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Background: Forensic analysis heavily relies on DNA analysis techniques, notably autosomal Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), to expedite the identification of unknown suspects through genomic database searches. However, the uniqueness of an individual's genome sequence designates it as Personal Identifiable Information (PII), subjecting it to stringent privacy regulations that can impede data access and analysis, as well as restrict the parties allowed to handle the data. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) emerges as a promising solution, enabling the execution of complex functions on encrypted data without the need for decryption. HE not only permits the processing of PII as soon as it is collected and encrypted, such as at a crime scene, but also expands the potential for data processing by multiple entities and artificial intelligence services. Methods: This study introduces HE-based privacy-preserving methods for SNP DNA analysis, offering a means to compute kinship scores for a set of genome queries while meticulously preserving data privacy. We present three distinct approaches, including one unsupervised and two supervised methods, all of which demonstrated exceptional performance in the iDASH 2023 Track 1 competition. Results: Our HE-based methods can rapidly predict 400 kinship scores from an encrypted database containing 2000 entries within seconds, capitalizing on advanced technologies like Intel AVX vector extensions, Intel HEXL, and Microsoft SEAL HE libraries. Crucially, all three methods achieve remarkable accuracy levels (ranging from 96% to 100%), as evaluated by the auROC score metric, while maintaining robust 128-bit security. These findings underscore the transformative potential of HE in both safeguarding genomic data privacy and streamlining precise DNA analysis. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that HE-based solutions can be computationally practical to protect genomic privacy during screening of candidate matches for further genealogy analysis in Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of investigative genetic genealogy ("IGG") as a basis for arresting suspects in complex and dormant investigations is raising serious concerns about whether the due process rights of criminal defendants in these cases are being violated. This Note provides a comprehensive look at the role of this groundbreaking, yet little-understood technology in criminal prosecutions. Technological advances have historically necessitated that courts expand and reinterpret legal principles. As a novel derivative of traditional DNA testing, this Note argues IGG should similarly require that discovery statutes be amended or rewritten to adapt to this cutting-edge technique, which is so new that it lacks uniform standards and certifications. By comparing IGG to traditional DNA profiling and other forensic evidence, this Note reveals the reliability and privacy issues arising from such an unconventional application of established scientific practices. While DNA evidence is now considered the "gold standard" and has attained an "aura of infallibility" in the criminal justice system, highly regarded scientific techniques have later been discredited, resulting in numerous wrongful convictions. There are early warning signs with respect to IGG, which have already led to false identifications, underscoring the need to subject it to the scrutiny of the discovery process. It is crucial to strike a reasonable balance that protects privacy interests but enables defendants to mount a vigorous defense by requiring the disclosure of material to challenge the admissibility of IGG, effectively cross-examine witnesses, and collect potentially exculpatory information. This Note delineates the specific language and scope of potential amendments or reinterpretation of discovery statutes needed to prevent prosecutors from having an unfair advantage and ensure that suspects obtain fair trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) is a technique that involves uploading genotypes developed from perpetrator DNA left at a crime scene, or DNA from unidentified remains, to public genetic genealogy databases to identify genetic relatives and, through the creation of a family tree, the individual who was the source of the DNA. As policymakers demonstrate interest in regulating IGG, it is important to understand public perspectives on IGG to determine whether proposed policies are aligned with public attitudes. Methods: We conducted eight focus groups with members of the public (N = 72), sampled from four geographically diverse US regions, to explore general attitudes and perspectives regarding aspects of IGG practices, applications, and policies. Five major topics were explored in each focus group: when IGG should be used; who should perform IGG; how to approach consent for genetic database users; what systems of oversight should govern IGG practitioners; and whether to notify database users if their data are involved in law enforcement (LE) matching. Results: Participants were supportive of IGG in most scenarios, especially for cold and violent cases. The favorable attitudes toward IGG were, however, tempered by distrust of law enforcement among some participants. All participants agreed that databases must inform users if IGG is allowed, but they did not agree on how individual database users should be allowed to opt out or whether to notify them if their data are involved in specific investigations. All participants agreed that IGG should be subject to some prescriptive guidelines, regulations, or accountability mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings suggest broad public support for IGG, and interest in developing systems of accountability for its practice. Our study provides useful insight for policy makers, genomic database stewards, law enforcement, and other stakeholders in IGG's practice, and suggests multiple directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kerey is one of the prominent Kazakh tribes and has long been a subject of ethnographic scrutiny, with a lack of consensus on its origin and traditional genealogy. Their historical significance, intertwined with the emergence of the empire established by Genghis Khan, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their genetic history. This study focuses on unraveling the genetic heritage of the Kerey tribe. