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ABSTRACTTo determine whether Corallina chilensisis a distinct species or a variety (i.e. C. officinalisvar. chilensis) of the generitype of Corallina, molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed using psbA, COI-5P, rbcL, or some combination of these gene regions from 75 voucher specimens representing Corallinacollections from around the world. Names were applied by comparing these DNA sequences with sequences obtained from type specimens, including a 263 bp rbcL sequence from an isotype of C. chilensiscollected by Darwin (C. Darwin 2151) from Valparaiso, Chile. DNA sequences from the C. chilensisisotype matched unnamed coralline DNA sequences from British Columbia, Canada, and previously published DNA sequences from the northeast and southeast Pacific. The clade containing the isotype of C. chilensiswas distinct from C. officinalisspecimens in phylogenetic analyses. Although morphologically variable, fronds of C. chilensisfrom British Columbia populations matched Kützing’s original description of C. officinalisvar. chilensis. These data support the conclusion that C. chilensisis a distinct species, not a variety of C. officinalis, and is distributed in both hemispheres. While this study strongly supported C. chilensisas a distinct species, phylogenetic relationships among Corallinaspecies remain elusive because individual gene trees are not congruent.

ABSTRACTUsing an integrated taxonomic approach, DNA sequencing of field-collected and historical type specimens, as well as morpho-anatomical characters and species’ ecology and biogeography, we reassessed the single-most ecologically important non-geniculate coralline algal genus, Spongites, in South Africa. DNA sequences (psbA, rbcL) from type and recently collected specimens formed well-supported clades within Chamberlainoideae, all aligning closer to the generitype of Chamberlainium, C. tumidum, than to the generitype of Spongites, S. fruticulosus(Neogoniolithoideae, Corallinales). Nine species of Chamberlainoideae are now confirmed for South Africa, eight in Chamberlainiumand one in Pneophyllum. South African specimens called Spongites discoideusand S. yendoi, both with type localities far removed from South Africa, Argentina and Japan, respectively, are not those species. The latter species had included seven cryptic to pseudocryptic species. We describe the most ecologically important of these species, Chamberlainium cochleare sp. nov., as well as resurrect Lithophyllum natalense, and transfer both it and Spongites imparto Chamberlainium. Additionally, we argue that within the monophyletic Corallinales it is premature to elevate subfamilies to families when several subfamilies have no distinguishing morpho-anatomical characters. Furthermore, some morpho-anatomical characters that have been proposed to distinguish subfamilies vary even within a single subfamily.

ABSTRACTTwo of the four currently recognised species of Phymatolithonin South Africa are P. repandum(type locality: Half Moon Bay, Port Philip Bay, Victoria, Australia) and P. ferox(type locality: Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). Partial rbcL sequences of the lectotype of P. repandumand the holotype of P. feroxdemonstrate that the former is not present in South Africa and does not belong in Phymatolithon, whereas the latter belongs in Phymatolithon, but that the name has been misapplied in South Africa. The correct name for the species, currently called P. repandumin South Africa, is P. ferox. Partial rbcL and psbA sequences of two of the current heterotypic synonyms of P. ferox, Lithothamnion prolixumand Lithothamnion prolixumf. plicatum, show that they are conspecific and do not belong in Phymatolithon. Lithothamnion prolixumis the basionym for the species currently, but incorrectly, called P. feroxin South Africa. Phymatolithon repandumand L. prolixumbelong in an as yet undescribed genus. All heterotypic synonyms of currently recognised names of non-geniculate corallines that were placed in synonymy based on morpho-anatomy should not be accepted until confirmed by DNA sequencing.

