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Purpose: This research aims to assess the dimensions of local gastronomic image by identifying the vital gastronomic image traits utilised by foreign tourists for their evaluation of local foods while investigating any perceived disparities in the gastronomic image among Eastern and Western tourists. Design/methodology/approach: It combined mixed-methods research involving 17 in-depth interviews with restaurant stakeholders in Fiji and analysis of responses from 221 foreign tourists using multivariate and descriptive statistical methodologies. A total of 25 local gastronomic image traits were assessed to understand tourists' perceptions, which were further refined into foundational constructs through exploratory factor analysis. Findings: Results highlighted that dishes like Kokoda, Palusami and Lovo are top favourites among both Eastern and Western tourists due to their less spicy nature. Findings also revealed that tourists positively evaluated four cognitive/perceptual dimensions of local gastronomic image: taste and freshness, culture and food authenticity, emotional food image, and quality and price value. Among all constructs, "freshness and taste" most significantly impacted foreign tourists' satisfaction with their gourmet/culinary experiences, while "digestibility and nutritional value" showed the least value. Originality/value: This research contributes to understanding how a destination's gastronomic image influences tourists' perceptions and how it can be effectively utilised to showcase the cultural uniqueness of destinations like Fiji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aims of this study are to analyze the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa and determine how African governments could improve the safety of tourists and local communities in this region to improve resident quality of life and tourism demand. Indeed, this study tries to improve African people's lives through the tourism and travel sectors so that they can thrive in terms of their quality of life and happiness. The findings of the current study reveal that Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, and Tunisia are the most visited countries by international tourists; in fact, these four countries are the ones that generated the most income from international tourism in the period analyzed. Moreover, the results suggest that the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa could improve national economies, infrastructure, and resident quality of life thanks to international tourism receipts and increasing security levels around travel and tourism activities. Obviously, the tourism industry cannot be developed when there is constant insecurity, terrorism, and perpetual armed conflicts, as is the case in Nigeria, Somalia, DR Congo, Libya, Mali, and Cameroon, among many others. Security is the most important factor for a tourist destination because the safety and security of residents and tourists are the primary factors affecting tourism growth. The novelty of this research resides in its willingness to improve African people's quality of life through air-transport and tourism activities, providing security guarantees for tourist and resident safety. This manuscript also contributes to enhancing and bootstrapping the literature on security in the travel and tourism sectors industry, particularly in Africa, where security is a priority more than a necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAnalyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists.Keywords: Tourism Perception, Tourists’ Behavior, Foreign Tourists, Rural Tourism, Iran IntroductionUnderstanding of competitive advantages, tourist behavior, and local attractions that appeal to tourists is crucial for effective tourism planning and management. In recent times, various types of data have been utilized in destinations to gain insights into tourists' behavioral patterns and develop competitive advantages. One prominent type of data that has gained popularity is tourist-generated photos taken at different destinations and tourist attractions. As visitors explore a destination, they capture photos that reflect their personal interpretation of the natural, social, physical, and cultural attractions they encounter. These photos and videos serve as a valuable source of information about diverse tourist destinations and sharing them on the internet and public virtual platforms allows for the dissemination of beauty, cultural richness, destination value, lifestyle, and specific activities. In the age of the internet, many tourists share their travel photos on social media and online galleries to document and share their experiences with friends and family. The choice of photos for uploading and sharing reflects their personal opinions about the visited destinations, which directly influence other travel and tourism enthusiasts, as a picture is worth a thousand words. In other words, photos or images play a vital role in conveying the image of a tourism destination and nowadays, travel destinations are predominantly promoted through captivating photographs. Therefore, the photos shared by tourists have the potential to disseminate their experiences related to the lifestyle, cultural aspects, activities, livelihood, and natural attractions of local communities. Materials and MethodsThe objective of this study was to identify tourist categories from various countries and analyze their perceptions and behavioral patterns in rural tourism destinations in Iran. The analysis was conducted through visual content analysis of the photos taken by tourists. All rural areas of Iran with photos published on Flickr by tourists were included in the study. In the past, accessing such images presented methodological challenges. However, in the digital age, many tourists willingly share their photos online and provide geotags, making it relatively easy to access a representative collection of photographs for a specific destination. Building upon the work of Zhang et al. (2019), visual content analysis was employed in this study. The systematic and observational method was utilized to explore how this phenomenon was represented. This method enabled the categorization of observable content into distinct groups. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos. Initially, the visible themes and specific features of the collection were described followed by the identification of the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories. Subsequently, the relevant items were coded. Research FindingsIn total, 21 distinct scenes were identified from the analysis of the photos. The analysis of photos shared by tourists from different countries revealed variations in their perceptions of rural scenery. European and North American tourists primarily focused on rural houses and landscapes. Asian tourists showed a greater interest in religious buildings and rural houses. Historical sites and rural houses attracted more North American tourists. Similarly, tourists from Oceania expressed a strong interest in historical sites and wildlife. Moreover, the analysis of differences among various continents in terms of the 21 scenes perceived by tourists indicated that most tourists from four continents perceived scenes, such as historical sites, rural houses, traditional attire, and rural lifestyle. These scenes were found to capture the interest of tourists from different continents and cultures. However, scenes depicting cooperation among villagers, music, rivers, and transportation routes were primarily noticed and appreciated by European tourists. The spatial distribution analysis of foreign tourists' trails in rural destinations provided insights into their overall behavioral patterns. According to the ArcGIS output, European tourists had the most extensive trail coverage. Meymand Village in Kerman Province and Abyaneh Village in Isfahan Province were the most observed trails for European tourists. Notably, both villages are UNESCO World Heritage sites in Iran and boast unique and distinctive architectural styles compared to other villages. In terms of trail distribution, North American tourists ranked second with a majority of their trails observed in Abyaneh and Nazarabad villages, both located in Isfahan Province. Asia ranked third in terms of trail distribution after Europe and North America with most trails observed in Chak Chak Village. This village located in Yazd Province holds significant religious importance as one of the holiest places of worship for Zarathustra's followers. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThis study aimed to investigate and analyze the perceptions and behavioral patterns of foreign tourists in rural destinations. The findings highlighted the diverse range of tourist attractions in Iranian rural areas, which offered significant tourism opportunities for foreign tourists and served as a competitive advantage for rural destinations. These attractions had a direct impact on tourists' interest and engagement. Considering the varied preferences and perceptions of foreign tourists towards rural destinations, the management organizations responsible for rural tourism can adopt tailored marketing strategies to effectively promote rural tourism destinations. For example, specific rural tourism packages can be designed and marketed to cater to the preferences of tourists from Asian and Oceanian countries, aligning with their perceptions. Furthermore, based on the observed behaviors of tourists, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on promoting rural tourist attractions that offer captivating landscapes and historical and ancient sites, as well as social and cultural experiences. These elements are the key factors in attracting and engaging foreign tourists in rural destinations. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the importance of understanding tourists' perceptions and behaviors in rural tourism destinations. By leveraging the diverse attractions and adopting targeted marketing strategies, rural destinations in Iran can enhance their appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market.