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of Y-chromosome data from genetic genealogy as citizen science and genetic screening of 23 Y-STRs and 37 Y-SNPs on 207 males from the Kerey tribe within academic science. Our results reveal two prevalent phylogenetic lineages within the C2a1a3a-F3796 haplogroup, also known as the C2*-Star Cluster (C2*-ST), which is one of the founding paternal lineages of the ancient Niru'un clan of the Mongols: C2-FT411734 and C2-FT224144, corresponding to the Abak and Ashamaily clans. While indicating a common male ancestry for them, our findings challenge the notion that they are full siblings. Additionally, genetic diversity analysis of the Y-chromosomes in the Kerey tribe and Kazakhs confirms their kinship with the Uissun tribe but refutes the claim of the Abak clan's progenitor originating from this tribe. Furthermore, genetic evidence fails to support popular historical and ethnographic hypotheses regarding the Kerey tribe's kinship with the Uak, Sirgeli, Adai, Törtkara, Karakerey, and Kereyit Kazakh tribes. The absence of a genetic paternal connection with the Kereyt tribe raises doubts about the genealogical link between the Kerey tribe and the stepfather of Genghis Khan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During an investigation using Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy, which is a novel approach for solving violent crimes and identifying human remains, reference testing—when law enforcement requests a DNA sample from a person in a partially constructed family tree—is sometimes used when an investigation has stalled. Because the people considered for a reference test have not opted in to allow law enforcement to use their DNA profile in this way, reference testing is viewed by many as an invasion of privacy and by some as unethical. We generalize an existing mathematical optimization model of the genealogy process by incorporating the option of reference testing. Using simulated versions of 17 DNA Doe Project cases, we find that reference testing can solve cases more quickly (although many reference tests are required to substantially hasten the investigative process), but only rarely (<1%) solves cases that cannot otherwise be solved. Through a mixture of mathematical and computational analysis, we find that the most desirable people to test are at the bottom of a path descending from an ancestral couple that is most likely to be related to the target. We also characterize the rare cases where reference testing is necessary for solving the case: when there is only one descending path from an ancestral couple, which precludes the possibility of identifying an intersection (e.g., marriage) between two descendants of two different ancestral couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multidisciplinary approach in the investigation of unidentified decedents employs the use of a variety of scientific approaches. This approach is applied in casework in North Carolina, USA and has led to successful identifications using anthropological analysis and population affinity estimation using 3D-ID, investigative genetic geneaology (IGG), and isotopic analyses. Results from one scientific approach can help to inform the others, providing more information about the decedent, and thus enhancing the investigation. This case report outlines three cases from North Carolina that combine each of these scientific approaches and serve as examples of collaboration in a multidisciplinary approach. Key points Anthropological analyses including population affinity using 3D-ID can be used in conjunction with isotopic analyses in estimating geographic origin. Results from anthropological and isotopic analyses can help to narrow down or direct IGG. Multidisciplinary collaboration in the investigation of unidentified decedents enhances the investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When human remains are inadvertently located, case-related circumstantial information is used to generate an identification hypothesis, and the preservation of the remains typically informs which identification methods may then be used to validate that hypothesis. What happens, however, when there is no contextual information to generate an identification hypothesis? This paper presents the case of a near-complete human skeleton discovered at Sandy Point in Victoria, Australia. The circumstances of the case did not facilitate an identification hypothesis, and with no hypothesis to triage the identification process, all possible identification methods were employed. Preservation of the individual meant neither a visual nor a fingerprint identification was possible, and the lack of an identification hypothesis meant there was no antemortem reference data to compare with the postmortem DNA or dental information. Consequently, in addition to historical research, novel methods, such as radiocarbon dating and genetic intelligence, were utilized to complement information provided by the forensic anthropology and odontology analyses, which ultimately resulted in the identification. This example highlights the complexity of cases of unidentified skeletal remains and emphasizes the fact that identification is a process that necessarily requires a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach. Key points Human skeletal remains were recovered from Sandy Point, Victoria. The absence of circumstantial information and the poor preservation (i.e. skeletonized) of the remains precluded the formation of an identification hypothesis, rendering the identification process complex. Only through the integration of anthropology, odontology, molecular biology, radiocarbon dating, historical research, and genealogy were the remains able to be identified as Mr. Christopher Luke Moore, who drowned in 1928. Human identification is a process that necessarily requires a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the modern temporalities by using the ocean as the site. Topics mentioned include the science of oceanic time, the genealogies of national time, the emergence of a spatial historicity of the Pacific Ocean, the geospatial dimensions of the Pacific, and the use of integrative geo-anthropological time to find evidence about the macroscopic correlations in earth history.

