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This study describes an original method developed for the shaping of composite solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes including either nickel or copper as metal.

Background & SummaryIn addition to being the model plant used by Mendel1to establish genetic laws, pea (Pisum sativumL., 2n=14) is a major pulse crop cultivated in many temperate regions of the world. In order to face new challenges imposed particularly by global climate change and new regulations targeted at reducing chemical inputs, pea breeders have to take advantage of the genetic diversity present in thePisumgenepool to develop improved, resilient varieties. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of a pea germplasm collection and allow genome-wide association studies using this collection.To be able to perform genome-wide association approaches with high resolution, genotyping with a large set of genetic markers such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers well-spread over the genome is required. Rapid advances in second-generation sequencing technologies and the development of bioinformatic tools have revolutionized the access to and the characterization of available genetic diversity. High-density, high-throughput genotyping has been possible for a large number of species, including those with large and complex genomes2such as pea (2n=14) which genome size is estimated to be 4.45 Gb3. In this study, which is part of the PeaMUST project4, we used a target capture technology based on pea transcriptome sequences to generate exome-enriched genomic libraries that were further subjected to Illumina sequencing in paired-end mode. This methodology was chosen because whole-genome resequencing is relatively expensive for species with large genomes and because capturing genetic variations in repeated non-coding regions is difficult to achieve or to interpret5. Whole-exome sequencing represented an interesting alternative that focused on coding regions only6,7. Mapping the obtained reads on the reference pea genome sequence enabled the discovery of an abundant set of SNPs. The development of this resource is a crucial cornerstone in research and breeding projects towards boosting the improvement of pea production and quality.

The LLB is part of a large project aiming at the development of experimental tools available for the spintronics community. This includes the design and construction of vector magnets for neutron and X-ray scattering (deployed on the Léon Brillouin-Orphée and Synchrotron SOLEIL TGIRs: neutron diffractometer 6T2 and XMRS Sextants). For neutron scattering, a very innovative design has been developed, relying solely on the use of vertical axis coils. This magnet called WAVE (for Wide Aperture VEctor) is now available at the LLB-Orphée for the user community.

The whole-body Iseult 11.7T CEA magnet has delivered its first images after nearly 20 years of research and development. Before reaching this long-waited step, a gradient coil–magnet interaction test campaign was run for several months at 3T, 7T, 10.2T and 11.7T on the same identical system. It included acoustics, vibrations, magnet safety system voltage and power deposition in the He bath measurements. Some vibration results versus field strength are presented here. Vibration amplitudes are shown to increase less than with B0 field strength.

Synopsis: The Iseult project started in 2001 and is a collaborative effort involving CEA and the University of Freiburg in academics, Guerbet, Siemens Healthineers and Bruker Biospin as industrial partners. One central aspect of the project has been the design by CEA of a whole-body magnet of 11.7T field strength with a 90- cm wide bore. After nearly 20 years of research and development, prototyping, integration and tests, first images have been acquired with this unique MRI scanner. Some key validation results are presented here.&nbsp

The Iseult project is a French-German initiative focused on very high magnetic-field molecular imaging. The project includes a Whole Body 11.7 T MRI magnet installed at Neurospin, a neuroscience research center operating at CEA Saclay since November 2006. After 7 years of fabrication at Belfort by GE Power (Ex Alstom), the Iseult magnet was delivered to CEA in June 2017, its connection with the cryoplant and all the ancillary equipment was completed in October 2018. After 4 months of cooldown and another 4 months of tests, the Iseult magnet reached its nominal field of 11.72 T without any quench for the first time, on July 18th. This paper deals with the magnet connection at Neurospin with the cryoplant and with the electrical and control systems. Finally, the paper will present the magnet commissioning data, from the cooling phase to the step-by-step energization up to the nominal current.

