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A Bistable RNA pairs have noteworthy importance in RNA ribo-switches, RNA thermometers and viroid replications, making this molecule particularly interesting to chemists and scientists working in field of biochemistry, virologists and computational chemistry. It adopts equilibrium between two distinct hairpin conformations. The two hairpin conformations adopt different functionality. In this review paper, we discuss the pathways used by bistable RNAs for switching confirmations and look into the future possibilities existing mechanisms can yield in RNA and retro-virus RNA studies.

English is taught as a second language at every stage of education in all states of India and has been accepted as the main medium of instruction in higher education. With the changing indispensable role of English, the teaching of English in India is in a deplorable state. The history of English language teaching unfolds authoritative precedents for the ideas mentioned. The different teaching methods of foreign languages are actually aimed to teach certain language skills. Each method depends on a theory of language teaching and learning and various psycholinguistics strategies applied to the acquisition of second and third language has become a prominent phenomenon in the last few decades. Yet there is paucity in the third language acquisition. The psycholinguistics strategies are used by few experts to teach second or third language. In this realm the cognitive method is used to acquire the language. The psycholinguistics principles bring out how one perceives the language and produces that particular language is important. While acquiring a third language from the medium of second language there is transference of second language rather than the first language to third language.

Objectives: this study aims to find out any possible role of dentine hypersensitivity as a triggering factor for migraine in susceptible individuals. Methods: This prospective clinical interventional study was done by enrolling 160 patients who were diagnosed as having migraine according to guidelines of ‘International Headache Society ‘Criteria for Migraine, who were followed for a period of 3 months and those 84 people who showed definite symptoms of hypersensitivity were further investigated for next 3 months by dividing them into Group A (Group who had dentine hypersensitivity and migraine and received relevant dental treatment to stop dentine hypersensitivity) and Group B (People who had dentine hypersensitivity and migraine but no dental intervention was done to treat dentine hypersensitivity) both these groups were observed for frequency and intensity of migraine attacks for a period of three months.

In this work, we synthesized FeNi2S4/rGO composites as Pt-free counter electrode (CE) by one step hydrothermal method. Complete investigations of phase evolutions by XRD patterns and TEM indicate spinel structure with nanosheets and nanospherical morphologies. The individual spherical-shaped nanoparticles (30–35 nm) of FeNi2S4 were exploited on the 2D ultrathin rGO nanosheets surface. This is useful for the provision of further electrolyte adsorptions and responsive electrocatalytic sites. The DSSC constructed with FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE showed a conversion efficiency of 9.98%, better than that by FeNi2S4 CE (4.87%) and also commercial Pt (6.21%). The outstanding efficiency of the FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE is even better than commercial Pt and is an effective alternative to Pt CE in the DSSCs.

The main objective of this project is securely store and maintain the patient records in the health care. Headrest is a data-intensive domain where a large amount of data is created, disseminated, stored, and accessed daily. The block chain technology is used to protect the Headrest data hosted within the cloud. The block that contain the medical data and the time stamp. Cloud computing will connect different health care providers. It allows health care provider to access the patient details more securely from anywhere. It preserve data from attackers. The data is encrypted prior to outsourcing to the cloud. The health care provider have to decrypt the data prior to download.

In this project, grid integration of a hybrid Photovoltaic (PV) and Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind energy system is proposed. An intelligent controller was developed to generate maximum power from the above renewable energy sources and to solve the grid integration issue while improving the generated power quality. This paper has three major parts. The first pertains the design of a fuzzy logic controller to maximize power point tracking of photovoltaic power system and to generate maximum power under various weather conditions. The second part explains the design of a fuzzy logic controller for DFIG based wind energy conversion system to improve the system performance. The third part integrates the above two renewable energy sources and develop a hybrid fuzzy logic controller for solving grid integration issues and improving the power quality. standard for showing the effectiveness of the system. The fuzzy controller has been developed for maximum power point tracking for 10 KW photovoltaic power systems and analysed with various weather conditions.

