth rates that were retained for the following few hours. After that, they reached stabilized growth rates. 3) Growth rates did not change during the whole growth run (within the measurement error limits). 4) Increase of growth rates during the first couple of hours of the experiment and reached the values which were retained until the end of the growth. 5) Crystals did not grow at all, or in some of the observed directions. To describe growth rate dispersion, results were fitted with finite mixture of normal distributions. Statistics enabled well definition of several distribution maxima of initial, intermediate and stabilized growth rates, respectively. In this thesis are proposed and discussed possible causes of changes in growth rates of observed crystals such as: changes in mass – transfer coefficient, presense of impurities, transition of the dominant dislocation source from one face to the neighboring one, changes on crystal surface and lattice strain. Behavior of small sodium chlorate crystals grown from aqueos solution on the temperatures near the saturation temperature of the solution was observed in the second type of experiments. Three types of crystals were noticed: growing, non - growing (growth rate 0 nm/s within the measurement error limits) and dissolving crystals. Possible reasons for simultaneous growth and dissolution of crystals on supersaturation below 0,18% are discussed in detail. The investigations were focused on crystals that dissolve in supersaturated solution. After the results analysis, the existence of dissolving crystals in a supersaturated solution is independent of: 1) the crystal position in the crystallization chamber, 2) the crystal orientation with respect to the solution flow direction, 3) the distance between the closest neighbors, 4) the crystal size and thickness Possible reasons for coexistence of growing and dissolving crystals, such as an Ostwald ripening, microscopic conditions in the crystallization chamber, microstructure of growing face,overall crystal lattice strain, Gibbs - Thompson effect and the presence of impurities, are discussed. Analysis of the experimental results presented in this dissertation contributes to explaining the phenomena studied in the physics of crystal growth.