ABSTRACTOne of the earliest described non-geniculate coralline algae from the Arctic is Kjellman’s 1877 Lithophyllum arcticum. It has been classified successively in Lithothamnionand Mesophyllumand currently is in Leptophytum, all based on morpho-anatomy. A 263 base-pair (bp) fragment of the rbcL gene was sequenced from the lectotype specimen, and it is an exact match to Neopolyporolithon loculosum. Because Lithothamnion loculosum, basionym of N. loculosum, dates only from 1889, the priority of publication necessitates Neopolyporolithon arcticum comb. nov. for this species. The biogeographic provinces and distribution of this alga are expanded from the boreal and subarctic North Pacific to the western Russian Arctic. Given the rapid warming of the Arctic, DNA sequence data are urgently needed for coralline algae from all arctic and subarctic marine regions to document their current distributions in order to assess future changes.

Abstract:The current identification of crustose coralline algae from North Carolina is based on a few morphoanatomical studies from the last century. We reassessed the type specimens of the two Lithophyllumspecies historically reported from offshore communities in North Carolina, L. intermediumwith a Caribbean Sea type locality and L. subtenellumwith an Atlantic southern France type locality, using scanning electron microscopy images and diagnostic rbcL sequences. Neither of the sequences generated from the type specimens matched rbcL sequences from contemporary specimens collected from subtidal North Carolina epibenthic communities. On the basis of analyses of rbcL and other loci (psbA, UPA, and COI), we instead found L. atlanticum, recently described from Brazil, and L. searlesii sp. nov. from Onslow Bay, North Carolina. These sequence data show that L. atlanticumis related to northeast Pacific species, whereas L. searlesiiis related to Mediterranean species.

Abstract:DNA sequence data from a 296 base pair variable region of the plastid encoded rbcL gene was obtained from 19th century type material of Spongites decipiensand of Lithophyllum tumidum(=Pseudolithophyllum neofarlowii) and matched to field-collected material, confirming the application of these specific epithets in the northeast Pacific. Phylogenetic analyses of separate and concatenated rbcL and psbA gene sequences show that both species belong in Spongites. Based on DNA sequences, the distribution of S. decipiensis confirmed from Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada, south to its type locality at San Pedro, Los Angeles County, California, whereas, Spongites tumidumis distributed from near Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California. Sequence data from S. decipiensand South African specimens called Spongites yendoiconfirm anatomical studies that these two species are distinct but that a previously undescribed, cryptic species, Spongites agulhensis, also is present in South Africa. Anatomically and morphologically S. agulhensisis very similar to both northeast Pacific S. decipiensand South African S. yendoi, differing from the former by a single anatomical character and from the latter by two anatomical characters. Anatomy, ecology and distributions are useful in separating the South African species of Spongites, as well as the northeast Pacific species. Sequence divergence values align with biogeographic patterns and not with anatomical similarities for these Spongitesspecies. We question the practice of placing into synonymy geographically widely separated non-geniculate coralline algal species based solely on anatomical features that likely have resulted from convergent evolution.

Abstract:Nothogenia fastigiatahas been reported to exhibit great morphological variability and has been considered to be widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. To test its current circumscription, sequences from type material of N. fastigiataand other species currently synonymized with it were compared to those from recent collections of this and other species in the genus. Eight distinct species previously subsumed under the name N. fastigiatawere identified. Multiple specimens from southern Chile and a single specimen from Campbell Island (subantarctic New Zealand) were conspecific with type material of N. fastigiatafrom the Falkland Islands. For other species, molecular analyses of recent collections using the nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal cistron, the chloroplast rbcL and psbA genes and the mitochondrial COIgene indicated a strong geographic pattern to species relationships. Other specimens identified as N. fastigiatafrom Chile represented up to five species, including N. chilensisand N. fragilis, based on sequences of type material; these Chilean species occurred on a monophyletic branch. We also recognized N. lingula comb. nov. from Tasmania, which is closely related to N. fastigiata, based on sequences of type material. Specimens from mainland New Zealand identified as N. fastigiatafell into a distinct clade with New Zealand N. pulvinataand represented a previously undescribed species, described here as N. neilliae sp. nov. Another New Zealand species, N. pseudosaccata, was distantly related to N. variolosafrom Auckland Island and other subantarctic islands south of New Zealand. The New Zealand species were more closely related to South African N. erinaceaand N. ovalisthan to species of Nothogeniafrom Chile, including N. fastigiata, although bootstrap support for this interpretation was weak. These genetic data demonstrate that matching DNA sequences from archival Nothogeniamaterial to modern specimens can be used to identify and define new and old cryptic species.

