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IntroductionWomen play a crucial role in food shopping and preparation, and their food choices have significant implications for their health and that of their families. This study aims to provide a perspective on women’s eating lifestyle, which has undergone significant changes.MethodsA factor analysis was conducted to assess the degree of involvement in food choices and the types of food items consumed among a sample of 399 Italian women.ResultsThrough cluster analysis, four segments were identified: hedonic food consumers, sustainable- and balanced-diet consumers, food experimenters, and no food fondness consumers. The results reveal a correlation between the degree of food involvement and the type of food consumed.DiscussionFurthermore, the food lifestyle of the sample is partially dependent on age. Individuals aged 25–28 years show more hedonic food consumption behavior, while the older age group (44–64 years) falls into the sustainable and balanced diet consumer cluster (the largest cluster) and the cluster of those who do not express definable food choices (no food fondness).

Food safety standards remain a major concern for consumers, especially in developing and emerging economies, due to gaps in the capacities of food safety enforcement institutions and limited investments from private sector actors. This study analyzes consumer behavior and food safety-related lifestyles in Kosovo, a post-communist emerging economy. Consumer groups were identified according to their food- related lifestyle using the classical 2-stage segmentation approach of factor analysis as well as cluster analysis. The study findings indicate that almost 2/3 of the surveyed consumers are fairly or very concerned about food safety. The results reveal that highly educated female consumers are more concerned about personal health risks, food safety-related content, and related diseases. This study provides interesting insights for food safety policymakers as well as the agroindustry on how to promote food safety consumer awareness effectively with targeted communication strategies.

Market segmentation is a key concept in marketing that groups consumers by their needs, characteristics, or purchasing behavior. The objectives of this research are to develop outranking multicriteria models based on preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) in order to segment food consumers and apply them to a survey of healthy and sustainable meat. The models consider two categories of purchasing criteria; one related to product and another to the distributor process. One model generates ordered segments of consumers, while the other obtains four segments according to consumer performance in both criteria categories. An extension of FlowSort method for the sorting problems with Likert scale data is also contributed. The profile of segments shows the significance level of variables such as gender, but mainly those related to food‐related lifestyles, when characterizing the consumer groups. This proposal represents a robust approach, which is useful in the effective design of marketing campaigns and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste has received increasing attention over the last decade, owing to its economic, environmental, and social impacts. Much of the existing research has investigated consumers' buying behaviour towards sub-optimal and upcycle food, but surplus meal buying behaviours are poorly understood. Thus, this study performed consumer segmentation through a modular food-related lifestyle (MFRL) instrument and determined consumers' buying behaviour towards surplus meals in canteens employing the theory of reasoned action (TRA). A survey was conducted using a validated questionnaire from a convenient sample of 460 Danish canteen users. Four food-related lifestyle consumer segments were identified by employing k-means segmentation: Conservative (28%), Adventurous (15%), Uninvolved (12%), and Eco-moderate (45%). The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis indicated that attitudes and subjective norms were significantly influencing surplus meal buying intention to further influence buying behaviour. Environmental objective knowledge was significantly influencing environmental concerns to further influence attitudes and behavioural intention. However, environmental objective knowledge had no significant influence on attitude towards surplus meals. Male consumers with higher education, those having higher food responsibility and lower food involvement, and convenience scores had higher surplus food buying behaviour. The results can be used to inform policymakers, marketers, business professionals, and practitioners to promote surplus meals in canteens or similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the years of 2015–2016 in Greece, an increase of imports of poultry meat has been occurred on a level of 10.2%, whereas in the years of 2018–2019 the increase has only reached the level of 1.9%. On the contrary, a reduction on a level of 14.2% on poultry meat imports, in Greece, between the years of 2019–2020 have shown the possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic to poultry meat consumption and possibly to chicken meat consumption. Moreover, the Food related lifestyle (FRL) can be defined as a system of consumers' cognitive categories and relationships that connect a set of food-related behaviours, with a set of personal values of each consumer. Hence, this paper aims to segment Greek consumers according to their food-related lifestyles values and is tried to identify the aspects that may determine consumers' behaviour towards chicken meat preference, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Four consumer segments appeared: "Sociable and safety seekers", "Light concerned and cooks", "Unconcerned and price seekers", "Innovative and moderate concerned". Uni- and multivariate statistical techniques have been used. Consumers' profiles that demonst­rated different food-related attitudes towards the pandemic were analysed with the use of variables: gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income and chicken meat quality cues. Significant differences were found between the four segments in terms of gender, age and income. Moreover, "Light concerned and cooks" and "Innovative and moderate concerned" consumers revealed to consider the place of purchasing as a dominant extrinsic quality cue of chicken meat. Furthermore, these consumers appeared to trust butcher in terms of the safety of chicken meat that they purchased, whereas only the consumers of the segment of "Light concerned and cooks" showed a willingness to pay a higher amount for chicken meat that is produced by animal welfare standards.