We present results of calculations of the ultimate forces for the worst-case scenario , an important safety concern in hybrid magnets. They appear during a simultaneous and immediate burnout of some or all upper or lower resistive coil halves, or shorts between the coils in the mid-plain. Because of their intensity, they have a dramatic impact on the mechanical layout of a hybrid magnet. An electromagnetic shield between insert and outsert, as it is the case for the Grenoble hybrid magnet, takes up part of these forces and reduces them considerably. It makes the calculation of the now time dependent forces rather complex. The ultimate forces have been calculated for two models: a) conservation of magnetic flux with instantaneous energy transfer from the shorted coils to the remaining parts, and b) conservation of energy of the whole hybrid system, including the power supplies, with energy transfer via mutual axial and radial coupling to the other coils. Only for case a) we find an instantaneous force of 6 MN between resistive magnet and its housing at ${\rm{t}}= 0$ . The maximum force between resistive magnet and shield appears, when the resistive power supply is switched off at ${\rm{t}}= \text{50}/ \text{100}\,\text{ms}$ : it is 3.7 MN/4.4 MN for case a) against only 1.5 MN for b). The force on the superconducting magnet is reduced from 210 kN for a) to 130 kN for b). The results underline the usefulness of a shield between insert and outsert to reduce their electrodynamic interaction. They also confirm that the Grenoble hybrid magnet is well suited for inserts of much higher power levels. Our findings have also consequences for the layout of hybrid magnets without shield.

The Iseult/Inumac project is a French–German initiative focused on very high magnetic-field molecular imaging. That project includes a Whole Body 11.7 T MRI magnet that will equip Neurospin, a neuroscience research center operating at CEA Saclay since November 2006. After seven years of activities, the fabrication has been successfully completed in Belfort by GE Power. The Iseult magnet was delivered to CEA in May 2017 and the final commissioning has started. This paper deals with the last manufacturing steps and the final factory tests. An overall status of the commissioning and tests of the ancillary equipment at the site is also presented, as well as a brief summary of the next steps to reach the nominal field of 11.75 T.

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BAPGEAPSI; Only a few studies on pea (Pisum sativum) investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers with key agronomic traits. This study aimed to explore the association of a standard set of 384 SNP with grain yield, seed protein content, seed weight, onset of flowering, plant height and lodging susceptibility, in three connected bi-parental recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations including 90 lines each. These RIL originated from crosses between three cultivars that displayed high and stable grain yield across Italian environments, namely, Attika (A), Isard (I), and Kaspa (K). The 270 lines were phenotyped in a spring-sown environment of Lodi (northern Italy; 45°19'N, 9°30'E). Variation among lines within the populations was significant (P < 0.01) in all cases except lodging susceptibility in one cross and, when expressed in terms of the genetic coefficient of variation, proved moderately large for most traits (including grain yield and seed protein content). Overall, we detected six quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the A × I linkage map, eight QTL in K × A, and nine QTL in K × I. Among them, there were three QTL in K × A and two QTL in K × I for grain yield, and one QTL in A × I and two QTL in both K × A and K × I for seed protein content. The consensus map, which included 130 markers (covering about 1094 cM), retained one QTL for grain yield and one for flowering time that co-located on LGII, and three for seed weight on LGIII, LGVI and LGVII. The QTL co-locating for yield and flowering time explained 8% and 31% of the overall phenotypic variation, respectively, for the two traits, and could be exploited in marker-assisted selection for adaptation to the target region.

A new innovative whole-body 11.7-T MRI magnet is currently being manufactured at Alstom Belfort as part the Iseult/Inumac project, a French-German initiative focused on very high magnetic field molecular imaging. It will be installed at the end of year 2016 in a neuroscience research center with other very high field MRI equipment, operating in France at CEA Saclay since November 2006. The main coil constructed from a stack of 170 double pancakes of 2-m diameter, with a finished height of 4 m and 50 t in weight, has been completed within required tolerances. The two shielding coils, vacuum impregnated solenoids of 4 m in diameter and 10 t in weight, have been also completed within tolerances. A crack has been discovered inside the 2-m diameter mandrel of the cryogenic correction coils. A new mandrel has been manufactured, with delivery in July 2015. The main coil and the shielding coils have been integrated inside the helium vessel, and the assembly of thermal shield and vacuum vessel is due to start, with completion expected by the middle of 2016. The magnet will be serviced by a separate cryogenic and electrical facility; the installation of this external equipment will be completed by the end of 2015 when the first phase of the commissioning will start. Full tests and commissioning of the magnet at 1.8 K are expected at NeuroSpin at the beginning of 2017.

