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Purpose: To evaluate changes in color and translucency of stained and glazed monolithic lithium disilicates and zirconia after toothbrushing with conventional or whitening dentifrices followed by thermocycling. Materials and Methods: Samples (n = 20/material) from CAD/CAM (IPS e.max CAD [EC]) and pressable (IPS e.max Press [EP]) lithium disilicates and 5Y-PSZ zirconia (Prettau 4 Anterior [PA]) were prepared and received staining and glazing procedures. Aging was performed by toothbrushing with conventional (n = 10) or whitening (n = 10) dentifrices, followed by thermocycling simulating 5, 10, and 15 years. Color coordinates L*, a*, b*,, and C* and hº values were assessed with a spectrophotometer at baseline and after each aging period to calculate color changes (ΔE00), lightness (ΔL*), and translucency parameter (TP). Data were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA's followed by Sidak post-hoc test (α = .05). Results: When comparing the dentifrices, EC and EP produced the greatest ΔE00 after 15 years with the whitening dentifrice (P < .05). Regardless of the dentifrice, PA showed greater ΔE00 than EC after 10 years (P < .05). When comparing the aging periods, EC and PA did not show differences in ΔE00 for both dentifrices (P ≥ .05). EC and EP produced an increased ΔL* after 15 years in the whitening group (P < .05). In the whitening groups, the ΔL* values of PA differ (P < .005) from those of lithium disilicates. Regardless of the experimental group, the TP values followed the inequality: PA < EC < EP (P < .05). Conclusions: Overall, the color of stained and glazed monolithic lithium disilicates and zirconia changed under aging with greater effects for whitening dentifrice. Aging did not influence translucency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of barium oxide on glazes in the SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -CaO-MgO-K 2 O system was investigated. Samples were prepared with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt% of barium oxide added to this system. The glazes were fired at 1240 °C and the structure and surface properties were determined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of phase composition, surface properties, structural mid-infrared analysis, and microstructure were performed. Diopside was detected in all glazes as the MgO content was higher than 2.5 wt%. Hyalophane crystals were observed when the BaO content increased to 5 wt%. Mid-infrared studies showed that the appearance of crystalline phases ordered the structure of the glazes; on the other hand, the amorphous phase increased its disorder related to the higher amount of modifying barium cations. The addition of barium oxide did not significantly affect the color of the surface but caused an increase in roughness due to surface crystallization. The microhardness increased with an increased amount of barium in the amorphous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarized light microscopy, thermal dilatometery and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were conducted to analyse the microstructures, sintering temperature and chemical compositions of ancient porcelain glazes excavated from Fanchang kiln, China. The origin, development and decline of Fanchang bluish‐white porcelain were thoroughly investigated from the perspective of the formula and firing technology from the Five dynasties (907–906 CE) to the middle Northern Song dynasty (1015–1070 CE). The contents of major elements in glazes were compared with those of Ding, Yue, Qingshan and Hutian kilns over the same period. It was indicated that the glazes of Fanchang bluish‐white porcelain were prepared by mixing limestone and plant ashes into the ‘glaze stone’. After the middle Northern Song, the content of limestone and plant ashes gradually increased, which was related to the change of raw materials and the formula technology. The glaze formula of Fanchang kiln was much closer to the southern kilns. Evidence revealed that Fanchang bluish‐white porcelains had reached a high firing level in the Five dynasties. At that time, the firing temperature was maintained in the range of 1100–1220°C, and their colour and texture showed at their best. In the middle Northern Song, the quality decreased as the firing temperature decreased, implying signals of a gradual decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers represent a distinct class of materials characterised by their X-ray amorphous nature and nanoporous, nanoparticulate structure. Geopolymers can be conveniently mixed, poured, and cured under ambient conditions. This makes this class of materials an interesting alternative to ordinary Portland cement for structural processes. Additionally, the addition of alumina can improve mechanical properties, while the addition of glass can form an impermeable glaze which could be useful for molten salt containment. Therefore, in this investigation, potassium metakaolin-based geopolymer composites with varying proportions of glass particles and alumina platelets were fabricated, cured, heat-treated, and analyzed to study the effects of composition on material properties. Various attributes including rheological properties, densities, mass loss, shrinkage, and porosities were compared. It was observed that certain compositions exhibited high viscosities, making high shear mixing challenging, while also displaying significant permeability that would hinder their ability to contain liquids without leakage. Additionally, certain samples showed reduced densities, suggesting potentially weaker mechanical properties; however, the investigation did not include a direct assessment of mechanical properties. The most promising candidates for containing liquids at high temperature contained 50 wt% KGP, 25 or 35 wt% glass powder, and 25 or 15 wt% alumina platelets, respectively. ASH-G slurries required a minimum of 65 vol% KGP to produce a homogenous material compatible with additive manufacturing. The minimum amount of glass phase to form surface glazes was 16 vol%. Only samples containing more glass phase than alumina phase produced glazed composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study successfully enabled the creation of ceramic surfaces with multi functionalities, including superhydrophilicity, self-cleaning, antibacterial properties, and photocatalytic activity, by applying a glaze composition rich in nano ZnO/Cu–ZnO and utilizing surface chemistry and unique texturing on porcelain tiles. The tiles, coated with unique glaze compositions, were fired in an industrial furnace and heat treated. The crystalline phases and surface morphology of glazed surfaces were systematically evaluated using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, drop shape analyzer, and surface roughness profilometer. Key-factors affecting the wettability, self-clean ability, photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy were discussed. Adding nano Cu into the glaze mixture that is rich in ZnO improves the evolution of zincite crystals, increases the specific surface energy, decreases surface roughness, provide superhydrophilicity and promotes the antibacterial effectiveness and photocatalytic activity. Superhydrophilic surfaces doped with nano Cu–ZnO display antibacterial characteristics that do not require UV or visible light. The quick achievement of complete self-cleaning, up to 100 %, is due to the presence of nano Cu particles in its structure. Hydrophilicity has the ability to improve the efficiency of photocatalysis. If a surface exhibits superhydrophilic properties, it shows exceptional photocatalytic performance. A surface that is solely photohydrophilic may not maintain self-cleaning. Hydrophilicity may be more important than photocatalysis in the self-cleaning effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Front cover: Fine cracks in the glaze on the surface of ceramics, known as crazing. The delicate crazing, created through the meticulous work of a skilled ceramic artist, resembles epithelial tissue. This piece was inspired by a microscopic image taken by Dr. Fumiko Matsukawa‐Usami and Professor Toshihiko Fujimori (National Institute for Basic Biology). Designed by TRAIS Co., Ltd. (Kobe, Japan). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opacity/transparency, color, and production of designs in Changsha ware, a Tang dynasty Chinese stoneware renowned for its polychromy and pioneering high‐temperature red glaze, are studied by analyzing the composition, micro/nanostructure, and copper/iron speciation. The results shed new light on some of the most debated questions about Changsha ware. In particular, the role of glaze thickness, composition, and firing conditions on the coexistence of transparent and opaque glazes and of oxidized green and reduced red copper designs on the same object, and on the reason for the development of either green or turquoise colors. New data obtained by reproducing a copper red overglaze and underglaze painting with a similar glaze composition and thickness have provided new insights into the origin of the first high‐temperature copper reds and, in the absence of essential knowledge, their discontinuity. This study also contributes to the long debate regarding the use of overglaze versus underglaze painting techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between digital printing colour performance and the raw materials used in a matt glaze. Inkjet technology has enhanced the decorative properties of ceramic tiles in production. Improving the colour perception of the glaze is possible by optimizing the raw materials in the glaze, which results in less ink usage and thus lower costs. Investigation of the colour performance of glazes is possible by determining the L* a* b* values of the colours as well as the gamut colour volumes. Colour of the samples were evaluated by spectrophotometer and i1 profiler. Gamut volume was calculated by 3D CIE chromaticity diagrams of ICC profiles. It was observed that the colour saturation was higher in the samples where the pigment was homogeneously distributed in the glaze microstructure. SiO 2 particles not embedded in the glass structure observed in the glaze microstructure disrupt the colour intensity. The low sphere temperature value of the composition made with wollastonite enabled the SiO 2 particles to be embedded in the glaze. When wollastonite was used instead of dolomite as the source of calcium oxide in mat glaze, the colour gamut volume reached its highest value (11262), consequently increasing colour saturation. Conversely, the lowest colour gamut volume (6475) was obtained when dolomite was used instead of wollastonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, some kiln sites from Shang and Zhou dynasties have been excavated in Fujian province in southeastern China, and substantial high‐quality ceramic shards were unearthed. The research conducted by archaeologists indicates that these shards are likely the earliest high‐fired ceramic products in this area, characterised by unique appearance features and are therefore valuable for exploring the development and manufacture of early high‐fired ceramics in Fujian. In this study, we gathered some proto‐celadon and stamped stoneware shards from three kiln sites dating back to the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties. We analysed the chemical composition of the ceramic body and glaze, firing temperature, and mineral phase to investigate the selection of raw materials, firing, and glazing technology of these early ceramic products. The results indicate that the bodies of these high‐fired ceramic shards were made of locally weathered porcelain stone, and the glazes are lime glaze. During the Western Zhou dynasty, the potter utilised different raw materials for proto‐celadon and stamped stoneware, which was not the case during the Shang Dynasty. The firing temperatures of the majority of shards exceeded 1,000°C, and the bodies had been completed phase transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It has been reported that using mouthwashes can discolour the surface of teeth. Their effect on the stainability of newly introduced lithium disilicate ceramics is, however, unknown. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate how mouth washes affected the color change of new and conventional lithium disilicate (LS2) ceramics that were finished using various techniques. Materials and Methods A total of 56 ceramic slices were produced from conventional LS2 (E Max CAD, Ivoclar) and a novel virgilite based LS2 (Cerec Tessera, Dentsply Sirona). According to the finishing method, the specimens were divided into glazed and polished subgroups. Each subgroup was further subdivided into two based on immersion in chlorhexidine (CHXD) or Listerine (LIST) mouth washes. A handheld spectrophotometer was used to measure the color attributes, and color differences (ΔE00) were then counted using specific equation. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests. Results Significant differences in color change (ΔE00) values were observed between conventional and novel LS2 ceramics, as well as between different finishing methods and mouth-rinse solutions. Chlorhexidine induced higher color differences than Listerine, with average ΔE00 values of 0.959 and 0.885, respectively (p < 0.001). The polished specimens generally exhibited higher ΔE00 values than the glazed specimens, with average values of 1.071 and 0.792 for conventional LS2, and 0.836 and 0.786 for novel LS2 (p < 0.001). However, most color changes did not exceed the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. Conclusion Using CHXD and LIST mouth washes affected the color change of polished or glazed conventional and novel lithium disilicate ceramics. In general, the stainability of polished specimens was higher than that of glazed ones. There was more discoloration on specimens immersed in CHXD than those immersed in LIST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of granite sludge has both economic and environmental benefits. In this paper, high glossiness self-glazed ceramics were prepared from granite sludge with the addition of TiO 2 , Ca(OH) 2 and MgO by combining two-step sintering and low-temperature crystallization. The effect of MgO addition on the phase evolution, crystallization and properties of the glazed ceramics was studied to reveal its role in the diopside precipitation. With increasing MgO content, the reduced glass viscosity accelerates the dissolution of quartz and anorthite into the liquid glass phase, resulting in a decrease in flexural strength above 1 % MgO. Meanwhile, the addition of MgO increases the non-bridging oxygen to lower the glass transition temperature. The increase in the Al/Si ratio of the glass phase and the mixed alkaline earth effect contribute to an increase in the crystallization temperature. After thermal treatment at 950 °C, the precipitated diopside increases the crystallinity of the glazed glass-ceramic from 6.4 % to 19.3 % at 3 % MgO, resulting in a