The article examines trade and food situation in Kazan during the first five-year plan based on the analysis of written and visual sources created by American economist Frank Whitson Fetter (1899–1991) during his six-week visit in 1930. As a professional economist, Fetter used a wide variety of tools to study the economic situation in the Soviet Union: participant observation, interviews, photography, and filming. He visited Kazan cooperatives and markets daily and recorded field data in his notebooks. Based on them, Fetter made detailed records in his journal. Currently, a significant part of the collected materials, including more than 300 photographs, is kept at David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University (USA). Particular attention in Fetter’s materials is paid to the Kazan trade situation (the behavior of sellers and buyers, queues, range of goods, price dynamics, interruptions in government supply, sanitary condition of private markets and establishments of the state cooperative trading network) and consumers’ status (their salaries, rationing system, food, availability and quality of clothing and footwear). Fetter witnessed the growing shortage of goods and the growing discontent of Kazan citizens during a radical change in the economic system of the USSR. The article reveals his view of the situation and provides photographs taken by him.

Background The gross domestic product (GDP) of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states can be used to determine their overall economic growth. In order to increase GDP, all emerging nations in Southeast Asia are stating to depend on foreign direct investment (FDI), the tourism industry, international visitors visiting ASEAN member nations banking credit, and low inflation rates. High inflation is a problem that developed and developing countries will definitely face. One of the problems faced by ASEAN member countries is that most of the member countries are in the developing country category. For ASEAN member countries, high inflation levels will encourage economic instability. GDP is less than optimal because of these classic problems in developing countries so that economic growth is not as planned. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which ASEAN established, is seen as a way to reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty by boosting the travel and tourism industry and increasing investment, as well as to offer or distribute credit to businesses at low interest rates in order to boost GDP. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the GDP of ASEAN member nations is affected by FDI, foreign visitors, bank credit, and inflation. s: We analyzed panel data for seven ASEAN members from 2002 to 2020. FDI, foreign tourists, banking credit, and inflation are the research factors examined as independent variables that have an impact on GDP, the dependent variable. Results The study’s findings indicate that while inflation has a large negative impact on GDP, FDI, foreign tourism, and bank credit have a considerable positive impact on GDP. Conclusions FDI, foreign tourists, bank credit, and inflation have a significant influence on GDP in ASEAN member countries.

