Search

Objectives:To evaluate the demographic, etiological, and accompanying clinical factors in eyelid lacerations (EL).Materials and Methods:The records of patients who presented to our clinic between 2018 and 2022 with eyelid trauma were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, cause of injury, clinical findings, accompanying ocular findings, and additional complications were analyzed.Results:The study included 135 patients (106 male, 29 female) with a mean age of 37.0±18.6 years. Among the patients, 29 (21.4%) were 18 years old or younger, 93 (68.8%) were between 19 and 64 years old, and 13 (9.6%) were 65 years old or older. EL were most caused by various sharp objects in 44 patients (33%), blunt trauma in 40 patients (30%), falls in 30 patients (22%), and traffic accidents in 21 patients (15%). Fifteen eyes (11.1%) had foreign bodies at the wound site. Thirty patients (22.2%) (20 lower eyelid, 10 upper eyelid) had accompanying canalicular lacerations. Twenty-three (17%) patients had accompanying conjunctival lacerations, 14 (10.3%) had open-globe injury, 10 (7.4%) had corneal epithelial defects, 9 (6.6%) had intravitreal hemorrhage, 6 (4.4%) had hyphema, and 5 (3.7%) had retinal detachment. Four patients had lid notching and 1 patient (0.7%) had ectropion. Five patients (3.7%) required suturing. No additional complications were observed.Conclusion:EL are more commonly seen in young adulthood and in males. The most common mechanism of injury is impact by various objects. Eyelash margin and canalicular lacerations frequently accompany these injuries. Serious ocular pathologies such as hyphema and open-globe injury can accompany eyelid trauma.

Amaç: Travmatik hifema nedeniyle takip edilen olgularda demografik ve klinik özelliklerin incelenmesi ve görsel prognoza etki eden faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi Gereç -Yöntem: Travmatik hifema tanısıyla takip edilen 48 hastanın dosyaları geriye dönük olarak taranarak; yaş, cinsiyet, yaralanma nedeni, hifema düzeyi, başlangıç en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (EİDGK), eşlik eden klinik bulgular, son muayenedeki EİDGK incelendi. EİDGK’ne etki eden prognostik faktörler incelendi. Bulgular: Hastaların (38 erkek,10 kadın) yaş ortalaması 39.5±21.6 yıl olup; en sık travma nedeni odun çarpmasına bağlı künt travma (%25) idi. Hifema düzeyi değerlendirildiğinde en sık Evre 1(%41.66) hifema mevcuttu. Travmaya eşlik eden bulgular; 23 gözde (%47.91) kornea epitel defekti,11 gözde (%22.91) iridodiyaliz, 7 gözde (%14,58) fakodonezis,10 gözde (%20.83) vitreus hemorajisi idi. Başvuru anında 35 gözde göz içi basıncı (GİB) yüksek olup medikal tedavi ile kontrol altına alındı, 3 gözde ön kamara lavajı yapılması gerekti. Hastaların başlangıç,1.hafta ve 3.ay EİDGK sırasıyla 1.7 ±0.8; 0.5±0.5; 0.2±0.3 (LogMAR )idi. Hastaların 4’üne ek cerrahi işlem (lens ekstraksiyonu + göz içi mercek implantasyonu ve/veya vitreoretinal cerrahi) gerekti. İridodiyaliz (p=0,023 r= -0,345), fakodonezis (p=0,020,r= -0,347) ve vitreus hemorajisi (p=0,000, r= -0,553) varlığı ile son görme düzeyi arasında negatif korelasyon mevcuttu. Tartışma: Travmatik hifemaya sıklıkla çeşitli ön- arka segment bulguları eşlik etmekte olup; iridodiyaliz, fakodonezis ve vitreus hemorajisi varlığı görme prognozunu olumsuz etkilemektedir.

