Search

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2022-05-30T17:01:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Jo?o Antonio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 3360767 bytes, checksum: a689e22fba59f09a67d536d0491ddb87 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-30T17:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Jo?o Antonio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 3360767 bytes, checksum: a689e22fba59f09a67d536d0491ddb87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-24 CAPES - Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior FAPERJ - Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Pig slurry is the main residue generated in pig farming, and its application on soil play a role on soil organic matter characteristics and heavy metals and phosphorous dynamics. Besides, as response of its application on soil, reduces costs with fertilizers. Although, beyond the functions related to the increase of yields, has been reported the role of pig slurry structural characteristics in soil heavy metals mobility and bioavailability by the formation of soluble complexes. However, many questions still are unanswered. Thus, the present thesis aims to evaluate the alterations in soil humic substances structure induced by pig slurry systematic application over time. As well as understanding the mechanism of organic structures incorporation to soil humic substances, and its interactions with heavy metals and phosphorus. To reach these goals, was evaluated, over six years (2009 ? 2015), a clay soil systematically amended with pig slurry doses, under cultivation of corn (Zea mays), simulating silage, on the summer time, and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) consortium, as cover crop, on winter time. Soil samples from the 0 ? 20 cm layer were collected by the years 2011, 2014 and 2015, of which organic matter was chemically fractionated in fulvic acids, humic acids and humin. Fulvic and humic fractions were quantified and characterized by their spectroscopic characteristics (CP MAS 13C-RMN, FTIR e UV-vis), elementary composition (C, H, N, O e S) atomic relations (C/N, H/C, O/C), heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb e Ni) and phosphorus levels. Were also evaluated the heavy metals pseudototal levels in six soil layers (0-2,5; 2,5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40, e 40-80 cm), and bioavailable heavy metals and phosphorus (P- total, P-Melich e P-remaining) levels in superficial soil layer (0-20 cm). The heavy metals and phosphorus accumulation in plants tissues were quantified. And other materials as the ration given to the pigs generators of the slurry and the pig slurry used in the experiment itself was samples and analyzed for their heavy metals levels. All evaluated heavy metals were found in the ration and the slurry, evidencing the origin of these elements in the system. The pig slurry has shown mainly aliphatic and functionalized organic structures, with high capacity of formation of soluble complexes with heavy metals. When these aliphatic structures are added to the soil, they are initially incorporated to the fulvic acids, then subsequently evolve to humic acids. These structures presented relation with heavy metals and phosphorus mobility and bioavailability in soil by different mechanisms. Over application time, the soil humic substances, mainly the fulvic acids, acquires pig slurry structural characteristics, such as low aromaticity and functional oxygenated group abundance. There was an increase in the incorporation of heavy metals to the humic substances as long as were incorporated more aliphatic organic structures to fulvic and humic acids. However, the phosphorus presented a different dynamic, was not incorporated to fulvic and humic acids, even with the increase of its total levels. This element was kept in labile forms, mainly due to the reduction of soil fixation. O dejeto l?quido ? o principal res?duo gerado na cria??o de su?nos e sua aplica??o influencia as caracter?sticas da mat?ria org?nica do solo e a din?mica de metais pesados e f?sforo. Tamb?m, como resposta a sua aplica??o no solo, reduz custos com fertilizantes. Contudo, al?m das fun??es associadas ao aumento de produtividade, tem sido relatadas interfer?ncias das caracter?sticas estruturais do dejeto na mobilidade e biodisponibilidade de metais pesados no solo, pela forma??o de complexos sol?veis. Entretanto, muitos questionamentos ainda necessitam de respostas. Assim, a presente tese teve objetivo de avaliar altera??es, ao longo do tempo, na estrutura das subst?ncias h?micas do solo, provocadas por aplica??es sistem?ticas de dejeto l?quido de su?nos. Tamb?m, o entendimento dos mecanismos de incorpora??o de estruturas org?nicas ?s subst?ncias h?micas e a intera??o com metais pesados e f?sforo. Para isso, foi avaliado um solo muito argiloso, submetido, durante seis anos (2009 ? 