The primary aim of this study is to examine the causal relationship between digital financial literacy and financial technologies. Additionally, it explores the moderating role of categorical variables such as social media use and age in this relationship. The study also investigates how digital financial literacy and financial technologies vary based on socio-demographic variables, ownership of financial literacy certificates, smartphone use in financial transactions, and the languages spoken by the participants. The research utilizes a quantitative relational survey design, collecting primary survey data through face-to-face interactions. The data targets foreign tourists visiting Antalya, one of Turkey's most popular destinations. Surveys were conducted in English, Russian, and Polish, considering the languages of tourists from the top three visiting countries. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software packages. To ensure the validity and reliability of the scales and continuous variables, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based on the measurement model was employed on a sample of 292 participants. Subsequently, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) was created to examine the causal relationships between latent variables in the validated model. The model's fit was achieved, and it was concluded that digital financial literacy significantly enhances financial technology experience, with social media use and age acting as significant moderators in this relationship. Additionally, t-tests and ANOVA analyses were conducted to explore how digital financial literacy and financial technology experience vary according to sociodemographic variables. The results indicate that digital financial literacy significantly increases financial technology experience, particularly among social media users. The relationship is not significant in the 36-45 age group, while it varies significantly in other age ranges, with those aged 55 and above being the most affected. Moreover, English speakers demonstrated higher digital financial literacy and financial technology experience compared to Russian speakers. Finally, individuals with financial literacy certificates exhibited higher levels of digital financial literacy and financial technology experience compared to those without such certificates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the changes in the expenditure–price elasticities of foreign tourists in the summer periods of 2019, 2020, and 2021. We first develop a theoretical characterization that combines microeconomic, loss aversion, price inequality and precautionary savings theories. Next, exploiting microdata for more than 34,000 foreign tourists visiting Spain, we estimate OLS and quantile regressions to empirically examine the expenditure elasticities with respect to the prices of transport services, leisure activities and bars and restaurants at the destination (17 regions). We find that (i) the expenditure–price elasticity of transportation (leisure activities) increases (decreases) during the pandemic, whereas that of bars and restaurants remains unchanged, (ii) foreign tourists are comparatively less expenditure–price elastic at high expenditure levels in transportation and bars and restaurants, and (iii) expenditure–price elasticities are highly heterogeneous depending on the origin country. Managerial and theoretical implications of the findings for firms' pricing strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article represents a comprehensive and insightful study aiming to unravel the intricate dynamics of foreign tourism within Romania. This research delves into various key aspects, employing a geostatistical approach to offer a nuanced understanding of the spatial and temporal dimensions of foreign tourist flows. One of the primary inquiries addressed by the study revolves around the quantitative assessment of foreign tourists visiting Romania. By meticulously analyzing arrival data, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the sheer number of foreign visitors the country attracts. This quantitative dimension is crucial for assessing the overall impact of tourism on the national economy and informing strategic decisions in the tourism sector. Moving beyond mere numbers, the study ventures into the temporal aspect of foreign tourism in Romania. By scrutinizing patterns over time, researchers aim to answer the question of when foreign tourists predominantly choose to visit the country. Understanding the temporal preferences of tourists is invaluable for both businesses and policymakers, enabling them to optimize resource allocation, marketing efforts, and infrastructure management during peak tourism seasons. Furthermore, the research explores the destinations chosen by foreign tourists within Romania. The geostatistical analysis differentiates arrivals based on specific tourist destinations and counties, shedding light on the preferences of international visitors. This information is pivotal for local authorities, businesses, and stakeholders, offering insights into which regions benefit the most from foreign tourism, thus facilitating targeted development strategies and resource allocation. In addition to destination preferences, the study investigates the accommodation choices made by foreign tourists. Through geostatistical analysis, the research categorizes accommodation preferences based on various criteria, including types of accommodation units and comfort categories. This information proves invaluable for the hospitality industry, guiding investments, and helping businesses tailor their offerings to meet the diverse needs of international visit ors. The temporal aspect of foreign tourists' stays in Romania is another focal point of the study. By examining the duration of visits, researchers aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how long foreign tourists typically stay in the country. This data is instrumental in shaping tourism policies, influencing marketing strategies, and optimizing servic es to enhance the overall tourist experience. Beyond the borders of Romania, the study investigates the means of transportation foreign tourists employ to reach the country. By understanding the modes of transportation preferred by international visitors, Romania can improve its infrastructure and connectivity, ensuring a seamless and positive experience for tourists from various origins. Lastly, the research explores the geographical origins of foreign tourists who visit Romania. This analysis not only pro vides insights into the diverse cultural backgrounds of visitors but also aids in crafting targeted marketing campaigns to attract specific international markets. The article goes beyond a mere exploration of tourist numbers. It offers a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal dimensions of foreign tourism, providing valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders. This geostatistical approach not only enriches our understanding of the complex dynamics of foreign tourist flows but also lays the foundation for strategic and sustainable tourism development in Romania.

Background The gross domestic product (GDP) of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states can be used to determine their overall economic growth. In order to increase GDP, all emerging nations in Southeast Asia are stating to depend on foreign direct investment (FDI), the tourism industry, international visitors visiting ASEAN member nations banking credit, and low inflation rates. High inflation is a problem that developed and developing countries will definitely face. One of the problems faced by ASEAN member countries is that most of the member countries are in the developing country category. For ASEAN member countries, high inflation levels will encourage economic instability. GDP is less than optimal because of these classic problems in developing countries so that economic growth is not as planned. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which ASEAN established, is seen as a way to reduce unemployment, alleviate poverty by boosting the travel and tourism industry and increasing investment, as well as to offer or distribute credit to businesses at low interest rates in order to boost GDP. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the GDP of ASEAN member nations is affected by FDI, foreign visitors, bank credit, and inflation. s: We analyzed panel data for seven ASEAN members from 2002 to 2020. FDI, foreign tourists, banking credit, and inflation are the research factors examined as independent variables that have an impact on GDP, the dependent variable. Results The study’s findings indicate that while inflation has a large negative impact on GDP, FDI, foreign tourism, and bank credit have a considerable positive impact on GDP. Conclusions FDI, foreign tourists, bank credit, and inflation have a significant influence on GDP in ASEAN member countries.

The aim of this paper outlines four urgent reason for tourism to follow up on national targets. In the SDGs document, one of the benchmarks for economic intensity is actualized in the function of tourism in boosting welfare. Using a descriptive approach, secondary data is sourced from government publications, as illustrated by pillar 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth”. Then, the investigation was converted to IKN (PPU) and 2 zones around IKN (Balikpapan-Kutai Kartanegara) with a frequency of 6 years. With the panel evaluation, several varied estimates were found. First, in parameter 1 (proportion of tourism contribution to GRDP), parameter 2 (number of foreign tourists), and parameter 3 (volume of domestic tourist visits), all the regions analyzed do not meet the SDG target. Second, in parameter 4 (foreign exchange or similar income from tourism), Kukar and Balikpapan have reached the standard, but PPU does not meet the criteria designed by the government. The expectations of this manuscript inspire stakeholders to resolve inequalities in the tourism sector, particularly in inter-line collaboration. Advanced academic studies can adopt or consider existing research through fresher thinking. The broader implications emphasize the maximum tourism potential in IKN.