A “branching–folding” synthetic strategy that affords a range of diverse cyclic benzo‐sulfonamide scaffolds is presented. Whereas different annulation reactions on common ketimine substrates build the branching phase of the scaffold synthesis, a common hydrogenative ring‐expansion method, facilitated by an increase of the ring‐strain during the branching phase, led to sulfonamides bearing medium‐sized rings in a folding pathway. Cell painting assay was successfully employed to identify tubulin targeting sulfonamides as novel mitotic inhibitors., Branch, fold and paint! A “branching–folding” synthetic strategy delivers a range of diverse cyclic benzo‐sulfonamides and a cell painting analysis led to disclose novel tubulin targeting sulfonamide mitotic inhibitors.

In the 21st century, women's writing in English has been considered as a powerful medium of modernism and feminist proclamation in the contemporary society of patriarchy life. The last two decades have witnessed extraordinary success in feminist writings of Indian English literature even Today is the generation of those women writers who are rich and have been educated in the West. Hence, this paper examines to analysis the cross-cultural values and divulgences of female protagonist’s of the great diasporic writers Chitra Banarjee Divakaruni and Bharati Mukherjee select novels. It also discussed the problems of women and in their suppressions in our post-modern society how they lost their identity and how do they feel their separation of culture from native land to an alien land.

Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip prospective teachers with knowledge, attitudes, behaviors’ and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community. The term ‘teacher training’ seems to be losing ground to ‘teacher education’. In the era of globalization, when the world is changing so fast, the teaching field is also not unaffected. The approach of second language teaching that is ELT (English language teaching) has undergone a sea change. The “drill and practice” method is now considered to be rudimentary. Now, there are electronically sophisticated machines which have entered teaching-learning setting. Machine–assisted learning or e-learning is indeed an innovation in ELT. Even students find this new way of learning a second language to be amazing. Using language games is an efficient way of learning a second language.

To describe adolescents' experience with treatment adherence when prescribed antibiotics for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in emergency departments (ED).Adolescents diagnosed with STIs in two EDs and prescribed outpatient treatment were interviewed to identify barriers and facilitators to treatment adherence.Of 26 participants, 46.2% filled their prescriptions, 38.5% returned to the ED for treatment, 7.7% received treatment elsewhere, and 7.7% received no treatment. All adolescents who filled their prescriptions notified caregivers of their diagnosis, compared with 50.0% who returned to the ED (P = 0.01). Adolescents identified cost, transportation, lack of insurance card, and lack of knowledge as perceived barriers to treatment adherence. Less than half of the participants were interested in school-based health clinics due to anonymity concerns. Most expressed interest in using mobile health (mHealth) to overcome adherence challenges.Adolescents identified multiple barriers to treatment adherence. Future work should explore the role of caregiver communication and incorporation of mHealth.

The most powerful approach that has been used to minimize vehicle injuries is vehicle-to-vehicle contact. In this paper, we present the designs and prototype of a device for vehicle-to-vehicle communication (v2v) using Light Fidelity (li-fi) technology, known as Visible Light Communication (VLC), which is here used for vehicle data communication. The proposed device also involves the prevention of turning point incidents with an ultrasonic sensor. The Buzzer indicator in a vehicle with Li-Fi technology. Li-Fi includes the use of the spectrum of visible light as a contact medium. Highspeed data transfer, secure, efficient and environmentally friendly, is provided by Li-Fi technology.

In this report, for the first time synthesized FeNi2S4/rGO composite as Pt free counter electrode (CE) by facile hydrothermal method without employing template or surfactant. Complete investigations of phase evolutions by XRD patterns and TEM indicate that spinel structure with nanosheets and nanospherical morphologies. The individual spherical shaped nanoparticles (30-35 nm) of FeNi2S4 were exploited on the 2D ultrathin rGO nanosheets surface. This is useful for the provision of further electrolyte adsorptions and responsive electrocatalytic sites. The DSSC constructed with FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE showed a conversion efficiency of 9.98%, better than that by FeNi2S4 CE (4.87%) and also commercial Pt (6.21%). The outstanding efficiency of the FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE even better than commercial Pt is effective alternative to Pt CE in the DSSCs.