surface glossiness of 99.7 GU and a flexural strength of 64.1 MPa. High glossiness self-glazed ceramics with an aesthetic appearance could be used in decorative building tiles for scalable utilization of granite sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalian Island, located in the northwest of Pingtan County, Fujian Province, China, has been an important junction on the Maritime Silk Road since the Tang dynasty. This study focuses on sauce-glazed ceramic ware from the Song dynasty salvaged from the waters near Dalian Island Wharf. The composition, phase attributes, and microstructures of the marine organism remains attached to the ceramic ware were analyzed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and micro-Raman spectrometer to investigate the influence of marine organisms on the degradation of the ceramic ware. Long-term abrasion by sea wave-borne debris led to the increased surface roughness and wettability of the ceramic ware, facilitating the attachment of marine organisms. Differences in surface roughness between the inner and outer walls led to varying levels of biomass. Coralline algae secreted inducers to attract the larvae of macrofoulers. The attachment of different types of marine organisms had varying effects on the degradation of the ceramic ware. Firmly attached unitary organisms could alleviate the scouring of sea wave-borne debris and hinder the intrusion of foreign pollutants, thereby playing a 'bio-protective' role. In contrast, the group skeletons of modular organisms could reinforce the mechanically damaged surface but failed to block the intrusion of iron rust and other pollutants, resulting in chemical alterations of the glaze. Therefore, the specific species of the attached marine organisms should be considered in subsequent conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylight influences more than just our vision; elements such as its intensity and spectral composition can significantly impact our circadian rhythms and, consequently, our overall well-being. In this study, we present an analysis of a classroom simulated in Dialux, involving a comprehensive examination of natural daylight through a specific type of glazing, assessing their photopic characteristics and their influence on the human circadian system in individuals aged 32 and 70 years. Our findings highlight that spectral data from daylight (D75, D65, and D50) and glazing transmittance can be easily used to evaluate the melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (mel-EDI) in addition to standard photopic illuminance, applying a f ( M P ) G l a z i n g factor calculated from the spectral characteristics of both daylight and glazing transmittance. Our results provide new insights for users to more effectively assess daylighting quality and its implications within indoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high solar reflectance and good colour performance are requisite for the practical application of the colour-cool pigment. In this work, Ce-doped Yb 3 Al 5 O 12 and (Y, Yb) 3 Al 5 O 12 ceramic pigments were prepared by the sol-gel method. Both Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions coexist in the doped pigments. Due to the 4f→5d electron transition of Ce3+, the Ce-doped pigments have a selective absorption at around 400–520 nm, which is responsible for the yellow hue. The content of the Ce3+ ion determines the colour performance of the pigment. The size effect from the smaller Yb3+ ion results in an increased content of Ce3+ in the Ce-doped pigments, leading to an improved colour performance. The incorporation of Y3+ ion can effectively decrease the absorption at 975 nm, thereby enhancing the solar reflectance to 80.6 %, while maintaining good colour performance (Yb 0.7 Y 2.1 Ce 0.2 Al 5 O 12 , L* = 91.40, a* = -4.89, b* = 45.33). In a simulation experiment, the ceramic glaze coating based on the prepared pigment showed a temperature reduction of 5.2 °C compared to the commercial yellow pigment ceramic coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cleaning of traditional ceramics consumes much water and detergents. It is valuable to consider how to endow the ceramics with self-cleaning character. In this paper, titanic-based-crystallites (CaTi(SiO 5) or TiO 2) superhydrophilic glazes with superior self-cleaning properties were in situ prepared by a simple one-time firing method. There is no any extra treatment involved in the preparation process. It was found that the precipitation of titanic-based crystallites in the glaze could be adjusted by controlling the cooling system. The transformation mechanism of the phase was analyzed based on the phase separation state. Stress conditions of a dirt cell on surfaces with different roughness were discussed. The correlation between geometric structure and self-cleaning performance demonstrated that the multi-level structure is vital for self-cleaning performance. The self-cleaning mechanism of the superhydrophilic glaze was proposed. The titanic-based crystallite glazes possess superhydrophilic characteristics (<8.0 °), high hardness (642.44–707.85 kgf·mm−2), and excellent self-cleaning performance to oily ink stamps and relatively good performance to human fecal simulacrum, the miso sauce, due to the multi-level structure with nano-scale surface roughness, showing a good application potential on the self-cleaning domain, i.e. glass and traditional ceramic, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of isovalent substitution of zinc and cobalt atoms in the structure of willemite Zn2SiO4 was studied. Ceramic pigments with a willemite structure of blue, violet, and light blue colors were synthesized. Samples of blue color were used in the manufacture of glazes. During the synthesis of the pigments, synthetic silicon oxide was replaced by natural quartz sand. The pigments were synthesized by solid-state method at a temperature of 1270°C. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized blue pigment were determined. In addition, the pigment was tested for use in traditional glazes for the coloring of ceramic products. It was established that the obtained blue pigment provides high aesthetic and decorative characteristics at a relatively low price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately measuring water holdup in horizontal wells is crucial for effectively using heavy oil reservoirs. The capacitance method is among the most widely used and accurate techniques. However, the absence of suitable insulating materials at high temperatures and pressures limits the effectiveness of capacitive water holdup measurement in heavy oil thermal recovery. This study introduces a new composite material based on an aviation-grade, special glass glaze as the insulating medium doped with inorganic components (CaSO4, MgSO4, Ca(OH)2, and SiO2). This new composite material demonstrates outstanding insulating performance under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions in water. A water environment with a high temperature of 350 °C and a pressure of 12 MPa considerably enhances the composite material's insulation. After 72 h of continuous use, the insulation performance remains 0.3 MΩ. The layers exhibit improved insulation and stability, maintaining integrity through five consecutive temperature shocks in 500 °C air and 20 °C water. XRD, IR, SEM, and TEM analyses reveal that the new composite material is amorphous after firing and that the addition of inorganic components improves the bonding between the glass glaze components and