This is the first clinical report evaluating the accuracy, safety and operative simplicity of the new BENTLEY 10 PLUS (B10+) bubble oxygenator to control pO2and pCO2independently. Eleven patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly selected. The Bentley Gas Stat (BGS) was used to obtain blood gas values during CPB at five-minute intervals, (N = 270). BGS calibration values were recorded. Confirming blood gas samples were sent to the hospital laboratory at approximately 15-minute intervals to ensure accuracy of the BGS. Adjustments to the gas flow controller (GFC) and total gas flow (TGF) were made to maintain the pO2and pCO2with predetermined ranges, 100–150 torr and 38–42 torr, respectively. The number of adjustments required to maintain values within ranges, GFC settings, TGF settings, Hemoglobin, and visual signs of hemolysis (hemoglobin-urea) were charted.

Abstract:A floristic survey of the red algal genus Bossiellawas conducted using molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy (MAAT). The MAAT approach used DNA sequence data as a first pass to assess species diversity followed by additional study including detailed morphological observations to delimit species. In addition, type specimen sequencing was conducted to apply existing species names to genetic groups. Four Bossiellaspecies were recognised in the eastern Pacific Ocean based on morphology, but a genetic screen using a DNA barcode marker, mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase subunit 1 (COI-5P), showed 17 genetic species groups. Due to the large number of species requiring taxonomic assessment, we focused this study on species with predominantly dichotomous branching, that is, the recognised morphospecies B. californicaand B. orbigniana. DNA sequences from three loci, psbA, rbcL and COI-5P, resolved five species: B. californica, B. dichotoma, B. schmittii, Bossiella heteroforma sp. nov. and B. orbigniana(the only species with a type locality not in the northeast Pacific). Morphology alone was an inadequate discriminator of these species, but incorporating distribution and habitat data facilitated identification of some species without DNA sequencing. All of these species were widely distributed in the northeast Pacific Ocean, from at least northern British Columbia, Canada, to Monterey Bay, California, USA, with two reaching Baja California Norte, Mexico.

GabrielsonP.W., MillerK.A. andMartoneP.T. 2011. Morphometric and molecular analyses confirm two distinct species of Calliarthron(Corallinales, Rhodophyta), a genus endemic to the northeast Pacific. Phycologia50: 298–316. DOI: 10.2216/10-42.1Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences demonstrate that Calliarthronas currently constituted is paraphyletic. Calliarthron yessoenseand C. latissimumfrom the northwest Pacific belong in Alatocladiaand are conspecific. After the transfer of C. yessoenseand C. latissimum, Calliarthronis monophyletic, known only from the northeast Pacific and comprises two species, C. cheilosporioidesand C. tuberculosum, which are distinct morphologically, biogeographically and by molecular sequence. Sequence data for the types of C. regeneransand C. setchelliaeconfirm that they are heterotypic synonyms of C. tuberculosum. Lectotypes are designated for C. cheilosporioides, C. regeneransand C. setchelliae. A morphometric analysis shows that three measured characters reliably distinguish C. cheilosporioidesfrom C. tuberculosum. Alatocladiais monophyletic, known only from the northwest Pacific and comprises two species, A. modestaand A. yessoensis, which are distinct morphologically, biogeographically and by molecular sequence. rbcL sequence data of the type species of Alatocladia, Bossiella, Calliarthronand Chiharaeaconfidently differentiate these genera with strong bootstrap support.