2015), a aplica??es de doses de dejeto l?quido de su?nos, sob cultivo de milho (Zea mays) no ver?o, simulando silagem, e com o cons?rcio de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azev?m (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), para cobertura, no inverno. Foram coletadas amostras de solo, na camada de 0 ? 20 cm de profundidade, em 2011, 2014 e 2015, das quais a mat?ria org?nica foi fracionada quimicamente em ?cidos f?lvicos e h?micos e huminas. As duas primeiras fra??es foram quantificadas e caracterizadas por t?cnicas espectrosc?picas (CP MAS 13C-RMN, FTIR e UV-vis), composi??o elementar (C, H, N, O e S), rela??es at?micas (C/N, H/C, O/C), teores de metais pesados (Cu, Zn, Pb e Ni) e f?sforo. Tamb?m foram avaliados os teores pseudototais de metais pesados em seis camadas do solo (0-2,5; 2,5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40, e 40-80 cm) e, na camada superficial (0-20 cm), teores biodispon?veis (Cu, Zn, Pb e Ni) e formas de f?sforo (P- total, P-Melich e P-remanescente). O ac?mulo de metais pesados e f?sforo nos tecidos vegetais tamb?m foram quantificados. Outros materiais tamb?m foram amostrados e analisados, como a ra??o oferecida aos su?nos geradores do dejeto utilizado no experimento e o pr?prio dejeto aplicado nesse per?odo. Todos metais avaliados foram encontrados na ra??o e no dejeto, evidenciando a origem desses elementos no dejeto. O dejeto apresentou estruturas org?nicas, predominantemente, alif?ticas e funcionalizadas, com elevada capacidade de forma??o de complexos sol?veis com os metais pesados. Ao serem adicionadas ao solo, essas estruturas alif?ticas foram incorporadas, inicialmente, aos ?cidos f?lvicos e, posteriormente, evolu?ram para ?cidos h?micos. Essas estruturas apresentam rela??o com o aumento da mobilidade e biodisponibilidade dos metais e do f?sforo no solo por diferentes mecanismos. Ao longo do tempo de aplica??o do dejeto, as subst?ncias h?micas do solo, sobretudo os ?cidos f?lvicos, passaram a apresentar estruturas semelhantes ?s do dejeto, com baixa aromaticidade e abund?ncia de grupamentos funcionais oxigenados. A medida que as estruturas org?nicas, mais alif?ticas, foram incorporadas aos ?cidos f?lvicos e h?micos, houve um aumento da incorpora??o de metais ?s estruturas das fra??es. Entretanto, o f?sforo apresentou uma din?mica diferente, n?o sendo incorporado aos ?cidos f?lvicos nem h?micos, mesmo com aumento dos teores totais. Este elemento se manteve em formas l?beis, devido, sobretudo, ? redu??o da fixa??o no solo.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T19:18:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jo?o Ant?nio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 2711514 bytes, checksum: effd09162dc88c6c073a5293a03578ff (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T19:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jo?o Ant?nio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 2711514 bytes, checksum: effd09162dc88c6c073a5293a03578ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 CAPES FAPERJ In the zones that produce swine, the farms have a high concentration of animals that generate large amounts of slurry, which becomes a problem due to lack of agricultural area for distribution, at the rates calculated to be used as a supply of nutrients to crops. Systematic application of pig slurry (PS) can increase the levels of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil. The HMs dynamics in the soil depends on their chemical form, the slurry characteristics, plant absorption capacity and the phytomass management. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of applying PS fertilizing and intensity of nutrient removal, represented by managements of biomass, in the dynamics of soil HMs. The levels of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni and Pb) were evaluated in a area with Typic Hapludox soil, after three applications of PS. The Humic Acid (HA) obtained from PS samples was characterized in terms of elemental composition, nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon-13 and infrared spectroscopy, in order to evaluate their potential to interact with the HMs. The total contents of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni and Pb was determined in feed samples, PS from slurry tanks on a finishing swine farm and plants fertilized with PS, consisting a consortium of lopsided oat (Avena strigose, Schreb.) and Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The dynamics of HMs in soil was assessed by determining the pseudototals levels in six layers (0-2.5; 2.5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40; 40-80 cm), and bioavailable in the layer of most exploration of consortium roots studied (0-20 cm). The metals Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb were found in the feed, indicating the source and origin of the HMs in the PS. With 55% of aliphatic chains, 14% of