Kinship analysis is a crucial aspect of forensic genetics. This study analyzed 1,222 publications on kinship analysis from 1960 to 2023 using bibliometric analysis techniques, investigating the annual publication and citation patterns, most productive countries, organizations, authors and journals, most cited documents and co-occurrence of keywords. The initial publication in this field occurred in 1960. Since 2007, there has been a significant increase in publications, with over 30 published annually except for 2010. China had the most publications (n = 213, 17.43%), followed by the United States (n = 175, 14.32%) and Germany (n = 89, 7.28%). The United States also had the highest citation count. Sichuan University in China has the largest number of published articles. The University of Leipzig and the University of Cologne in Germany exhibit the highest total citation count and average citation, respectively. Budowle B was the most prolific author and Kayser M was the most cited author. In terms of publications, Forensic Science International-Genetics, Forensic Science International, and International Journal of Legal Medicine were the most prolific journals. Among them, Forensic Science International- Genetics boasted the highest h-index, citation count, and average citation rate. The most frequently cited publication was "Van Oven M, 2009, Hum Mutat", with a total of 1,361 citations. The most frequent co-occurrence keyword included "DNA", "Loci", "Paternity testing", "Population", "Markers", and "Identification", with recent interest focusing on "Kinship analysis", "SNP" and "Inference". The current research is centered around microhaplotypes, forensic genetic genealogy, and massively parallel sequencing. The field advanced with new DNA analysis methods, tools, and genetic markers. Collaborative research among nations, organizations, and authors benefits idea exchange, problem-solving efficiency, and high-quality results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of forensic DNA analysis has experienced significant advancements over the years, such as the advent of DNA fingerprinting, the introduction of the polymerase chain reaction for increased sensitivity, the shift to a primary genetic marker system based on short tandem repeats, and implementation of national DNA databases. Now, the forensics field is poised for another revolution with the advent of dense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) testing. SNP testing holds the potential to significantly enhance source attribution in forensic cases, particularly those involving low-quantity or low-quality samples. When coupled with genetic genealogy and kinship analysis, it can resolve countless active cases as well as cold cases and cases of unidentified human remains, which are hindered by the limitations of existing forensic capabilities that fail to generate viable investigative leads with DNA. The field of forensic genetic genealogy combined with genome-wide sequencing can associate relatives as distant as the seventh-degree and beyond. By leveraging volunteer-populated databases to locate near and distant relatives, genetic genealogy can effectively narrow the candidates linked to crime scene evidence or aid in determining the identity of human remains. With decreasing DNA sequencing costs and improving sensitivity of detection, forensic genetic genealogy is expanding its capabilities to generate investigative leads from a wide range of biological evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Retinta cattle breed from Spain is derived from two ancestral bovine lineages, which are clearly characterized based on coat color: blond and brown/red. Currently, despite a great level of admixture, two pure genetic lines remain (Retinto Extremeño and Andalusian Blond). This study analyzed the genealogy and genetics of over 22,000 animals, revealing high genetic diversity overall, but lower diversity within each subpopulation, with the Retinto line having the greatest influence on the breed. A special subgroup within the Andalusian Blond lineage, known as the Tamarona cow, was identified as genetically unique and should be protected due to its small population size. Preserving genetic diversity within the Retinta breed is crucial to ensure sustainable breeding in the breed's natural environment. The Retinta breed, an autochthonous type of Spanish beef cattle, is highly adapted to breeding in its natural environment, which is characterized by a Mediterranean climate. The origins of this breed can be traced to two ancestral bovine stocks, which gave rise to distinct morphotypes differentiated primarily by coat color, alongside other significant traits such as growth, morphological conformation and temperament. Specifically, one morphotype comprises blond animals (Rubia Andaluza), genetically resembling the ancestral Bos taurus Aquitanicus, while the other encompasses brown- and red-colored animals (Retinta Extremeña) originating from Bos taurus Turdenatus stock. Over decades, these populations have undergone hybridization, leading to a unified population, albeit with the original subpopulations largely maintaining their genetic integrity. The objective of this study was to undertake genealogical and genomic characterization of these genetic lines, including a particular subpopulation within the blond animals (Tamarona cow). To achieve this, the genealogical records of 22,004 active animals were analyzed, and over 63,000 SNPs from a total of 1030 animals were examined for genomic characterization. Genealogical analysis revealed pedigree completeness and a high level of effective population size (Ne) across the entire population, yet relatively low Ne values within each pure line (ranging from 28.38 to 34.47). These findings underscore the ongoing efforts of the National Association of Retinta Breeders (ACRE) over the past decades to mitigate the loss of variability in this breed. The genomic characterization highlights the persistent differences within the original population and the predominant influence of the Retinto line within the current breed, as evidenced by principal component analysis (PCA) and admixture analysis. Furthermore, the identification of the Tamarona subpopulation within the blond lineage underlines its unique genetic composition, warranting its recognition as an official genetic line within the current Retinta breed. Given the small population size of these lines, particularly the Tamarona subpopulation, protective measures are imperative to preserve this distinct gene pool. Such measures would enhance the genetic diversity of the Retinta breed, which is essential for sustainable breeding practices in its natural habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy (FIGG) offers an alternative pathway for generating leads to aid in the resolution of forensic casework. The ForenSeq® Kintelligence kit is the first commercial panel designed specifically for FIGG applications. In this study, the Kintelligence Kit was compared to the Infinium Global Screening Array-24 Kit on the basis of kinship prediction accuracy between members from a known family group. While both workflows identified kinship links between the primary donor and their family members, the kinship prediction values were not always accurate. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of FIGG workflows to generate forensic intelligence, but also highlighted the requirement to report links with an appropriate level of caution due to potential discrepancy between the predicted and actual kinship relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden was first outside North America in solving crime using forensic genetic genealogy (FGG), but further use of the method was inhibited due to unclear legislative support and subsequently method implementation has been delayed awaiting necessary legal amendments. This paper describes the present state of law enforcement use of FGG in Sweden and foresight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the emergence of Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy (FIGG) in criminal investigations, particularly highlighted by its role in identifying the Golden State Killer, Joseph DeAngelo. It delves into the technological and ethical implications of FIGG, emphasizing the need for judicial oversight and regulation to safeguard privacy, civil liberties, and the integrity of criminal investigations.

"The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews" by Kevin Alan Brook is a book that explores the genetic history of Ashkenazic Jews. The book focuses on haplogroups, which are groups of individuals who share a common ancestor through their maternal lineage. It provides information on the origins of Ashkenazic Jewish populations and their descendants, but the author's assertions should be carefully examined and verified. The book is aimed at citizen-scientists and requires an understanding of mitochondrial DNA and genetic analysis. However, it lacks guidance on methods and the limitations of genetic analysis. Overall, the book may not meet the needs of professional scientists, but it can be a useful resource for genealogists interested in lineage studies. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Synergies Italie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam is the property of UIN Saizu Purwokerto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forensic DNA kinship investigation involves analyzing genetic relationships between individuals to offer new leads for solving (cold) cases. Familial DNA matching has become a valuable asset in criminal case investigations, especially when traditional DNA methods hit dead ends. However, concerns surrounding ethical and privacy implications raised questions about its implementation and acceptance among the general public. The present study investigated the public perspectives regarding forensic DNA kinship investigations among 1710 Dutch-speaking Belgians using an online cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire consisted of three categories, including personal information, DNA knowledge, and their opinion on several familial DNA searching and investigative genetic genealogy related questions. The participants' average DNA knowledge score was 71 %, indicating a relatively high level of understanding of DNA-related concepts. Remarkably, the study revealed that 92 % of the participants expressed willingness to cooperate as a volunteer in a forensic DNA kinship investigation, irrespective of their scientific background or educational level. Key factors influencing participation included assurance of painless sampling and robust privacy safeguards. Participants lacking familiarity with DNA hesitated more towards participating in forensic DNA analysis, referring to ''the fear of the unknown''. Despite ethical and privacy concerns, the highly positive attitude towards forensic DNA analysis reflects a level of empathy and willingness to contribute to the pursuit of justice. Nearly all participants (95 %) agreed to use online DNA databases for resolving violent crimes with forensic genetic genealogy, but half emphasized the need for prior informed consent, referring to the current “opt-in” system. The results underscore the need for stringent regulations and ethical oversight to ensure the responsible use of genetic data while striking a balance between public safety and the protection of individuals' privacy rights. These findings add to the growing body of evidence regarding the potential benefits of forensic DNA kinship matching as a tool in criminal investigations, suggesting its potential future utilization and legalization.

Although law enforcement use of commercial genetic genealogy databases has gained prominence since the arrest of the Golden State Killer in 2018, and it has been used in hundreds of cases in the United States and more recently in Europe and Australia, it does not have a standard nomenclature and scope. We analyzed the more common terms currently being used and propose a common nomenclature: investigative forensic genetic genealogy (iFGG). We define iFGG as the use by law enforcement of genetic genealogy combined with traditional genealogy to generate suspect investigational leads from forensic samples in criminal investigations. We describe iFGG as a proper subset of forensic genetic genealogy, that is, FGG as applied by law enforcement to criminal investigations; hence, investigative FGG or iFGG. We delineate its steps, compare and contrast it with other investigative techniques involving genetic evidence, and contextualize its use within criminal investigations. This characterization is a critical input to future studies regarding the legal status of iFGG and its implications on the right to genetic privacy.

