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Chapeau. Le 9 janvier 2018, autour de 7h15, une avalanche d'ampleur significative descend le couloir du Bourgeat. L'écoulement de neige poudreuse, également appelé aérosol, détruit la forêt sur une largeur très importante et franchit le paravalanche du Bourgeat. Une quarantaine de chalets en aval de la digue terminale du paravalanche sont recouverts de neige par l'aérosol, et de nombreux arbres sont détruits et transportés par l'aérosol, ce qui cause les principaux dégâts qui restent fort heureusement uniquement matériels. Lors de sa propagation dans le couloir, l'écoulement dense, de neige froide au départ, se transforme en un écoulement plus lent, de neige humide, et interagit de manière complexe avec le paravalanche qui, in fine, contient bien la masse de neige lourde. Cet article propose une brève analyse qualitative des différentes hypothèses concernant les conditions de déclenchement, de propagation de l'aérosol et des écoulements denses et de leur interaction avec le paravalanche. Il dresse également une liste de questions qui peuvent se poser suite à cet événement.

International audience; Natural sintering in ice is a fundamental process determining mechanical properties of various ice forms. According to the literature, limited data are available about the complex subjects of snow sintering and bond formation. Here, through cold laboratory mechanical tests with a new shear apparatus we demonstrate time-dependent effects of isothermal sintering on interface strengthening at various normal pressures. Measurements showed that interfacial strength evolved rapidly, conforming to a power law (mean exponent = 0.21); higher pressure corresponded to higher initial strength and sintering rates. Our findings are consistent with observations on homogeneous snow, provide unique records essential for slope stability models and indicate the significant importance of normal load on data interpretation.

International audience; Here we show preliminary results of shear tests carried out with a new shear test apparatus designed and constructed by Politecnico di Torino, DISEG (Italy). The ultimate objective of the work is to develop an instrument for in situ measurements of the mechanical properties of weak snow layers. At the present, it is a portable force-controlled apparatus with adjustable shear-loading rate and normal pressure for specimen dimensions 0.16 m × 0.16 m × 0.08 m. The first series of cold laboratory experiments were focused on calibration, experimental methodology, and, in particular, on sintering (conducted at CEN / Météo-France). As an illustration of the instrument’s performance, here we show a set of tests dedicated to sintering effects on snow interface strengthening with time. The protocol of experiments could be briefly described as follows: two snow blocks were placed on top of one another and immediately subjected to rapid horizontal loading at a constant rate of about 19 N s−1 (i.e., effectively cutting the sintering time to zero); then the same samples were left for four hours and re-tested; finally, the same procedure was repeated after 16 more hours. For each test, shear displacements and force were recorded with high-frequency gauges. Interfacial strength evolved rapidly under constant normal pressure, air temperature and relative humidity (about 0.1 kPa, −10 °C, and 70 %, respectively) and corresponded to an increase of failure load by an order of magnitude (about 0.3 kPa h−1; that is comparable to field measurements by Birkeland et al., 2006). Following further cold laboratory testing with various types of snow and, possibly, some technical modifications, we intend to continue the development of the instrument for its future usage in the field at slab avalanche release zones.

International audience; Within the Operational programme 'Italy - France (Alps - ALCOTRA) 'Project DynAval - Dynamique des avalanches: départ et interactions écoulement/obstacles three test sites were built or developed in France and Italy. The goal of the paper is to present the experimental devices and typical pressure generated by avalanches in these 3 sites differing mainly by their scale. (a) Seehore test site is located in Aosta Valley on Monte Rosa Massif. The slope, with an altitude difference of about 300 m (from 2300 to 2570 m a.s.l.), has a mean dip of about 38°. The site is instrumented with a steel obstacle on which load cells and other devices are mounted in order to measure the effects of impact of the avalanche. Surveys are made before and after each artificial event: snow density, front velocity, erosion and deposition are measured and photogrammetric and laser-scanner views are taken. (b) Col du Lautaret test site is located near the Lautaret pass (2058 m a.s.l) between Cerces and Ecrins range. Different avalanche paths are located on the south-east slope of Chaillol Mountain (2600 m a.s.l.). Small to medium avalanches occur at a sufficient frequency (up to 3 or 4 each winter). Avalanche flows are generally dense, wet or dry, with sometimes a small but fast powder cloud (or saltation layer). The dense part is usually less than one meter thick. The run-out distance is 500 to 800 m with an average gradient of 36°. Typical released volume is about 5000 m3 and front velocity can reach 30 m/s. Instrumentation includes a 3 m-high mast recording pressure and velocity each 20 cm, and a one square meter plate integrating the pressure all over the flow height. A high speed photogrammetric system is able to measure the avalanche front velocity. (c) The Taconnaz avalanche path is located in the Arves valley, close to Mont Blanc in France. The Taconnaz path is 7 km long, has a mean slope of 25° and a mean width of 300400 m. A defence structure system made of breaking mounds and dams was designed in 2009 based on a 100-year return period event of 1.6 Mm3 volume. In 2010, velocity and pressure sensors were set up on the breaking mounds in order to improve our knowledge of the interaction between avalanches and breaking dams.

Out of 360 lungs or lobes surgically removed, 13 non neoplastic specimens and 16 neuroendocrine (NE) tumours are investigated with immunohistochemical methods, in order to evaluate the presence of NE structures in normal and pathological human lungs. The markedused are neuron specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin (CG) and the 80 kd antigen (80 kdAg) of NE secretory granules detected by the new monoclonal Phe-5 antibody. In nonneoplastic lung specimens, clearcut immunoreactivity for al1 three markers appears in NE cells, neuroepithelial bodies (NEB), NE cell-hyperplasias and dysplasias. In the same specimens 4 tumourlets with analogous clearcut immunoreactivities were also observed. The NE tumours show distinct immunoreactivity for al1 three antisera in the 8 well differentiated cases. The 8 poorly differentiated tumours are variably immunoreactive for NSE and present low to ni1 staining with antisera to CG and 80 kdAg. The immunohistochemical data are interpreted according to current views about a possible relationship between NE tumours and parent normal NE lung structures.