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Introduction. Approximately a third of cancer-related deaths are attributable to modifiable factors. Methods. As a pilot experience, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8000 citizens residing in four different municipalities of the Salerno province (Sarno, Pagani, San Valentino Torio and San Marzano sul Sarno) to investigate key lifestyle and dietary habits. Results. A total of 703 of participants (8.7%) reported a history of malignancy. Alarmingly,30.5% declared to be a current smoker, while 78.8%did not report any kind of physical activity. Encouragingly,64.5% declared to be abstemious and 83.0% declared to consume fruit and vegetables every day, while 4.7%and 31.9% declared not to consume meat and fried food, respectively, at any time. Never consumers of fruit and vegetables had higher odds of having a history of colo-rectal cancer (OR= 5.01; 95%CI= 1.46 to 17.15; p= 0.01). Conclusions. The PREVES study has served to prove the validity of an operational model allowing to integrate hospital and territorial healthcare services, which we expect to be applied at a larger scale. Key information regarding dietary and lifestyle habits of the investigated population was obtained. Larger studies conducted using more accurate approaches to investigate diet, such as 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires, are warranted.

// Daniela Vanacore 1, 2, * , Mariarosaria Boccellino 2, * , Sabrina Rossetti 1, 3 , Carla Cavaliere 1, 4 , Carmine D’Aniello 1, 5 , Rossella Di Franco 1, 6 , Francesco Jacopo Romano 1 , Micaela Montanari 1, 7 , Elvira La Mantia 1, 8 , Raffaele Piscitelli 1, 9 , Flavia Nocerino 1, 10 , Francesca Cappuccio 1, 11 , Giovanni Grimaldi 1, 12 , Alessandro Izzo 1, 12 , Luigi Castaldo 1, 12 , Maria Filomena Pepe 1, 8 , Maria Gabriella Malzone 1, 8 , Gelsomina Iovane 3 , Gianluca Ametrano 1, 6 , Paola Stiuso 2 , Lucio Quagliuolo 2 , Daniela Barberio 1, 11 , Sisto Perdona 12 , Paolo Muto 6 , Maurizio Montella 10 , Piera Maiolino 9 , Bianca Maria Veneziani 7 , Gerardo Botti 8, 13 , Michele Caraglia 2 and Gaetano Facchini 1, 3 1 Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea progettuale 14 per l’implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy 2 Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” Naples, Naples, Italy 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, IRCCS, Naples, Italy 4 Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy 5 Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI “Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO”, Napoli, Italy 6 Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 7 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy 8 Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy 9 Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy 10 Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 11 Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 12 Division of Urology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, IRCCS, Naples, Italy 13 Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, IRCCS, Naples, Italy * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Michele Caraglia, email: michele.caraglia@unina2.it , michele.caraglia@alice.it Keywords: microRNAs, prostate cancer, biomarkers, oncogenic miRNAs, tumor suppressor miRNAs Received: February 06, 2017 Accepted: March 25, 2017 Published: April 07, 2017 ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of cancer mortality after lung tumours. In USA it affects about 2.8 million men and the incidence increases with age in many countries. Therefore, early diagnosis is a very important step for patient clinical evaluation and for a selective and efficient therapy. The study of miRNAs’ functions and molecular mechanisms has brought new knowledge in biological processes of cancer. In prostate cancer there is a deregulation of several miRNAs that may function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. The aim of this review is to analyze the progress made to our understanding of the role of miRNA dysregulation in prostate cancer tumourigenesis.