WAVE is a 1-T vector magnet for neutron scattering experiments. It will expand the range of experimental possibilities since applying a 3-D magnetic field and orienting the sample in diffraction conditions will become completely independent. The WAVE magnet is made of 16 coils, all with a vertical axis. The vertical component of the field is produced by four flat coils (two coils in quasi-Helmholtz position and two coils for active shielding), whereas the horizontal components are generated by three sets of four coils each, i.e., two above and two below the diffraction plane connected in an antisymmetric way. The very wide aperture (220° horizontal, ±10° vertical) is crucial for neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The homogeneity of the field is in the range of 500 ppm, and the diameter of the sample bore is large (100 mm). The design concepts of WAVE are NbTi solenoids imbedded in an aluminum box, indirectly cooled by liquid helium circulating in a thermosiphon loop and exchanging with a cryocooler. The WAVE coils are energized by four current supplies through HTS current leads. WAVE will be used as a sample environment on neutron scattering instruments relevant for magnetism studies and thus available to a large community of users. This equipment, which is based on an innovative design (Patent FR12 62 070, US extension 14/105,711), is developed with an industrial partner. The magnet will be commissioned in 2017.

In the new 43-T LNCMI hybrid magnet, a good conducting shield is inserted between the resistive insert magnet and the superconducting outsert magnet. Its goal is to decrease the ac losses induced in the superconducting conductor during a fault of the insert, disruption of the resistive coils (i.e., fast discharge) by smoothing the flux variations, and avoidance of a quench of the superconducting coil. The induced currents within the shield are very large due to the presence of copper material, which is the drawback of a good screening effect. Such currents result in large Lorentz forces, particularly during the most severe fault scenario of the resistive insert with the burnout of half of the Bitter coils. Finally, the detection system must be specially designed to handle the effects of the shield on the induced voltages.

A new innovative whole-body 11.7-T MRI magnet is currently being manufactured at Alstom Belfort as part of the Iseult/Inumac project. The magnet will be installed by the end of the year in a neuroscience research center with other very high-field MRI equipment operating in France at CEA Saclay since November 2006. This actively shielded magnet system, which was manufactured from a NbTi superconductor, will generate a homogeneous magnetic field of 11.75 T within a 90-cm warm bore. This paper presents the geometrical controls performed on the Iseult/Inumac magnet during the different fabrication stages, and it compares them to the specifications. A FEM analysis taking into account magnet cooling down and energizing has also been performed, in order to estimate the final magnet homogeneity, taking into account load tests and geometrical measurement performed on the main coil. Measured field maps will be analyzed and compared to the field computation based on geometrical measurements.

Henry Boynton Smith (1815–1877) was one of the few nineteenth-century American scholars committed to disseminating German methods of ecclesiastical historiography to a country known for its anti-historical tendencies. However, modern scholars have generally overlooked his significant contributions in this area. Hence exploring his scholarly reception and specifically his History of the Church of Christ, in Chronological Tables will fill a niche in the historiography of church history.Philip Schaff (1819–1893), the renowned church historian and founder of the American Society of Church History, was one of the few contemporaries of Smith who understood that Smith's scholarship was on a par with that being produced in Germany. Schaff specifically praised Smith's chronological tables—evidence of Smith's German education among some of the best German historians of the period, including Leopold von Ranke and August Neander. This essay reviews Smith's History of the Church of Christ, in Chronological Tables in the context of the newly emerging scientific history and describes his contribution to nineteenth-century American scholarship. Smith is worthy of attention for establishing a central position for the history of doctrine and for promoting the field of church history and the use of chronological tables in nineteenth-century America.

Regulatory T cell (Treg)-based therapy is a promising approach to treat many immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Challenges to successful clinical implementation of adoptive Treg therapy include difficulties isolating homogeneous cell populations and developing expansion protocols that result in adequate numbers of cells that remain stable, even under inflammatory conditions. We investigated the potential of discarded human thymuses, routinely removed during pediatric cardiac surgery, to be used as a novel source of therapeutic Tregs. Here, we show that large numbers of FOXP3(+) Tregs can be isolated and expanded from a single thymus. Expanded thymic Tregs had stable FOXP3 expression and long telomeres, and suppressed proliferation and cytokine production of activated allogeneic T cells in vitro. Moreover, expanded thymic Tregs delayed development of xenogeneic GVHD in vivo more effectively than expanded Tregs isolated based on CD25 expression from peripheral blood. Importantly, in contrast to expanded blood Tregs, expanded thymic Tregs remained stable under inflammatory conditions. Our results demonstrate that discarded pediatric thymuses are an excellent source of therapeutic Tregs, having the potential to overcome limitations currently hindering the use of Tregs derived from peripheral or cord blood.