Amaç: Kapsül yetmezliğinde, katlanabilir arka kamara (AK) göz içi lenslerin irise sütürlü (İSGİL) implantasyonunun avantajları, dezavantajları, cerrahi tekniği ve postoperatif komplikasyonlar araştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kapsül ve zonül yetmezliği nedeni ile kapsül içi GİL implantasyonu yapılamayan, bu nedenle katlanabilir AK GİL’i irise sütüre ederek implante ettiğimiz 30 hastanın 30 gözü retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastalar 2,8 mm’lik kesiden primer İSGİL implantasyonu (Grup 1), 6 mm’lik kesiden primer İSGİL implantasyonu (Grup 2), sekonder İSGİL implantasyonu (Grup 3) ve GİL stabilizasyonu (Grup 4) olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı. Olguların tümünde preoperatif ve postoperatif en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (EDGK), göz içi basıncı (GİB), merkezi korneal kalınlık (MKK) ve postoperatif GİL-endotel arası mesafe ölçümleri yapıldı. Postoperatif komplikasyonlar kaydedildi. Bulgular: Gruplarda EDGK preoperatif 0,58±0,20 /2,44±0,89 /0,53±0,26 /0,90±0,73 LogMAR iken postoperatif 0,33±0,57 /0,80±0,84 /0,50±0,62 /0,95±1,37 LogMAR seviyesinde idi. Postoperatif GİL-Endotel arası mesafe 3,11±0,28 /2,77±0,32 /3,09±0,37 /3,09±0,37 mm idi. Postoperatif dönemde, Grup 1’de 2 hastada kistoid maküler ödem (KMÖ), 1 hastada üveit, 1 hastada GİL desantralizasyonu; Grup 2’de 1 hastada KMÖ, 3 hastada GİL desantralizasyonu; Grup 3’te 2 hastada üveit ve KMÖ, 1 hastada retina dekolmanı (RD), 3 hastada GİL desantralizasyonu; Grup 4’te 1 hastada KMÖ, 1 hastada RD saptandı. Sonuç: Kapsül yetmezliğinde, GİL implantasyon yöntemi seçiminde hastanın klinik özellikleri, mevcut ekipmanların durumu ve cerrahın tecrübesi önemlidir. Her GİL implantasyon yönteminin, kendine has avantaj ve dezavantajları mevcuttur. Uyguladığımız GİL implantasyon yönteminin kapsül yetmezlikli hastalarda nispeten kolay uygulanması, özellikli GİL gereksinimi olmaması gibi yönleriyle, GİL implantasyon yöntemlerine alternatif olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

In this paper, we investigate the Sombor index of the zero-divisor graph of ℤn which is denoted by Γ(ℤn) for n ∈ {pα, pq, p2q, pqr} where p, q and r are distinct prime numbers. Moreover, we introduce an algorithm which calculates the Sombor index of Γ(ℤn). Finally, we give Sombor index of product of rings of integers modulo n.

Amaç: Katarakt cerrahisi sırasında arka kapsül rüptürü gelişen olgularda klinik sonuçların ve görsel sonuçlara etki eden faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç-Yöntemler: Katarakt cerrahisi sırasında arka kapsül rüptürü gelişen 80 hastanın kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastalar postoperatif 3. ay düzeltilmiş en iyi görme keskinliğine göre 2 gruba ayrıldı; düzeltilmiş en iyi görme keskinliği ≤ 0,5 olanlar Grup 1, >0,5 olanlar Grup 2 olarak sınıflandırıldı. Gruplarda yaş, cinsiyet, operatörün tecrübesi, katarakt tipi, oküler ek hastalıkların mevcudiyeti, pupillanın dilatasyonu, arka kapsül rüptürü gelişim aşaması, intraoküler lens implantasyon zamanı ve yeri, postoperatif komplikasyonlar gibi faktörler incelendi ve postoperatif görme keskinliğine etkileri analiz edildi. Bulgular: Arka kapsül rüptürü gelişen 80 (32 kadın, 48 erkek) hastanın yaş ortalaması 69,9±11,8(41-98) yıl idi. Grup 1’de yer alan 40 (15 K, 25 E) hastanın yaş ortalaması 71,9±12,1 iken; Grup 2’de yer alan 40 (17 K, 23 E) hastanın 67,9 ±11,4 yıl idi ve gruplarda yaş ve cinsiyet açısından fark yoktu (p:0,205, p:0,819). Grup 1’de matur katarakt oranı anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p:0,018). Gruplar arasında pupilla dilatasyon durumu benzerdi (p:0,728). Gruplar arasında sistemik hastalıklar açısından farklılık yoktu. Grup 1’de oküler hastalık oranı daha yüksek bulunmuştu (p:0,001). Gruplar arasında cerrahın tecrübesi açısından farklılık saptanmadı (p:0,762). Arka kapsül rüptürü; Grup 1’de en sık fakoemülsifikasyon aşamasında, Grup 2’de en sık irrigasyon–aspirasyon aşamasında gelişmişti. Grup 1’de aynı seansta intraoküler lens implantasyonu yapılamayıp sekonder olarak implantasyon yapılan hasta sayısı daha fazlaydı (p:0,020). Postoperatif komplikasyon oranları iki grup arasında benzer bulunmuştu. Sonuç: Arka kapsül rüptürü olgularında görsel sonuçlar; kataraktın sert olduğu, ek oküler hastalıkların olduğu ve sekonder intraoküler lens implantasyonu yapılan olgularda daha kötü bulunmuştu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fakoemülsifikasyon; katarakt cerrahisi komplikasyon; arka kapsül rüptürü