HommersandM.H., LeisterG.L., RamÍrezM.E., GabrielsonP.W. andNelsonW.A. 2010. A morphological and phylogenetic study of Glaphyrosiphongen. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) based on Grateloupia intestinaliswith descriptions of two new species: Glaphyrosiphon lindauerifrom New Zealand and Glaphyrosiphon chilensisfrom Chile. Phycologia49: 554–573. DOI: 10.2216/09-106.1A new genus, GlaphyrosiphonHommersand & Leister gen. nov., is proposed to contain the generitype Glaphyrosiphon intestinalis(Harvey) Leister & W.A. Nelson comb. nov., a species known in New Zealand under the name Grateloupia intestinalis(Hooker. f. & Harvey) Setchell ex P.G. Parkinson, and two additional species: Glaphyrosiphon lindaueriW.A. Nelson & P.W. Gabrielson sp. nov.from the northern part of New Zealand and Glaphyrosiphon chilensisM.E. Ramírez, Leister, and P.W. Gabrielson sp. nov.in the southern part of Chile from Valdivia (Región de Los Ríos), to Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan (Región de Magallanes). Thalli are borne singly or in clusters from a small discoid holdfast and consist of simple or one- to three-times-branched slippery tubes that are copiously filled with mucilage. The medulla consists of a one- to several-layered network inside the cortex composed of stellate cells that interconnect by short to long extensions linked by pit connections. Primary rhizoidal filaments are absent. Spermatangia are superficial on terminal cortical cells. Carpogonial and auxiliary-cell ampullae are formed separately and link by unsegmented tubular connecting filaments, as in other Halymeniaceae. The auxiliary-cell ampulla consists of a basal cell and four unilaterally branched filaments in which the auxiliary cell is the basal cell of one of the four filaments. The auxiliary cell and inner ampullar filaments unite forming a fusion cell. Ampullar filaments connect terminally to inner cortical cells and laterally with one another by short filaments and pit connections that form an involucral network surrounding the gonimolobes. Tetrasporangia are cruciately divided and borne laterally on filaments produced secondarily from surface cortical cells. Sequence analyses of the rbcL gene place Glaphyrosiphonsister to Polyopesin the Halymeniaceae. The two New Zealand species consist of southern and northern clades separated by 1.2% to 1.7% base-pair distances in rbcL analyses and a Chilean species that forms a single clade separated from the New Zealand clades by 3.9% to 4.4% base-pair distances. Records of Grateloupia intestinalisfrom Tasmania have not been studied.

P.W. Gabrielson. 2008. Molecular sequencing of Northeast Pacific type material reveals two earlier names for Prionitis lyalii, Prionitis jubataand Prionitis sternbergii, with brief comments on Grateloupia versicolor(Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia47: 89–97. DOI: 10.2216/04-43.1William Henry Harvey described seven varieties of his new species Prionitis lyalliion the basis of material collected by Dr. David Lyall at Esquimalt (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada and by C. B. Wood in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Labeled specimens of four of the varieties (depauperata, dilitata, intermediaand normalis) that were located in Harvey's herbarium (Trinity College Dublin) all represent the same species on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 1 and partial rbcL sequences. The specimen labeled var. normalis (P. lyalliivar. lyallii) is selected as the lectotype of the species, and it is recommended that no varieties be recognized formally or informally. When J. Agardh erected Prionitisin 1851, Prionitis jubataand Prionitis sternbergiiwere among the nine species recognized, but both names fell into disuse, the former out of neglect, although it was said to have been collected at Sitka, Alaska, USA, and the latter due to uncertainty about its identity and provenance. Type material of P. jubata, Sphaerococcus sternbergii, the basionym of P. sternbergii, and type material of P. lyalliihave identical partial rbcL sequences. Lectotypes are designated for each species. On the basis of the principle of priority, the correct name for this common Northeast Pacific species is P. sternbergii. Grateloupia versicolor, believed to have been collected at Punta St. Agustín, Oxaca, Mexico and with which P. sternbergiihad at one time been placed into synonymy, is a distinct species. Haenke, one of two botanists on the Malaspina expedition, collected P. sternbergiiin 1791 either in Nootka Sound (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada or from Monterey, California, USA.