As part the Iseult/Inumac project, a French-German initiative focused on very high magnetic-field molecular imaging, the Whole Body 11.7 T MRI Magnet currently under development is the world's largest to-date. It is an actively shielded magnet system, manufactured from NbTi superconductor, with a homogeneous field level of 11.75 T within a 90 cm warm bore. It will operate at a current of 1483 A, in nonpersistent mode, in a bath of superfluid LHe at 1.8 K. The stored energy is 338 MJ and the inductance 308 H. The cryostat has external dimensions of 5 m in diameter and 5.2 m in length, the total weight of the magnet is 132 tons. The magnet is serviced by a separate cryogenic and electrical facility forming an integral part of the installation. It is currently being manufactured at Alstom Belfort under the supervision of CEA Saclay. Several reduced scale prototypes, each addressing a specific set of design and manufacturing risks, have been tested. Full-scale serial production of the 170 double pancakes that form the main coil has been finished by Alstom. The project plan includes finishing the cold mass and cryostat assembly in May 2014. Full tests and commissioning of the magnet at 1.8 K will be performed at the Neurospin center upon completion of assembly. The paper reviews the manufacturing status of the 11.7 T magnet and its dedicated equipment.

Hybrid magnets enable to achieve very high magnetic fields by combining resistive insert magnets with a large bore superconducting outer coil. In order to reduce the electromagnetic coupling between the coils, we introduce an eddy-current shield between the resistive and superconducting magnet. This additional shield is responsible for heat loads. To limit the degradation of the thermal behavior of the cold mass, an innovative support ferrule has been designed. It allows rigid connection of the eddy-current shield to the magnet structure. In this paper, the worst magnetic failure scenario is identified and modeled. It results in large transient forces applying to the structure. Transient mechanical analysis of the hybrid magnet structure featuring innovative support ferrule is presented. Simulations show that the proposed configuration leads to lower mechanical stresses than a configuration featuring a suspended shield.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Theology As Science in Nineteenth Century Germany: From F. C. Baur to Ernst Troeltsch . By Johannes Zachhuber . New York : Oxford University Press , 2013. xiii + 318 pp. $118.95 cloth.Book Reviews and NotesJohannes Zachhuber's exceptional book addresses a topic that has received little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world: nineteenth-century German academic theology in the context of new scientific directions in modern universities. Zachhuber discusses how German protestant scholars from the Tubingen and Ritschlian Schools treated theology as a science in light of the novel notion of Wissenschaft .This noteworthy monograph excels in several aspects, the most important being understudied figures and sources. Zachhuber skillfully uses primary sources to investigate in a penetrating way the scientific theology of several misunderstood nineteenth-century figures, and offers fresh readings of their views. By exploring the contexts of their intellectual and philosophical disputes, Zachhuber clearly depicts developments, influences, and tensions among scholars of that period, providing evidence that underscores the significance and complexity of the nineteenth century as one of the most creative and productive for theology. While he does not engage in great detail with the scientific endeavors of nineteenth-century mediating theologians, he does give considerable attention to other German theologians and their scientific theological work from 1820 to 1880, including Eduard Zeller and Adolf Hilgenfeld.The book has ten chapters in two parts, the first part dealing with Ferdinand Baur and other members of the Tubingen School, especially the development and decline of the school and Baur's version of "historicist theology." Zachhuber asserts that the Tubingen School was characterized by a revolutionary "historical and exegetical scholarship" supported by theology and philosophy. The second part of the book looks at Albrecht Ritschl and the manner in which the Ritschlian School both extended and detracted from Baur's agenda of scientific theology. Building on Jorn Rusen's work involving the formative years of historicism and idealist history of philosophy, a central theme in Zachhuber's book is the relationship between historicism and idealism and their positions within the triad of history, philosophy, and theology. The book depicts how theologians blended historical and systematic theology contained by the twofold enterprise of historicism and German Idealism.The first chapter discusses the emergence and significance of historicization that became dominant in Germany. The chapter includes a general overview of the influence of Gotthold Lessing and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, especially Schelling's acknowledged influence on Friedrich Schleiermacher's ideas regarding religion and history. The second and third chapters focus on Baur's scientific theology and the influences that shaped his ideas. Baur's Die christliche Gnosis established an agenda for scientific theology that was both philosophical and historical. An example of his idealist agenda is his attempt to conquer "the dualistic dichotomy of history and reason" by way of "rational self-reflection" (49). Zachhuber explains how Baur created two scientific theological schemes: one "idealist" and the other "neo-rationalist." Zachhuber uses his interpretation to clarify the influence of the neo-rationalist program on Baur's students in terms of its historical method.David Strauss, Baur's most controversial student, takes center stage in chapter 4. …