Green food has been introduced into the market for several years. Nevertheless, most Thai consumers do not commonly purchase green food in their daily routine. This research article aims to identify the market segments and significant factors affecting green food purchase intention in Thailand based on the theory of planned behavior. It employed a sample of 458 green food consumers in five regions of Thailand. Based on the Food-Related Lifestyle model, we used cluster analysis to classify the market segments. Additionally, we employed a multi-group structural equation modeling technique to explore and compare customers' behaviors in different segments. The results demonstrated two primary market segments for green food products, including (1) non-green consumers and (2) green consumers. The findings indicate that green consumers' self-realization related to environmental issues positively affects their attitude and purchase intention, while non-green consumers reveal none of these relationships. Surprisingly, social norms related to green food consumption influence non-green consumers' attitudes toward green food more than it does toward green consumers. This research paper enlarges the understanding of Thailand's green food market regarding the market segments (non-green and green consumers). Furthermore, it points out implications on how marketing practitioners may penetrate those segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing volume and value of food waste is a huge threat to achieving sustainable development, food market stability, human population growth, and people’s well-being. Considering that consumers are responsible for a large degree of food waste, the current study looks at the problem of household food waste from the perspective of both food product attributes and consumers’ lifestyles. Specifically: How do people differ in their food disposal inclination based on their food-related lifestyle and products’ quality attributes? The Total Food Quality Model was applied to describe product attributes (taste, health, process, and convenience) whereas food-related lifestyle was measured with: innovativeness/novelty, information about products/health, convenience, price, taste, local/organic food, and social events. The Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis method, based on 753 participants, was used to assess the importance of individual attributes and levels. Clustering was carried out to identify people with similar preferences: through elbow method and Silhouette value maximization, three customer segments were identified. To investigate the distinct characteristics of these clusters related to food waste, one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The obtained results confirm that consumers who overlap in their product attribute preferences also share a food-related lifestyle. The main contribution is the identification of consumer groups and the differences that characterize them in terms of the determinants of behaviour related to the importance of the factors of food products influencing the tendency to waste them.

Food waste has received increasing attention over the last decade, owing to its economic, environmental, and social impacts. Much of the existing research has investigated consumers’ buying behaviour towards sub-optimal and upcycle food, but surplus meal buying behaviours are poorly understood. Thus, this study performed consumer segmentation through a modular food-related lifestyle (MFRL) instrument and determined consumers’ buying behaviour towards surplus meals in canteens employing the theory of reasoned action (TRA). A survey was conducted using a validated questionnaire from a convenient sample of 460 Danish canteen users. Four food-related lifestyle consumer segments were identified by employing k-means segmentation: Conservative (28%), Adventurous (15%), Uninvolved (12%), and Eco-moderate (45%). The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis indicated that attitudes and subjective norms were significantly influencing surplus meal buying intention to further influence buying behaviour. Environmental objective knowledge was significantly influencing environmental concerns to further influence attitudes and behavioural intention. However, environmental objective knowledge had no significant influence on attitude towards surplus meals. Male consumers with higher education, those having higher food responsibility and lower food involvement, and convenience scores had higher surplus food buying behaviour. The results can be used to inform policymakers, marketers, business professionals, and practitioners to promote surplus meals in canteens or similar settings.