Copyright of Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama dan Budaya is the property of Pariwisata Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Pariwisata Agama dan Budaya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The city of Bandung, nicknamed Paris van Java, is a tourism destination in West Java. This city has advantages in terms of physical and cultural, making it an alternative to be visited by domestic and foreign tourists. For the Bandung city government, the visit of domestic and foreign tourists has the potential to increase local revenue sources, especially from local taxes. Local taxes that may arise from the number of tourist visits are hotel taxes. This study seeks to further explore the role of domestic tourist visits in increasing hotel tax revenues in the city of Bandung. This study uses descriptive and causal methods and uses a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data with a time series from 2003 to 2019. Data analysis with multiple linear regressions and SPSS version 18 application assistance. The results show that partially domestic tourist visits have a significant effect on hotel tax receipts and foreign tourist visits do not have a significant effect. significant to hotel tax revenue in the city of Bandung. Meanwhile, domestic and foreign tourist visits have a significant effect on hotel tax revenues in the city of Bandung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article represents a comprehensive and insightful study aiming to unravel the intricate dynamics of foreign tourism within Romania. This research delves into various key aspects, employing a geostatistical approach to offer a nuanced understanding of the spatial and temporal dimensions of foreign tourist flows. One of the primary inquiries addressed by the study revolves around the quantitative assessment of foreign tourists visiting Romania. By meticulously analyzing arrival data, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the sheer number of foreign visitors the country attracts. This quantitative dimension is crucial for assessing the overall impact of tourism on the national economy and informing strategic decisions in the tourism sector. Moving beyond mere numbers, the study ventures into the temporal aspect of foreign tourism in Romania. By scrutinizing patterns over time, researchers aim to answer the question of when foreign tourists predominantly choose to visit the country. Understanding the temporal preferences of tourists is invaluable for both businesses and policymakers, enabling them to optimize resource allocation, marketing efforts, and infrastructure management during peak tourism seasons. Furthermore, the research explores the destinations chosen by foreign tourists within Romania. The geostatistical analysis differentiates arrivals based on specific tourist destinations and counties, shedding light on the preferences of international visitors. This information is pivotal for local authorities, businesses, and stakeholders, offering insights into which regions benefit the most from foreign tourism, thus facilitating targeted development strategies and resource allocation. In addition to destination preferences, the study investigates the accommodation choices made by foreign tourists. Through geostatistical analysis, the research categorizes accommodation preferences based on various criteria, including types of accommodation units and comfort categories. This information proves invaluable for the hospitality industry, guiding investments, and helping businesses tailor their offerings to meet the diverse needs of international visit ors. The temporal aspect of foreign tourists' stays in Romania is another focal point of the study. By examining the duration of visits, researchers aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how long foreign tourists typically stay in the country. This data is instrumental in shaping tourism policies, influencing marketing strategies, and optimizing servic es to enhance the overall tourist experience. Beyond the borders of Romania, the study investigates the means of transportation foreign tourist s employ to reach the country. By understanding the modes of transportation preferred by international visitors, Romania can improve its infrastructure and connectivity, ensuring a seamless and positive experience for tourists from various origins. Lastly, the research explores the geographical origins of foreign tourists who visit Romania. This analysis not only pro vides insights into the diverse cultural backgrounds of visitors but also aids in crafting targeted marketing campaigns to attract specific international markets. The article goes beyond a mere exploration of tourist numbers. It offers a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal dimensions of foreign tourism, providing valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders. This geostatistical approach not only enriches our understanding of the complex dynamics of foreign tourist flows but also lays the foundation for strategic and sustainable tourism development in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The world economy was broken by the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the coffee industry. The COVID-19 pandemic’s financial effects might influence equity markets and personal lives. This includes financial commodities like coffee, which the pandemic is predicted to damage. Coffee tourism is an emerging new kind of tourism in Thailand, formed in response to growing demand from visitors with a particular affinity for the beverage. Coffee tourism may contribute considerably to the expansion of Thai tourism if given the proper guidance and assistance. Methods As part of a coffee tourism experience focusing on first-hand activities and information, tourists can visit neighbouring sites while on a coffee plantation. This research uses a stochastic neuro-fuzzy decision tree (SNF-DT) to analyse coffee tourism in Thailand. The research surveys 400 international and Thai coffee tourists. According to studies, Thai visitors mostly visit coffee tourism locations in Thailand for enjoyment. They also wanted to visit coffee fields in order to get personal knowledge of coffee production and marketing. Based on the comments of Thai visitors, coffee tourism in northern Thailand looks to be highly and effectively handled. Due to the same factor, responses from foreign coffee tourists indicated that many of their journeys to coffee tourism destinations were made entirely for enjoyment rather than the business. They also wanted to meet local tour guides and acquire handmade and locally produced things to understand more about coffee tourism. Result According to study results, coffee tourism management in northern Thailand looks well-received by international tourists. We also compare the suggested model to the traditional one to demonstrate its efficacy. The performance metrics are prediction rate, prediction error, and accuracy. The estimated results for our proposed technique are prediction rate (95%), prediction error (97%), and accuracy (94%). Recommendations Major global businesses such as tourism have been harmed by COVID-19’s unprecedented effects. This study attempts to determine the role of coffee tourism in livelihoods based on real-time data using a machine-learning approach. More research is needed to analyse the factors of the coffee tourism experience using different machine learning approaches.