contributes to a denser structure. Simultaneously, SEM and TEM analyses indicate that adding inorganic components results in a smoother, crack-free, and more compact surface of the special glass glaze. This enhancement is crucial for the material's long-term stability in high-temperature and high-pressure water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem that the surface of conventional CeO2 abrasive tools tends to glaze during the grinding process, water-resistant aluminum nitride powder (A/S powder) is added into abrasive tools to improve the self-sharpening ability. The effect of acetic acid content and sintering temperature on the water resistance of A/S powder is studied. The porosity, pre-grinding and mechanical properties of abrasive tools with different A/S powder content are tested. It is found that when the mixed A/S powder content is 9 wt%, there is no obvious glaze layer on the surface of abrasive tools, and the material removal rate is the highest. The result of grinding experiment shows that the glazing phenomenon is ameliorated and the surface roughness Ra and the flatness PV of quartz glass reaches 1.876 nm and 1.651 µm after the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to the low-temperature synthesis of cobalt-containing diopside pigments based on granulated blast furnace slag and to study the characteristics of the mineral formation processes, changes in the structure and colour indices. Design/methodology/approach: Synthesis of cobalt-containing diopside pigments based was carried out by the directional formation of the mineralogical composition with the introduction of part of the components using granulated blast-furnace slag. Findings: It has been established that the formation of the diopside phase in pigments containing blast-furnace slag as the main component proceeds at low temperatures (1,100°C–1,150 °C). The colour of diopside pigments is formed because of the isomorphic substitution of Si4+ ions for Al3+ ions and Mg2+ ions for Co2+ ions. It is expedient to add CoO in an amount of 0.9 mol (18 Wt.%) into the composition of diopside pigments based on blast-furnace slag to obtain defect-free violet glazes. Practical implications: The developed diopside pigments enable obtaining of high-quality violet glazes for ceramics. The application of the obtained results can significantly reduce the consumption of traditional raw materials in the composition of silicate ceramic pigments, as well as reduce their firing temperature. Originality/value: Calcium, magnesium and silicon oxides are the main components of blast-furnace slag. In addition, granulated blast furnace slag is mainly represented by the glassy phase, which determines its high activity during the firing process. These factors are prerequisites for using the blast-furnace slag as a valuable substitute for chemically pure or natural raw materials in silicate pigments and reducing their firing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(NiCrW) 1-x (Al 2 O 3) x composites with different nano-Al 2 O 3 ratios (x = 0, 1, 2.5, 5 wt %) were prepared using powder metallurgy techniques. The influence of the Al 2 O 3 content on the microstructure, phase composition, high-temperature mechanical properties, and wide-temperature-range friction and wear performance of the composites was investigated. The corresponding high-temperature strengthening and wear-resistance mechanisms were also investigated. The results indicated that as the alumina content increased, the tensile and compressive strengths of the composites decreased at room temperature (RT). However, at high temperatures (800 °C), the opposite trend was observed. Notably, the composite with 5 wt % Al2O3 exhibits the highest tensile strength (189.20 MPa) and compressive strength (446.61 MPa) at 800 °C. The addition of alumina had a relatively minor impact on the friction coefficient of the composites but significantly affected the wear rate. Specifically, the composite with 5 wt % Al 2 O 3 demonstrates optimal friction and wear performance at high temperatures. This enhancement was primarily attributed to the reinforcement of the mechanical properties of the matrix material owing to the addition of alumina. Additionally, the formation of a friction glaze layer rich in Cr 2 O 3 and NiO oxides on the worn surface contributed to improved wear resistance. This study is important for understanding the performance and applications of metallic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esthetically pleasing temporary prostheses are often necessary for extended periods in a variety of clinical scenarios. Adjustments to the occlusion or margins are commonly needed before cementing the temporary prosthesis. Therefore, it is clinically necessary to repolish the rough surface to avoid biological and esthetic issues associated with rough surfaces. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the impact of various polishing protocols on the surface roughness and color stability of three resin materials used for provisional crowns. A total of 150 specimens were fabricated from auto-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, bis-acryl composite, and Methyl methacrylate-LC resin using a stainless steel mold. Each material group was divided into five groups (n = 10) based on the applied surface treatment: positive control group (G1): no roughening or surface treatment, Negative control group (G2): acrylic bur-roughened surface without any polishing, the different surface treatment groups of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide stone polishing (G3), diamond-coated rubber twist (G4), and Surface Glaze (G5). An optical profilometer was used to assess the surface roughness of all samples. After undergoing 6000 cycles of thermocycling followed by immersion in a coffee solution for 15 days at 37 °C, color parameters were measured using a spectrophotometer both before and after a storage period to evaluate color differences. A two-way ANOVA test with α = 0.05 significance level was carried out to determine the impacts of both the materials utilized and the polishing protocol. Among the three types of resin examined, the bisacryl group exhibited superior surface quality in positive control groups, while PMMA resin demonstrated higher polishability. The diamond-coated rubber twits resulted in lower Ra values of 0.36 (0.01) µm, 0.52 (0.11) µm, and 0.28 (0.05) µm for PMMA, BAMA, and MMLC resins, respectively. The application of photo-polymerized surface glaze led to a plaque accumulation threshold of 0.2 µm across all resin groups. The greatest mean color change occurred in the negative control group, indicating a propensity for more staining on rougher surfaces. The Bisacryl resin exhibited higher ΔE values, whereas PMMA showed better color stability. The lowest ΔE values were found when the surface glaze was applied to all of the provisional crown resins. Untreated Bisacryl resin exhibited the lowest Ra values, while PMMA resins demonstrated superior surface morphology after polishing. PMMA provisional crown resins showed increased resistance to staining. The use of surface glaze enhanced both smoothness and color stability on the surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO2-based thermochromic smart glazes have attracted much attention for energy-saving buildings. Their practical applications need high visible luminous transmittance (Tlum) and high solar light modulation efficiency (ΔTsol). High Tlum and ΔTsol are difficult to be realized by a single-layer VO2 film, and constructing