During the years of 2015–2016 in Greece, an increase of imports of poultry meat has been occurred on a level of 10.2%, whereas in the years of 2018–2019 the increase has only reached the level of 1.9%. On the contrary, a reduction on a level of 14.2% on poultry meat imports, in Greece, between the years of 2019–2020 have shown the possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic to poultry meat consumption and possibly to chicken meat consumption. Moreover, the Food related lifestyle (FRL) can be defined as a system of consumers' cognitive categories and relationships that connect a set of food-related behaviours, with a set of personal values of each consumer. Hence, this paper aims to segment Greek consumers according to their food-related lifestyles values and is tried to identify the aspects that may determine consumers' behaviour towards chicken meat preference, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Four consumer segments appeared: "Sociable and safety seekers", "Light concerned and cooks", "Unconcerned and price seekers", "Innovative and moderate concerned". Uni- and multivariate statistical techniques have been used. Consumers' profiles that demonstrated different food-related attitudes towards the pandemic were analysed with the use of variables: gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income and chicken meat quality cues. Significant differences were found between the four segments in terms of gender, age and income. Moreover, "Light concerned and cooks" and "Innovative and moderate concerned" consumers revealed to consider the place of purchasing as a dominant extrinsic quality cue of chicken meat. Furthermore, these consumers appeared to trust butcher in terms of the safety of chicken meat that they purchased, whereas only the consumers of the segment of "Light concerned and cooks" showed a willingness to pay a higher amount for chicken meat that is produced by animal welfare standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to empirically assess whether the social -symbolic meaning of eating habits is constructed within cultures. The analysis is based on the sociological approaches of Bourdieu's theory. To answer the question, data from an on-line survey (n=319; carried out in the Czech and Ukraine) are compared using multi - sample measurement model. Results indicate the effect of social structures on individual perceptions and practices through habitus. The differences rely on the revitalization of local food, food arts, and market in Czechia. These findings have several marketing and advertising implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Women play a crucial role in food shopping and preparation, and their food choices have significant implications for their health and that of their families. This study aims to provide a perspective on women's eating lifestyle, which has undergone significant changes., Methods: A factor analysis was conducted to assess the degree of involvement in food choices and the types of food items consumed among a sample of 399 Italian women., Results: Through cluster analysis, four segments were identified: hedonic food consumers, sustainable- and balanced-diet consumers, food experimenters, and no food fondness consumers. The results reveal a correlation between the degree of food involvement and the type of food consumed., Discussion: Furthermore, the food lifestyle of the sample is partially dependent on age. Individuals aged 25-28 years show more hedonic food consumption behavior, while the older age group (44-64 years) falls into the sustainable and balanced diet consumer cluster (the largest cluster) and the cluster of those who do not express definable food choices (no food fondness)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Hamam, D’Amico, Spina, La Via and Di Vita.)

Food safety standards remain a major concern for consumers, especially in developing and emerging economies, due to gaps in the capacities of food safety enforcement institutions and limited investments from private sector actors. This study analyzes consumer behavior and food safety-related lifestyles in Kosovo, a post-communist emerging economy. Consumer groups were identified according to their food-related lifestyle using the classical 2-stage segmentation approach of factor analysis as well as cluster analysis. The study findings indicate that almost two-thirds of the surveyed consumers are fairly or very concerned about food safety. The results reveal that highly educated female consumers are more concerned about personal health risks, food safety-related content, and related diseases. This study provides interesting insights for food safety policymakers and the agroindustry on how to promote food safety consumer awareness effectively with targeted communication strategies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024, the Author(s).)