In Georgia, even today, in the post-pandemic period, the tourism business is quite relevant. The increase in tourist flows in the country has given rise to the prospect that the share of the tourism sector in the economy will increase, which is fully in line with the 2025 vision of the Georgian Tourism Strategy. The point to note here is that more attention should be paid to the quality and variety of visitors rather than the quantity of visitors. In the 2025 "Tourism Strategy of Georgia" plan, which was developed in previous years and 2015 is taken as the base period, it is planned that the income from tourism should increase (from the existing 1.9 billion US dollars) to 6.6 billion US dollars. The share of the tourism sector in the GDP should be 7.9%. Increasing the average amount spent by visitors from the current $300 to $600. as well as increasing the average length of stay to 7 nights and doubling the number of visitors from the high-paying markets of Western Europe, Asia and North America. Priority tourism activities in the country are: increasing state and private investments in the field of tourism; improvement of the business environment in order to promote the increase of the number of visits, foreign and local investments; attracting visitors from high-paying markets by means of effective marketing and information campaigns, as well as stimulating domestic tourism; Increasing competitiveness by offering world-class tourism services; Creating unique and authentic offers in tourism using natural and cultural heritage resources. In the development of the country's tourism sector, the development of domestic tourism has gained great importance in the recent period. A number of measures were implemented during the pandemic period and in the subsequent period to stimulate domestic tourism. The total number of domestic tourism visits in 2021 amounted to 16.9 million, which is +35.8% more than in the same period of the previous year, such a sharp increase is also due to the fact that in previous years, the tourism seasons during the pandemic period were unsuccessful. According to the data of the National Bank, in 2021, Georgia received approximately 1.2 billion USD from international travel, which is 130% higher than the 2020 figure, and 62% lower than the 2019 figure. Tourism is a priority direction for Georgia. In the pre-pandemic period, the number of international visitors and, accordingly, the income from international travel increased every year. Restoring the tourism sector is an important precondition for overcoming the crisis. In the post-pandemic period, the development of tourism in Georgia, as well as around the world, has an undeniably great perspective, as evidenced by the data of the World Tourism Council. The travel and tourism industry is one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2021, the contribution of this industry to the total GDP amounted to 5.8 trillion USD (+21.7% growth compared to the previous year) and contributed to the creation of 289 million jobs. After taking into account its direct and side effects, the contribution of the mentioned sector to the development of the world economy is as follows: 6.1 % of the world GDP, one place for every 11 jobs. From all of the above, we can conclude that: 1 from those countries, from which it is possible to attract high-paying tourists to our country, air and other means of transport should be simplified. 2. In order to attract high-paying tourists, it is necessary to properly arrange destinations and relevant events. 3. Internal transport networks should be improved to ensure free movement of visitor flows in the country. 4. It is also necessary to improve the quality of visitor services, so that tourists will have the desire to travel to our country again and again.

IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said that Indonesia is a bright spot amidst the gloomy world economy. Previously, Indonesia had experienced considerable economic shocks, namely the Asian financial crisis which began in mid-1997 and peaked in 1998, as well as the global economic crisis in 2008 and 2009. Meanwhile, Indonesia is currently at an inflation rate of 5.59% (mom) based on data obtained from BI in the third quarter of 2022 recorded at 130,782 billion USD with an exchange rate of rupiah against the dollar of IDR 15,650. compared to foreign exchange reserves in 2021 of 144.9 billion USD with an exchange rate of rupiah against the dollar of IDR 14,350 with an inflation rate of 1.87% (YoY). To support the increase in foreign exchange reserves from the macroeconomic side is sourced from large export capabilities, in addition to manufacturing investment, and also on foreign exchange circulation through foreign tourists who come to Indonesia by enriching the tourist sector is able to add to the amount of foreign exchange reserves of the Indonesian state in line with research conducted by rizieq (2006). through manufacturing investment and also the presence of foreign tourists who come are able to create jobs indirectly absorb existing unemployment. so that the wave of recession can still be controlled and foreign exchange reserves increase. it is hoped that the research conducted will be able to provide input to the government in making a policy in facing the wave of recession in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food is an integral part of a tourist's travel experience. Tourists have acquired a multidimensional approach to augment their food experiences. For tourists, various dimensions that determine overall satisfaction through food experiences are local gastronomic offerings, dining atmosphere, food quality and price, with food quality being the most significant element. The present study aims to examine the impact of attributes of Indian cuisine on overall satisfaction of the foreign tourists visiting India. A total of 432 foreign tourists who visited India responded to a self-administered questionnaire. To test the research hypothesis, the methodology of stepwise multiple regression models was used. The findings of the study reveal that fast and efficient food service of the restaurants, sufficient portion size of food items and value for money are the attributes that facilitate memorable culinary experience. Apart from this aroma, taste and flavor of traditional food items also creates a memorable positive food experience. The study also concludes that all these attributes significantly contribute towards achieving overall satisfaction based on the culinary experience of foreign tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Tourism Research (JoHUT) is the property of Journal of Humanities & Tourism Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a growing expectation for the iconic statue to emerge as a tourism icon, particularly in Bali, Indonesia; following the completion of the Garu-da Wisnu Kencana Statue in 2018. Therefore, this quantitative study was car-ried out to answer the two key research questions; Are potential tourists aware of the presence of this new landmark after the development and whether there is an influence on motivation to visit, particularly for foreign tourists? The study was conducted using an online survey that was sent to 80 foreign tourists from all around the world. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents in this survey were uninformed of the statue's presence, and that if they were aware of its presence, it had an impact on their desire to visit Bali. This makes it critical to raise public awareness about the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Statue, which located at the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park in Bali, Indonesia and suggested that the presence of Garuda Wisnu Kencana Statue can be op-timally used as a significant marketing tools by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism. Theoretical implications include summarizing the key elements of a tourism destination with a tourism icon that attracts potential tourists. Practical implica-tions include presenting measurement on steps to maximize the presence of a tourism icon with a variety of expectations from potential tourists.