oxygenated aliphatics and 15% of carboxyl, the characterization of HA in the PS showed a high capacity to interact and form soluble complexes with HMs. All analysed HMs had pseudototals levels that increased in all six layers of soil, as a function of the PS dose applied, and the bioavailable forms in the arable layer (0-20 cm). The management with higher intensity of biomass removal, the soil showed the lowest levels of HMs, pseudototal and bioavailables. The total metal accumulation in plants showed a positive and significant correlation with the levels of bioavailables in the soil, suggesting that the HMs were in exchangeable and/or hydrosoluble forms, capable of being transferred to water bodies and to enter the food chain. Nas regi?es produtoras de su?nos, as granjas apresentam elevadas concentra??es de animais que geram grandes quantidades de res?duos, tornando-se um problema devido ? falta de ?rea agr?cola para sua distribui??o, em taxas calculadas para o fornecimento de nutrientes para as culturas.Aplica??es sistem?ticas de dejeto l?quido de su?nos (DLS) podem elevar os teores de metais pesados (MPs) no solo. A din?mica dos MPs depende da forma qu?mica que se encontram no solo, das caracter?sticas do res?duo aplicado, da absor??o pelas plantas e do manejo da fitomassa. Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da aplica??o de dejeto l?quido de su?nos e da intensidade de remo??o de nutrientes, representadas por manejos de fitomassa, na din?mica de MPs do solo, o presente trabalho avaliou os teores de metais pesados (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb) em uma ?rea de Nitossolo Vermelho Distr?fico, ap?s tr?s aplica??es de DLS.Os ?cidos h?micos (AH) obtidos de amostras de DLS foram caracterizados quanto ? composi??o elementar,resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear do carbono-13 e espectroscopia de infravermelho, a fim de se avaliar o seu potencial de intera??o com os MPs. Foram determinados os teores totais de Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni ePb em amostras de ra??o, DLS oriundo de esterqueiras, e em tecido do cons?rcio de plantas de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azev?m (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adubadas com DLS. A din?mica dos MPs no solo foi avaliada atrav?s da determina??o dos teores pseudototais em seis camadas do solo (0-2,5; 2,5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40, e 40-80 cm), e biodispon?veis na camada de maior explora??o das ra?zes do cons?rcio estudado (0-20 cm).Os metais Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb foram encontrados na ra??o, indicando a origem desses MPs no DLS. A caracteriza??o dos AH do DLS, com 55% de cadeias alif?ticas, 14% alif?ticas oxigenadas e 15% de carboxilas, demonstra a sua alta capacidade de intera??o e forma??o de complexos sol?veis com MPs. Todos os metais avaliados apresentaram ac?mulo nas seis camadas do solo em fun??o da dose de DLS aplicada, inclusive em formas biodispon?veis na camada ar?vel (0-20 cm). No manejo com maior intensidade de remo??o de fitomassa, o solo apresentou os menores teores de MPs, tanto pseudototais, como biodispon?veis. O ac?mulo total desses metais nas plantas apresentou correla??o positiva e significativa com os teores biodispon?veis do solo, indicando que os MPs se encontravam em formas troc?veis e/ou hidrossol?veis, com capacidade para serem transferidos para corpos h?dricos e entrar na cadeia tr?fica.

The study aimed to reflect on the socio-environmental issues and the action of the gardens in urban/school spaces, considering garden as a methodological instrument for the interdisciplinary activities related to family farming, using the descriptive methodology and study of literary review with proposals of gardens using recyclable materials depicted through images created using the software AutoCAD. Through the study, it was possible to plan gardens using recyclable materials in environments of small spaces. The crops employed will be vegetables for school meals. The activities carried out in the garden contribute to the change in the habits and attitudes of students regarding the perception they possess of nature, the formation of awareness of respect and care, the need to conserve the environment and stimulate the pursuit of improvement of quality of life in other ways of seeing the activities performed by their own parents in the field.