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios in patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) with those from a healthy control population and to identify the relationship between them. Methods: Forty-six patients with RAO and fifty-one healthy control subjects were included in this retrospective case-control study. RAO was diagnosed following an ophthalmic examination and fluorescein angiography (FA). Blood neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts were recorded for each of the 97 subjects, from which NLR and PLR values were calculated. Results: There were 46 patients (28 male [M], 18 female [F]) in the RAO group and 51 patients (27 M, 24 F) in the control group. No significant differences were found between patients with RAO and the control subjects in terms of gender and age (P > 0.05). Patients with RAO had significantly increased NLR values (2.85 ± 1.70) than the control subjects (1.63 ± 0.59, P < 0.001). The mean PLR in patients with RAO was 123.69 ± 64.98, while that in control subjects was 103.08 ± 36.95; there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.055). A logistic regression analysis revealed that NLRs were 3.8 times higher in patients with RAO than in control subjects (odds ratio = 3.880; 95% confidence interval = 1.94 to 7.74; P < 0.001). Conclusion: NLRs were significantly increased in patients with RAO compared to the control subjects.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between corneal astigmatism and the morphology of pterygium with anterior segment optic coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Material and Methods: The size of pterygium (horizontal length, vertical width) was measured manually; pterygium area and percentage extension of the pterygium onto the cornea were calculated. Anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, Sim K, K1, K2 were measured using a dual Scheimpflug analyzer. Morphological patterns of the pterygium analyzed with AS-OCT were determined according to the extension of the pterygium apex below the corneal epithelium. Two tomographic patterns were identified: continuous and nodular. Correlation between anterior corneal astigmatism and pterygium size, percentage extension of the pterygium, and morphological pattern of the pterygium was analyzed. Results: The mean ages of the 47 patients were 49.4 ± 16.6 (22–80) years. Mean horizontal pterygium length, vertical width, pterygium area, and percentage extension of the pterygium were 2.8 ± 1.2 mm, 4.8 ± 1.6 mm, 7.42 ± 5.6 mm 2 and 24.5 ± 10.4%, respectively. Mean anterior corneal astigmatism was 2.3 ± 2.3 D and simulated keratometry was 43.4 ± 2.02 D. In terms of the morphological pattern of the pterygium, 24 eyes had continuous, 23 eyes had a nodular pattern and the median (interquartile range) anterior corneal astigmatism was 1.87 (1.01–3.80) and 1.22 D (0.58–2.35), respectively ( p = 0.102). Other topographic and pterygium size parameters were similar between groups. Analyzing the correlations in groups separately, a positive moderate statistically significant correlation was present between vertical width, percentage extension, pterygium area, and anterior corneal astigmatism in both continuous and nodular groups. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, anterior corneal astigmatism was higher in continuous group. Using AS-OCT to standardize the morphology of pterygium could provide additional clinical information.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency and possible complications of intravitreal dexamethasone (IVD) implant in diabetic macular edema (DME) resistant to treatment of three consecutive intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injections. Methods: Fifty eyes of 38 patients were considered in this study. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and values of intraocular pressure (IOP) were examined preoperatively and postoperatively in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th months of IVD implantation. Results: Twenty of the patients were women, and 18 of the patients were men. Mean age was 64.63 ± 7.15 (52–83) years. Mean number of IVR injection before IVD implantation was 3.4 ± 0.38. Mean BCVA (logMAR) was 0.874 ± 0.398 before IVD implantation, 0.598 ± 0.306 at the 1st month, 0.602 ± 0.340 at the 2nd month, 0.708 ± 0.359 at 4th month, and 0.800 ± 0.370 at 6th month. Mean of CMT was 519.700 ± 155.802 μm before IVD implantation, 274.000 ± 73.112 μm at the 1st month, 307.98 ± 87.869 μm at the 2nd month, 387.82 ± 110.503 μm at 4th month, and 478.54 ± 163.743 μm at 6th month. Improvements in BCVA and CMT were statistically significant (P