Market segmentation divides the market into small groups of consumers who share similar characteristics. As all consumers within the same group have a common profile, marketing strategies can be adapted to target a specific type of consumer. Owing to the rapid changes in today’s society, consumer lifestyle has become the ideal criterion for market segmentation. In this study, we employed the food-related lifestyle model, which scholars have shown to be suitable and valid in several countries. Using data from a survey (with 3.53% error), we segmented the Spanish food market based on consumers’ food-related lifestyles. For each segment, we identified the consumer profile and analysed consumers’ consumption of rabbit meat. Factor analysis and cluster analysis yielded 4 segments: (i) ‘Unconcerned’ (36.8% of the sample) mainly consists of male consumers. Consumers in this segment value neither the freshness nor the price/quality ratio of their food items and consume rabbit meat rarely (39.4%) or sporadically (29.3%). (ii) ‘Cooks’ (18.4%) predominantly consists of middle-aged women. Consumers in this segment are highly demanding and critical of the quality of food products. They like cooking and are regular consumers of rabbit meat (40.6%). (iii) ‘Out-of-home consumers and convenience shoppers’ (28.6%) mostly consists of consumers aged between 25 and 34 y old and contains a large proportion of upper-class consumers. Consumers in this segment prefer to eat out and consume convenience products. This segment has the second highest percentage of regular consumers of rabbit meat (36.9%). The segment also has the second highest percentage of consumers who rarely or never eat rabbit meat (43.9%). (iv) ‘Rational purchaser with little interest in cooking’ (16.2%) has the highest proportion of consumers aged 55 to 74 y old. Consumers in this segment have the least interest in cooking, the most interest in the purchasing process, and the lowest consumption of rabbit meat (51.1% consume little or no rabbit meat).

Consumer households and consumer behavior have been identified as the major cause of food waste in the supply chain. Food marketing might offer products and services that help consumers to reduce their food waste or reduce the consumer-related food waste at the consumer-retailer interface. However, such strategies require consumer acceptance and targeting the right customers. Through an online survey of 800 Danish consumers and a measure of food-related lifestyle, four clusters of consumer segments are identified. The segments are compared with regard to their acceptance of a number of actions consumers can take to reduce food waste or their acceptance of food marketing services they would need to pay for. Acceptance differs with food involvement and the role of the price criterion, as well as with gender, education and age. The findings show how food marketing can help consumers to reduce food waste, through actions targeted to specific segments of consumers characterized by food-related lifestyle differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterize the food-related lifestyles of single-person households as home meal replacement (HMR) consumers and to investigate socio-economic dimensions and selection attribute characteristics for HMR according to consumers’ food-related lifestyles. We identified three groups by factor and cluster analysis: “ utilitarians ” (19.3%), “ health-conscious utilitarians ” (22.2%), and “ variety seekers ” (58.5%). Utilitarians are typically in their 20 s, unmarried, and unemployed with relatively lower monthly incomes compared with the other groups. They put less attention on trend and quality, but consider convenience and economic value more important when purchasing HMR products. Health-conscious utilitarians are typically married and in their 40 s and 50 s. They still consider convenience and economic value of HMR products, but the quality of HMR products is the most important factor for them. Finally, variety seekers are relatively well educated, and proportionately more are employed compared with the other groups. They find the trendiness of HMR products more important, although quality, convenience, and economic value are still a consideration for them. Therefore, differentiated strategies are needed to develop and market HMR for single-person households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable meal management at home will be affected by the lifestyle of the housewife. This study examined the lifestyle of middle aged women and identified their practice levels of sustainable meal management at home. A total of 438 women, aged 35 to 59, managing the family’s dietary life at home and living in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Daejeon, and Chonnan area participated in the survey. The middle aged women showed a higher performance level of hygiene-oriented (4.15) and health-oriented dietary life (3.59), but a less convenience-oriented dietary life (2.57). Based on their lifestyle, 3 clusters were extracted: Low-interest dietary life meal manager, health and quality pursuit meal manager, and convenience and eatingout pursuit active meal manager. Among them, the cluster of health and quality pursuit meal manager showed the highest sustainable practices in 7 dimensions of sustainable practices in the home except for the saving practices (p<0.001). The criteria suggested from the study can be applicable to the guidelines of sustainable meal management at home. The study can also be helpful for educators to identify the education themes for improving housewife’s sustainable meal practices, having different lifestyle and sustainable meal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the beverage usage behavior according to the food-related lifestyle in Seoul, Gyeonggi province area. Group 1, named ‘health & safety seeking' group, consists of high percentage of women in their 40s, as well as a high percentage of high income and highly educated. Group 2, was group of ‘high interest in dietary life’, consists of a high percentage of women in their 30s, highly educated, earned 3~5 million won. Group 3, named ‘convenience seeking' group, had a high percentage of men and of those in their 20s who earned less than 2 million won. In verifying the difference between food-related lifestyle groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes towards the usage of beverage specialty shop, group 1 showed significantly high score in the number of visit beverage specialty shops, the intention to spend higher average expenditure per visit per person, importance of selection attributes of beverage specialty shop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how country of residence and food-related lifestyle (FRL) interact in shaping (un)sustainable food consumption patterns. An online survey was carried out in ten European countries (n ≈ 335 in each country), covering the five regions North, South, East, West and Central Europe. Multi-group CFA (AMOS22) was used to test the cross-national validity of the FRL instrument. After deleting a few items, it was found that the factorial structure of all five FRL domains is invariant with respect to factor configuration and factor loadings but not with respect to item intercepts. The segmentation analysis was performed by means of Latent Gold 5.1 and multi-level latent class analysis based on data from all ten countries and using the 23 FRL dimensions as input. A five-segment, three-country class solution was judged to produce the best compromise between fit and parsimony, confirming that cross-country FRL segments can be meaningfully identified, but that the segment structure differs across Europe’s regions. The joint effect of country class and FRL on sustainable food-related consumer behaviour was analysed by means of GLM (SPSS22). Both country class and FRL significantly account for variation in meat and organic food consumption and FRL in addition for variation in sustainable food product innovativeness. Further, there is significant interaction between country and FRL for all outcome variables. Hence, the impact of FRL on sustainability choices partly depends on country of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares consumers’ quality perceptions (in freshness, taste, food safety, value for money, and availability) of proteins from the sea (salmon and cod) and land (chicken, pork, and beef) using intensity of consumers’ food involvement measured by food-related lifestyles (FRL) as an explaining factor. Based on an international survey of around 2000 consumers in four countries, the analysis finds that consumers with high food involvement scores rate fish higher than low involvement score consumers, often favorably to terrestrial meats. Low involved consumers perceive terrestrial meats more favorably than seafood. Seafood struggles with perceived value for money and availability compared to terrestrial meats, particularly among the low and middle involvement groups. The results indicate that low involvement consumers might not consider seafood a substitute for terrestrial meats, in contrast to higher food involvement groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae as novel food is a promising alternative protein source due to its potential contribution to healthier and sustainable food consumption. From this background, we analyze attitudes towards microalgae as food in three Western European countries (Germany, France, and the Netherlands). In addition to insights across countries and gender, we use the food-related lifestyle instrument with its 23 dimensions to explain heterogeneity in attitudes towards microalgae as food. We found pronounced heterogeneity across countries and across gender. Taken together, our results show that the target group for microalgae as food in these Western European countries prefers a healthy lifestyle, is open to try new food and recipes, and is characterized by vegetarian or low meat consumption. These consumers also have a focus on organic production and are interested in the availability