// Vincenzo Quagliariello 1,2,3,16 , Sabrina Rossetti 1,2 , Carla Cavaliere 1,4 , Rossella Di Palo 1,5 , Elvira Lamantia 1,6 , Luigi Castaldo 1,7 , Flavia Nocerino 8 , Gianluca Ametrano 1,5 , Francesca Cappuccio 1,9 , Gabriella Malzone 1,6 , Micaela Montanari 1,10 , Daniela Vanacore 1 , Francesco Jacopo Romano 1 , Raffaele Piscitelli 1,11 , Gelsomina Iovane 2 , Maria Filomena Pepe 1,6 , Massimiliano Berretta 12,16 , Carmine D’Aniello 1,13 , Sisto Perdona 7 , Paolo Muto 5 , Gerardo Botti 6 , Gennaro Ciliberto 14,17 , Bianca Maria Veneziani 10 , Francesco De Falco 9 , Piera Maiolino 11 , Michele Caraglia 15 , Maurizio Montella 8 , Rosario Vincenzo Iaffaioli 3,16 and Gaetano Facchini 1,2,16 1 Progetto ONCONET2.0 - Linea progettuale 14 per l’implementazione della prevenzione e diagnosi precoce del tumore alla prostata e testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy 2 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology , Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’ - IRCCS, Naples, Italy 3 Medical Oncology, Abdominal Department, National Cancer Institute G. Pascale Foundation, Napoli, Italy 4 Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy 5 Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 6 Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS, Naples, Italy 7 Division of Urology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology , Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’ - IRCCS, Naples, Italy 8 Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 9 Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 10 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy 11 Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy 12 Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy 13 Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI “Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO”, Napoli, Italy 14 Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ - IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 15 Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy 16 Association for Multidisciplinary Studies in Oncology and Mediterranean Diet, Piazza Nicola Amore, Naples, Italy 17 Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Regina Elena’ - IRCCS, Roma, Italy Correspondence to: Vincenzo Quagliariello, email: // Keywords : metabolic syndrome, endocrine disruptors, prostate, cancer, nutrition Received : October 28, 2016 Accepted : February 06, 2017 Published : March 30, 2017 Abstract This review summarizes the main pathophysiological basis of the relationship between metabolic syndrome, endocrine disruptor exposure and prostate cancer that is the most common cancer among men in industrialized countries. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic and hormonal factors having a central role in the initiation and recurrence of many western chronic diseases including hormonal-related cancers and it is considered as the world’s leading health problem in the coming years. Many biological factors correlate metabolic syndrome to prostate cancer and this review is aimed to focus, principally, on growth factors, cytokines, adipokines, central obesity, endocrine abnormalities and exposure to specific endocrine disruptors, a cluster of chemicals, to which we are daily exposed, with a hormone-like structure influencing oncogenes, tumor suppressors and proteins with a key role in metabolism, cell survival and chemo-resistance of prostate cancer cells. Finally, this review will analyze, from a molecular point of view, how specific foods could reduce the relative risk of incidence and recurrence of prostate cancer or inhibit the biological effects of endocrine disruptors on prostate cancer cells. On the basis of these considerations, prostate cancer remains a great health problem in terms of incidence and prevalence and interventional studies based on the treatment of metabolic syndrome in cancer patients, minimizing exposure to endocrine disruptors, could be a key point in the overall management of this disease.

The gold standard for the detection of urothelial carcinoma is represented by urethro-cystoscopy and biopsy. Both procedures are invasive and expensive and therefore cytology is often used as first approach to investigate on a possible neoplasia, being a safe and cost-effective diagnostic modality of evaluation. Because cytology alone is not highly sensitive for detection of low grade urothelial carcinoma and recurrence of the disease, several adjunct markers and urine based tests for urothelial carcinoma have been developed, which can help in the final diagnosis. In particular, ProEx C is an immunohistochemical cocktail containing antibodies direct against topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) and minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2) proteins. It proved to be a valid biomarker especially in detecting squamous intraepithelial lesions in cervical liquid-based samples and in discerning these lesions from their mimickers, as well as in ovarian, endometrial, vulvar, primary and metastatic melanomas, breast, pancreatic and renal cell carcinomas. This brief review covers the effective utility of ProEx C as adjunct tool in assessing the urothelial lesions in urine cytology, also providing prognostic and therapeutic information to help in clinical decisions.