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2021-05-06T12:25:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Morais da Matta Campbell.pdf: 7658507 bytes, checksum: e991d91465a8229aa60a14a805328dd7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-06T12:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Morais da Matta Campbell.pdf: 7658507 bytes, checksum: e991d91465a8229aa60a14a805328dd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 Coordena??o e Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES Obtaining information about the soil and its attributes is essential for proper planning of the use and occupation of it. Conventional mapping and routine laboratory analysis are the most used methods in Brazil for soil spatialization and obtaining information about its attributes. In the case of mapping of soil classes this method is based on mental models developed by the pedologist, which makes it highly subjective, dependent on the professional experience and difficult to replicate, while the laboratory analyzes are expensive and present the possibility of generating impacts through the use of chemical reagents. Therefore, new computational techniques have been presented as a tool for mapping classes and attributes of soils, providing greater speed and decrease of cost in relation to conventional methods. Thus in this work the use of these techniques was studied in Ribeir?o Inha?ma, in Iconha / ES. In this study, we used 10 different models for the digital mapping of soils. In this case, 10 models were tested, which were efficient, with emphasis on fuzzy logic, Randon Forest, Ranger, Extreme Gradient Boosting and Weighted Subspace Random Forest , chapter 1 also compared this model to conventional mapping, finding 24% agreement between the maps. Chapters 3 and 4 tested the use of several models for mapping attributes, highlighting in chapter 3 the Randon Forest method and in 4 the use of spectral techniques for mapping organic carbon, phosphorus and clay with good accuracy. Chapter 5 analyzed the degree of correlation between information collected by remote sensing through aerogeophysical data and data obtained by fluorescence analysis using an X-ray analyzer, comparing the values found with the land use and occupation map. It was possible to identify the correlation between the use and occupation of soils with gamma spectrometry and temperature data. High correlation with elevation and low correlation with thermofluorescence data was observed in the aerogeophysical data of gamma spectrometry, indicating that data from the thermofluorescence analysis can not replace those from the gamma spectrometry and vice versa, for the purpose of analyzing characteristics of the land. Chapter 6 proposes an initial study on the possibility of using fluorescence as a tool in the determination of Fe, Al, Si and Ti oxides in order to reduce the impact on the environment caused by the chemical reagents used in the sulfuric attack and to increase the speed analysis and preparation of the sample. X-ray fluorescence analyzes were promising for the determination of the oxides of Cambisols and Oxisols, and a larger number of samples were required using the two methods, in order to prove the correlation between the contents found Obter informa??es a respeito do solo e seus atributos ? essencial para o bom planejamento do uso e ocupa??o do mesmo. O mapeamento convencional e as an?lises laboratoriais de rotina s?o os m?todos mais utilizados no Brasil para espacializa??o do solo e obten??o de informa??es acerca de seus atributos. No caso do mapeamento de classes de solo esse m?todo ? baseado em modelos mentais desenvolvidos pelo ped?logo, o que o torna altamente subjetivo, dependente da experi?ncia do profissional e de dif?cil repeti??o, enquanto as an?lises laboratoriais s?o dispendiosas e apresentam a possibilidade de gera??o de impactos ambientais pelo uso de reagentes qu?micos. Por isso, novas t?cnicas computacionais tem se apresentado como uma ferramenta para mapeamento de classes e atributos de solos, proporcionando maior rapidez e diminui??o do custo em rela??o aos m?todos convencionais. Assim nesse trabalho estudou-se o uso dessas t?cnicas no Ribeir?o Inha?ma, em Iconha/ES. Os cap?tulos 1 e 2 mostram o uso de diferentes classificadores para mapeamento digital de solos, ao total foram testados 10 modelos, que mostraram-se eficientes, destacando-se a l?gica fuzzy, Randon Forest, Ranger, Extreme Gradient Boosting e Weighted Subspace Random Forest, o cap?tulo 1 ainda comparou esse modelo ao mapeamento convencional, encontrando 24% de concord?ncia entre os mapas. Os cap?tulos 3 e 4 testaram o uso de diversos modelos para mapeamento de atributos, destacando-se no capitulo 3 o m?todo Randon Forest e no 4 o uso de t?cnicas espectrais para mapeamento de carbono org?nico, f?sforo e argila com boa acur?cia. O cap?tulo 5 analisou o grau de correla??o entre informa??es levantadas pelo sensoriamento remoto atrav?s de dados aerogeof?sicos e dados obtidos pela an?lise de fluoresc?ncia feita com analisador de raios-X, comparando os valores encontrados com o mapa de uso e ocupa??o do solo. Foi poss?vel identificar a correla??o existente entre o uso e ocupa??o dos solos com os dados de gamaespectrometria e de temperatura. Em rela??o aos dados aerogeof?sicos de gamaespectrometria foram encontradas altas correla??es com altitude e baixa correla??o com dados obtidos pela an?lise de termofluoresc?ncia, indicando