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Ketanserin (KTS), a BCS class II drug, is used as an alpha-blocking serotonin antagonist. The drug decreases blood pressure by lowering peripheral vascular resistance. In order to improve its poor aqueous solubility, multicomponent solid forms of KTS with aliphatic acidic coformers such as maleic acid (MA), fumaric acid (FA), adipic acid (AA), and sulfamic acid (SA) were synthesized via wet granulation. The salts were characterized by XRD, DSC, TGA and single crystal XRD. Proton transfer from acidic coformers to the most basic piperidine nitrogen atom of KTS confirmed salt formation. KTS·FA and KTS·MA are anhydrous salts, while KTS·SA and KTS·AA are hydrates. KTS·SA crystallized as both monohydrate (MH) and dihydrate (DH), with the dihydrate being the more thermodynamically stable phase. The KTS hydrogen-bonded amide dimer is replaced by piperidinium⋯carboxylate/sulfonate ionic heterosynthons in the salts. Hirshfeld surface analysis quantified the non-covalent interactions governing the salt assembly. Solubility studies in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) revealed improved solubility for all salts compared to KTS, with the order being KTS·SA (DH) > KTS·FA > KTS·MA > KTS·AA > KTS in phosphate buffer. Slight solubility improvement was observed in acidic medium (pH 1.2). KTS salts maintained their integrity in phosphate buffer but transformed into their HCl salts under acidic conditions. The enhanced solubility of KTS·SA (DH) is attributed to higher ΔpKa, polar contacts, extended conformation, and ionic heterosynthons. These new solid forms of KTS present an opportunity to overcome solubility-related bioavailability challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many soils face dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) contamination and salinization. However, the response of crops, especially wheat, to combined Cd and salinity stress is not understood. Here, wheat was grown in a hydroponic model for 14 days under single and combined Cd and NaCl stresses. Growth parameters, tissue Cd2+ and Na+ contents, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl), O2•−, and MDA levels were determined. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the leaves were performed. The results showed that combined stress had a greater inhibitory effect on Chl contents and generated more O2•− and MDA, resulting in more severe wheat growth retardation than those under Cd or NaCl stress. Stress-induced decrease in Chl levels may be attributed to the inhibition of Chl biosynthesis, activation of Chl degradation, or a decline in glutamate content. Cd addition weakened the promotional effect of NaCl on SOS1 gene expression, thereby increasing the Na+ content. Contrastingly, NaCl supplementation downregulated the Nramp and ZIP gene expressions related to Cd uptake and transport, thereby impeding Cd2+ accumulation. All stresses enhanced tryptophan content via promoting tryptophan biosynthesis. Meanwhile, Cd and NaCl stresses activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and purine metabolism, respectively, thereby increasing the levels of caffeic acid, fumaric acid, and uric acid. Activating the TCA cycle was important in the wheat's response to combined stress. Additionally, NaCl and combined stresses affected starch and sucrose metabolism, resulting in sucrose and trehalose accumulation. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the response of wheat to the combined Cd and salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this article, the interaction of tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBATFO) with either fumaric (FUM) or maleic (MAL) acid has been investigated. These acids are isomers and can be considered the trans and cis configurations of the same molecular geometry. When TBATFO is mixed with FUM, an eutectic point is obtained for a relative composition of 90-10 (molar ratio), with a melting point of ≈90 °C. If maleic acid is mixed with TBATFO, one obtains an inhomogeneous phase with the retention of a solid portion immersed in a liquid phase, even above 90 °C. DFT calculations helped to model the interaction between the components. It is suggested herein that TBATFO interacts more strongly with FUM than with MAL, due to possible interactions in two different sites for hydrogen bonding (HB) in FUM. In MAL, one of the HB sites is instead retained in the intramolecular interactions; therefore, fewer sites are available for intermolecular interactions. Infrared spectroscopy measurements have confirmed this scenario, in which the hydrogen bonds of the acid molecules are replaced by HB between the acid and the ionic couple: for both kinds of mixtures, the vibration region of the OH bonds is strongly affected by mixing. However, in the case of FUM, the vibrations of the SO3 group of the TFO anion are displaced, while they remain in practically the same frequency position in the case of MAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection is a major problem affecting the grass carp aquaculture industry. Therefore, inhibiting the spread of GCRV infection is of great economic significance. Herein, we sequenced five tissues (gill, liver, intestine, kidney, and muscle) from grass carp before and after GCRV infection using data-independent acquisition proteomic and untargeted metabolomic technologies, and quantitatively identified 10,808 proteins and 4040 metabolites. Then, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and metabolites (DEMs) before and after GCRV infection in the five tissues. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the five tissue DEPs were enriched in metabolic, including carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes. Chemical taxonomy analysis showed that the categories of DEMs mainly included carbohydrates and lipids, such as fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, steroids, and their derivatives. Both the proteomic and the metabolomic data showed that GCRV affected the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the host. Shared pathway analysis was performed at both the protein and metabolic levels, showing significant enrichment of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways (p < 0.001). Further analysis of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway inhibitors revealed that these two pathways are important for GCRV replication. As the kidney was the most affected among the five tissues, we analyzed the butanoate metabolism in the kidney, which revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins and differently expressed metabolites in the butanoate metabolism were related to the TCA cycle. Further investigation showed that fumaric acid, an intermediate product in the TCA cycle, significantly inhibited GCRV replication in the CIK cells (p < 0.001), and that this inhibitory effect may be related to its induction of interferon system activation. The addition of fumaric acid to feed increased the survival rate of juvenile grass carp by 19.60% during GCRV infection, and protected the tissues of those infected with GCRV, making it a potential anti-GCRV feed additive. Our results provide new perspectives on GCRV pathogenesis and antiviral strategies for grass carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study on phytochemical profiling and enzyme inhibitory activities of C. corymbosum extracts. • Chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercitrin were major compounds in the extracts. • The extracts have antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. • The extracts showed significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and thioredoxin reductase. Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. (Asteraceae) has been used ethnomedicinally against intestinal worms, for skin diseases, and in wound treatment. This study investigated the phytochemical profile and biological activities of ethanol (CCE), methanol (CCM), and water (CCW) extracts of C. corymbosum. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of various metabolites. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities and ferric-reducing power (FRAP). The cytotoxicity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines were determined using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay. Enzyme inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and elastase were measured to assess potential antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, anticancer, and antiaging/wound healing effects. CCM exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and rutin were identified as major components in CCM. C. corymbosum extracts, particularly those from CCE and CCM, displayed significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells while exhibiting lower toxicity towards HUVEC cells. Notably, CCM demonstrated potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while no α-amylase inhibition was observed. All extracts showed weak inhibition of AChE, BChE, and elastase. Conversely, the extracts displayed moderate TrxR inhibitory activity. These findings suggest that C. corymbosum possesses significant antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic potential, highlighting its promise as a source of novel bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article from Chemistry & Industry discusses the growing potential of industrial biotechnology, particularly in reducing carbon emissions and creating chemicals from sustainable sources. It highlights the forecasted tripling of industrial biotech capacity over the next decade and provides examples of companies like Covestro and BASF working on bio-based production methods for chemicals like aniline and fumaric acid. The text also mentions ongoing research and investments in bio-based production of polymers and other chemicals, showcasing the potential for biotechnology to revolutionize industrial production processes. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a globally important legume crop with high nutritional and ecological value. Drought poses a serious threat to alfalfa acreage and yields. Spermine (Spm) has been shown to protect plants from drought damage. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of exogenous Spm to improve drought resistance of alfalfa. Methods: In this study, we root applied 0.1, 0.5, and 1mM Spm to Gannong No. 3 (G3) alfalfa under drought stress, and then determined their physiological and metabolic changes. Results: The results showed that exogenous Spm increased chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and gas exchange parameters, enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity, improved ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, increased osmoregulatory substances content, reduced hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion levels, and inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation in alfalfa under drought stress, thereby increasing plant height and leaf relative water content and enhancing drought tolerance of alfalfa. The redundancy analysis of the above physiological indicators showed that the addition of the optimal Spm to improve drought tolerance of alfalfa under drought stress was mainly achieved by increasing catalase activity and improving the ASA-GSH cycle. In addition, metabolomics analysis revealed that exogenous Spm increased the content of oxobutanedioic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid and malic acid to enhance the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Meanwhile, exogenous Spm increased endogenous Spm and proline (Pro) content to resist drought stress by enhancing Spm and Pro metabolism. Moreover, exogenous Spm increased the accumulation of the signaling substance abscisic acid. Discussion: In conclusion, exogenous Spm enhanced drought resistance of alfalfa leaves under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many soils face dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) contamination and salinization. However, the response of crops, especially wheat, to combined Cd and salinity stress is not understood. Here, wheat was grown in a hydroponic model for 14 days under single and combined Cd and NaCl stresses. Growth parameters, tissue Cd2+ and Na+ contents, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl), O2•-, and MDA levels were determined. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the leaves were performed. The results showed that combined stress had a greater inhibitory effect on Chl contents and generated more O2•- and MDA, resulting in more severe wheat growth retardation than those under Cd or NaCl stress. Stress-induced decrease in Chl levels may be attributed to the inhibition of Chl biosynthesis, activation of Chl degradation, or a decline in glutamate content. Cd addition weakened the promotional effect of NaCl on SOS1 gene expression, thereby increasing the Na+ content. Contrastingly, NaCl supplementation downregulated the Nramp and ZIP gene expressions related to Cd uptake and transport, thereby impeding Cd2+ accumulation. All stresses enhanced tryptophan content via promoting tryptophan biosynthesis. Meanwhile, Cd and NaCl stresses activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and purine metabolism, respectively, thereby increasing the levels of caffeic acid, fumaric acid, and uric acid. Activating the TCA cycle was important in the wheat's response to combined stress. Additionally, NaCl and combined stresses affected starch and sucrose metabolism, resulting in sucrose and trehalose accumulation. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the response of wheat to the combined Cd and salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mouth cancer is the most frequent cancer of the head and neck in both older and younger people. Achyranthes aspera L. has been used in ethnotraditional and pharmacological applications since ancient times for a variety of disorders. This study was formulated to examine bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds from the ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera and their binding efficacy targeting growth factor receptors (GFRs) against mouth cancer through in silico molecular docking and simulation studies. Phytochemicals were investigated through the UHPLC technique. A molecular docking study was accomplished using docking software AutoDock 4.2, and MD simulation was executed through GROMACS software. Drug‐likeness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity profiles of phytocompounds were evaluated using Molinspiration, Swiss ADME, OSIRIS Data Warrior tools, respectively. UHPLC analysis detected phenolics and flavonoids, viz., fisetin, rutin, and fumaric acid, which satisfied Lipinski's rule of five and pharmacokinetic properties. In molecular docking assessment, fisetin exhibited promising interactions with core targeted proteins VEGFR‐2 (B.E. = −8.30 kcal mol−1) and FGFR‐2 (B.E. = −7.64 kcal mol−1) of mouth cancer. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation data demonstrated stable interactions with both VEGFR‐2 and FGFR‐2 proteins. This binding interaction and stability of A. aspera phytocompounds with therapeutic proteins might contribute to their therapeutic potential in mouth cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of the authorisation of fumaric acid as a technological and sensory additive (functional groups: preservative and flavouring compounds, respectively) and for a new use of the additive as a technological additive (functional group: acidity regulator) for all animal species. The applicant provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that fumaric acid remains safe under the authorised conditions of use for the terrestrial animals, consumers and the environment. However, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the aquatic animals under all authorised condition of use. Fumaric acid is irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and should be considered a skin and respiratory sensitiser due to the presence of nickel. The Panel also considers that the new use of the additive as an acidity regulator under proposed conditions of use would not introduce risks not already considered. There is no need to assess the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation (for its use as preservative and flavouring compound). The Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of fumaric acid as an acidity regulator in feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three nickel, copper, and zinc complexes with dicarboxylic acids (3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid (H2dtdp) and fumaric acid (H2fu)) and N-donor ligands (1,10-phenanthroline (phen), N′–methyldipropylenetriamine (mdpta), and N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdien)) were synthesized. These complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, [Ni(dtdp)(phen)(H2O)3]∙0.5H2O (1) is a mononuclear complex, where the dtdp dianion employs only one carboxylate group for coordination to the central nickel atom. [(ClO4)(mdpta)Cu(μ-dtdp)Cu(mdpta)(H2O)](ClO4) (2) is a dinuclear copper complex with a dtdp bridge and different coordination on the copper center. [{Zn(pmdien)(H2O)}2(μ-fu)](ClO4)2 (3) is a symmetric dimer with a bridging fumarate ligand. These coordination compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria strains. All the complexes show moderate activities on the mentioned strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid that belongs to the phenolic class enriched in fruits and vegetables that are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments. The research was planned to find out the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of fumaric acid using in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Moreover, safety study was also done.Materials and methods: The 0.1 ml complete Freund’s adjuvant was injected in left hind paw in all Wistar rats except normal rats at day 1 to induced arthritis. The treatment with fumaric acid at 10, 20, 40, and fumaric acid 40 mg/kg together with methotrexate (MTX) was administered to immunized rats at 8th day via oral gavage and continued till 28th day though, MTX was administered as standard control.Results: The fumaric acid notably (p < 0.0001) lessened the paw edema and arthritic scoring, reinstated body and immune organ weight, and oxidation status in treated rats. Fumaric acid notably restored altered C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, liver function tests, ESR, WBCs, RBCs and Hb levels in treated rats. The fumaric acid in combination noticeably (p < 0.01–0.0001) suppressed the expression of TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1β, NF-kβ, and COX-2, and over expressed IL-4, and IL-10 in contrast to other treated groups. Fumaric acid had presented a dose-dependent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities while notable activity exhibited by fumaric acid in combination with MTX. The fumaric acid exhibited non-significant clinical signs of toxicity and mortality in acute toxicity study. The LD50 was more than 2000 mg/kg.Conclusion: Fumaric acid in combination can be used as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug but it will need extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Inverted modulator synthesis of a novel cheap double-ligand Zr-based MOF (MA-MOF). • MA-MOF shows enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation toward tetracycline. • MA-MOF yields holes, ·OH and ·O2− under visible-light for degrading tetracycline. Developing visible-light response photocatalysts with high activity and adsorption alongside sustainability is vitally important to environmental restoration. Here, we fabricated a novel metal organic framework (MOF) with cost-effective double-ligands (fumaric acid and 2-aminoterephthalic acid as ligand precursors, denoted as MA-MOF) via a facile solvothermal method. Specifically, crystalline [Zr 6 O 4 (OH) 4 (fumarate) 6 ] (MOF-801) can be only formed with monocarboxylic acids as modulators. Therefore, in the construction of crystalline double-ligand MA-MOF, the absence of monocarboxylic acid modulators successfully prevents the formation of crystalline MOF-801. Instead, the crystalline double-ligand MA-MOF is formed. Properties of MA-MOFs including the surface area, porosity, charge transfer resistance, and energy level position can be adjusted via altering the ratio of ligands. The optimal sample, MA-MOF2 (prepared with a molar ratio of fumaric acid and 2-aminoterephthalic acid being 2:1), shows a total 94.6% removal of tetracycline via adsorption and photodegradation, far exceeding the corresponding single-ligand counterparts. This work proposes an innovative inverted modulator strategy for constructing double-ligand MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic saline wastewater has become a concern in recent decades due to its resistance to biological treatment and potential harm to municipal wastewater treatment plants. While photocatalytic methods have been used for treatment, they often lead to catalyst deterioration. The use of salt-tolerant catalysts presents a viable solution for treating organic saline wastewater. In this study, a Zn-rich g-C3N4 was synthesized, demonstrating excellent performance in removing 2,4-DCP and its derivatives from saline wastewater. More than 75.6% of 2,4-DCP was effectively removed with the addition of Zn-rich g-C3N4, nearly doubling the removal rate compared to pure g-C3N4 and those doped with Co, Ag, Mo, and Bi. Notably, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP slightly increased as salinity rose from 0.1 to 2.3 wt.%. Adding 0.1 g L−1 of Zn-rich g-C3N4 resulted in the removal of 2,4-DCP, 2-chlorohydroquinone, chloroacetophenone, and 2-chloropropionic acid by 99.3%, 99.8%, 98.2%, and 99.9%, respectively, from a real saline wastewater sample with 2.2 wt.% salinity, corresponding to a 67.7% removal of TOC. The EPR results indicated that Zn-rich g-C3N4 generated more free radicals compared to pure g-C3N4, such as·OH and Cl, to degrade organic contaminants. The degradation pathway revealed that 2,4-DCP was first dechlorinated into p-phenol and catechol, which were subsequently degraded into maleic acid/fumaric acid, trihydroxyethylene, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and other products. Furthermore, Zn-rich g-C3N4 demonstrated excellent stability and holds promising potential for applications in saline wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an essential oil/fumaric combination, mannan-oligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and a mannan-oligosaccharide/galactooligosaccharide combination on the dry matter disappearance (DMD), gas production, greenhouse gasses, volatile fatty acid, and microbial community of a total mixed ration using a 24 h in vitro batch culture technique. The study design was a completely randomized design with four treatments as follows: a control treatment without any additives, the control treatment supplemented with galactooligosaccharide at 3% (Gos treatment), a galactooligosaccharide and mannan-oligosaccharide mixture at 1:1 at 3% (Gosmos treatment), or an essential oil blend (200 μL/g feed) and fumaric acid at 3% combination (Eofumaric treatment). The Gosmos treatment had the highest (p < 0.05) DMD (63.8%) and the numerical lowest acetate–propionate ratio (p = 0.207), which was 36.9% higher compared to the control. The lowest Shannon index, Simpson's index, and all the diversity indices were recorded for the Eofumaric treatment, while the other treatments had similar Shannon index, Simpson's index, and diversity index. The Z-score differential abundance between the Eofumaric and the control indicated that the inclusion of the Eofumaric treatment differentially increased the abundance of Patescibacteria, Synergistota, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Euryarchaeota while Verrucomicrobiota, WPS-2, Fibrobacterota, and Spirochaetota were decreased. The Random Forest Classification showed that the lower relative abundance of Fibrobacterota, Spirochaetota, and Elusimicrobiota and the higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were most impactful in explaining the microbial community data. Overall, the essential oil blend showed great potential as a methane gas mitigation strategy by modifying rumen fermentation through changes in the microbial community dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaric acid, a naturally occurring preservative with antimicrobial properties, has been widely used in the baking industry. However, its direct addition interferes with yeast activity and negatively impacts the gluten structure. This study investigates the potential of spray-congealing as a method for encapsulating fumaric acid within solid lipid microparticles. The selection of lipid carriers and surfactants is critical, so hydrogenated palm stearin, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and Compritol ATO 888 (glyceryl behenate) were chosen as lipid carriers, and propylene glycol monostearate and glyceryl monolaurate were utilised as surfactants with varying concentrations. Rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, moisture content, and thermal behaviour were assessed, along with the release profiles under different temperature conditions simulating the baking process. The findings indicate that the addition of surfactants significantly impacts the viscosity and stability of the molten mixtures, which in turn affects the spray-congealing process and the release of fumaric acid. The temperature-dependent and time-dependent release profiles demonstrate the potential for customising release kinetics to suit specific applications, such as the baking industry. This study may contribute to the development of a controlled-release system that synchronises with the baking process, thereby optimising fumaric acid's functionality while preserving the quality of baked goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the effects of cooking Taşköprü garlic, which is grown with a geographical indication in Turkiye, in three cooking materials (unbleached parchment paper (UP), bleached parchment paper (BP), and oven bag (OB)) and four vegetable oils (sunflower oil (SO), hazelnut oil (HO), corn oil (CO), and olive oil (OO)) on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compound profile, and chemical compound profile. The effects of cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) on garlic samples' TPC were found to be insignificant (p > 0.05). However, cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) impacted antioxidant activity. According to cooking material, statistically, the highest antioxidant activity with the DPPH method was identified in garlic cooked using UP and BP, while the highest antioxidant activity with the ABTS method was found in garlic cooked with BP and OB. The garlic samples roasted with the mentioned oils and cooking materials were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in terms of thirty-five phenolic compounds. However, only five of these compounds (quinic acid, fumaric acid, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid) were detected in the samples. The chemical components of the cooked garlic samples primarily consist of terpenoids (β–sitosterol and squalene). The use of cooking material affected the amount of squalene compound in all garlic samples cooked with olive oil. Among these samples, the lowest squalene rate (52.11%) was found in only roasted garlic. In addition, according to GC-MS results, we can say that the use of hazelnut oil and unbleached parchment paper in the roasting process has a protective effect on the cis-vaccenic acid compound, which is known to show anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials that show significant negative linear compressibility (NLC) reported so far suffer from a number of shortcomings that affect their applicability. The cocrystal of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane and fumaric acid, which exhibits exceptional NLC behaviour, overcomes these problems and sets the foundation for the development of environmentally friendly metal-free NLC materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of dietary resveratrol (RES) and β-Hydroxy-β-methyl butyric acid (HMB) on immune, oxidative, and morphological changes in the livers of Tibetan sheep using transcriptomics and metabolomics. One hundred and twenty male Tibetan lambs of a similar initial weight (15.5 ± 0.14 kg) were randomly divided into four groups with thirty lambs per treatment: (1) H group (basal diet without RES or HMB); (2) H-RES group (1.5 g/day of RES); (3) H-HMB group (1250 mg/day of HMB); (4) H-RES-HMB group (1.5 g/day of RES and 1250 mg/day of HMB). The experiment was conducted for 100 days, including a pre-test period of 10 days and a formal period of 90 days. The results showed significantly increased concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and IgM in the H-RES-HMB group (p < 0.05), while the malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The glycolytic indices including creatinine kinase (CK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly increased in the H-RES-HMB group compared with the others (p < 0.05). A histological analysis showed that the hepatic plate tissue in the H-RES-HMB group appeared normal with multiple cells. The transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of genes associated with the calcium signaling pathway (MYLK2, CYSLTR2, ADCY1, HRH1, ATP2B2, NOS2, HRC, ITPR1, and CAMK2B) and the NF-κB signaling pathway (BCL2 and CARD14) in the H-RES-HMB group were upregulated. The key differential metabolites (d-pyroglutamic acid, DL-serine, DL-threonine, fumarate, and glyceric acid) were enriched in the pathways associated with D-amino acid metabolism, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and carbon metabolism. The combined transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic analyses showed the co-enrichment of differential genes (NOS2 and GLUD1) and metabolites (fumarate) in arginine biosynthesis-regulated glycolytic activity, whereas the differential genes (ME1, SCD5, FABP2, RXRG, and CPT1B) and metabolites (Leukotriene b4) co-enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway affected the immune response by regulating the PI3K/AKT and cGMP/PKG signaling. In conclusion, the dietary RES and HMB affected the hepatic antioxidant capacity, immune response, and glycolytic activity through modulating the transcriptome (BCL2, CAMK2B, ITPR1, and IL1R1) and metabolome (DL-serine, DL-threonine, fumaric acid, and glycolic acid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity pollution is increasing worldwide, seriously affecting plant growth and crop production. Existing reports on how potassium indole-3-butyric acid (IBAK) regulates rice salt stress adaptation by affecting rice carbon metabolism, transcription factor (TF) genes expression, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites still have limitations. In this study, an IBAK solution at 40 mg L-1 was sprayed on rice leaves at the seedling stage. The results showed that the IBAK application could promote shoot and root growth, decrease sucrose and fructose content, increase starch content, and enhance acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activity under salt stress, indicating altered carbon allocation. Furthermore, the expression of TF genes belonging to the ethylene responsive factor (ERF), WRKY, and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) families was influenced by IBAK. Many key genes (OsSSIIc, OsSHM1, and OsPPDKB) and metabolites (2-oxoglutaric acid, fumaric acid, and succinic acid) were upregulated in the carbon metabolism pathway. In addition, this study highlighted the role of IBAK in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathway, potentially contributing to rice stress adaptability. The results of this study can provide new sustainable development solutions for agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the appropriate polymer solutions were prepared to create chitosan/PVA blends. By altering the ratio of the ingredients, several chitosan/PVA mixtures were produced, as follows: 12% chitosan and 88% PVA, 40% chitosan and 60% PVA, and 15% chitosan and 85% PVA. To generate physically crosslinked hydrogels for the drug delivery of atenolol, several acid cross-linkers, such as fumaric acid and phthalic acid, were applied to the chitosan/PVA blends. The formulations included 15% chitosan and 85% PVA with 0.02% (0.0024, 0.0041, 0.02) mol of fumaric acid, as well as 15% chitosan and 85% PVA with 0.002, 0.003, and 0.0064 mol of phthalic acid. Using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, the chemical structures of the modified and unmodified chitosan (Chitosan/PVA) hydrogels were examined. Results regarding the formation of ionic cross-links between the protonated hydroxyl groups of the chitosan and the anionic functional groups of the cross-linking agent were established. The swelling ratio was determined for each hydrogel structure as a function of time in three distinct fluids with pH values of 2, 4, and 7.5, and at three distinct temperatures of 42°C and 44°C. The samples with the greatest swelling ratios were identified as PVA.PA0.002 (chitosan) and PVA.FA0.0024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two copper(II) mixed ligand complexes with dicarboxylate bridges were prepared and studied, namely [Cu2(μ-fu)(pmdien)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (complex No. 5) and [Cu2(μ-dtdp)(pmdien)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (complex No. 6), where H2fu = fumaric acid, pmdien = N,N,N′,N″,N″ pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, and H2dtdp = 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid. The copper atoms are coordinated in the same mode by the tridentate pmdien ligand and oxygen of water molecules, and they only differ in the dicarboxylate bridge. This work is focused on the study of the inhibitory effect of these potential antimicrobial drugs on the activity of the most important human liver drug-metabolizing enzymes, cytochromes P450 (CYP), especially their forms CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. The obtained results allow us to estimate the probability of potential drug interactions with simultaneously administrated drugs that are metabolized by these CYP enzymes. In conclusion, the presence of adverse effects due to drug–drug interactions with concomitantly used drugs cannot be excluded, and hence, topical application may be recommended as a relatively safe approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintainance of extracellular volume and water balance is important in cellular metabolism and these properties confer to sodium profile, but overconsumption of sodium causes risk to health. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate fastdissolving effervescent tablets using a novel two-step wet granulation method, incorporating Olive (Olea europaea), halophyte marsh plant (Salicornia herbacea L.) and bamboo silica salts natural ingredients and edible organic acids viz. citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, apple cider vinegar powder, fumaric acid and alkalizing agents like sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous potassium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, potassium sulphate dodecahydrate as active ingredients to enhance bioavailability and dissolution. During the process, all active ingredients were milled separately and sifted through a number 40 mesh sieve, followed by blending for 10 min to create uniform wet mass and further, sieved through number 20 mesh to produce granules. Finally, the dried granules of the composition according to formulations were compressed into tablets with 12 mm diameter using a single punch tablet punching machine. The formulations adhered to pharmacopoeial quality standards, displaying favorable mechanical and physical properties. The results revealed that the effervescent granules in all the formulations exhibited excellent flow properties with Angle of Repose, Hausner's ratio and compressibility index in the ranges of 26.10°-29.52°, 1.07-1.12 and 6.12%-10.51% respectively. Formulations F1 and F3 emerged as the most effective, with friability <0.5%, water content <0.05%, effervescence time <2.5 min and excellent solubility on the Likert scale. The findings open avenues for further research into effervescent technology and its application in drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphopenia is a known adverse effect in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) treated with fumaric acids. We present a case series of four patients diagnosed with RMS with prolonged lymphocyte stability on dimethyl fumarate for over 1 year who developed significant lymphopenia after transitioning to diroximel fumarate. This case series highlights the need for further research to elucidate the risk of lymphopenia in patients switching between fumaric acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the treatment of oncological diseases in children, the search for opportunities for the earlier detection of complications to improve treatment results is very important. Metabolomic studies are actively conducted to stratify different groups