This article attempts to "defamiliarize" nearly 40 years Russian Literature Study by Prof. Chen Jianhua, and to summarize the text pattern of "Russian Literature as an Idea" since the 1980s in his Russian Literature Classics Study, Soviet Literature Study, Study of the relationship between Chinese literature and Russian literature as academic and disciplinary history, and literary educational as well. It places special emphasis on exploring the historical context in which contemporaries of Prof. Chen approached Russian Literature, the relationship between Chinese literature and Russian literature, in order to echo the spiritual connection between the new generation of Chinese scholars since the founding of the People's Republic of China, to generate a kind of "dialogue and polyphony" effect with changes of times, and to enhance the genealogy of 20th century Chinese Humanistic Ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variants on non-recombining DNA and the hierarchical order in which they accumulate are commonly of interest. This variant hierarchy can be established and combined with information on the population and geographic origin of the individuals carrying the variants to find population structures and infer migration patterns. Further, individuals can be assigned to the characterized populations, which is relevant in forensic genetics, genetic genealogy, and epidemiologic studies. However, there is currently no straightforward method to obtain such a variant hierarchy. Here, we introduce the software SNPtotree v1.0, which uniquely determines the hierarchical order of variants on non-recombining DNA without error-prone manual sorting. The algorithm uses pairwise variant comparisons to infer their relationships and integrates the combined information into a phylogenetic tree. Variants that have contradictory pairwise relationships or ambiguous positions in the tree are removed by the software. When benchmarked using two human Y-chromosomal massively parallel sequencing datasets, SNPtotree outperforms traditional methods in the accuracy of phylogenetic trees for sequencing data with high amounts of missing information. The phylogenetic trees of variants created using SNPtotree can be used to establish and maintain publicly available phylogeny databases to further explore genetic epidemiology and genealogy, as well as population and forensic genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of understandable and visible cultural landscape, geographical name is the condensation and retention of regional culture on the surface of the earth. Based on the theory of landscape gene, we constructed the cultural landscape gene coding and gene genealogical system of the toponyms of South China Sea islands. We constructed the double-helix DNA bionic model of the cultural landscape genes of the South China Sea islands. The study found that: ① The genes of the geographical names and cultural landscapes of the South China Sea islands are similar to the "genetic" advantage under the spatial and temporal evolution, which is manifested in the fusion of natural genes and humanistic genes in the genetic information chain, highlighting the advantage of China's multicultural genes. ② The genetic genealogy of geographical names of the South China Sea islands presents a unique "Qiong people's common names" rooted in four dimensions, confirming the continuation of the marine culture of the fishermen in the South China Sea. ③ The genes of geographical names and cultural landscapes of the South China Sea islands are divided into long-term genetic DNA, temporary variation DNA and solidified complex DNA, which shows the principle of "name from the owner" in the inheritance and expression of the mother chain DNA of the genes of Chinese geographical names and cultural landscapes. The re‐ search provides theoretical reference for the effective inheritance and storage of genetic information of geographical names and cultural landscapes of the South China Sea islands, as well as the maintenance of China's territorial sovereignty integrity and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Lineages Embedded in Temple Networks: Daoism and Local Society in Ming China" by Richard G. Wang is a comprehensive study that examines the role of Daoist elites in mediating between the Ming imperial state and local communities. The book explores how Daoists organized into clerical lineages, controlled central temples, and utilized empire-wide networks to achieve their goals. It also analyzes three major Daoist lineages and their impact on the relationship between lineage groups and the state. The book provides a clear and compelling social and cultural history of Ming Daoism and local society, drawing on literary sources and ethnographic research. While the book raises some terminological and conceptual issues, it is a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates interested in Daoist history. [Extracted from the article]

Recent breakthroughs in criminal investigations, especially of high-profile cold cases, have helped to consolidate the role of DNA analysis in investigative contexts. Consequently, some jurisdictions are looking to expand DNA collection and analysis methods. In Canada, legislation has been proposed to expand the National DNA Databank (NDDB) and to allow familial searching in criminal and forensic investigations. This article outlines the ethical implications of the proposed legislation and, more broadly, of genealogical methods already in use that operate outside the NDDB and rely heavily on for-profit and consumer DNA services. Current DNA analysis within the criminal justice system is heavily regulated and provides important protections not only for individuals but also for genetic relatives whose biometric data is indirectly implicated. In contrast, familial searching poses risks for offender privacy as well as for their relatives. Additionally, the expanding practice of genetic genealogical searching relies on unregulated commercial products that use different technology to expose highly detailed genetic information. This technology falls short of rigorous investigational standards and poses significant problems for informed consent. We conclude that expanding DNA collection within the NDDB to include familial searching risks exacerbating existing systemic bias and that genetic genealogical searching outside of the NDDB is incompatible with existing Canadian legislation that safeguards privacy, genetic non-discrimination, and fundamental rights and freedoms.