multi-layer film assemblies has been a widely adopted way to increase Tlum and ΔTsol. Tlum and ΔTsol of a multi-layer film assembly are multi-dimensional functions of the complex dielectric permittivity and the thickness of each layer, respectively. The current research reported a computer automatic searching of the total minimum of an evaluation function that together takes the cool-state Tlum, hot-state Tlum, and ΔTsol into account. It can be used to optimize a multi-layer assembly composed of any components according to the given objectives and weights for Tlum and ΔTsol. Different multi-layer film systems consisting of SiO2, TiO2, and VO2 layers were optimized. The best film system was proposed to be TiO2/VO2/TiO2/s, and the effects of objectives and weights on Tlum and ΔTsol were also checked. The physical reason that leads to high Tlum and ΔTsol was analyzed based on the optimized reflectance and transmittance spectra. The RGB tristimulus of the optimized multi-layer system can also be obtained from the transmittance spectra. The program can also realize an automatic optimization with some variables being constrained, and the composite layers are also involved under the basis of the Bruggeman effective media theory. The results showed that a satisfied objective-orientated optimization can be realized for a thermochromic layer system; this should be meaningful for the design and preparation of the multi-layer film assemblies according to the different user's demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of porcelain industry in northern China and the subsequent emergence of white porcelain production during the Northern dynasties (386–581 CE) played a pivotal role in shaping the historical trajectory of Chinese ceramics. Xing kiln is one of China's earliest and most representative white porcelain kilns. Herein, we investigated 23 porcelain sherds from the Neiqiu Xing kiln site during the late Northern dynasties and the early Sui dynasty (550–600 CE) from the perspective of firing temperature, firing atmosphere, and microstructure using a dilatometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the early Xing porcelains were fired at high firing temperatures exceeding 1200°C with a reducing flame, and the adjustment of temperature promotes the emergence of early white porcelain. Moreover, the higher firing temperature of early Xing porcelain leads to the dominance of a glassy phase within the glaze, and the high bonding strength of the glaze and body caused by the body–glaze interaction layer formed with dense anorthite crystals. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the firing technology in the Xing kiln and even in North China during the late sixth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a glaze slurry was prepared with different contents of tricalcium phosphate. It was then applied to a fly ash microcrystalline ceramic billet and sintered at 1180 °C for 30 min to prepare the complex. The aim was to obtain a high value-added application of fly ash in order to reduce environmental pollution. The study systematically investigated the influence of the Ca3(PO4)2 content on the crystal phase evolution, physical-mechanical properties, and micro-morphology of the complex. The results showed that products sintered at 1180 °C with 8 wt% Ca3(PO4)2 demonstrated better performance, with a water absorption of 0.03% and a Vickers microhardness of 6.5 GPa. Additionally, the study observed a strong correlation between the Ca3(PO4)2 content and the opacity effect. A feasible opacity mechanism was also proposed to explain the variation of glaze colors and patterns with different contents of Ca3(PO4)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on developing self-cleaning matte ceramics based on polycrystalline hexaferrite for oil removal. The ceramics were glazed using glaze materials BaO, Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, and TiO 2 with varying ZnO:TiO 2 ratios. The aim of this research was to determine the glaze composition that was able to provide the best self-cleaning/PA removal characteristics. After calcination at 1200°C, a polycrystalline hexaferrite compound formed, BaFe 12 ZnTiO 19. All ceramic samples demonstrated palmitic acid (PA) photodegradation, with CM3 (ZnO:TiO 2 ; 1:1) showing the highest efficiency. This efficiency correlated with CM3's lowest bandgap of 1.43 eV. The photodegradation of PA by CM3 follows first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.0482 min−1 under UV irradiation and 0.0179 min−1 under visible irradiation. CM3 displayed exceptional durability, maintaining PA removal even after prolonged use, making it optimal for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present case study, the manufacturing technology for glazed pottery was investigated, with particular focus on the great variety of colours and glaze recipes used in Western Anatolia and East Asia and observed in finds from rescue excavation sites in Greece. An assemblage of 40 ceramic fragments dating from the Late Byzantine and Islamic to the Ottoman/Venetian periods was examined for their decoration, surface treatment, and production technology. The peculiarities of the colour recipes applied on the glazed pottery of different assumed origins of production were investigated, focusing on glaze technology and employing colourants. This was achieved by the use of an analytical workflow that considered the compositional details of pigments, slip coatings, and glazes. The chemical evaluation was carried out utilising X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Raman Spectroscopy provided information about the compositional variation, and the microscopic examination via Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) yielded information about the sample stratigraphy of the examined ceramic sections. Through a wide range of colour and glaze recipes, this study of glazed ceramics was able to define and express the essential elements of each pottery workshop's perception of colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elamites have assigned specialized names for different types of ceramics, signaling a specialized approach to ceramic production during the Middle and Neo-Elamite periods. They were pioneers in the use of glazed ceramics on the Iranian Plateau. This investigation focuses on the examination of 29 samples of glazed ceramic bodies originating from the Middle-Elamite (~ 1500–1100 BCE) and Neo-Elamite periods (~ 1100–539 BCE). The objective of this analysis, centered on the earliest instances of glazed ceramic bodies in Iran, is to obtain a comparative examination of the ceramic bodies. Such an approach can be useful for understanding the diverse production techniques used by Elamites in the Middle-Elamite and Neo-Elamite periods. To achieve this purpose, X-ray diffraction and petrography was used to determine the mineralogical characteristics of the ceramic bodies. Further insight into the chemical analysis of the samples was obtained through Electron Probe Micro-Analysis. The experimental data allowed the classification of the samples into four distinct groups. Particularly noteworthy in this categorization is the diversity observed in the Neo-Elamite samples. This diversity of Neo-Elamite ceramic bodies can be attributed to two primary factors. Firstly, the Neo-Elamite period witnessed a more varied array of techniques for producing glazed ceramic bodies compared to the Middle-Elamite period. Unlike the Middle-Elamite glazed ceramics, which were solely utilized for architectural