A neuroscience research center with very high field MRI equipment was opened in November 2006 by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems requires a 11.75 T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore, the so-call Iseult/Inumac magnet. Regarding the large aperture and field strength, this magnet is a challenge as compared to the largest MRI systems ever built, and will be developed within an ambitious R&D program. With the objective of demonstrating the possibility of achieving field homogeneity better than 1 ppm using double pancake windings, a 24 double pancakes model coil, working at 1.5 T has been designed. This model magnet was manufactured by Alstom MSA and tested at CEA. It has been measured with a very high precision, in order to fully characterize the field homogeneity, and then to investigate and discriminate the parameters that influence the field map. This magnet has reached the bare magnet field homogeneity specification expected for Iseult and thus successfully demonstrated the feasibility of building a homogenous magnet with the double pancake winding technique.

A neuroscience research center with very high field MRI equipments has been opened in November 2006 by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems will require a 11.75 T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore. Regarding the large aperture and field strength, this magnet is a real challenge when compared to the largest MRI systems ever built, it is being developed within an ambitious R&D program, Iseult, focused on high field MRI. The conservative MRI magnet design principles are not readily applicable, other concepts taken from high energy physics or fusion experiments, namely the Tore Supra tokamak magnet system, will be used. The coil will thus be made of a niobium-titanium conductor cooled by a He II bath at 1.8 K, permanently connected to a cryoplant. Due to the high level of stored energy, about 340 MJ, and a relatively high nominal current, about 1500 A, the magnet will be operated in a non-persistent mode with a conveniently stabilized power supply. In order to take advantage of superfluid helium properties and regarding the high electromagnetic stresses on the conductors, the winding will be made of wetted double pancakes meeting the Stekly criterion for cryostability. The magnet will be actively shielded to fulfill the specifications regarding the stray field. In order to develop the magnet design on an experimental basis, an ambitious R&D program has been set-up based on magnet prototypes, high field test facility (Seht) and stability experiments. The main results from these experiments and their impact on the Iseult magnet design will be discussed.

A Whole Body 11.7 T MRI Magnet is presently being developed at the CEA Saclay for the Iseult/Inumac project, a French-German initiative focused on very-high-magnetic-field molecular imaging to improve sensitivity, spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution for preclinical and/or clinical MR systems. The magnet will be installed at the Neurospin center, Saclay, in 2012. This actively shielded magnet system, with a stored energy of 338 MJ and an inductance of 308 H, has external dimensions of 5 m in diameter and 5.2 m in length. The magnet will operate at a homogeneous field level of 11.75 T within a 90 cm warm bore and at a current of 1483 A. The technological choice for the cryostable winding is a double pancake structure, using NbTi conductors cooled with a pressurized bath of Helium II at 1.8 K. In April 2009, the project passed an important milestone with the publication of the Technical Design Report, which defines the engineering parameters, design of the magnet, and establishes its engineering feasibility. In the paper, the status of the 11.7 T magnet is reviewed and the future developments are presented.

A 500-MHz whole-body magnetic-resonance-imaging magnet has been under study for the Iseult/Inumac project since 2006. The central field of this magnet must be 11.7 T in a warm bore of 900 mm. The required field homogeneity is 0.5 ppm peak to peak in a sphere of diameter 22 cm. An innovative winding method using double pancakes (DPs) was devised to handle these outstanding specifications. The choice of the used method will be explained. Among the different sources that can generate field errors, we shall focus on the winding errors while manufacturing. The accuracy on the magnetic field must be less than a few parts per million, which implies precisely evaluating the effects of these errors on the field quality. Therefore, different methods were developed in that aim. The principle of each of these methods will be given. A code that links the winding data to the errors on the spherical harmonics expansion was then written. To check the availability of the results, the code was applied to several cases whose exact solution is known. Finally, the code was applied to wound DPs for the prototype H0 of Iseult. A first estimation of the mechanical tolerances on the winding will be done.