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as massively sequencing, enables large dense SNP panel analyses which generate the genetic component of forensic investigative genetic genealogy (FIGG). While the costs of implementing large SNP panel analyses into the laboratory system may seem high and daunting, the benefits of the technology may more than justify the investment. To determine if an infrastructural investment in public laboratories and using large SNP panel analyses would reap substantial benefits to society, a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) was performed. This CBA applied the logic that an increase of DNA profile uploads to a DNA database due to a sheer increase in number of markers and a greater sensitivity of detection afforded with NGS and a higher hit/association rate due to large SNP/kinship resolution and genealogy will increase investigative leads, will be more effective for identifying recidivists which in turn reduces future victims of crime, and will bring greater safety and security to communities. Analyses were performed for worst case/best case scenarios as well as by simulation sampling the range spaces with multiple input values simultaneously to generate best estimate summary statistics. This study shows that the benefits, both tangible and intangible, over the lifetime of an advanced database system would be huge and can be projected to be for less than $1 billion per year (over a 10-year period) investment can reap on average > $4.8 billion in tangible and intangible cost-benefits per year. More importantly, on average > 50,000 individuals need not become victims if FIGG were employed, assuming investigative associations generated were acted upon. The benefit to society is immense making the laboratory investment a nominal cost. The benefits likely are underestimated herein. There is latitude in the estimated costs, and even if they were doubled or tripled, there would still be substantial benefits gained with a FIGG-based approach. While the data used in this CBA are US centric (primarily because data were readily accessible), the model is generalizable and could be used by other jurisdictions to perform relevant and representative CBAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent breakthroughs in criminal investigations, especially of high-profile cold cases, have helped to consolidate the role of DNA analysis in investigative contexts. Consequently, some jurisdictions are looking to expand DNA collection and analysis methods. In Canada, legislation has been proposed to expand the National DNA Databank (NDDB) and to allow familial searching in criminal and forensic investigations. This article outlines the ethical implications of the proposed legislation and, more broadly, of genealogical methods already in use that operate outside the NDDB and rely heavily on for-profit and consumer DNA services. Current DNA analysis within the criminal justice system is heavily regulated and provides important protections not only for individuals but also for genetic relatives whose biometric data is indirectly implicated. In contrast, familial searching poses risks for offender privacy as well as for their relatives. Additionally, the expanding practice of genetic genealogical searching relies on unregulated commercial products that use different technology to expose highly detailed genetic information. This technology falls short of rigorous investigational standards and poses significant problems for informed consent. We conclude that expanding DNA collection within the NDDB to include familial searching risks exacerbating existing systemic bias and that genetic genealogical searching outside of the NDDB is incompatible with existing Canadian legislation that safeguards privacy, genetic non-discrimination, and fundamental rights and freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic genetic genealogy is an emergent forensic technology that employs databases used by citizens to upload genetic data voluntarily to search for criminal suspects and/or unidentified individuals. Considering a wide view of the roots of forensic genetic genealogy, in this article, I draw on publicly available interviews with key stakeholders in the field, media articles, and companies' statements to analyze how this technology is both grounded and based upon citizen science. That is, a type of science to which citizens actively, voluntarily, and consentingly contribute in various forms. On the one hand, I show how the emergence of forensic genetic genealogy is mainly based upon the work of individuals with a personal interest in genetic genealogy, who are heavily invested in constructing their own and others' family trees. That is, citizens from various educational backgrounds and professional activities who became an untapped source of valuable expertise for forensic science because of their prolific experience in conducting genetic genealogy. On the other hand, I argue that the current situation of forensic genetic genealogy is also highly dependent on citizens' interest and willingness to upload genetic data into publicly accessible genealogy databases and voluntarily deciding to make them available to law enforcement searches. Perceiving citizen science as being at the roots and as the future of forensic genetic genealogy has important implications for the forensic epistemic culture and the protection of citizens' rights that must be considered in the development and implementation of such technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the future of Jewish genealogy and the role of technology, DNA research, and ChatGPT in shaping it. Topics include the expansion of online resources and genetic testing, increased collaboration and preservation of cultural heritage, and the ethical concerns of using ChatGPT to generate original content.

The article focuses on the author's experience with DNA testing for genealogical research. Topics include the limitations of Y-DNA and Mt-DNA testing, the discovery of previously unknown relatives through autosomal DNA testing, and the author's successful use of DNA testing to uncover family connections and solve genealogical mysteries.