decoration (glazed bricks) and were locally produced, the Neo-Elamite period marked the first instance of glazed ceramic vessels being used in the southwest of Iranian plateau, leading to a higher technological diversity. Secondly, the frequency of trade and importation of glazed ceramics from other regions to the southwest of Iran was notably higher during the Neo-Elamite period compared to the Middle-Elamite one. A notable distinction emerges in the Middle-Elam period, where exclusively quartz-based ceramic bodies were referenced, setting it apart from other sample types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simulate ladle exchange in secondary steelmaking, MgO refractory rods with different apparent porosities (2.67 pct and 0.70 pct) were glazed by CaO–Al2O3 system slag (R = w(CaO)/w(SiO2) = 5.5, w(Al2O3) = 30 pct) and CaO–SiO2 system slag (R = 1.0, w(Al2O3) = 2 pct), respectively, and the interaction between the glazed rods and tire cord steel grade LX72A was investigated at 1823 K (1550 °C) in laboratory. By using BaO as a tracer of glaze, it was found that ladle glaze is also a source of inclusions in tire cord steel. The direct flush-off of CaO–Al2O3 system glaze and its impact on the rise of the Al content (up to 15 ppm) in liquid steel are not conducive to the plasticity of inclusions. Besides, the structure of the refractory rods influences the effect of glaze evidently. Initial glaze can penetrate into the pores of the refractory, and it can hardly be washed out by the glazes formed in the following heats. Therefore, it is difficult to avoid the negative impact of the penetrated high Al2O3 slag on inclusions. Although dense refractory (apparent porosity 0.70 pct) could restrain slag penetration and weaken the negative effect of high Al2O3 slags, the refractory used in industry is much looser than that in laboratory. In this case, specialized ladles at a suitable age with pure and dense lining are recommended for the refining process of high-end tire cord steel grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black and white porcelain plays a critical role in Chinese decorative porcelain history. It is famous for its decorative styles and techniques, which create a strong black and white color contrast in its appearance. In this study, representative black and white porcelains produced in Shanxi province were analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM‐EDS. The results show that both Ca‐rich (~5.33 wt%) and Ca‐poor (~1.99 wt%) glazes were used leading to quite different microstructures. The pigment particles of Ca‐rich glazes are characterized by small size (≤2 μm), wide distribution, and tightly wrapped by anorthite. In contrast, they are larger (≥2 μm) and tightly cumulated together in Ca‐poor glazes. Hematite is the major crystal in pigment, double‐substituted by Al and Ti. The Al/Fe ratios are similar, but Ti/Fe ratios are quite different: They do not exceed 0.03% in Ca‐poor glazes, whereas they reach 0.12% in Ca‐rich glazes, suggesting that the origin of the pigments must be different. Al‐rich mineral such as kaolin was added to the pigment preparation in Ca‐rich glazes. The color of the pattern is mainly influenced by the size, quantity, and concentration of brown Ti‐doping hematite, as well as the thickness of the glaze layer and other crystals and Fe ions. The fired atmosphere of Ca‐rich glaze type seems less oxidizing than for Ca‐poor glaze type. Overall, the results confirm that black and white porcelain has a variety of production techniques, which is attributed to the craftsman adjusting the techniques according to the composition of raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of multicomponent glasses for glaze layers for dental yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y‐TZP). The samples were melted in the temperature range of 1 250–1 400°C and were cast in water to obtain a frit. The frits were grounded to a powder with a particle size of less than 40 µm. To study the crystallization tendency of melted glasses, they were thermally treated at 800°C and X‐ray diffraction analyses were performed for both types of samples. The structure of the glasses was investigated by the Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal expansion coefficient, CTE, the glass‐transition temperature, Tg, and the softening temperature, Ts, were defined. To test the glaze layer on zirconia ceramic, glass powders with different compositions were mixed with modeling fluid and applied on zirconia specimens and then fired at 800°C in a vacuum dental furnace. Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, was used to observe a cross‐section of the glass–ceramic contact on a glazed zirconia ceramic specimen. Glass with the highest content of alkaline oxides is characterized by the closest CTE to zirconium ceramics (10.10−6 K−1), the greatest transparency and good fluidity, and shows good adhesion to the zirconia. The glaze layer is homogeneous without cracks, pores, and crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transparent anorthite-based glass-ceramic glaze was prepared at 1200 °C by mineral raw materials. The effect of ZnO content on the structures and properties of the anorthite glass-ceramic glaze was studied by XRD, SEM-EDS, HR-TEM, high temperature microscope, micro-Vickers hardness tester and comprehensive thermal analyzer. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of anorthite was investigated systematically. The results reveal that the introduction of ZnO results in the decrease of melting temperature, elimination of the diopside, reduction of the thermal expansion coefficient, and improvement of the mechanical properties of the glazes markedly. The major crystalline phases of glazes change from the coexistence of anorthite and diopside to single anorthite with the increase of ZnO content from 0 wt% to 6.45 wt%, and the relative anorthite content increases from 26.87 wt% to 49.83 wt%. Both the size and number of anorthite grains with a distribution of the card structure gradually increases as increasing the ZnO content. The increase of anorthite improves the scattering ability of visible light and then reduces the transparency of the glaze. The Vickers hardness and flexural strength of glazes improve from 5.26 GPa and 45.95 MPa to 7.20 GPa and 72.79 MPa, respectively. The thermal expansion coefficient decreases from 6.328 × 10−6/°C to 5.781 × 10−6/°C (600 °C). Anorthite crystal generates from the reaction of genhlenite, SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 at 1100 °C, and the gehlenite forms through the reaction of metakaolin and CaO. The study shows that the plate-like anorthite crystallizes when the content of ZnO is 3.33 wt%, the Vickers hardness of glass-ceramic glaze is 6.56 GPa with a great transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the surface quality of porcelain tiles, preferred in public, commercial, and living centers, where human density is high, is one of the crucial goals. Surface applications can be applied on the tiles produced as glazed and unglazed tiles in different versions. In lappato glazed tiles, staining-resistance is of great importance besides glossy-surface and wear-resistance. In this study, technical properties such as staining, chemical agent-resistance, color-parameters, thermal-behavior (heat microscopy), roughness, abrasion resistance, and microstructure of glazes (SEM/EDS) depending on the optimizing grinding time were examined with compared to standard lappato-glaze under the industrial conditions. It