of patients in order to identify the most promising markers. Methods: Three groups of patients participated in this study: healthy children as a control group (n = 18), children with various malignant oncological diseases (leukemia, lymphoma, nephroblastoma, ependymoma, etc.) as patients (n = 40) without complications, and patients (n = 31) with complications (inflammatory and infectious). The mitochondrial metabolites (succinic and fumaric acids); biomarkers related to inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and presepsin (PSP); and sepsis-associated aromatic metabolites, such as phenyllactic (PhLA), hydroxyphenyllactic (p-HPhLA), and hydroxyphenylacetic acids (p-HPhAA), were identified. Results: It was found that children with malignant oncological diseases had profound metabolic dysfunction compared to healthy children, regardless of the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis. The prognostic ability of procalcitonin and presepsin for detecting sepsis was high: AUROC = 0.875, cut-off value (Youden index) = 0.913 ng/mL, and AUROC = 0.774, with cut-off value (Youden index) of 526 pg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: A significant increase in aromatic microbial metabolites and biomarkers in non-survivor patients that is registered already in the first days of the development of complications indicates the appropriateness of assessing metabolic dysfunction for its timely targeted correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the synthesis and characterisation of three Ce-based metal–organic frameworks (Ce–MOFs) using fumaric acid (Fu), terephthalic acid (BDC), and trimesic acid (H3BTC) as linkers. The use of different linkers influenced the size of the MOF particles, surface area, crystallinity, and microporous structure. The successful implementation of Ce–Fu, Ce–BDC, and Ce–H3BTC MOFs for fluoride ion removal from wastewater was carried out, in which Ce–Fu MOFs exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (AC) of 64.2 mg g−1. The study also reveals that the use of ultrasound as a mediator for adsorption study over conventional method gives rapid adsorption rate, in which 85% of the fluoride uptake took place just in 10 min and achieved maximum AC in 30 min. The kinetics data were most accurately explained by the pseudo-second-order model (PSO). The existence of co-ions such as NO3−, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, Br−, CO32−, and PO43− has a substantial effect on fluoride removal. The mechanism between the fluoride ions and the MOF surface took place via the electrostatic force and the ion exchange process, confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and delsa nano. The material is sustained its relatively higher F− ions removal efficiency up to the five cycles. This research might help in the development of novel microporous Ce-based MOFs since it possesses a highly stable crystalline structure in water, suggesting a promising role in aqueous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Benzoic acid has been supplemented in feeds to improve intestinal health and the growth rate of nursery pigs. Benzoic acid, a colorless crystalline organic compound, consists of a benzene ring with a carboxyl substituent, representing the simplest form of aromatic carboxylic acid. In pig feeds, benzoic acid primarily influences the small intestine rather than the large intestine of pigs, as benzoic acid does not require degradation in the stomach or beyond the small intestine. Benzoic acid possesses acidic properties, making it an effective feed additive in pig production through its antimicrobial action by reducing pH in feed and digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, positively modulating intestinal microbiota and enhancing nutrient utilization and intestinal health in pigs. Benzoic acid supplementation also decreases urinary pH through the production of hippuric acid and reduces ammonia emissions, which can positively affect the conditions of barns considering the intense pig production systems. However, depending on the levels of benzoic acid, its impact on growth is not always consistent. Thus, this review investigated the functional roles of benzoic acid on the intestinal health, nutrient utilization, and growth performance of nursery pigs, determined the optimal dose level of benzoic acid on the growth rate in nursery pigs, and compared the efficacy of benzoic acid and other acids, aiming to clarify the potential benefits of benzoic acid in pig feeds. The objectives of this review are to investigate how benzoic acid can mitigate the negative effects of weaning stress, improve the intestinal microbiota, intestinal health, and growth of nursery pigs, determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for the growth rate in nursery pigs, and compare the efficacy of benzoic acid and other acids in pig feeds. After weaning, pigs are exposed to less lactose and solid feed with high acid-binding capacity at infrequent intervals, causing an increase in digesta pH, reducing protein digestion, and increasing ammonia-producing bacteria in the stomach. Benzoic acid supplementation has improved the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs through its antimicrobial properties and pH reduction in the digesta. The positive modulation of luminal microbiota in the small intestine of pigs by benzoic acid improves intestinal morphology and enhances nutrient utilization, especially nitrogen, of nursery pigs. Benzoic acid supplementation of up to 1% in feeds also increases hippuric acid contents in the urine of nursery pigs, decreasing urinary pH, which is related to ammonia emission and barn conditions in intensive pig production. Supported by the beneficial impacts of benzoic acid, the growth performance of nursery pigs was also improved. However, excessive benzoic acid (over 2.5% up to 5%) in feeds reduces the growth performance of nursery pigs. Thus, this review conducted a meta-analysis of the results from 16 papers to determine the optimal dose level of benzoic acid for body weight gain of nursery pigs, which was found to be 0.60%. The efficacy of benzoic acid was similar to that of other organic acids, including citric acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, and formate salts. Collectively, benzoic acid supplementation can positively modulate the luminal and mucosal microbiota in the small intestine, increase nutrient utilization and intestinal health, decrease urinary pH, and improve the growth performance of nursery pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semen cryopreservation results in the differential remodeling of the molecules presented in sperm, and these alterations related to reductions in sperm quality and its physiological function have not been fully understood. Given this, this study aimed to investigate the cryoinjury mechanism of goat sperm by analyzing changes of the metabolic characteristics in sperm during the cryopreservation process. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) technique was performed to explore metabolite profiles of fresh sperm (C group), equilibrated sperm (E group), and frozen–thawed sperm (F group). In total, 2570 metabolites in positive mode and 2306 metabolites in negative mode were identified, respectively. After comparative analyses among these three groups, 374 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) in C vs. E, 291 DAMs in C vs. F, and 189 DAMs in E vs. F were obtained in the positive mode; concurrently, 530 DAMs in C vs. E, 405 DAMs in C vs. F, and 193 DAMs in E vs. F were obtained in the negative mode, respectively. The DAMs were significantly enriched in various metabolic pathways, including 31 pathways in C vs. E, 25 pathways in C vs. F, and 28 pathways in E vs. F, respectively. Among them, 65 DAMs and 25 significantly enriched pathways across the three comparisons were discovered, which may be tightly associated with sperm characteristics and function. Particularly, the functional terms such as TCA cycle, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, sphingolipid metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism, as well as associated pivotal metabolites like ceramide, betaine, choline, fumaric acid, L-malic acid and L-lactic acid, were focused on. In conclusion, our research characterizes the composition of metabolites in goat sperm and their alterations induced by the cryopreservation process, offering a critical foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of metabolism influencing the quality and freezing tolerance of goat sperm. Additionally, the impacts of equilibration at low temperature on sperm quality may need more attentions as compared to the freezing and thawing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Dietary methane (CH 4) mitigation is in some cases associated with an increased hydrogen (H 2) emission. The objective of the present study was to investigate the acute and short-term effects of acceptors for H 2 (fumaric acid, acrylic acid, or phloroglucinol) supplemented via pulse-dosing to dairy cows fed CH 4 mitigating diets (using nitrate or 3-nitrooxypropanol), on gas exchange, rumen gas, and VFA composition. For this purpose, 2 individual 4 × 4 Latin square experiments were conducted with 4 periods of 3 d (nitrate supplementation) and 7 d (3-nitrooxypropanol supplementation), respectively. In