The article examines the prospects and directions of development of the post-war recovery of the tourist business in Ukraine after the end of the Russo-Ukrainian war. It is well known that the tourist activity in Ukraine and abroad has suffered a lot. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the tourist sphere of Ukraine, to study the possible directions of the development of the tourist business and to reveal the prospects of the post-war renewal of the tourist sphere in Ukraine. Methodology. In order to achieve the set goal and solve the set tasks in the research process the following methods were used: system method (to study the current state of tourism in Ukraine); method of theoretical generalization (to specify the data); graphical method (to interpret the obtained results); methods of surveys, expert assessments (to assess the situation in tourism enterprises); method of transition from abstract to concrete. Results. The peculiarities of military, educational and ecological tourism were studied. The priority directions of development of tourist sphere of Ukraine are suggested. It was established that the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is an opportunity to involve international experts from various fields in modernization. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the experience of many countries, which were able to overcome the crisis situation as a result of military actions, and attract foreign tourists to increase the economy of Ukraine. Practical implications. A program has been proposed that will be an important part of future development and not a decline. Value/originality. General mechanism of renewal and development of tourism. The innovative development of the economy in the affected regions can be ensured only by the creation (first on the controlled territories, and then on the de-occupied ones) of special economic zones and scientific and production parks. Such creation will stimulate development of production based on new advanced technologies, increase of vacancies, volume of exports, etc.

Background: The world economy is affected by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which affects the coffee industry. Coffee tourism is an emerging new type of tourism in Thailand that is formed in response to the growing demand from visitors with a particular affinity for coffee. Coffee tourism may contribute considerably to the expansion of Thai tourism given proper guidance and assistance. Methods: This study used a stochastic neuro-fuzzy decision tree (SNF-DT) to analyze coffee tourism in Thailand. This research surveyed 400 international and Thai coffee tourists. According to this study, Thai visitors mostly visit coffee tourism locations in Thailand for enjoyment. They also wanted to visit coffee fields to obtain personal knowledge about coffee production and marketing. Responses from foreign coffee tourists indicated that many of their journeys to coffee tourism destinations were entirely for enjoyment rather than business. They also wanted to meet local tour guides and acquire handmade and locally produced things to better understand coffee tourism. Results: According to the study results, coffee tourism management in northern Thailand appears to be well received by international tourists. We also compared the suggested model with the traditional model to demonstrate its efficacy. The performance metrics are the prediction rate, prediction error, and accuracy. The estimated results for our proposed technique are prediction rate (95%), prediction error (97%), and accuracy (94%). Recommendations: Major global businesses such as tourism have been harmed by COVID-19’s unprecedented effects. This study attempts to determine the role of coffee tourism in livelihoods based on real-time data using a machine-learning approach. More research is needed to analyse the factors of the coffee tourism experience using different machine learning approaches.

Copyright of Stadium: Hungarian Journal of Sport Sciences is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of Research in this paper is the satisfaction of foreign tourists with the quality of the accommodation offer in the city of Belgrade, which represents the most developed and most visited tourist destination in the Republic of Serbia. The research was conducted on a sample of 262 foreign respondents, who stayed and used accommodation services in Belgrade. The results of the research showed that foreign tourists are mostly satisfied with the quality of the accommodation offer, and it was concluded based on the average scores that the degree of satisfaction is highest in the case of the location of the accommodation facilities and the competence and friendliness of the employees. However, the degree of satisfaction of foreign tourists with the quality of the accommodation offer in Belgrade is not at an enviable level when it comes to the availability of additional facilities in the accommodation facility and the organization of various types of events. Based on the results of the research, the authors defined guidelines for improving the quality of the existing accommodation offer in the city of Belgrade, as well as recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The world economy was broken by the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the coffee industry. The COVID-19 pandemic's financial effects might influence equity markets and personal lives. This includes financial commodities like coffee, which the pandemic is predicted to damage. Coffee tourism is an emerging new kind of tourism in Thailand, formed in response to growing demand from visitors with a particular affinity for the beverage. Coffee tourism may contribute considerably to the expansion of Thai tourism if given the proper guidance and assistance. Methods: As part of a coffee tourism experience focusing on first-hand activities and information, tourists can visit neighbouring sites while on a coffee plantation. This research uses a stochastic neuro-fuzzy decision tree (SNF-DT) to analyse coffee tourism in Thailand. The research surveys 400 international and Thai coffee tourists. According to studies, Thai visitors mostly visit coffee tourism locations in Thailand for enjoyment. They also wanted to visit coffee fields in order to get personal knowledge of coffee production and marketing. Based on the comments of Thai visitors, coffee tourism in northern Thailand looks to be highly and effectively handled. Due to the same factor, responses from foreign coffee tourists indicated that many of their journeys to coffee tourism destinations were made entirely for enjoyment rather than the business. They also wanted to meet local tour guides and acquire handmade and locally produced things to understand more about coffee tourism. Result: According to study results, coffee tourism management in northern Thailand looks well-received by international tourists. We also compare the suggested model to the traditional one to demonstrate its efficacy. The performance metrics are prediction rate, prediction error, and accuracy. The estimated results for our proposed technique are prediction rate (95%), prediction error (97%), and accuracy (94%).

Purpose – The objective of this article is to evaluate the quality of tourism services in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from the perspective of foreign tourists arriving there, and to identify the elements that have the greatest influence on satisfaction and future behaviour, the latter expressed in the desire to return to enjoy the destination and/or recommend the city to third parties. Design – The paper proposes a Formative Type Model, where observable variables affect latent or structural variables. Five factors have been considered in this valuation: Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Security and Empathy. Methodology – The multivariate Partial Least Squares Regression technique is used, belonging to the set of methods of Structural Equation Systems. 390 surveys were applied to Spanish, English, and Italian-speaking international tourists, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%, assuming an infinite population. Findings – The results show that international tourists intend to return to the destination and overall satisfaction was positive. Originality – The results of this study contribute to the scientific literature on new methods for evaluating the quality of tourism services, using analysis techniques that place the customer at the center of decision-making.