of food product information. Further, we could confirm that the price of microalgae must be competitive to meat and meat-based products to increase positive attitudes. From this, our findings contribute to the body of knowledge with respect to drivers and barriers of consumer preference for microalgae as food. In particular, we provide important implications for food producers and marketers, who are interested in increasing acceptance and market share for microalgae as food. • We analyze how food-related lifestyle explain attitudes for microalgae as a food. • Cross-country analysis reveals nuanced results for drivers of microalgae attitudes. • Our findings provide important implications for food producers and marketers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this paper was to identify consumers’ food-related life style toward ready meals in Brazil and Italy. Our specific objectives were (1) to adapt and validate the Bae, Chae and Ryu (2010) scale and (2) to compare and associate the lifestyles to social-demographic characteristics. Consumers are working longer hours, spending more time in traffic and longing to maximize leisure time, which has been increasingly limited. As a result, they demand products and services that facilitate and support their busy lives. A survey was conducted and the research dataset was comprised of a non-probabilistic sample of 155 questionnaires from Italian consumers from Rome and 200 Brazilians from the city of São Paulo. Among the main results, it was shown that the Romans value the tradition and health dimensions more, whereas consumers from São Paulo value convenience and taste. The gender, age, number of people in the household and type of family variables are associated to the attitudes toward ready meal, as well as with its effective consumption. It is believed that these results may be relevant both for the development of new products and for the placement of products and brands active in these markets, or even to identify new market segments or understand different generations of consumers.RESUMOO principal objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os estilos de vida relacionados ao consumo de pratos prontos no Brasil e na Itália. Como objetivos específicos têm-se (1) validar a escala de Bae, Chae e Ryu (2010) nos contextos brasileiro e italiano e (2) comparar e relacionar os estilos de vida a características sociodemográficos. Sabe-se que mudanças no estilo de vida de indivíduos do mundo ocidental têm aumentado a demanda por conveniência na preparação das refeições. Consumidores trabalham mais horas, gastam mais tempo no trânsito e desejam maximizar o tempo de lazer cada vez mais limitado, exigindo, assim, produtos e serviços que facilitem e apoiem a vida agitada. Para a pesquisa survey foram coletados dados de 155 consumidores italianos de Roma e 200 brasileiros de São Paulo escolhidos de maneira não probabilística por conveniência. Dentre os principais resultados destaca-se que os romanos valorizam mais as dimensões tradição e saúde, ao passo que os paulistanos preferem conveniência e sabor. As variáveis gênero, idade, número de pessoas no domicílio e tipo de família possuem associação com os estilos de vida, bem como com o consumo efetivo de pratos prontos. Acredita-se que os resultados apresentados possam ser relevantes tanto para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos como para o posicionamento de produtos e marcas atuantes nesses mercados ou, ainda, para identificar novos segmentos de mercado ou compreender diferentes gerações de consumidores.RESUMENEl objetivo principal del trabajo es identificar el estilo de vida de los consumidores brasileños e italianos en referencia al consumo de comidas preparadas. Los objetivos específicos son: (1) validar la escala de Bae, Chae e Ryu (2010), y (2) comparar y relacionar los estilos de vida a las características sociodemográficas. Se sabe que los cambios en el estilo de vida de los individuos del mundo occidental incrementan la demanda de la conveniencia de preparar comidas. Los consumidores trabajan más horas por día, gastan más tiempo en el tráfico y desean maximizar el tiempo de ocio, cada vez más limitado. Así, esos consumidores exigen productos y servicios que faciliten y apoyen su agitada vida. Se realizó una encuesta y se recopilaron datos de 155 italianos en Roma y 200 brasileños en São Paulo, utilizando el muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Los resultados apuntan que los romanos valoran las dimensiones tradición y salud, y los paulistanos prefieren la conveniencia y el sabor. Las variables género, edad, cantidad de personas en el hogar y tipos de familia, están asociadas con las actitudes y el consumo de comidas preparadas. Se cree que los resultados pueden llegar a ser útiles no sólo para el desarrollo de productos nuevos sino para el posicionamiento de productos y marcas operantes en esos mercados, también para la identificación de nuevos sectores, así como la comprensión de las diferentes generaciones de consumidores.