In this article, we address the aporia(s) of the Olympic discourse produced by the troubled split between sport and politics. To start our argument, we will show that sporting governing bodies continuously insist that they are still on the other side of any kind of politics. Guided by Aristotle, who presented the reciprocity of ethics and politics, we will unveil the fallacy of this discourse. In a short genealogy of the relationship between sport, ethics, and politics, we will highlight the Munich Olympics 1936 and Mexico Olympics 1968, where political engagement of sport was exposed clearly. At the same time, the supposed political neutrality of sport manifested an aristocratic preference for radical right regimes. After that, we will analyse the contemporary relation between sport, ethics, and politics in the light of recent developments, including sport's ambiguous reaction on the Ukraine war. Further argument will be that sport's in- and external politics, supported by sport ethics and the inherited mantra of the split between sport and politics, is more than just a hypocrisy. At the start, modern sport claims autonomy of governance to keep away from state domination, yet this very autonomy also freezes sport's ethical core, forbidding athletes, coaches and others active in sport, to express any political engagement, other than passive acceptance of the regulation by governing sport bodies, as the only politics to be respected without deliberation. In the final part an alternative understanding of the dynamics between politics, the political and sport's ethical core, will be presented to be included in the philosophy of sport and fully developed in following articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the history of Machu Picchu, revealing that it originally served as a palace for the Inca emperor Pachacuti between ~1420 and 1532 CE. A genome-wide data analysis of 34 persons buried at Machu Picchu, who were likely retainers or attendants of the Inca royal family, and 34 individuals from Cusco, found that Machu Picchu was home to a heterogeneous community with people of different genetic backgrounds living, reproducing, and being buried together.

The article titled "Theory and Practice in Epicurean Political Philosophy" is a review of a book written by Javier Aoiz and Marcelo D. Boeri. The book offers a deep and critical study of theory and practice in Epicurean political philosophy, focusing on the notions of security, justice, and tranquility. The authors, both university professors in Chile, have made important contributions in the field of ancient Greek philosophy. The book examines the genealogy of justice and laws in Epicureanism, the relationship between the city, natural good, and the promise of security, and the role of political contractualism in Epicurean philosophy, among other topics. The aim of the book is to question the cliché of Epicureanism's political disinterest and highlight the importance of friendship, law, and justice in this philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

The history of the Omvang people today in the district of Nguelemendouka in the department of Haut-Nyong in Eastern Cameroon is that of a society that was once poorly known and little known, sociopolitically and culturally, yet research sufficiently demonstrate that they have put in place solid traditional instruments which have nothing to envy to the other peoples of Cameroon; It raises the issue of knowing how the Omvang of yesterday and today succeed in the solid hierarchical society set up by Chief Nkal Mentsouga where each family member had a considerable place and a well-defined role promoting the peaceful management of disputes and inheritance crises for the benefit of social hannony, peace and hannony. Omvang society before Nkal Mentsouga is lineage or segmental. Their institutions are identical to those of the peoples of the Beti-Bulu-Fang forest in particular. These peoples have imagined and applied mechanisms and stratagems of power to ensure the most harmonious management possible of populations and property. We then witness around 1850 the transformation of the lineage structure into a large chieftaincy as a result of military conquests, hence a warlike geopolitics. This research aims to be a demonstrative approach to the anteriority of structures in traditional African societies in general and East Cameroon in particular. He rebels against the Eurocentric conception which has made its strength disappear following the arrival of colonization. This study aims to present a traditional aspect of the history of the peoples of Eastern Cameroon. . Our study also makes it possible to present the interactions between the lineage populations in order to respond to the questioning of Cheikh Anta Diop who already invited Africans to look into the history of their society, their civilization and to study them to better know themselves and to make known in our own way a traditional aspect of the history of the peoples of Eastern Cameroon all this through a reading that is both descriptive and analytical constituting the epistemological approach of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is twofold. On the one hand, the article provides an overview of current research in the field of family memory, amateur family history and (genetic) genealogy, emphasizing a few areas that are of interest for professional historians. These include the close links between the stories transmitted in families and family identity, its functioning and family resilience; the potential of family history to reveal alternative versions of the national past; and finally, genetic (DNA) genealogy, which has won the favour of tens of millions of adherents worldwide and which is able to redefine historically traditional social structures such as family or kinship. Investigative genetic genealogy is a fresh and burgeoning field that gives amateur family history new dimensions by including it into the investigative leads of law enforcement authorities. In the second line, the article provides examples of research done in the Czech Republic that allow for contextualizing the place and status of genealogy and genetic genealogy in the given country. The article contrasts the optimistic views of researchers about amateur family history, based on its position in countries such as the US, Australia, New Zealand and the UK, with the far less favourable situation in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author