que dados provenientes da an?lise de termofluoresc?ncia n?o podem substituir ?queles advindos da gamaespectrometria e vice-versa, para fins de an?lise de caracter?sticas do terreno. O cap?tulo 6 prop?e um estudo inicial sobre a possibilidade do uso da fluoresc?ncia como ferramenta na determina??o de ?xidos de Fe, Al, Si e Ti, a fim de diminuir o impacto no meio ambiente causado pelos reagentes qu?micos utilizados no ataque sulf?rico e aumentar a velocidade de an?lise e preparo da amostra. As an?lises de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X mostraram-se promissoras para determina??o dos teores de ?xidos de Cambissolos e Latossolos, sendo necess?rias an?lises de uma quantidade maior de amostras utilizando os dois m?todos, afim de comprovar a correla??o existente entre os teores encontrados.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2021-01-06T15:44:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gilsonley Lopes dos Santos.pdf: 1115528 bytes, checksum: 3e00f36b92c4d4127325a52a5e3720fe (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-06T15:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gilsonley Lopes dos Santos.pdf: 1115528 bytes, checksum: 3e00f36b92c4d4127325a52a5e3720fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES The Cerrado has one of the highest values of floristic richness in the world, being considered one of the hotspots for the conservation of biodiversity. However, due to the favorable soil and relief characteristics of these environments, together with the expansion of agriculture, it has contributed to the reduction of biodiversity and environmental services in this biome. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of natural regeneration in anthropic areas by agricultural uses, to identify the influence of environmental and climatic factors on the natural regeneration process and the recovery of environmental services in hydrographic basins the Cerrado. The study was carried out in the catchment area of the Federal Institute of the Tri?ngulo Mineiro (IFTM) Campus Uberaba-MG, which has an anthropic area that since 2002 has been protected from entry of domestic animals and farms. In this area the temporal and spatial dynamics of natural regeneration, the distribution of the tree species as a function of the soil attributes and the recovery of the environmental services of the hydrographic basin were evaluated. The dynamics of natural regeneration presented an increasing pattern of forest cover over time when protected from the recurrence of anthropogenic actions, and NDVI was an effective tool in the study of vegetation dynamics in regenerating environments. The distribution of tree species in areas undergoing natural regeneration in the Cerrado is influenced by the characteristics of the soil attributes and the degree of succession of the vegetation, where the presence of tree species is correlated with the characteristics of the soil attributes. The natural regeneration process increased the soil cover in anthropic environments in the Cerrado, and recovered the environmental services of the hydrographic basin, being able to be adopted as a tool in the recovery of anthropized environments that have resilience capacity O Cerrado possui um dos maiores valores de riqueza flor?stica do mundo, sendo considerado um dos ?hotspots? para a conserva??o da biodiversidade. Entretanto, devido as caracter?sticas favor?veis de solo e relevo desses ambientes, aliado a expans?o da agricultura, tem contribu?do para a redu??o da biodiversidade e dos servi?os ambientais nesse bioma. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo ? avaliar a din?mica da regenera??o natural em ?reas antropizadas por usos agr?colas, identificar a influ?ncia dos fatores ambientais e clim?ticos no processo de regenera??o natural e a recupera??o dos servi?os ambientais em bacias hidrogr?ficas no Cerrado. O estudo foi realizado na bacia hidrogr?fica do Instituto Federal do Tri?ngulo Mineiro (IFTM) Campus Uberaba-MG, a qual possui uma ?rea antropizada que desde 2002 encontra protegida da entrada de animais dom?sticos e explora??es agr?colas. Nesta foi avaliada a din?mica temporal e espacial da regenera??o natural, a distribui??o das esp?cies arb?reas em fun??o dos atributos do solo e a recupera??o do servi?os ambientais da bacia hidrogr?fica. A din?mica da regenera??o natural apresentou um padr?o crescente de cobertura florestal ao longo do tempo quando protegido da recorr?ncia de a??es antr?picas, e o NDVI foi uma ferramenta efetiva no estudo da din?mica da vegeta??o em ambientes em regenera??o. A distribui??o das esp?cies arb?reas nas ?reas em processo de regenera??o natural no Cerrado ? influenciada pelas caracter?sticas dos atributos do solo e pelo grau de sucess?o da vegeta??o, em que a presen?a das esp?cies arb?reas est? correlacionada com os atributos do solo. O processo de regenera??o natural aumentou a cobertura do solo em ambientes antropizados no Cerrado, e recuperou os servi?os ambientais da bacia hidrogr?fica, podendo ser adotada como uma ferramenta na recupera??o de ambientes antropizados que apresentam capacidade de resili?ncia