Man is a wonderful creation of the almighty. He/she is gifted with an ability to imbibe, acquire, learn and practice. The world that one lives in, discharge so many challenges in all spheres of life. In order to face the challenges prompted by the world, man needs to equip himself with skills relevant to it. Though everyman lives his/her own life none can be independent. Dependency in some form or the other is the call of the postmodern era. Developing skills have become mandatory in maintaining them smoothly. Skill is an ability that is acquired to do something extremely well. When skills are honed, it becomes a talent. Interpersonal skills are skills that are used to relate with one another. This paper envisages the means and the methods with which interpersonal skills can be imparted through English language teaching and this study elucidates the importance of interpersonal skills for the students studying at present, the students in job and for their social living. The study is based on a survey conducted among the students of Engineering colleges, passed out and placed Engineering students and their observations on this particular skill in the modern world.

Computational modeling of pulverized coal fired boilers has made considerable advances in the past 5 decades. Modeling the furnace of a coal-fired boiler is a complex task. Even though bulk of the heat transfer to the furnace water walls is by radiation, it is complicated by the presence of ash and other tri-atomic gases that participate in radiation. It is also necessary to accurately capture the kinetics of the devolatilization, char combustion and volatile combustion processes. The phenomenon of fluid flow is equally important since considerable amount of turbulence is involved. Any model developed for the prediction of critical performance parameters like furnace outlet gas temperature and pollutant emission levels will need to capture this multifarious nature of combustion inside a boiler furnace. While computationally expensive CFD codes are available in plenty, researchers have also developed simpler but effective reactor network models. This review explains the current research position in the computational modeling of pulverized coal fired boilers from the following perspectives i) Coal combustion modeling ii) Radiation modeling iii) Overall furnace model development.

Landslide is one of the devastating natural phenomenon that threatens human life and property. Every year a number of persons lost their lives due to the landslides. Therefore, a better understanding and characterization of landslide is very essential for adopting mitigation strategies to contain the adversities of this natural hazard. Information on landslides from different climatic setup are very essential for better understanding of the influence of weathering, rainfall, or topography on landslide generation. Weathering is one of the important causative factor for landslide generation in the moderate topography or inactive mountainous terrain. The Western Ghats including the Deccan Traps, an inactive mountain range, receives torrential rainfall. Intense rainfall in these areas enhances the weathering processes and fabricates thick soil covers. Mahabaleshwar area, Maharashtra was chosen as a case study, where high elevated part is covered by lateritic layer and each lava flow unit is separated by a thin weathered bed of red bole. The area experiences series of landslides during the summer monsoon months. Mainly two types of landslides have been identified in the area confined with the red bole bed and powdery lateritic soil. The first type of landslides occur at higher elevations (≥1200m) where horizontal beds of permeable laterites underlined by impermeable thick basalt beds. The rain water infiltrates down and spread laterally within the permeable lateritic beds. It finally spouts at lower plateau elevations and triggers mainly debris flows. The other category of landslides occurs where the weathered red bole bed separates two successive lava flows. The percolating water from the secondary porosities (joints and inter connected vugs) comes out from the contact zones of basalt and red bole bed in the form of seepages. It erodes the red bole bed and as a result the overlying masses hang and consequently lead to rock fall. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of the representative samples from landslide locations indicates significant weathering. The CIA values for the fine lateritic soil are up to 98% whereas for the red bole bed it varies from 77 to 85%. This suggests a high chemical weathering and higher erodibility. The association of active landslide locations with the red bole bed and fine lateritic soil suggests a close relation between weathering and landslide occurrences in the area.