The aim of this paper is to report longitudinal changes in the market segments concerning a food-related lifestyle in the Republic of Croatia during a ten-year period. In the course of 1997, 2000 and 2006, three personal surveys were conducted. A cross-culturally tested instrument, i.e. Food-Related Lifestyle (FRL) Instrument was used. This instrument measures consumers’ attitudes with regard to food products. The principal dimensions that determine the food-related lifestyle are as follows: ways of shopping, quality aspects, cooking methods, consumption situations and purchasing motives. Using cluster analysis, five different food-related lifestyle segments of Croatian consumers were identified: Relaxed, Experimentalists, Modern, Concerned Nutritionists and Traditionalists. In 1997 and 2000, the characteristics of food-related lifestyle segments remained the same but their size changed. In the latest research (in 2006) major changes refer to certain characteristics of the Modern segment. Some Modern consumers became a part of the Concerned Nutritionists segment. Traditionalists, Concerned Nutritionists and Experimentalists appear to be the most stable segments. This longitudinal study provides insights into a change of the consumer lifestyle and identifies the size of individual segments. It may be of substantial help to food producers, enabling them to adjust their food products to new lifestyle segments and their respective preferences in buying and consuming food products.

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in nutritional knowledge and food preferences according to foodrelated lifestyle among 400 married women. Using the K-average clustering method, food-related lifestyles of subjects were categorized into three clusters: rational and diversity-oriented group, convenience-oriented group, and health-oriented group. The nutritional knowledge level and food preferences among three clusters were compared to each other using ANOVA test. The findings were summarized as follows: For the nutritional knowledge level, health-oriented group showed the highest mean score, whereas the lowest score was detected in the convenience-oriented group. The convenienceoriented group showed higher preferences for fish, meat, eggs, fruits, milk/dairy products, seaweed, grains, etc. among natural food than the other groups. Meanwhile, the rational and diversity-oriented group preferred legumes, and green vegetables, whereas the health-oriented group showed preferences for other vegetables. However, the convenience-oriented group reported more preferences for breads, noodles, pancakes, fried/stir-fried food, and processed food such as sausage, ham, and fast food, This study found that nutritional knowledge level and food preferences were significantly different according to food-related lifestyles of married women living in Seoul and Gyonggie areas. Thus, it is suggested that nutritional education targeting married women needs to be carefully designed by considering their food-related lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years a new form of food production and distribution organisation, as part of small-scale and local agriculture, has been gaining ground. Generically termed short supply chains (SSCs), this new model of food procurement comprises various forms such as community-supported agriculture, box schemes and solidarity purchase groups. Consumer participation in SSCs is dictated by deep motivations: while consumers are principally encouraged by the desire to preserve local producers, as well as the social and environmental aspects of farming, the attraction of SSCs is also tied to different and more complex ways of perceiving food quality. The quality issue in SSCs is not only seen in the light of classic attributes, such as taste and safety, but also in terms of social criteria built on the basis of aspects of products linked to social and environmental domains. This study provides an empirical assessment of consumers participating in SSCs to ascertain whether, and to what extent, those actively involved in an SSC show differences in terms of what is more personal and subjective, such as universal values and food-related lifestyles, compared with those who do not participate. In order to assess such relationships, data were collected from a solidarity purchase group in Sicily (southern Italy). For comparison, a group of consumers in conventional food outlets were also interviewed in the same city. Data were analysed with the propensity score matching method. Our results show that the decision to participate in a solidarity purchase group is especially dictated by profound ideological and emotional considerations. They emphasise the interest in preserving, protecting and sustaining the welfare of other people, in line with the fundamental purpose of short supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western researchers have developed a food-related lifestyle (FRL) instrument for food consumer segmentation in the context of Western culture. However, in the consumer research of Eastern countries, such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Mainland China, the results showed that the FRL instrument was not completely suitable in an Eastern context. Food researchers considered that the FRL instrument should be modified