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-04-12T13:33:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Meri Diana Strauss Foesch.pdf: 3588546 bytes, checksum: 6d8bf050ff816e1fbfc13bbbf1858b1f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T13:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Meri Diana Strauss Foesch.pdf: 3588546 bytes, checksum: 6d8bf050ff816e1fbfc13bbbf1858b1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 Mining is an economic activity that has many negative impacts on the environment. Water resources are the most affected by mining, the huge dams are built to store the tailings of the activity, and these, can contain leaks, infiltrations and even break. The rupture of the Fund?o dam in Mariana caused the greatest environmental disaster in Brazil. On November 5, 2015, the rejects stored in the dam are violently applied in the rivers downstream, in great concentration of the rivers Gualaxo do Norte and Carmo, until at Risoleta Neves and then down Rio Doce, until the Atlantic Ocean. This work, organized in two chapters, analyzed the physical-chemical characteristics of the water of the Gualaxo do Norte and Carmo Rivers in relation to Resolution 357/05 of CONAMA, after the dam disruption of Fund?o and related Sentinel-2A and Lansat-8. 36 physico-chemical samples were collected in six by six samples (without satellite scan day, or near data, and without the same points) in six months (April to September 2016), while The images were approved in April, July, August and September 2016 (as of May and June were discarded by the high cloud cover they presented). Random Forest and Linear Regression prediction methods were applied to satellite bands and spectral indices (NDWI, MNDWI, AWEIsh, AWEInsh, WRI, KT Wetness, NDVI). The results showed that the values of metals, color and turbidity and other variables of the polluted waters of the rivers polluted by the mining waste presented values higher than those allowed in CONAMA Resolution 357/05 and highly correlated with the spectral indices, the band 8 Sentinel ? 2A and Lansat-8 band 5. It was concluded that as images of the satellites Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A, it can be used to estimate and monitor how the physico-chemical characteristics of the waters of the rivers affected by the rupture of the Fund?o dam, which can be used to verify if waters of other rivers Come to acquire these characteristics as a form of monitoring and other changes caused by the exploitation of ores in the springs A minera??o ? uma atividade econ?mica que gera muitos impactos negativos no meio ambiente. Os recursos h?dricos s?o os mais expostos a sofrerem tais impactos em fun??o das imensas barragens que s?o constru?das para armazenar os rejeitos da atividade, e estas, podem conter vazamentos, infiltra??es e at? se romper. O rompimento da barragem de Fund?o, em Mariana, causou o maior desastre ambiental do Brasil. No dia 5 de novembro de 2015, os rejeitos armazenados na barragem atingiram violentamente os rios a sua jusante, em maior concentra??o os rios Gualaxo do Norte e do Carmo, at? a usina de Risoleta Neves e ap?s ela, o Rio Doce, at? o oceano Atl?ntico. Este trabalho, organizado em dois cap?tulos, analisou a situa??o das caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas da ?gua dos rios Gualaxo do Norte e do Carmo em rela??o a Resolu??o 357/05 do CONAMA, ap?s o rompimento da barragem de Fund?o, e relacionou com as caracter?sticas espectrais nos mesmos pontos usando imagens Sentinel-2 e Lansat-8, Foram coletadas trinta e seis amostras f?sico-qu?micas distribu?das em seis amostras por m?s (no dia da varredura do sat?lite, ou pr?ximo ? data, e sempre nos mesmos pontos) em seis meses (abril a setembro de 2016), enquanto as imagens utilizadas foram as de abril, julho, agosto e setembro de 2016 (as de maio e junho foram descartadas pela alta cobertura de nuvens que apresentaram). Foram analisadas a turbidez, cor e metais dissolvidos e suspensos da ?gua e utilizados os m?todos de predi??o por Random Forest e Regress?o Linear para com as bandas dos sat?lites e ?ndices espectrais (NDWI, MNDWI, AWEIsh, AWEInsh, WRI, K-T Wetness, FII, NDVI). Os resultados mostraram que os teores de metais, cor e turbidez e demais vari?veis das ?guas contaminadas dos rios polu?dos pelo rejeito de minera??o apresentaram valores acima dos permitidos na Resolu??o 357/05 CONAMA, e estiveram altamente correlacionadas com os ?ndices espectrais, a banda 8 Sentinel-2 e banda 5 Lansat-8. Concluiu-se que as imagens dos sat?lites Landsat 8 e Sentinel 2A, podem ser usadas para estimar e monitorar as caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas nas ?guas dos rios afetadas pelo rompimento da barragem de Fund?o, o que pode servir para verificar se ?guas de outros rios v?m adquirindo estas caracter?sticas, como forma de monitoramento e demais altera??es causadas pela explora??o de min?rios nos mananciais