each study, 4 rumen-cannulated Danish Holstein cows were used. Each additive for CH 4 mitigation was included in the ad libitum–fed diet within the 2 experiments (exp. 1 and exp. 2), to which the cows were adapted for at least 14 d. Acceptors for H 2 were administered twice daily in equal portions through the rumen fistula immediately after feeding of the individual cow. In exp. 1 (nitrate), the treatments were CON-1 (no H 2 -acceptor), FUM-1 (fumaric acid), ACR-1 (acrylic acid), and FUM+ACR-1 (50% FUM-1 + 50% ACR-1). In exp. 2 (3-nitrooxypropanol), the 3 treatments, CON-2, FUM-2, and ACR-2, were similar to CON-1, FUM-1 and ACR-1 treatments, however the fourth treatment was PHL-2 (phloroglucinol). Gas exchanges were measured in respiration chambers, and samples of rumen liquid and headspace gas were taken in time series relative to feeding and dosing on specific days. Headspace gas was analyzed for gas composition, and rumen liquid was analyzed for VFA composition and dissolved gas concentrations. Headspace gas composition and dissolved gas concentration were only measured in exp. 2. Dry matter intake was reduced upon acrylic acid supplementation. There were no significant effects of any treatments in any experiments on H 2 emission, except for a decrease in hourly H 2 emission rate (g/h) at 1 h after feeding in both experiments. In exp. 2, H 2 headspace proportions increased with ACR-2 supplementation, whereas dissolved concentrations were unaffected. In exp. 1, cows on ACR-1 increased propionate proportion at 1 h after feeding. In exp. 2, both FUM-2 and ACR-2 increased rumen propionate proportion in the hours after feeding and dosing. There was no effect on rumen acetate for cows on PHL-2. There was a strong positive correlation between rumen dissolved CH 4 and headspace CH 4 (r = 0.84), whereas the equivalent correlation was weaker for H 2 (r = 0.41). For the relationship between dissolved concentrations and emissions of CH 4 and H 2 , there was a moderate positive correlation for CH 4 (r = 0.54), whereas it was weak for H 2 (r = 0.28) with zero slope. In conclusion, the results suggested that fumaric acid and acrylic acid to some extent was reduced to propionate without associative effects on measures for H 2 redirection. Furthermore, phloroglucinol seemed not to be metabolized in the rumen in the present study, because no effects on rumen acetate or measures of H 2 were observed. Changes in H 2 headspace and emission may be a poor proxy for actual changes in the rumen fluid concentration of H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albendazole (ABZ) is a highly effective yet poorly water-soluble antiparasitic drug known to form salts (ABZ-FMA, ABZ-DTA, and ABZ-HCl) with fumaric acid (FMA), D-tartaric acid (DTA), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). This research utilized a range of analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to validate and characterize the solid-state properties of these drug salts. This study also assessed the solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of these salts under different pH conditions compared to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and conducted stability studies. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of ABZ salt was evaluated. The results of this study reveal that the new solid form of ABZ is primarily associated with amino acid esters and benzimidazole groups, forming intermolecular interactions. All three ABZ salts significantly improved the solubility and dissolution rate of ABZ, with ABZ-HCl demonstrating the optimal performance. Importantly, the drug salt exhibited robust physical stability when exposed to adverse conditions, including strong light irradiation (4500 ± 500 lux), high humidity (92.5 ± 5% relative humidity), elevated temperatures (50 ± 2 °C), and accelerated test conditions (40 °C/75 ± 5% relative humidity). Lastly, the in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that ABZ salt led to a substantial increase in AUC(0–24) and Cmax compared to ABZ. This elevation in solubility in aqueous solvents signifies that ABZ salt exhibits characteristics that can enhance oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. These findings provide potential solutions for the development of more effective and innovative drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanides and actinides are emerging contaminants, but little is known about their uptake and distribution by plants and their interactions in the rhizosphere. To better understand the fate of these metals in plants, the bioassociation of 2, 20 and 200 µM Eu(III) by five hydroponically grown crops endemic to Europe was assessed. The metal's concentration and its speciation were monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy, whereas root exudation was investigated by chromatographic methods. It has been shown, that Eu(III) bioassociation is a two-stage process, involving rapid biosorption followed by accumulation in root tissue and distribution to the stem and leaves. Within 96 h of exposure time, the plant induces a change of Eu(III) speciation in the liquid medium, from a predominant Eu(III)aquo species, as calculated by thermodynamic modelling, to a species with longer luminescence lifetime. Root exudates such as citric, malic, and fumaric acid were identified in the cultivation medium and affect Eu(III) speciation in solution, as was shown by a change in the thermodynamic model. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the fate of lanthanides in the biosphere and provide a basis for further investigations with the chemical analogues Cm(III) and Am(III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular response to oxidants or xenobiotics comprises two key pathways, resulting in modulation of NRF2 and FOXO transcription factors, respectively. Both mount a cytoprotective response, and their activation relies on crucial protein thiol moieties. Using fumaric acid esters (FAEs), known thiol‐reactive compounds, we tested for activation of NRF2 and FOXO pathways in cultured human hepatoma cells by dimethyl/diethyl as well as monomethyl/monoethyl fumarate. Whereas only the diesters caused acute glutathione depletion and activation of the stress kinase p38MAPK, all four FAEs stimulated NRF2 stabilization and upregulation of NRF2 target genes. However, no significant FAE‐induced activation of FOXO‐dependent target gene expression was observed. Therefore, while both NRF2 and FOXO pathways are responsive to oxidants and xenobiotics, FAEs selectively activate NRF2 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocatalytic hydroamination of alkenes is an efficient and selective method to synthesize natural and unnatural amino acids. Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases (PALs) have been previously engineered to access a range of substituted phenylalanines and heteroarylalanines, but their substrate scope remains limited, typically including only arylacrylic acids. Moreover, the enantioselectivity in the hydroamination of electron‐deficient substrates is often poor. Here, we report the structure‐based engineering of PAL from Planctomyces brasiliensis (PbPAL), enabling preparative‐scale enantioselective hydroaminations of previously inaccessible yet synthetically useful substrates, such as amide‐ and ester‐containing fumaric acid derivatives. Through the elucidation of cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) PbPAL structure and screening of the structure‐based mutagenesis library, we identified the key active site residue L205 as pivotal for dramatically enhancing the enantioselectivity of hydroamination reactions involving electron‐deficient substrates. Our engineered PALs demonstrated exclusive α‐regioselectivity, high enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope. The potential utility of the developed biocatalysts was further demonstrated by a preparative‐scale hydroamination yielding tert‐butyl protected l‐aspartic acid, widely used as intermediate in peptide solid‐phase synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zn anodes in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries chronically suffer from pernicious side reactions and ineluctable dendrite growth, resulting in inadequate reversibility and suboptimal Coulombic efficiency (CE) and impeding commercialization. Herein, a multifunctional metal–organic coordination polymer layer (FAZ) is constructed on the zinc anode surface (FAZ@Zn) utilizing a simple self‐assembly strategy. The zincophilic FAZ interfacial layer with a high Zn2+ transfer number and low nucleation barrier effectively facilitates the de‐solvation process, supports the rapid transport of zinc ions, and contributes to the preferential growth of Zn (002) crystal planes, enabling dendrite‐free Zn deposition. Furthermore, the FAZ layer, as an interfacial pH regulating layer, effectively inhibits the direct contact between Zn and active water molecules, lowering the severity of side reactions. Consequently, the FAZ@Zn anode furnishes an eminent cycle stability over 6900 h, with a low polarization voltage at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2 and a boosted CE of 99.88% over 4100 cycles. More encouragingly, when coupled with Na2V6O16·3H2O, the FAZ@Zn anode enables the full cell to deliver satisfactory rate performance and a 97% capacity retention