Amaç: Nazolakrimal kanal (NLK) tıkanıklığı olan ve eksternal dakriyosistorinostomi (DSR) yöntemi ile ameliyat edilen hastalarda, lakrimal kemik kalınlığı (LKK) ile kan serum kalsiyum düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: NLK tıkanıklığı nedeni ile eksternal DSR ameliyatı yapılan 45 hastanın dosyası geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Cerrahi sırasında lakrimal kemik parçası mikro-motor yardımıyla çıkarılarak, kemik pencere oluşturuldu. Kemiğin anatomik olarak dikey ve yatay boyutları ile üst, orta ve alt bölümlerinin kalınlıkları mikroskop altında pergel yardımı ile ölçülerek bu değerlerin kan serum kalsiyum düzeyleri ile ilişkisi incelendi. Bulgular: Hastaların (n=45) yaş ortalaması 54,07±11,67 idi ve yaş aralığı 27-77 idi. Hastaların cinsiyet dağılımı sırasıyla, erkek (n=8) % 17,80, kadın (n=37) % 82,20 şeklindeydi. NLK tıkanıklığı sebebiyle eksternal DSR ameliyatı yapılan hastaların dosyaları incelendi. Çıkarılan nazolakrimal kemiklerin alanlarının ortalaması 54,17±17,74 mm2 idi. LKK ise üst, orta ve alt 1/3’lük kısımlarda sırasıyla ortalama 1,45±0,60 mm, 2,13±0,86 mm ve 2,50±0,81 mm olarak bulunmuştur. Ortama kan serum kalsiyum düzeyi 9,35±0,36 mg/dl olarak bulundu. Sonuç: LKK ölçümleri açısından kadın-erkek arasında istatistiksel açıdan fark bulunmamıştır. (p gt;0,05) Ayrıca LKK ile kan serum kalsiyum düzeyleri arasında da herhangi bir korelasyon bulunmamıştır. (p gt;0,05) Kadınlarda ve erkeklerde kan serum kalsiyum düzeyi açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı. (p gt;0,05)

Objectives: To evaluate anterior segment parameters measured by dual Scheimpflug corneal topography in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and healthy eyes. Materials and Methods: One hundred forty-three eyes of 86 patients were included in this study. Forty-seven eyes of 38 patients with PEXG, 30 eyes of 15 patients with PACG, and 66 eyes of 33 healthy subjects were evaluated. Patients who underwent previous ophthalmic surgery and contact lens wearers were excluded. After full ophthalmological examination, mean central corneal thickness (CCT), white-to-white horizontal corneal diameter (WTW), pupillary diameter (PD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and mean anterior chamber angle were measured by dual Scheimpflug corneal topography and compared between the three groups. Statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 18.0 program. Results: No statistical difference was found in mean age or gender among the study groups (p>0.05). There were also no statistical differences in CCT, WTW, or PD among the groups (p=0.568, p=0.064, p=0.321, respectively). ACV, ACD, and mean anterior chamber angle values were significantly lower in the PACG group compared to the other groups (p=0.000 for all). There was no statistically significant difference in these measurements between the PEXG and normal eyes. Conclusion: ACV and depth and mean anterior chamber angle were statistically different (lower) in PACG when compared with PEXG and healthy eyes. Dual Scheimpflug corneal topography can be used as an objective method for the measurement of anterior segment parameters in glaucoma.