As part of the Iseult/Inumac project, the development of a 500 MHz whole body MRI magnet has been launched in 2006. This magnet with a central field of 11.7 T in a warm bore of 900 mm has outstanding specifications with respect to usual MRI systems. During the design process of this magnet, an innovative winding method using double pancakes has been made up which allows to reach the MRI required field homogeneity, i.e. 0.5 ppm peak-to-peak in a 22 cm diameter sphere. As the field homogeneity is a key issue of this project, a reduced scale prototype magnet has been designed in order to demonstrate the magnet manufacturing feasibility at the required accuracy, and to analyse the field quality of such a design taking into account the manufacturing errors. Dedicated tooling machines with on line measurement controls have been built with the objective of having a full geometrical description of each turn of each pancake. In addition to these toolings, an algorithm has been implemented in order to estimate the effect of the winding deformation, compared to the ideal pancake, on the field homogeneity. These results will be used to estimate the prototype bare magnet homogeneity before its cryogenic test.

Aims: To compare the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 chemotyped essential oils (EO) on 65 bacteria with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. Methods and Results: Fifty-five bacterial strains were tested with two methods used for evaluation of antimicrobial activity (CLSI recommendations): the agar dilution method and the time-killing curve method. EO containing aldehydes (Cinnamomum verum bark and Cymbopogon citratus), phenols (Origanum compactum, Trachyspermum ammi, Thymus satureioides, Eugenia caryophyllus and Cinnamomum verum leaf) showed the highest antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A neuroscience research center with very high field MRI equipments has been opened in November 2006 by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems will require a 11.75 T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore. Regarding the large aperture and field strength, this magnet is a real challenge as compared to the largest MRI systems ever built, and is then developed within an ambitious R&D program, Iseult, focus on high field MRI. The conservative MRI magnet design principles are not readily applicable and other concepts taken from high energy physics or fusion experiments, namely the Tore Supra tokamak magnet system, will be used. The coil will thus be made of a niobium-titanium conductor cooled by a He II bath at 1.8 K, permanently connected to a cryoplant. Due to the high level of stored energy, about 340 MJ, and a relatively high nominal current, about 1500 A, the magnet will be operated in a non-persistent mode with a conveniently stabilized power supply. In order to take advantage of superfluid helium properties and regarding the high electromagnetic stresses on the conductors, the winding will be made of wetted double pancakes meeting the Stekly criterion for cryostability. The magnet will be actively shielded to fulfill the specifications regarding the stray field.

Neurospin, a neuroscience research centre with very high field MRI equipments, just opened in November 2006 at Saclay by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems will require an 11.7 T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore. This magnet is currently under development at CEA Saclay, in collaboration with Siemens Medical Solutions and Alstom Magnets and Superconductors, within the framework of the French-German consortium Iseult/INUMAC (Imaging of Neuro disease Using high field. MAgnetic resonance and Contrastophores). The main aim of the consortium is to promote magnetic resonance and molecular imaging within high magnetic fields. The proposed magnet design is based on conservative options, but definitely unusual construction methods, for an MRI magnet (pancake winding, liquefier, stabilized power supply). These key design points therefore need to be assessed with several prototypes, integrated within a 5 years projected development plan, ending in 2011. The paper will present the objectives of the project as well as the main characteristics of the magnet and its development plan.

A neuroscience research center with very high field MRI equipments has been opened in November 2006 by the CEA life science division. One of the imaging systems requires a highly homogeneous 11.75T magnet with a 900 mm warm bore. We describe the principle of calculation of the main coil deformations in order to perform field homogeneity loss assessment and mechanical dimensioning. This coil is wounded as double pancakes laterally wetted by HeII. As preliminary calculation runs led to high hoop stress levels, and due to the composite nature of this winding pack, a detailed finite element model of the coil structure is needed to obtain accurate computation of the displacement and stresses. Also, this finite element model serves as reference solution to validate a homogenized model. Then, a mixed full resolution/homogenized model is constructed in order to reduce the mesh size. A good correlation between this mixed model and full resolution one is observed. These three kinds of models will be exploited during the development phase of the magnet, to conduct mechanical design and estimation of field homogeneity losses.