The author considers a number of key indicators tourism development in the Russian Federation. In particular, the author cites data on the number of travel companies that operate in the country, and also the number of travel agencies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. By indicators on the number of realized tour packages in the subjects are considered Russian Federation. The data on the number of foreign entries citizens to the country for tourism. The number of entries from European countries, North, South and Central America, African countries and the Middle East, as well as Oceania and Asia. The author also provides data on the number of tourist trips of citizens of the Russian Federation to European countries, countries of North, South and Central America, Africa and Middle East, Oceania and Asia from 2017 to 2019.Today, in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, tourism, like many other sectors of the economy, is going through very difficult times. A full recovery will take considerable time. However, tourism is undoubtedly an integral part of the life of a modern person. Every year the number of tourists coming to our country is growing significantly, in addition, the geography of the countries of arrival is expanding. Russian tourists also travel quite actively both independently and with the help of travel agencies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of tourism in the federal districts of the Russian Federation. The key objectives of the study were to determine the number of tourism firms in our country, analyze the number of tourism products sold in Russia in general and in individual federal districts in particular, analyze paid services to the population in the tourism sector, study the tourist flows of Russian and foreign tourists from European countries, North, South and Central America, countries of Africa and the Middle East, as well as Oceania and Asia. The study was based on official data presented in the statistical reports of such departments as the Federal State Statistics Service, the Federal Security Service, and also on the basis of data from the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System (EMISS). As a result of the study, the most popular tourism destinations among Russian tourists were identified. The sample was made separately for European countries, North, South and Central America, countries of Africa and the Middle East, as well as Oceania and Asia. In addition to this, countries have been identified from which they most often come to the Russian Federation for the purpose of tourism. Based on the results of the study, it becomes possible to build ways for the further development of tourism both in Russia as a whole and in individual federal districts. The results presented in this article can be used for further research on the development of the tourism industry in our country. In general, the development of tourism in our country is proceeding at a rather high pace, the geography of trips has expanded significantly, with each year the number of tourists arriving in our country, as well as the number of Russian tourists traveling around the world.

Attracting foreign tourists could have a positive impact on the economy through the income achieved, But this requires the provision of minimums that have a determining effect on tourists’ decisions about whether choose or avoid entering a particular country. One of the most important variables influencing the decision is related to safety. The present article was to investigate the effect of institutional political risk index and its sub-indices on attracting tourists. Hence, MENA countries during the period 1995 to 2016 were selected as the test sample. To estimate the models we used FMOLS[1], and results showed that political risk as total factor has a determinant impact on attracting tourists. Also, the estimation showed the internal and external conflict sub-indices among other political risk ones have had a greater effect on attracting foreign tourists. [1] Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square

The article is aimed at studying the evaluation of the irregular distribution of tourist flow and its variability during a year, as well as the division of territories within the country with different seasonality. In the analysis of seasonality in the tourism sector, it is proposed to calculate the index of seasonality of the number of tourists from summer to winter and from autumn to spring, which, respectively, allows to determine the coefficient of variation during the year. It is substantiated that the irregular tourist route is well visible in some regions, where the number of tourists in summer is 3–4 times higher than in winter, and the number of overnight stays is even 5–7 times higher. It is determined that in 2016–2018 in most regions was observed a negative, significant or statistically very significant tendency in the seasonality index of the number of tourists. Taking into account the values of seasonality indices for the number of both domestic and foreign tourists; number of days spent overnight, as well as the variation in the number of tourists per year, in the western regions of Ukraine are allocated four zones with different seasonality of tourist flow: very high (Carpathian zone); high (mountain zone), low (Zakarpattia); middle (Prykarpattia). It is concluded that in the temperate geographical latitudes of Europe, including Ukraine, the seasonality of the tourist movement is a natural phenomenon, mainly due to the variability of weather during the year, which can affect the management of human resources in tourism, profitability of the tourism economy, as well as the demand and supply of services.

Purpose: Based on the Bali Economic Quarterly Development document for the second quarter of 2021 by BPS, the Covid-19 pandemic has become a greater distortion when compared to past events in the Province of Bali. The economic crisis in 1998, the Bali Bombing I in 2002, the Bali Bombing II in 2005, and the eruption of Mount Agung in 2017 can have a lighter impact Design/methodology/approach: Restrictions on transportation routes and calls to stay at home recommended throughout the country should negatively shock the tourism sector Findings: This number experienced a decrease of 7 visits or a decrease of -28.00 percent compared to the previous quarter. The decline in Bali tourism on a quarter to quarter basis is also in line with year on year conditions. Paper type: Research paper

This research was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of the number of foreign tourists and commercial bank credit on the offerings of hotel rooms and female workers as well as the growth of the hotel and restaurant sector in Bali Province. The data used are two, namely primary data which is data from informants who are selected as resource persons and secondary data which is the main data in the discussion of research material sourced from several institutions that exist and are related to data used in research such as BI Regional Bali, Banks General, BPS-Regency / city, BPS - Bali Province, BPS Indonesia, Regional Tourism Office (Diparda) Bali Province, and existing libraries such as FEB-UNUD-Denpasar library. Data collection methods used is direct structured interview techniques which are assisted by using a questionnaire and library study. The data analysis method used is descriptive and inferential statistical methods, as well as path diagrams (Path Diagrams). The results of this study concluded that: (1) The number of tourists has a positive and significant effect on the number of room offers and the development of GDP - the tourism sector; (2) The amount of working capital loans and investment in commercial banks has a positive and significant effect on the number of room offers; (3) The number of room offers has a positive and significant effect on the number of female workers in the accommodation business; (4) The number of tourists staying at other hotels and accommodations and the amount of working capital loans and investment in commercial banks has a positive indirect effect on the number of female workers through variable number of accommodation rooms; (5) The number of tourists staying in hotels and other accommodations and the amount of working capital loans and investment in commercial banks, with number of rooms offers as intervening variable has positive indirect effect on the development of GDP - the tourism sector; (6) The number of tourists staying in hotels and other accommodations, through number of accommodation rooms and the number of female workers as intervening variables, has a positive indirect effect on the development of GRDP - the tourism sector.