This study was performed on the tendons and muscles of two Anatolian bobcats (Lynx lynx). The research materials were donated by Republic of Turkey Ministry of the Forestry and Water Affairs Sivas Branch Manager. To achieve this objective, dissection and radiography were applied to two dead specimens. Digit I is radiographically rudimentary in the forepaw. The muscles and tendons of the forepaw in the bobcat are located in the cranial and caudal aspect of the antebrachium, the central manus and hypothenar region. The extensor muscles are situated on the cranial aspect of the antebrachium, while the flexor muscles are located on the caudal aspect of the antebrachium. The m. extensor carpi radialis in the extensor group has long and short portions; the m. extensor digitorum lateralis et communis give rise to tendons associated with fingers; the fascia covering the muscles emerges on the lateral and medial border of the m. extensor digitorum lateralis. The m. flexor digitorum superficialis et profundus lie on the caudal aspect of the antebrachium; the superficial digital flexor tendons give rise to the origin of the bellies of the m. flexor digitorum brevis; the m. flexor digitorum profundus form a stout tendon from which the mm. lumbricales originate on the palmar aspect of carpal joints; the tendon of the muscle perforates the tendon of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis. The mm. flexores digitorum profundi breves in the central manus group consist of the lateral and medial portions and insert on the palmar aspect of each proximal phalanx associated with the fingers. Other muscles in the group, adductores digitorum, end to those in the fingers. Key words: Anatolian bobcat (Lynx lynx); forepaw; muscles; tendons; anatomy MAKROSKOPSKA ŠTUDIJA KIT IN MIŠIC SPREDNJE ŠAPE PRI RISU (Lynx lynx) Povzetek: V raziskavi smo proučili kite in mišice sprednje šape pri dveh risih (Lynx lynx). Material za raziskavo je darovalo Ministrstvo za gozdarstvo in vode Turčije. Na dveh kadavrih je bila izvedena radiografija in sekcija. Radiografija je pokazala, da je prvi prst sprednje šape rudimentaren. Mišice in kite sprednje šape se pri risu nahajajo v kranialnem in kavdalnem področju podlahti, centralnega dela dlani in na področju mišic, ki premikajo 5. prst. Mišice iztegovalke se nahajajo na sprednjem delu podlahti, medtem ko so mišice upogibalke nameščene na kavdalnem področju podlahti. Ena izmed mišic iztegovalk m. extensor carpi radialis ima dolge in kratke odseke; iz mišice m. extensor digitorum lateralis et communis izhajajo kite za prste; fascija, ki pokriva mišice pa se začne na lateralnem in medialnem področju mišice m. extensor digitorum lateralis. Mišica m. flexor digitorum superficialis et profundus leži na kavdalnem področju podlahti; iz površinskih tetiv digitalnega fleksorja pa izhaja trebuh mišice m. flexor digitorum brevis; m. flexor digitorum profundus tvori močno tetivo, iz katere mm. lumbricales izvirajo na palmarnem področju karpalnih sklepov. Tetiva mišice perforira tetivo mišice m. flexor digitorum superficialis. Mišice mm. flexores digitorum profundi v osrednji skupini mišic področja dlani so sestavljene iz lateralnih in medialnih delov in se nahajajo na palmarnem področju vsake proksimalne prstnice in so povezane s prsti. Druge mišice v skupini mm. adductores digitorum, se končajo na koncih istih prstov. Ključne besede: ris (Lynx lynx); sprednja šapa; mišice; kite; anatomija