A.D.R. N'Yeurt, C.E. Payri, P.W. Gabrielson, andS. Fredericq. 2006. Pinnatiphycus menouanagen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyta: Dicranemataceae) from New Caledonia and Fiji (South Pacific): vegetative and reproductive morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phycologia45: 422–431. DOI: 10.2216/04-39.1A new tropical genus and species belonging to the family Dicranemataceae, Pinnatiphycus menouana, is described from lagoon and outer reef-slope habitats in New Caledonia and Fiji. The new genus differs from other members of the family by the unique combination of the following characters: (1) tetrasporangia borne in terminal nemathecia on lateral cylindrical branchlets; and (2) the disposition of cystocarps along lateral branchlets rather than on the main axis itself. The new species differs from Peltasta australisJ. Agardh by the presence of cylindrical lateral branchlets along the flattened main axes and the occurrence of reproductive structures in terminal, subterminal or basal positions on the lateral branchlets. It differs from subtropical Reptataxis rhizophora(Lucas) Kraft from Lord Howe Island by the presence of both yellowish refractive medullary cell clusters and cylindrical lateral branches bearing subapical tetrasporangial sori and cystocarps, as well as central fusion cell and the production of carposporangia in chains of two to three rather than four to six.rbcL molecular analysis of Fijian samples unequivocally places the genus in the family Dicranemataceae with 100% bootstrap support, strongly relating it to two species of Tylotus. The family itself, however, received only weak bootstrap support (66%) for distinguishing it from the clade containing the virtually Australian-endemic families Mychodeaceae and Acrotylaceae. Pinnatiphycusfavors deepwater habitats (65–70 m) with low light intensities or shallower (< 30 m) but turbid high-current areas, which may have contributed to it being overlooked in the past.

Centrosomes maintain genomic stability by establishing the bipolar spindles during cell division and, execute accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. In this study, we have demonstrated that there are three forms of STK-15 gene in breast cancer cell lines. Alternative splice positions are located in 5'-untranslated region of STK15 gene. The results of in vitro translation experiments revealed that the alternative splicing in the 5'-untranslated region of STK15 had no effect on protein translation. The differential expression patterns of these alternatively spliced STK15 in breast cell lines and primary tumors therefore suggest that STK15 gene transcription may be differentially regulated or stabilized in these cells.

The endothelium profoundly affects subjacent vascular smooth muscle function. An analogous relationship between endothelial endocardial cells (EEC) and the myocardium is suggested by Brutsaert et al.'s observation that EEC modulate the contractility of subjacent myocardium [1]. Prostanoids are a major product by which vascular endothelium affects smooth muscle, but similar prostanoid production by EEC has not been described. To determine whether both right and left ventricular EEC produce prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2), ovine EEC were cultured. EEC prostanoid production was measured under basal conditions and after stimulation with arachidonic acid or calcium ionophore A23187. EEC from both ventricles demonstrated sustained prostacyclin and PGE2production. Prostacyclin production was 10 times greater than PGE2. These results suggest that endocardial prostanoid production could act both locally, to modulate platelet and myocardial function, and distally, on downstream vascular tone.

Cells require molecular oxygen for the generation of energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; however, high concentrations of oxygen are toxic and can cause cell death. A number of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause cellular oxygen toxicity. One hypothesis is that reactive oxygen free radicals may be generated; however free radical generation in hyperoxic cells has never been directly measured and the mechanism of this radical generation is unknown. In order to determine if cellular oxygen toxicity is free radical mediated, we applied electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR, spectroscopy using the spin trap 5,5′‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide, DMPO, to measure free radical generation in hyperoxic pulmonary endothelial cells. Cells in air did not give rise to any detectable signal. However, cells exposed to 100% O2for 30 min exhibited a prominent signal of trapped hydroxyl radical, DMPO‐OH, while cell free buffer did not give rise to any detectable radical generation. This cellular radical generation was demonstrated to be derived from the superoxide radical since the observed signal was totally quenched by superoxide dismutase, but not by equal concentrations of the denatured enzyme. It was confirmed that the hydroxyl radical was generated since in the presence of ethanol the CH3·CH(OH) radical was formed. Loss of cell viability as measured by uptake of trypan blue dye was observed paralleling the measured free radical generation. Thus, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are generated in hyperoxic pulmonary endothelial cells and this appears to be an important mechanism of cellular oxygen toxicity.