Complexity‐generating chemical transformations that afford novel molecular scaffolds enriched in sp 3 character are highly desired. Here, we present a highly stereoselective scaffold diversity synthesis approach that utilizes cascade double‐annulation reactions of diverse pairs of zwitterionic and non‐zwitterionic partners with 3‐formylchromones to generate highly complex tetracyclic benzopyrones. Each pair of annulation partners adds to the common chroman‐4‐one scaffold to build two new rings, supporting up to four contiguous chiral centers that include an all‐carbon quaternary center. Differently ring‐fused benzopyrones display different biological activities, thus demonstrating their immense potential in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology research.

The CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is the central element of any high performance perpendicular Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) device. The MgO tunnel barrier, in contact with CoFeB films at both sides in the magnetic tunnel junction, provides a high tunnel magneto resistance (TMR) and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) thanks to the high crystalline quality of the MgO/CoFeB interface achieved upon post-deposition annealing. We study MgGa2O4 as an alternative barrier material due to its lower bandgap and show how to introduce it into state-of-the-art perpendicular MRAM stacks. We demonstrate that thin MgO films at both sides of the barrier are key to ensure a proper crystallization and induce reference layer and free layer perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Consequently, a stack incorporating a MgGaxOy barrier with full PMA and TMR > 100% can be fabricated with a resistance-area (RA) product as low as 50 Ω μm2, which is of strong interest as a potential barrier in the field of voltage control magnetic anisotropy MRAM.

Solar cells of the third generation aim to reduce costs and/or boost the efficiency of current solar cells. The goal of this paper is to systematically research a cobalt nickel sulfide/reduced graphene oxide (CoNi2S4/rGO) nanocomposite sandwich type dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) prototype as a counter electrode synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal process. The structural and morphological characterization of the nanocomposite reveals that cubic structure with spherical shaped nanoparticles (25–30 nm), which is uniformly decorated on the rGO sheets. When used as a counter electrode, the optimized CoNi2S4/rGO nanohybrid film delivers a high photo-conversion efficiency of 10.21%, which is higher than that the DSSC manufactured as counter electrode with Pt (6.45%) and even better than that with pristine CoNi2S4 (3.45%). Cyclic voltammetry, Tafel plot and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that the as-synthesized CoNi2S4/rGO nanohybrid counter electrode exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic property than compared with pure CoNi2S4 counter electrode (CE). This research also offers some clues to the potential growth and rational design of CoNi2S4/rGO nanohybrid counter electrode for advance energy applications.

This work presents facile synthesis of gold nanoparticle (Au NP)-ionic liquid hybrid film of10nm by a simple two-step process at room temperature by deposition of Au NPs suspended in 1-hexyl-1methyl-pyrolidinium bromide, on Si (111) substrates. FTIR results demonstrated that ionic liquid properties remain unaltered during and after Au NP synthesis, and even coating on Si (111) substrate. XRD, XPS, and XAS spectral data confirm the presence of Au(0) while EXAFS data indicated the presence of small particles or incomplete surface species. Cross-sectional analysis using FE-SEM and edge length measurement using AFM showed that the film thickness is ca 10nm.

The densities, ρ, speeds of sound, u and refractive indices, nD of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide {[Bmim][NTf2]} and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15 and 323.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental values, the excess molar volumes, V m E , excess isentropic compressibilities, κ s E , excess speeds of sound, u E , deviations in refractive index, Δ ϕ n D and deviations in molar refraction, Δ R M have been calculated. The partial molar volumes, V ¯ m, 1 and V ¯ m, 2 and excess partial molar volumes, V ¯ m, 1 E and V ¯ m, 2 E over the whole composition range and the partial molar volumes, V ¯ m, 1 ° and V ¯ m, 2 ° and excess partial molar volumes, V ¯ m, 1 ° E and V ¯ m, 2 ° E of the components at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The variations of these parameters with composition and temperature have been discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions prevailing in these mixtures.