As smartphone-based tourism platforms have become active, policy establishment and service enhancement using review data are being made in various fields. In the case of the preceding studies using tourism review data, most of the studies centered on domestic tourists were conducted, and in the case of foreign tourist studies, studies were conducted only on data collected in some languages and text mining techniques. In this study, 3,515 review data written by foreigners were collected by designating the “Daegu attractions” keyword through the online review site. And LDA-based topic modeling was performed to derive tourism topics. The spatial approach through global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis for each topic can be said to be different from previous studies. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that there is a global spatial autocorrelation, and that tourist destinations mainly visited by foreigners are concentrated locally. In addition, hot spots have been drawn around Jung-gu in most of the topics. Based on the analysis results, it is expected to be used as a basic research for spatial analysis based on local government foreign tourism policy establishment and topic modeling. And The limitations of this study were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The objective of this article is to evaluate the quality of tourism services in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from the perspective of foreign tourists arriving there, and to identify the elements that have the greatest influence on satisfaction and future behaviour, the latter expressed in the desire to return to enjoy the destination and/or recommend the city to third parties. Design – The paper proposes a Formative Type Model, where observable variables affect latent or structural variables. Five factors have been considered in this valuation: Tangibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Security and Empathy. Methodology – The multivariate Partial Least Squares Regression technique is used, belonging to the set of methods of Structural Equation Systems. 390 surveys were applied to Spanish, English, and Italian-speaking international tourists, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%, assuming an infinite population. Findings – The results show that international tourists intend to return to the destination and overall satisfaction was positive. Originality – The results of this study contribute to the scientific literature on new methods for evaluating the quality of tourism services, using analysis techniques that place the customer at the center of decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers issues of the notion and formation of a tourist region image and considers problems of the service for inbound tourists in Moscow Region.

Nigeria is facing all sorts of criminal and safety problems, one of which is kidnapping which seems to be very rampant and predominant in the country. The hospitality sector and in particular, the lodging and hotel accommodation seems to be most affected by kidnapping phenomenon in Nigeria. This is said against the backdrop that mostly, international tourists visiting and touring in Nigeria would be lodged in a hotel that have been reserved for them. The concern is that, these days, these hotels are no safer for foreign tourists in view of the constant and persistent kidnapping taking place in different parts of Nigeria. Apart from the lodgings being unsafe, it is also very dangerous for foreign tourists visiting Nigeria to use road transportation to their hotel accommodation or to go touring anywhere in Nigeria as these roads are also targeted by kidnappers. Most of the attempts at kidnapping in lodgings are often successful as the kidnappers work in collaboration with hotel workers and car hire services drivers who avail the kidnappers with necessary information about the movement, accommodation and destinations of the victims, mostly foreign visitors or tourists. Most of the perpetrators and those who provide information to them kidnap international tourists based on the belief that huge sum of money shall be paid as ransom by their family or their home government for their release. What is more disturbing and worrisome is that sometimes, the law enforcement agents, particularly the police officers are complicit in kidnapping by either being involved in the plot or blatantly refused to take any step or action to secure the release of kidnapped tourist hence raising the questions of being incompetent or complicit. In conclusion, this paper postulates that the issues of kidnapping of foreign tourists should be tackled and combated. To achieve this, government should unleash its various securities apparatus and personnel to preempt through intelligence, arrest and successfully prosecute kidnappers when they are caught.

This paper aims to explain the problem is getting the massive influx of foreign tourists to Indonesia. Massive foreign tourists to Indonesia appeared to have an impact on the potential threat of non-traditional Indonesia. The number of foreign travelers resulted by the government to capitalize on the object of the tourism industry as one of the country's foreign exchange objects. With the method of qualitative analysis supported by data collection techniques secondary and primary then produced the conclusion that the massive rating aving to Indonesia because of a) policies shaft maritime Jokowi as one of orientation is the development of the tourism industry, b) bilateral relations between Indonesia and a number of countries is getting more intense including in the field of pariwisatwa, trade, investment, energy, etc., c) the geopolitical posture especially Indonesian mainly sea access easier for foreign tourists to visit Indonesia, including the illegal way. The result is a policy response one BVK make many visits to Indonesia. The impact potentially against illegal behavior in the form of non tradisionaal threat of the emergence of illegal labor. This is related to the inability of the state to provide employment for its citizens but to take the labor of other countries. Thus, the policy of rating mobilization efforts should be supervised by all sides because of the potential not only to the emergence of foreign workers but other illegal behavior such as drug dealers.

Incoming tour guides’ performance as cultural representatives and line workers is very important in cross-cultural interactions. The purpose of this research is to identify and Prioritize effective characteristics on performance of incoming tour guides from the perspective of foreign tourists. This is an applied research and in terms of the data collection method, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study included all foreign tourists on guided tours in the period of April to July 2015 in Tehran. A sample of 385 people was obtained using Cochran's formula. Of these, 328 tourists responded to the questionnaire. For data analysis, Friedman test, confirmatory factor analysis, SPSS, and LISREL software have been used. The results show from the foreign tourists’ perspective, priorities of professional and specialized characteristics is higher than individual characteristics and behaviors on the performance of incoming tour guides.

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Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Economics is the property of Singidunum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)