Hayatın ilk 4 haftasında gelişen konjonktivitler, yenidoğan konjonktivitleri olarak tanımlanır. Görülme sıklığı %0.3 ile %19 arasında değişmektedir. Kimyasal, bakteriyel ve viral etkenlerle yenidoğan konjonktiviti gelişebilir. Doğumdan sonra konjonktivitin görülmesine kadar geçen süre ve hastalığın kliniği, etkenin belirlenmesine yardımcı olur. Kesin tanı, mikroorganizmanın laboratuvar ortamında üretilmesiyle gösterilir. Hamilelik döneminde annede enfeksiyon varlığı, doğumdan hemen sonra oküler proflaksinin yetersizliği, doğum sırasında oküler travma, doğum sırasında enfeksiyonlarla karşılaşma süresinde uzama gibi risk faktörleri nedeni ile yenidoğan konjonktiviti gelişebilir. Bu olguların erken tanısı ve uygun tedavisi ile oküler ya da sistemik komplikasyonların gelişimi engellenebilir.

The study aimed to investigate the disciplinary variations and the structural/functional features of recurrent expressions in the introduction and literature sections of the Master of Arts (MA) theses in two corpora. It is significant since the bundles fulfil specific functions in the form of formulaic language. The sampling of the study was Turkish and British academic writers. Their essays mainly based on academic argumentative topics were selected as analysis data. Data collection included compilation and categorization of the computerized corpora for possible differences and similarities. Sketch Engine, an online text analysis tool, was used for the analysis. Exploring the usage patterns of recurrent expressions among the native and non-native corpora, we also analysed the four-word recurrent expressions and featured the existing variations of functional and structural aspects. Cross-linguistic analysis revealed that Turkish writers distinguish some features of recurrent expressions more than others. Structural expressions encompassed the verb-based, noun and propositional structures. The research, text, and participant oriented recurrent expressions built up the functional groups. The most frequently used functional categories were location and description in research-oriented recurrent expressions. The findings also indicated a positive role of recurrent expressions in the learning of the disciplinary features. Structural similarities were also found, indicating strong functional features for constructing discourse in research writing. The implication is that creating appropriate academic discursive practices with a focus on the properties of the recurrent expressions can be better analysed by employing several online corpus tools.

This research aims to reveal trends on social inequality in curriculum studies based on the studies carried out between 2014-2019 in the international literature. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was carried out. Some criteria have been specified for the systematic literature review to determine the journals and articles to be analyzed within the research purpose and questions. In line with the determined criteria, the Scopus database was searched, and 262 curriculum studies reached as a result of the scanning were examined within the scope of addressing social inequalities. A detailed analysis was carried out on 63 studies included in terms of the data source, the design, which inequality and curriculum dimension the studies focused on, and their purposes. Descriptive and interpretive codes coded the remaining data on the text document. As a result of the research, the social inequality and curriculum dimensions addressed in the studies, the purpose of addressing those and the data sources and research designs used to reflect social inequalities were presented.

Mehmet Kolukisa,1 Tugce Ozdemir Gültekin,1 Gozde Eryigit Baran,1 Ayse Aralasmak,2 Gülsen Kocaman,1 Azize Esra Gürsoy,1 Talip Asil1 1Department of Neurology, 2Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey Background: Posterior circulation infarction accounts for approximately 25% of the ischemic strokes. A number of different conditions may be associated with the development of brainstem infarction. Prognosis and recurrence rate of brainstem infarction due to large-artery atherothrombosis is still controversial. Methods: A total of 826 patients with ischemic stroke were admitted to our clinic during a 15-month period. Patients with clinical and radiological evidence of brainstem infarction were comprehensively assessed with appropriate vascular imaging modalities and for cardiological causes. Subjects with an established diagnosis of large-artery atherothrombosis were followed up for 1 year in terms of prognosis and recurrence rates. Results: Of the 101 patients with an established brainstem infarction, the diagnostic work-up indicated the presence of large-artery atherothrombosis as the causative factor in 53. A recurrent stroke was detected in the posterior circulation within the first 3 months in 5.8% and within 1 year in 9.8% of these individuals. The 1-year mortality rate was 11.7%. All patients with recurrent stroke had intracranial vascular narrowing at baseline. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a particularly high rate of recurrence and mortality at 1 year among patients who have a brainstem infarction due to intracranial arterial stenosis. Keywords: posterior circulation, intracranial arteries, extracranial arteries, stroke, vertebral artery, basilar artery