Computation of metal temperatures in a furnace waterwall of a boiler is necessary for the proper selection of tube material and thickness. An adequate knowledge of the heat flux distribution in the furnace walls is a prerequisite for the computation of metal temperatures. Hence, the measurement of heat flux in a boiler waterwall is necessary to arrive at an optimum furnace design, especially for high ash Indian coal fired boilers. Also, a thoroughly validated furnace model will result in a considerable reduction of the quantum of experimentation to be carried out. In view of the above mentioned scenario, this paper reviews the research work carried out by various researchers by experimentation and numerical simulation in the below mentioned areas: (i) furnace modeling and heat flux prediction, (ii) heat flux measurement techniques and (iii) applications of heat flux measurements.

Die Gerustdiversitat ist ein entscheidendes Merkmal von Verbindungskollektionen, das einen grosen Einfluss auf deren Erfolg beim biologischen Screening hat. Die Synthese hochkomplexer und verschiedenartiger Geruste, die beispielsweise auf Naturstoffen aufbauen konnte, ist eine muhsame Aufgabe, die in einer Reihe von Aspekten der organischen Synthese und Strukturanalyse Fachkompetenz erfordert. Diese Herausforderung wurde mithilfe etlicher Synthesemodelle angegangen, die Naturstoffe als Quelle der Gerustdiversitat einsetzen, passend gestaltete gangige Intermediate in verschiedene Molekulgeruste umwandeln oder zu hochprazisen Synthesewegen fur etliche unterschiedliche und komplexe Geruste fuhren. In diesem Kurzaufsatz stellen wir neue Ansatze zur Synthese verschiedenartiger und komplexer Geruste sowie die Anwendung der resultierenden Verbindungskollektionen bei der Suche nach Wirkstoffen und Sonden vor.

Due to limitations on the availability of rare earth elements it is imperative that new high energy product rare earth free permanent magnet materials are developed for the next generation of energy systems. One promising low cost permanent magnet candidate for a high energy magnet is α″-Fe16N2, whose giant magnetic moment has been predicted to be well above any other from conventional first principles calculations. Despite its great promise, the α″ phase is metastable; making synthesis of the pure phase difficult, resulting in less than ideal magnetic characteristics. This instability gives way to a slew of possible secondary phases (i.e. α-Fe, Fe2O3, Fe8N, Fe4N, etc.) whose concentrations are difficult to detect by conventional x-ray diffraction. Here we show how high resolution neutron diffraction and polarized neutron reflectometry can be used to extract the phase concentration ratio of the giant magnetic phase from ultra-small powder sample sizes (~0.1 g) and thin films. These studies have led to the discovery of promising fabrication methods for both homogeneous thin films, and nanopowders containing the highest reported to date (>95%) phase concentrations of room temperature stable α″-Fe16N2.

All-optical photonic integrated devices have gained great attention in the field of optical computing and large-scale integration. All-optical logic gates are useful for optical signal processing and optical communication network. The flexible devices presented here satisfy the functionality of NAND (NOT-AND), NOR (NOT-OR), and XNOR (exclusive NOR) logic gates using only one structure with proper changes in the phase of an applied light signal. The design of all-optical logic gates is implemented with photonic crystal waveguides using square lattice silicon rods. The performance of the structure is simulated, verified, and analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain method, with the principle of interference effect at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The contrast ratio (CR) of NAND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates is 17.59, 14.3, and 10.52 dB, respectively, with an optimized size of 7.2 μm × 5.4 μm.

The Optimization of a large-scales travelling salesman Problem (TSP) mostly in telecommunication networks that may be a well-known NP-hard downside in combinatorial improvement, may be a long downside. During this paper, the planned heuristic algorithmic program is intended for quick parameter, accuracy and computation time. planned algorithmic program has been compared with brute force associated hymenopterous insect colony improvement that referred to as an algorithmic program that's accustomed confirm the shortest path and best price at minimum iterations attainable for a random knowledge attack the premise of Euclidean space formula. Planned algorithmic program takes solely 0.0075 seconds to supply shortest path answer that sixty nodes combination. The planned algorithmic program has 6 June 1944 less accuracy from brute force and provides 5.59% higher answer for forty-four nodes through sixty nodes.