The Grenoble High Magnetic Field Facility (GHMFL) is open to the international scientific community. It can produce steady magnetic fields on 3 magnet sites with a 24MW power supply and on 6 sites with 12 MW. One of the 24 MW sites is designed to reach 40T in a future hybrid arrangement. The two other sites give either 33T in a 34mm bore diameter or 29T in 50 mm. The GHMFL has developed the use of helix inserts made of copper alloy tubes cut by spark erosion. This technique allows making high field magnets with more stable mechanical and electrical behaviors than by the 'Bitter' technique. Based on this technique a 14 helix insert powered by 11 MW was developed. It was first tested in 2002 and is now in operation on one of our three 24 MW site giving access to 33 T. In parallel a 8 helix insert with enhanced homogeneity was developed taking advantage of the possibility offered by the helix technique to make a variable pitch along the main axis. It gives access to a field of 20 T in a 160 mm bore. In 2006, a new high field version of the 14 helix is under construction and expected to reach 34 T. This technology will also be used for the design of a magnet with homogeneity of the order of 10 ppm on a sphere of 1cm3 (with extra shimming). This magnet will be dedicated to high resolution NMR studies.

The development of a Polyhelix resistive insert for high-resolution, solids NMR experiment is quite challenging. The targeted magnetic field homogeneity in a 1 cm diameter sphere volume is 1000 times less than what is observed with traditional Polyhelix magnets. The Polyhelix insert design is derived from our high field magnet optimization process to which we add some more constraints to enforce the field homogeneity. NMR measurements of the Giga-NMR resistive insert show that the achieved homogeneity is improved by an order of magnitude compared to High Field insert. Numerical investigations are carried out to analyze the observed inhomogeneity. Computations suggested a better configuration of the insert, which reduces the observed strong linear term. The expected behavior is confirmed experimentally

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of reducing prescription of fluoroquinolones in an intensive care unit (ICU) upon bacterial resistance, particularly as regards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For six months between January 2001 and June 2001, administration of fluoroquinolones was kept to a minimum. A bacteriological screening of patients was performed to assess the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria. There was a 75.8% restriction in prescriptions of fluoroquinolones. There was no significant change in bacterial ecology between the periods preceding (12 months) and following (12 months) restriction. There was a significant recovery of sensitivity of P. aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin (P

Resume Objectif. – Faire le point sur des connaissances actuelles sur des donnees experimentales et cliniques de bacteriologie, de pharmacocinetique et de pharmacodynamie permettant d'optimiser en pratique le traitement antibiotique des patients presentant une infection bacterienne grave en milieu hospitalier. Sources des donnees. – Recueil des references provenant des revues nationales et internationales obtenues a partir de la base de donnees Medline ® . Selection des travaux. – Extraction des acquisitions theoriques et pratiques, les plus pertinentes, des travaux publies sur le sujet les cinq dernieres annees. Synthese des donnees. – L'evolution de la resistance aux antibiotiques, un nombre restreint de nouvelles molecules antibacteriennes ainsi que le cout d'un echec therapeutique justifient une approche plus elaboree de la strategie des traitements antibiotiques notamment chez les patients hospitalises. Les donnees de bacteriologie, de pharmacocinetique et de pharmacodynamie permettent d'optimiser l'utilisation des antibiotiques et donc d'ameliorer la probabilite de guerison d'un patient. Si l'antibiogramme est l'analyse de base pour evaluer l'activite des antibiotiques, la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) intervient dans le choix de la molecule et de la posologie, en particulier lorsque la souche bacterienne est de moindre sensibilite. La recherche de genes de resistance aux antibiotiques permet une evaluation plus precise de la resistance des bacteries. Se sont ajoutees ces dernieres annees des parametres de pharmacodynamie permettant d'optimiser l'efficacite d'un antibiotique : le quotient inhibiteur, le rapport aire sous la courbe sur la CMI et le temps pendant lequel les concentrations d'antibiotique sont au-dessus de la CMI. En pratique courante les elements dont peut disposer facilement le clinicien sont la CMI et la concentration serique d'antibiotique a des moments opportuns. Ces parametres permettent d'optimiser les traitements antibiotiques. Conclusion. – Une collaboration de proximite, entre cliniciens et microbiologistes, contribue a l'optimisation des traitements antibiotiques et a une meilleure gestion des antibiotiques.