Monolayer cultures of human mesothelial cells made quiescent by serum deprivation are induced to undergo one round of DNA synthesis by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or transforming growth factor type β1 (TGF‐β1). This onetime stimulation is independent of other serum components. The kinetics for induction of DNA synthesis observed for PDGF, EGF, and TGF‐β1 are all similar to one another, with a peak of DNA synthesis occurring 24‐36 h after the addition of the growth factors. Repetitive rounds of DNA synthesis and cell division do not ensue after addition of PDGF, EGF, or TGF‐β1 alone or in combination; however, in media supplemented with chemically denatured serum, each of these factors is capable of sustaining continuous replication of mesothelial cells. Stimulation of growth by PDGF and TGF‐β1 is unusual for an epithelial cell type, and indicates that mesothelial cells have growth regulatory properties similar to connective tissue cells.— Gabrielson, E. W.; Gerwin, B. I.; Harris, C. C.; Roberts, A. B.; Sporn, M. B.; Lechner, j. F. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured primary human mesothelial cells by specific growth factors. FASEB J.2: 2717‐2721; 1988.

An examination of type material of Iridaea puniceaPostels & Ruprecht revealed that the specimens belong in Turnerella mertensiana(Postels & Ruprecht) Schmitz. Type material of Iridophycus whidbeyanumSetchell & Gardner, currently considered a synonym of Iridaea punicea, appears to be conspecific with Iridaea sanguinea(Setchell & Gardner) Hollenberg & Abbott. In the northeast Pacific there appears to be only one red, foliose species of Iridaea, I. sanguinea, distributed from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Gulf of Alaska) to south‐central California (San Luis Obispo County).

The specimen currently recognized as the lectotype of Gigartina teneraJ. Agardh does not agree with the original protologue and is superseded. A new lectotype is designated which belongs to the taxon currently named Agardhiella subulata(C. Agardh) Kraft et Wynne. Neoagardhiella baileyi(Harvey ex Kuetzing) Wynne et Taylor and Agardhiella tenera(J. Agardh) Schmitz, the generic type, are synonyms of A. subulata.A correct name is needed for the plant currently named Solieria tenera(J. Agardh) Wynne et Taylor, and Euhymenia filiformisKuetzing appears to be the earliest available, resulting in Solieria filiformis(Kuetzing) Gabrielson comb. nov.

A 48-year-old man who presented with chest pain was found to have a spontaneous hemothorax caused by a large grade II chondrosarcoma. This was diagnosed on the basis of the findings from thoracotomy. After chest tube drainage of the hemothorax, the tissue obtained by two computed tomography—guided biopsies of a residual mass did not yield findings that allowed diagnosis of the tumor. This unusual case illustrates the importance of a systematic workup whenever a spontaneous hemothorax is encountered.

AbstractNo abstract available.

To the Editor. —Cukier et al (237:661, 1977) propose that a single lateral view mammogram is adequate for follow-up screening and that use of this technique would contain costs, lighten the load of reading films, and decrease exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. Their report of 97% "accuracy" from a lateral view alone should be accepted with caution for at least three reasons.First, accuracy, or validity, depends on both good sensitivity and good specificity. Since all the films in this series were from patients with breast cancer, the authors were only able to determine sensitivity (the ability of the test to identify diseased persons) but not specificity (the ability of the test to identify correctly persons without disease).Further, those who read the film were apparently aware that all the patients had breast cancer. This awareness could very well increase the likelihood of finding a cancer.Finally, the