shares her personal, almost a quarter of a century long, experience with genealogy and its teaching at the universities. As a student, she experienced "the standard courses" where genealogy was given only a minimal space. She encountered a very similar situation after becoming a university teacher at another university. After few years of "standard" teaching, she started to try to change the perception of genealogy as a kind of "leisure-time discipline". And finally, during the last five years, she has begun to turn her ideals into reality in the role of a guarantor of the Bachelor's degree study program of Historical Sciences at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Hradec Králové. She explains why - from her point of view - genealogy used to be marginalized as an academic discipline and what the consequences have been. The text is not a lament over the dismal situation, but it tries to offer new perspectives for the development of genealogy as an academic discipline and to present one of the possible approaches how to implement such a transformation, using the example of the University of Hradec Králové. She and her colleagues no longer understand genealogy as a peripheral discipline, but as one of the essential historical sciences. Students are supported in their own research, and the knowledge of genealogy use teachers in other subjects. They also see a future in the development of genetic genealogy and other interdisciplinary attitudes. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a broad discussion about the possible forms of teaching genealogy and about its benefits and pitfalls in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the transformation of genealogy in the Czech Republic from 1997 to 2022, with a strong focus on the significance of electronic sources. While traditionally limited to the nobility, genealogy has become widely accessible to the civilian population thanks to the internet and the digitization of records. The availability of online tools and websites has made archival materials and family tree creation convenient for the public. Looking ahead, the integration of genealogy with digital science is expected to continue. It is necessary to emphasize the critical need for education at all levels to ensure responsible research and data sharing, especially in the era of electronic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetics services are increasingly popular, with tens of millions of customers. Several DTC genealogy services allow users to upload genetic data to search for relatives, identified as people with genomes that share identical by state (IBS) regions. Here, we describe methods by which an adversary can learn database genotypes by uploading multiple datasets. For example, an adversary who uploads approximately 900 genomes could recover at least one allele at SNP sites across up to 82% of the genome of a median person of European ancestries. In databases that detect IBS segments using unphased genotypes, approximately 100 falsified uploads can reveal enough genetic information to allow genome-wide genetic imputation. We provide a proof-of-concept demonstration in the GEDmatch database, and we suggest countermeasures that will prevent the exploits we describe.

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Population genetic models only provide coarse representations of real-world ancestry. We used a pedigree compiled from 4 million parish records and genotype data from 2276 French and 20,451 French Canadian individuals to finely model and trace French Canadian ancestry through space and time. The loss of ancestral French population structure and the appearance of spatial and regional structure highlights a wide range of population expansion models. Geographic features shaped migrations, and we find enrichments for migration, genetic, and genealogical relatedness patterns within river networks across regions of Quebec. Finally, we provide a freely accessible simulated whole-genome sequence dataset with spatiotemporal metadata for 1,426,749 individuals reflecting intricate French Canadian population structure. Such realistic population-scale simulations provide opportunities to investigate population genetics at an unprecedented resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is an essential worldwide commodity, and Brazil ranks fourth in world production and second in export. The present work aimed to gather the genealogies and estimate the genetic base of 109 Brazilian cotton cultivars released from 1932 to 2021. Twelve of the 68 ancestors identified contributed with 52.03% of the genes, and 33% of the cultivars resulted from the direct selection from landraces or old cultivars, evidencing a narrow genetic base. Over time, especially after 1990, the increases in the number of cultivars released and number of ancestors added to the breeding programs were driven by the need to reduce the cultivars' cycle for coexistence with pests and to make them suitable for mechanized cultivation in the new agricultural frontiers. However, Brazilian cotton cultivars still have a narrow genetic base, with the important participation of the ancestors CNPA SRI3, CKR 100W, C-77 and Express. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including technology regulation, investigative genetic genealogy, and human research ethics.

Scenario planning is a tool for considering alternative futures and their potential impact. The article firstly addresses the paucity of history on management tools by discussing several important lineages in scenario planning's evolution over time, and the emphasis placed on historical analysis by some specific variants therein. Secondly, it describes how causal analysis can be enhanced in scenario planning by process-tracing important historical developments. Thirdly, it outlines how a scenario planning that incorporates history in this way can assist historians to identify counterfactuals and understand the relative importance of alternative causes, thus enriching historical accounts. It can also enable business historians' research on the relationship between businesses and their external environments, and on management decision-making. In concluding, scholars of scenario planning and business history are urged to open a mutually-beneficial dialogue. The article initiates this by setting out some ways in which they can cross-fertilise each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]