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2019-09-12T18:05:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Daniel Costa de Carvalho.pdf: 3256897 bytes, checksum: be3c8e0b6540565d132f8e62b51ec45b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T18:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Daniel Costa de Carvalho.pdf: 3256897 bytes, checksum: be3c8e0b6540565d132f8e62b51ec45b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-26 CAPES The periodic diagnosis of the landscape becomes a fundamental aspect for understanding the patterns of organization of space due to the high dynamics of human activities in natural areas. Therefore, the landscape studies are considered an important resource for environmental issues, since they reveal how the geographical area is due to its use. In this context, the information from satellite sensors, combined with geoprocessing techniques, isotopic analyzes of the soil and dendrocronology assessments can help the characterization of landscape elements in the present and in the past. From the foregoing, the Ecological Station of Pirapitinga (ESP) has potential for studies of landscape changes caused by human actions. Located in the Tr?s Marias reservoir (MG), this Conservation Unit was flooded, winning aspect of river island for about 55 years ago and still getting fire protection since this season. From this season it is suspected that was significant changes of the landscape as appearance of new vegetation type and decrease of others. Thus, this research was based on the hypothesis that after the filling of the Tr?s Marias dam occurred significant changes in the landscape of EEP. Therefore, this study aimed to classify land cover classes and assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of the same in the EEP with the remote sensing, isotopic markers soil and dendrocronology analysis. All three tools used in this study corroborate the hypothesis that occurred a vegetation evolution over time. Analysis of the current and temporal landscape by remote sensing showed the expansion and retraction of vegetation types present in the EEP. The isotopic soil analysis revealed that all current vegetation types had a similar vegetational pattern in the past. The dendrocronology of Copaifera langsdorffii analysis revealed that individuals of this species were already present before filling the dam and probably the consolidation of vegetation type Mata Seca Sempre-Verde was from the 70s. O diagn?stico peri?dico da paisagem regional torna-se um aspecto fundamental para a compreens?o dos padr?es de organiza??o do espa?o em fun??o da elevada din?mica das atividades antr?picas em ?reas naturais. Com esta perspectiva os estudos da paisagem s?o considerados como um importante recurso para as quest?es ambientais, uma vez que revelam a forma como o espa?o geogr?fico se encontra em fun??o de sua utiliza??o. Neste contexto, as informa??es derivadas dos sensores orbitais, aliadas ?s t?cnicas de geoprocessamento, an?lises isot?picas do solo e avalia??es dendrocronol?gicas podem auxiliar na caracteriza??o de elementos da paisagem no presente e no passado. A partir do exposto, a Esta??o Ecol?gica de Pirapitinga (EEP) possui perfil potencial para estudos das modifica??es na paisagem ocasionadas por a??es antr?picas. Localizada no reservat?rio de Tr?s Marias (MG), esta Unidade de conserva??o foi inundada, ganhando aspecto de ilha fluvial h? cerca de 55 anos e recebendo ainda prote??o contra inc?ndios. A partir desta ?poca suspeita-se que ocorreram mudan?as significativas da paisagem, como surgimento de novas fitofisionomias e decrescimento de outras. Desta forma, esta pesquisa foi baseada na hip?tese que ap?s o enchimento da barragem de Tr?s Marias ocorreram mudan?as significativas na vegeta??o da EEP. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo geral classificar as classes de cobertura do solo e avaliar a din?mica espa?o-temporal das mesmas na EEP com o emprego do sensoriamento remoto, marcadores isot?picos do solo e an?lises dendrocronol?gicas de Copaifera langsdorffii. Todas as tr?s ferramentas utilizadas neste estudo corroboraram com a hip?tese de evolu??o da vegeta??o ao longo do tempo. A an?lise da paisagem atual e temporal pelo sensoriamento remoto mostrou a expans?o e retra??o das fitofisionomias presentes na EEP. As an?lises isot?picas do solo revelaram que todas as fitofisionomias atuais possu?am um padr?o fitofision?mico semelhante no passado. As an?lises dendrocronol?gicas de C. langsdorffii revelaram que indiv?duos desta esp?cie j? estavam presentes antes do enchimento da barragem e que provavelmente a consolida??o da fitofisionomia Mata Seca Sempre-Verde foi a partir da d?cada de 70.