over 1600 cycles. This work provides a simple strategy for the effective preparation of highly reversible zinc anodes for high‐performance aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we tried to explore the influence of various tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates on carotenoid production and with a focus on enhancing pigment biosynthesis, we conducted two statistical analysis. In case of TCA intermediates influence on pigment production by Paracoccus marcusii RSPO1; fumaric acid, and malic acid were observed as potent enhancers of pigment biosynthesis. Further, to optimize key media components for enhanced carotenoid production, the Plackett–Burman design was employed encompassing carbon, nitrogen sources, TCA cycle intermediates, and metal salts. The selected factors after Plackett Burman were fine-tuned through Response Surface Methodology and the optimal concentrations that have remarkably elevated carotenoid production were starch-2.24 g/l, MgSO4-0.416 g/l, ZnSO4-0.0157 g/l, and fumaric Acid-16 mM. Further, evaluation of pigment cytotoxicity against normal (Vero) and Non-Small Cell Carcinoma (A549) cells was performed. The resultant IC50 values were quantified as 161.3 µg/ml and 7.623 µg/ml for Vero and A549 cells, respectively. Moreover, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination study in A549 cells was done which have shown a noteworthy threefold ROS production in A549 cells through fluorescence spectroscopic observation. This implies that the bacterial carotenoids can act as potent pro-oxidants against cancerous cells while being nontoxic toward normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the preparation of sodium alginate poly grafted (fumaric acid-polyacrylic acid)/graphene oxide, SA-g-p(FA-AA)/GO hydrogel to explore its potential as a promising adsorbent for water treatment mainly chromium (VI) and lead (II) removal. Prepared adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM techniques for exploring the chemical structure, thermal stability, crystallography, surface area and morphology, as well as pore size and distribution of SA-g-p(FA-AA)/GO, respectively. The average size of the prepared nanoparticles was observed to be 78.48 nm. The TEM images exhibit a predominantly spherical shape and heterogeneous. Effect of different physiochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and contact time was explored for maximum metal adsorption. The results of the study revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of SA-g-p(FA-AA)/GO (0.045 mg g−1 for Cr (VI) and 22.371 mg g−1 for Pb (II)) was achieved under optimized conditions, i.e., adsorbent dose of 0.05 g at 25 °C for pH of 2, 4.5 when contact time of 5 and 100 min was used for Cr(VI) and Pb(II), respectively. Data fits best to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation revealing the multilayer adsorption of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) ions on the heterogeneous adsorbent surface. Thermodynamically, the process of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) adsorption was non-spontaneous, exothermic and feasible revealing the potential of the prepared adsorbent to be used as an efficient adsorbent for metal removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salts bis(2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridinium) fumarate dihydrate, 2C6H9N2+·C4H2O22−·2H2O (I), and 2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridinium 5‐chlorosalicylate, C6H9N2+·C7H4ClO3− (II), were synthesized from 2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridine with fumaric acid and 5‐chlorosalicylic acid, respectively. The crystal structures of these salts were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, revealing protonation in I and II by the transfer of a H atom from the acid to the pyridine base. In the crystals of both I and II, N—H...O interactions form an R22(8) ring motif. Hirshfeld surface analysis distinguishes the interactions present in the crystal structures of I and II, and the two‐dimensional (2D) fingerprint plot analysis shows the percentage contribution of each type of interaction in the crystal packing. The volumes of the crystal voids of I (39.65 Å3) and II (118.10 Å3) have been calculated and reveal that the crystal of I is more mechanically stable than II. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis predicts that the band gap energy of II (2.6577 eV) is lower compared to I (4.0035 eV). The Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM) analysis shows that the pyridinium–carboxylate N—H...O interaction present in I is stronger than the other interactions, whereas in II, the hydroxy–carboxylate O—H...O interaction is stronger than the pyridinium–carboxylate N—H...O interaction; the bond dissociation energies also confirm these results. The positive Laplacian [∇2ρ(r) > 0] of these interactions shows that the interactions are of the closed shell type. An in‐silico ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) study predicts that both salts will exhibit good pharmacokinetic properties and druglikeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The anti-interleukin-23 antibody guselkumab (GUS) demonstrated favourable week 24 efficacy and safety over fumaric acid esters (FAE) in systemic treatment-naïve patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (study part I). Objectives To compare, in study part II, the sustainability of treatment responses (weeks 24–32) in GUS- and FAE-treated patients and treatment responses (weeks 32–56) in patients treated with GUS and FAE and in FAE nonresponders switching to GUS; and, in part III, to investigate the maintenance of response through week 100 in patients withdrawn from GUS at week 56. Methods At week 0, systemic treatment-naïve patients were randomized 1 : 1 to GUS or FAE as per label. At week 32, patients with a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 (≥ 75% improvement in PASI score) response (r) continued assigned treatment (GUSr-GUS; FAEr-FAE), whereas nonresponders (nr) received GUS (FAEnr-GUS; GUSnr-GUS). GUS-treated patients with a week 56 PASI 90 response (≥ 90% improvement in PASI score) were withdrawn (w) and followed until loss of response or week 100. Results At week 32, 98% (n = 54/55) of GUS- and 41% (n = 14/34) of FAE-treated patients were PASI 75 responders. At week 56, 91%, 50% and 80% of GUSr-GUS, FAEr-FAE and FAEnr-GUS patients, respectively, achieved a PASI 90 response; 72%, 29% and 45%, respectively, achieved a Dermatology Life Quality Index score of 0/1. At week 100, 44 weeks postwithdrawal, 47% (n = 17/36) and 25% (n = 3/12) of GUS-GUSw and FAE-GUSw patients, respectively, maintained a PASI score ≤ 5. Overall, the adverse event and discontinuation rates were lower for GUS than FAE. Conclusions In these exploratory analyses, GUS, as a first-line systemic treatment or second-line systemic treatment in FAE nonresponders, was associated with long-term clinical efficacy up to week 100, including a withdrawal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of organics in Bayer liquors has a notable adverse effect on alumina production. Among these organics, dicarboxylic acids are a class of low molecular weight compounds that have yet to be studied for their decomposition in Bayer liquors using advanced oxidation techniques. This study aims to investigate the oxidation behavior of four dicarboxylic acids, including malonic acid (C3), succinic acid (C4), glutaric acid (C5), and adipic acid (C6), in Bayer liquors. The influences of different variables, such as sodium persulfate (SPS) dosage, initial organic concentration, caustic soda concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time, on the advanced oxidation process of dicarboxylic acids were also studied. The results of the experiment indicate that an increase in SPS dosage, initial organic concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time promoted the removal of total organic carbon (TOC). However, the concentration of caustic soda had an inhibitory effect on TOC removal, and it also affected the type of decomposition products of dicarboxylic acids. The EPR results revealed that the reactive groups responsible for organic decomposition were SO 4 - · and HO · . Dicarboxylic acids were found to produce several decomposition products, including carbon dioxide (in the form of carbonate), formic acid, and oxalic acid. Additionally, malonic and fumaric acids were observed as the main oxidation intermediates for dicarboxylic acids with C-atom numbers > 3. A reaction mechanism for succinic acid was also proposed. Advanced oxidation techniques have shown promise as a means of removing organics from Bayer liquors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folia Pharmacologica Japonica is the property of Japanese Pharmacological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant protein ingredients are gaining attention for human nutrition, yet they differ significantly from animal proteins in functionality and nutrition. Fungal solid-state fermentation (SSF) can modulate the composition and functionality, increasing their applicability in foods. Quinoa flour (QF) served as a substrate for Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, resulting in two fermented ingredients (QFA and QFR) with different nutritional, functional, and aroma characteristics. A higher increase in protein (+35%) and nitrogen (+24%) was observed in the QFA, while fat was predominantly increased in the QFR (+78%). Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) decreased in the QFR but increased in the QFA due to polyol production. Metabolomic analysis revealed higher lactic acid concentrations in the QFA, and higher citric, malic, and fumaric acid contents in the QFR. The SSF reduced most antinutrients, while R. oligosporus produced saponins. Olfactometry showed the development of fruity ester compounds and a decrease in metallic and cardboard aromas. Both ingredients showed an enhanced water-holding capacity, with the QFA also demonstrating an increased oil-holding capacity. Complex formation increased the particle size, reduced the solubility, and decreased the foaming properties. Mycelium production darkened the ingredients, with the QFR having a higher differential colour index. This study highlights the potential of SSF to produce ingredients with improved nutritional, sensory, and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, 5.0%, w/w in lanolin) on the growth of Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) stem was studied, focusing on histological analyses, comprehensive analyses of phytohormones and polar metabolites. NPA substantially induced stem swelling at and above the application site and stimulated vascular cambium activity around the area of its application. The cambial zone in the swelling part of the stem was twice as wide as that treated with lanolin only (control). The proliferation of cambial cells increased xylem production and, consequently, vascular bundle thickness. A significant enlargement of parenchymatous pith cells and an increased diameter of the pith were also observed. Comprehensive phytohormone analyses revealed that NPA increased the content of indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and indole-3-acetyl-aspartic acid in the swelling part of the stem, as well as trans-zeatin riboside. These results suggest that NPA-induced stem swelling depends on the dynamics of changes in aux-in and cytokinin metabolites. Furthermore, the contents of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) as well as malic, succinic, fumaric acids, cyclitols and quinic acid derivatives increased markedly in the swelling stem. This may indicate that the site of NPA-induced stem swelling is a physiological sink for polar metabolites needed for the growth of this tissue. Thus, it seems that auxins, in interaction with cytokinins, regulate the strength of the sink, controlling the transport of polar metabolites into the swelling part of S. canadensis stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion-imprinting methodology was used to fabricate a new cobalt ion-imprinted polymer as a cross-linked copolymer consisting of fumaric acid and 4-vinylpyridine as monomers. Different techniques were used to investigate all of the chemical and morphological changes that occurred during the cobalt ion imprinting process. Furthermore, extraction experiments for cobalt ions using controlled and imprinted polymers were carried out to obtain the essential isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The controlled and imprinted resins had the best agreement with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, with maximum retention capacities of 14.7 ± 2 and 42.0 ± 0.5 mg/g, respectively. In comparison to non-imprinted polymer, the imprinted polymer showed greater affinity for cobalt ions in the presence of other metal ions like Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, La3+, and Y3+. In addition, after the fifth adsorption-desorption cycle, resin regenerates with about 96% of its initial activity, demonstrating its high economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are symbiotic starters widely used in yogurt fermentation. They exchange metabolites to meet their nutritional demands during fermentation, promoting mutual growth. Although S. thermophilus produces fumaric acid, and the addition of fumaric acid has been shown to promote the growth of L. bulgaricus monoculture, whether fumaric acid produced by S. thermophilus is used by L. bulgaricus during coculture remains unclear. Furthermore, the importance of fumaric acid metabolism in the growth of L. bulgaricus is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the importance of fumaric acid metabolism in L. bulgaricus monocultures and coculture with S. thermophilus. We deleted the fumarate reductase gene (frd), which is responsible for the metabolism of fumaric acid to succinic acid, in L. bulgaricus strains 2038 and NCIMB 701373. Both Δ frd strains exhibited longer fermentation times than their parent strains, and fumaric acid was metabolized to malic acid rather than succinic acid. Coculture of Δ frd strains with S. thermophilus 1131 also resulted in a longer fermentation time, and the accumulation of malic acid was observed. These results indicated that fumaric acid produced by S. thermophilus is used by L. bulgaricus as a symbiotic substance during yogurt fermentation and that the metabolism of fumaric acid to succinic acid by fumarate reductase is a key factor determining the fermentation ability of L. bulgaricus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a Far East-originated fermented beverage that is valued by people for its health benefits worldwide. Fruit and fruit juice of the gilaburu plant is used in traditional medicine. In this study, fruit juice of gilaburu is used in a 21-day kombucha fermentation. Sensory properties, microbiological profile, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the prepared beverages for days 0, 7, 14, and 21st were investigated. In addition, chemical compound profiles were determined using LC-MS/MS on the 7th and 14th days. When evaluated in general, gilaburu-flavoured kombucha yielded better results than traditional kombucha in terms of microbiological analysis, antibacterial activity, total phenolic content, and sensory properties. In addition, the LC-MS/MS analysis of the beverages revealed fourteen active compounds. Notably, on the 7th day, gilaburu-flavoured kombucha exhibited elevated levels of fumaric acid, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, 4-OH-benzoic acid, epicatechin, vitexin and hesperidin compared to traditional kombucha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the potential of decolourised Moringa oleifera leaf powder (D-MOLP) in cookies to meet consumer demand for healthier food options, addressing the issue of low acceptability due to its green colour. D-MOLP and its non-decolourised counterpart (ND-MOLP) were incorporated into wheat flour to produce cookies. The results showed that neither decolourisation nor addition level (2.5 or 7.5%) significantly affected water activity or flour functionality, though slight differences in cookie colour were observed. The Moringa-enriched cookies exhibited an improved spread ratio as well as higher protein, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and in vitro protein digestibility compared to control cookies. The detected phenolic acids included chlorogenic, ferulic, and fumaric acids, with the D-MOLP cookies showing superior nutritional properties, likely due to nutrient concentration and reduced antinutrients. Notably, glutamic acid was the major amino acid in all the cookies, but only lysine significantly increased across the cookie types. This suggests D-MOLP could be a promising alternative for food enrichment. Future research should address the consumer acceptability, volatile components, and shelf-life of D-MOLP-enriched cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid and essential oil blends (EOBs) containing anise, cedarwood, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, ginger, lavender, lemongrass, nutmeg, oregano, and peppermint at different proportions on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fiber fraction disappearance, the efficiency of microbial production, and the total volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Ten treatments without (control treatment) or with different EOB/fumaric combinations were used in the study with eight replicates. The EOB inclusion level was 200 μL/g of feed (total mixed ration, (TMR)) while fumaric acid was administered at 3% of the TMR (DM basis). The highest DMD, in vitro true degradable DM, partitioning factor (PF24), and in vitro apparent degradable DM were recorded for the fumaric only treatment and the control. Neutral detergent fiber disappearance was reduced with the inclusion of EOB/fumaric combinations. The production of microbial mass and undegraded DM were higher (p < 0.001) for all EOBs and EOB and fumaric treatments. The inclusion of EOB and fumaric combinations reduced (p < 0.001) the total gas production, methane, and ammonia, with a higher PF24 value noted for EOB3 treatment. The inclusion of individual EOB1 containing garlic, lemongrass, cumin, lavender, and nutmeg in a ratio of 4:2:2:1:1 or combined with fumaric acid yielded the highest propionate concentration across all treatments. We concluded that EOBs decreased methane production and nutrient degradability with better results with the individual EOB1 or EOB1/fumaric combination, which showed a potential enhancement in energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]