was observed that with the increase of the glaze grinding, the whiteness value and the increasing smoothness, and higher staining chemicals resistance and the glaze which has lower characteristic temperatures than the standard. As the surface roughness decreased due to grinding, the number and size of pores in the microstructure decreased. The glassy phase exhibited homogeneous distribution due to the dissolution of anorthite crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the preparation of TiO 2 –SiO 2 –CaCO 3 composite opacifier (Ti–Si–Ca) and its application in sanitary ceramic glazes. This approach involved hydrophobic agglomeration through surface-induced hydrophobic modification of TiO 2 , SiO 2 and CaCO 3 particles, along with the interactions between the hydrophobic carbon chains of modifiers. The Ti–Si–Ca formed a uniform coating with well-dispersed TiO 2 and SiO 2 particles on the CaCO 3 surface and strong bonds formed among TiO 2 , SiO 2 and CaCO 3 through interpenetration of the organic carbon chains on the surface. The Ti–Si–Ca was added to the basic glazes of sanitary ceramics at a proportion of 15.5 % and fired at 1125 °C for 4 h. The resulting white ceramic glazes had chromaticity values of L*, a*, and b* at 93.76, −0.73, and 3.89, respectively, demonstrating superior glaze opacity and whiteness compared to glazes made with a ZrSiO 4 opacifier (L* 90.30, b* 4.50). Glass and titanite phase make up the majority of the Ti–Si–Ca ceramic glazing layer of, with titanite serving as the opacified phase. Elimination of organic groups in Ti–Si–Ca during glaze firing formed interfacial chemical bonds among TiO 2 , SiO 2 and CaCO 3 , which facilitated the synthesis of titanite from the three components at high temperatures. The Ti–Si–Ca was a highly opaque glaze without yellowing because the organic groups of Ti–Si–Ca were removed and interfacial chemical bonds formed among the TiO 2 , SiO 2 and CaCO 3 in the low-temperature stage of glaze firing. This transformed the three phases into titanite at high temperature and eliminated free TiO 2. The formation of rutile TiO 2 , which has a yellow hue, at high temperatures was inhibited. This study provides a novel approach for low-energy preparation of TiO 2 –SiO 2 –CaCO 3 composite opacifiers and addresses the challenge of replacing ZrSiO 4 with TiO 2 in ceramic opacifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research intends to enhance our understanding of the tin-glaze technology employed in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Delftware and other tin-glazed earthenware in the Netherlands. The study provides a detailed description of the raw materials utilised in Dutch tin glazes and offers a schematic overview of the production process. Additionally, 39 dated historical recipes for tin glazes are used to compare and interpret changes in the quantities of raw materials within a temporal context. Weight percentages of raw materials – estimated for the final glaze – reveal significant changes over time. The study shows that changes over time mirror the rise and decline of the Dutch tin-glazed earthenware industry, reflecting economic shifts. Most tin - the costliest glaze material – was utilised between c. 1680 and c. 1720, and the highest glaze qualities were reported during this period, marking the peak of the Dutch earthenware production. Towards the end of the heyday, a decrease in tin usage coincides with mentions of lower glaze qualities. The superior glaze quality of Delftware tin glazes compared to tin-glazes of other tin-glazed earthenware in the Netherlands could not be traced back to specific formulations. Other factors, such as the quality of raw materials, likely contributed to the perceived visual superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterise the physicochemical properties and stability of confectionery glazes made from various tropical fruit seed powders during storage. Physicochemical properties were evaluated at regular intervals throughout frozen storage to monitor quality changes. The mango seed glaze is slightly acidic, and significantly darker, with tones of green and blue. The glaze has a total soluble solid content of 73.37 °Brix, a moisture content of 19%, hardness of 46.69 g, and sagging capacity of 18.33 mm, which ensures both structural integrity and sensory appeal. Its highest viscosity among formulations suggested possible thickening and improved stability. Over 28 days, significant changes occur, with the pH stabilising to a near-neutral 6.8. The hue changes over time, migrating towards reddish tone as indicated by increasing positive a* values, while maintaining a consistent preference for blue-toned hues with continuously negative b* values. Moisture levels remained stable at 18.71% during storage, with minimal total soluble solid content changes, indicating sustained quality. The findings suggest that mango seed glazing is a viable option for quality preservation during storage. This study provides essential empirical insights into the potential changes in the quality characteristics of various fruit seed glazes when subjected to freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine provenance data collected from three types of geological resources recovered at Goat Spring Pueblo in central New Mexico. Our goal is to move beyond simply documenting patterns in compositional data; rather, we develop a narrative that explores how people's knowledge and preferences resulted in culturally and materially determined choices as revealed in those patterns. Our analyses provide evidence that residents of Goat Spring Pueblo did not rely primarily on local geological sources for the creation of their glaze paints or obsidian tools. They did, however, utilize a locally available blue-green mineral for creation of their ornaments. We argue that village artisans structured their use of raw materials at least in part according to multiple craft-specific and community-centered ethnomineralogies that likely constituted the sources of these materials as historically or cosmologically meaningful places through their persistent use. Consequently, the surviving material culture at Goat Spring Pueblo reflects day-to-day beliefs, practices, and social relationships that connected this village to a broader mosaic of interconnected Ancestral Pueblo taskscapes and knowledgescapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorine-free route has been developed to fabricate V/Pr co-doped zircon (ZrSiO 4) ceramic pigments with Na 3 VO 4 and Pr(NO 3) 3 ·6H 2 O as colourants. The as-prepared pigments were characterized by XRD, Raman, XPS, UV–vis, FE-SEM, TEM and automatic colourimeters. The results show that Na 3 VO 4 can not only act as colourant to produce blue hue, but as mineralizer to accelerate the formation of V/Pr co-doped ZrSiO 4 pigment. A colour tuning between blue, green and yellow can be achieved by increasing the mole ratio of Pr/V, and the most intense yellow hue (L* = 74.55, a* = −0.38, b* = 46.82) is obtained at a mole ratio of Pr/V = 0.5. Both Pr4+ and Pr3+ cations are co-existed in the pigments, where Pr4+ contributes to the generation of yellow hue while Pr3+ undermines the yellow hue. The good chromatic ability in glaze at high temperature suggest its potential application in ceramic decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumstances and chronology of the emergence of lead-glazed pottery in the Late Hellenistic and Roman Mediterranean remain heavily debated. This article presents a multidisciplinary discussion of pottery provenance and glazing technology based on the analysis of 94 samples from three sites: Mytilene, Athens, and Ostia. Through a critical review of published data and comparisons with other glazed ceramics, we discuss the emergence of leadglazed pottery against the background of a highly interconnected, "global" world. We argue that mainland Greece played an important but hitherto unrecognized role in this development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the influence of cobalt (II) oxide additive in the amount of 1-3 mol.