Resume Ce travail decrit deux phenomenes epidemiques a Staphylococcus aureus de sensibilite diminuee aux glycopeptides, l’un en 2000 avec huit patients concernes et l’autre en 2001–2002 avec 16 patients. Le depistage systematique de ces souches aux laboratoires de bacteriologie de notre hopital a permis de les detecter rapidement. Le caractere clonal de ces souches a ete confirme par electrophorese en champ pulse. La gestion de ces phenomenes epidemiques a confirme (i) la necessite de l’application systematique des precautions standards, (ii) l’importance de la transmission d’informations pour lutter contre les bacteries multiresistantes mais egalement la difficulte de transfert dans un autre service des patients colonises et (iii) le caractere intermittent du portage de S. aureus, ce qui necessite une surveillance prolongee des patients colonises et/ou infectes. De plus cette etude souligne l’interet d’une prise en charge multidisciplinaire de la diffusion des bacteries multiresistantes.

Cultivars of Pisum sativum that differ with respect to the quantitative expression of trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor proteins in seeds have been examined in terms of the structure of the corresponding genes. The patterns of divergence in the promoter and coding sequences are described, and the divergence among these exploited for the development of facile DNA-based assays to distinguish genotypes. Quantitative effects on gene expression may be attributed to the overall gene complement and to particular promoter/coding sequence combinations, as well as to the existence of distinct active-site variants that ultimately influence protein activity. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-002-0667-4.

A pulsed magnet for the generation of fields up to 60 T using inductive energy storage has been built, tested and used for experiments at the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory (GHMFL). The pulse magnet system consists of a magnetic energy storage coil, made from aluminum of rectangular cross-section with a warm bore diameter of 1.1 m. Inside the warm bore is a smaller high-field magnet made from copper wire with a cold bore diameter of 24 mm. An electrical supply network consisting of a shock alternator, transformer and a rectifier provides the storage coil with a maximum dc current of 120 kA. High-current circuit breakers then direct the stored energy into the high field magnet. For safety and redundancy, two independent monitoring systems control the energy transfers. The design layout of the magnet system and the generation of pulses with fields up to 60.3 T with a pulse duration of 100 ms is described.

An axisymmetrical constrained semi-analytic optimization process is our basic tool for designing magnets. Developments of 3-D numerical models are undertaken to complement this approach. Such models are needed to investigate the overall behavior of our magnets. They are likely to provide suitable insights to solve the design problems arising from the demand for high magnetic field with both great spatial homogeneity and temporal stability.

Resume Introduction Devant la diminution de la sensibilite des souches de staphylocoque aux glycopeptides, il apparait necessaire d’augmenter les posologies de vancomycine. Objectif Evaluer un protocole d’administration de la vancomycine en perfusion continue avec une dose de charge de 30 mg/kg suivie d’une administration de vancomycine a la posologie de 30 mg/kg par 24 heures chez des patients avec une clairance de la creatinine (CLc) superieure a 50 ml/min hospitalises en reanimation. Resultats Un total de 22 patients a ete inclus dans cette etude. La concentration serique de vancomycine a la 24e heure (C24 h) etait comprise entre 25 et 30 mg/l pour sept des 14 patients avec une CLc inferieure a 120 ml/min (50 %), pour trois patients (21 %) la C24 h etait superieure a 35 mg/l et pour quatre patients (29 %), elle etait inferieure a 25 mg/l. En revanche, la C24 h etait inferieure a 20 mg/l pour les huit patients avec une CLc superieure ou egale a 120 ml/min. La documentation bacteriologique etait disponible pour huit des 14 patients avec une CLc inferieure a 120 ml/min. Chez ces huit patients, le C24 h/CMI etait superieur ou egal a 8 et sept d’entre eux avait un rapport ASC/CMI superieur ou egal a 350. Conclusion Pour ajuster rapidement la concentration serique de vancomycine, de maniere a ameliorer l’efficacite du traitement, ou a eviter la nephrotoxicite, il est necessaire de realiser des la 24e heure de traitement un dosage de cet antibiotique.