// Francesco Jacopo Romano 1 , Sabrina Rossetti 1,2 , Vincenza Conteduca 3 , Giuseppe Schepisi 3 , Carla Cavaliere 1,4 , Rossella Di Franco 1,5 , Elvira La Mantia 1,6 , Luigi Castaldo 1,7 , Flavia Nocerino 8 , Gianluca Ametrano 1,5 , Francesca Cappuccio 1,9 , Gabriella Malzone 1,6 , Micaela Montanari 1,10 , Daniela Vanacore 1 , Vincenzo Quagliariello 1 , Raffaele Piscitelli 1,11 , Maria Filomena Pepe 1,6 , Massimiliano Berretta 12 , Carmine D’Aniello 1,13 , Sisto Perdona 7 , Paolo Muto 5 , Gerardo Botti 6 , Gennaro Ciliberto 14 , Bianca Maria Veneziani 10 , Francesco De Falco 9 , Piera Maiolino 11 , Michele Caraglia 15 , Maurizio Montella 8 , Ugo De Giorgi 3 and Gaetano Facchini 1,2 1 Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L’implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy 2 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, IRCCS, Naples, Italy 3 Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy 4 Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy 5 Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 6 Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS, Naples, Italy 7 Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‘Fondazione G. Pascale’, IRCCS, Naples, Italy 8 Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 9 Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 10 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy 11 Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy 12 Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy 13 Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI “Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO”, Napoli, Italy 14 Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’, IRCCS, Napoli, Italy 15 Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Correspondence to: Francesco Jacopo Romano, email: // Keywords : testis; germ cell cancer; DDR; ATM; p53 Received : September 12, 2016 Accepted : October 19, 2016 Published : November 03, 2016 Abstract Notwithstanding the peculiar sensitivity to cisplatin-based treatment, resulting in a very high percentage of cures even in advanced stages of the disease, still we do not know the biological mechanisms that make Testicular Germ Cell Tumor (TGCT) “unique” in the oncology scene. p53 and MDM2 seem to play a pivotal role, according to several in vitro observations, but no correlation has been found between their mutational or expression status in tissue samples and patients clinical outcome. Furthermore, other players seem to be on stage: DNA Damage Repair Machinery (DDR) , especially Homologous Recombination (HR) proteins, above all Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), cooperates with p53 in response to DNA damage, activating apoptotic cascade and contributing to cell “fate”. Homologous Recombination deficiency has been assumed to be a Germ Cell Tumor characteristic underlying platinum-sensitivity , whereby Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme involved in HR DNA repair, is an intriguing target: PARP inhibitors have already entered in clinical practice of other malignancies and trials are recruiting TGCT patients in order to validate their role in this disease. This paper aims to summarize evidence, trying to outline an overview of DDR implications not only in TGCT curability, but also in resistance to chemotherapy.

This review summarizes the main pathophysiological basis of the relationship between metabolic syndrome, endocrine disruptor exposure and prostate cancer that is the most common cancer among men in industrialized countries. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic and hormonal factors having a central role in the initiation and recurrence of many western chronic diseases including hormonal-related cancers and it is considered as the worlds leading health problem in the coming years. Many biological factors correlate metabolic syndrome to prostate cancer and this review is aimed to focus, principally, on growth factors, cytokines, adipokines, central obesity, endocrine abnormalities and exposure to specific endocrine disruptors, a cluster of chemicals, to which we are daily exposed, with a hormone-like structure influencing oncogenes, tumor suppressors and proteins with a key role in metabolism, cell survival and chemo-resistance of prostate cancer cells. Finally, this review will analyze, from a molecular point of view, how specific foods could reduce the relative risk of incidence and recurrence of prostate cancer or inhibit the biological effects of endocrine disruptors on prostate cancer cells. On the basis of these considerations, prostate cancer remains a great health problem in terms of incidence and prevalence and interventional studies based on the treatment of metabolic syndrome in cancer patients, minimizing exposure to endocrine disruptors, could be a key point in the overall management of this disease.