% on the structure and optical-color characteristics of chromium-containing glass with the following composition (mol.%): 29.6 Na2O; 19.7 B2O3; 49.3 SiO2; and 1.5 Cr2O3. The dependence of the optical-color characteristics of the glasses under study on the thermal treatment of the glass melt at a temperature of 10500C for 20 minutes was established. The thermal treatment resulted in the volumetric crystallization with the subsequent development of the aventurine effect. According to X-ray phase analysis data, the decorative effect was caused by Cr2O3 crystals. By using IR spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis, the structure of the experimental glasses was studied, and the influence of thermal treatment of glass melts on the formation of the structure of glass-ceramic material was established. Aventurine glass of dark blue-green color was obtained with a color tone λ=490 nm, color purity P=11.35%, and lightness L=5.454 %. The nature of the influence of cobalt (II) oxide on the optical-color characteristics of chromium-containing aventurine glass based on the Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 system is of interest for further development of new compositions of decorative ceramic glazes and enamel coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified precipitation route based on using silica hydrogel derived from serpentine minerals as a source of silica SiO 2 has been first applied for producing blue cobalt-doped willemite pigments. The relevant variations of cobalt ions concentrations in SiO 2 –NaOH–ZnCl 2 –CoCl 2 –H 2 O system adequate with Zn 2-x Co x SiO 4 compositions where 0

Egyptian Faience, a revolutionary innovation in ancient ceramics, was used for crafting various objects, including amulets, vessels, ornaments, and funerary figurines, like shabtis. Despite extensive research, many aspects of ancient shabti production technology, chemistry and mineralogy remain relatively understudied from the 21st to the 22nd Dynasty, belonging to a recovered 19th-century private collection. The fragments' origin is tentatively identified in the middle Nile valley in the Luxor area. Our study focused on a modest yet compositionally interesting small collection of shabti fragments to provide information on the glaze's components and shabti's core. We found that the core is a quartz and K-feldspars silt blended with an organic component made of plastic resins and vegetable fibres soaked with natron. The studied shabti figurines, after being modelled, dried, and covered with coloured glaze, were subjected to a firing process. Sodium metasilicate and sulphate compounds formed upon contact of the glaze with the silica matrix, forming a shell that holds together the fragile inner matrix. The pigments dissolved in the sodic glaze glass, produced by quartz, K-feldspars, and natron frit, are mainly manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) compounds. The ratio Cu2O/CaO > 5 produces a blue colour; if <5, the glaze is green. In some cases, Mg and As may have been added to produce a darker brown and an intense blue, respectively. Reaction minerals provided information on the high-temperature firing process that rapidly vitrified the glaze. These data index minerals for the firing temperature of a sodic glaze, reaching up to a maximum of 1050 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a series of Ba 1-x Mn x Al 2 O 4 (x = 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20) green high NIR reflective pigments were prepared by solution gel method and applied to ceramic glaze for thermal insulation evaluation. The experimental results show that Mn2+ ions successfully replace Ba2+ ions without changing the morphology of the phase structure of the materials. The Ba 1-x Mn x Al 2 O 4 morphology shows nanowire-like shape as detected by SEM. The absorption of Mn2+ ions in the visible region changes the color of the materials from white to green, and with the a* values in the range of −20.28 to −58.17, the materials have excellent coloring properties. The near-infrared reflectivity of the material in the range of 700–2500 nm is 47.35%–68.07%, which is significantly higher than other materials of the same color. In the heat insulation application experiment, the inner surface temperature of ceramic glazes with Ba 1-x Mn x Al 2 O 4 materials was reduced by 16.17%–23.87% compared to ordinary ceramic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A 2 O 3 and CaF 2 play an important role in glaze formation. • The loss of CaF 2 in the glaze will cause its liquid phase temperature to rise. • The solid-liquid transition leads to pellets sticking on the pot wall. In the preparation of magnesium by Pidgeon process, the phenomenon slag pellets sticking on the wall of reduction pot always appear, and the glaze sticking on the inner wall of the reduction pot is difficult to remove. The mechanism of this phenomenon is studied in this work by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) measurement, electron probe microanalyzer scanning (EPMA) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and thermodynamic calculations. The main components of the glaze are MgO, Ca 12 Al 14 F 2 O 32 , CaF 2 , CaO, and a small amount of Ca 4 Si 2 O 7 F 2. The solid-liquid transition temperature of Ca 12 Al 14 F 2 O 32 and CaF 2 is close to the production temperature of Pidgeon process, which leads to the bonding between the slag pellets and the pot wall. The loss of CaF 2 in glaze layer will reduce the total amount of liquid phase and increase the temperature at which Ca 12 Al 14 F 2 O 32 is completely transformed into liquid phase, which causes glaze layer sticking on the inner wall of the reduction pot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal complexes have historically played a pivotal role in creating vibrant pigments utilized across artistic mediums such as ceramics, paintings, and glass mosaics. Despite their extensive historical use, our understanding of the mechanisms governing transition metal complex behavior has predominantly emerged in recent times, leaving numerous aspects of this process ripe for exploration. These complexes exhibit striking color variations under diverse conditions when employed in pigment formulations. This review utilizes a bottom-up scientific approach, spanning from microscopic to macroscopic scales, to unravel the molecular origins of the colors generated by transition metal complexes in pigments and ceramic glazes. Advanced spectroscopy techniques and computational chemistry play pivotal roles in this endeavor, highlighting the significance of understanding and utilizing analytical data effectively, with careful consideration of each technique's specific application. Furthermore, this review investigates the influence of processing conditions on color variations, providing valuable insights for artists and manufacturers aiming to enhance the precision and quality of their creations while mitigating environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]