in the Eastern context. Thus, the purpose of this research is to use the modified FRL instrument to segment Chinese consumers. There are 897 valid questionnaires, which were collected from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. After using the two-stage cluster analysis, Chinese food consumers are divided into five parts: uninvolved consumers (13.0%), health-concerned consumers (20.4%), adventurous consumers (13.4%), urban consumers (33.3%), and traditional consumers (19.8%). Significant differences of supermarket images are found among segments based on food-related lifestyle. The results showed that health-concerned consumers and adventurous consumers have higher evaluations of supermarket image, while uninvolved and urban consumers are dissatisfied with supermarket image. After segmentation variables are made, marketing strategies for supermarkets are proposed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This paper aims to identify consumer preferences before Dongchimi products are commercialized and brought to the market. It provides basic data for research and development of Dongchimi products, examining consumer preferences for general products and purchase intentions based on eating-out behavior, dietary lifestyle and demographic characteristics. Finally, the study examined male and female consumers more than 18 years old who have eaten Dongchimi, particularly their consumption behavior. Design/methodology/approach -- This study was based on preliminary in-depth interviews of consumers to investigate consumer Dongchimi consumption behavior. The authors examined their demographic characteristics, dining-out behavior, dietary lifestyles, how often they buy pickled products and the circumstances in which they consume Dongchimi products. Various statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0, including frequency analysis of the general characteristics of subjects, chi-square test for difference verification as well as factor analysis and cluster analyses. Findings -- More than half of the respondents eat Dongchimi products only once or twice every six months or once or twice a year. Consumers prefer Dongchimi's glass bottle packaging with two to three servings of white radish, the original version of Dongchimi. Furthermore, cross-analysis comparing purchase intentions of Dongchimi products among clusters revealed significant differences (χ2 = 212.58, df = 2, p < 0.001). The group most concerned with taste and diet showed 100 per cent purchase intention. However, the group most interested in convenience showed only 50 per cent purchase intention for Dongchimi products. The group primarily concerned with health showed little intention to purchase. Originality/value -- Food scholars have investigated consumption behaviors of domestic consumers in developing kimchi products, but research on Dongchimi is lacking, especially of consumption behaviors by actual consumers. Using certain determinants (marital status, expense of dining out, frequency of buying pickled products and food-related lifestyle), the authors analyzed the purchasing intentions of consumers of Dongchimi products. The results show that married consumers who spend heavily on dining out and purchase pickled foods frequently, but who are also concerned about taste and diet, were those with the highest intention to purchase Dongchimi products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to expand casual-dining restaurant research and cross-cultural preference perceptions by investigating whether differences exist between university students in two cultures. Seven construct measures were adapted from a study of full-service restaurants, food-related lifestyle questions, and a chain versus independent restaurants survey. A 43-item survey was then completed by both Polish and American university students. Consumer preferences regarding casual-dining restaurants were identified showing applicability across these two cultures. Significant cross-cultural differences were found in five of the seven measurement constructs. The survey constructs can be applied in practice to investigate customer preferences regarding casual-dining restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood consumers are vastly heterogeneous in terms of their knowledge, confidence, and perceptions about seafood. This article examines the relationship between consumer perceptions (healthiness, value for money, and convenience) and salmon consumption frequencies while modeling unobserved consumer heterogeneity by segmenting consumers based on their food-related lifestyle. We employ latent class analysis (LCA) that embeds the structural equation modeling (SEM) to ensure the latent nature of both the consumer segment and the food lifestyle measures are properly accounted for. The analysis is applied to five European countries (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, and Sweden). We contribute to the literature by providing new insights into how food lifestyle may influence the salmon consumption behavior by highlighting the differences among food lifestyle segments in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo compare obese v. non-obese consumers in terms of their general food-related lifestyles and to explore possible food-related factors affecting obesity in Italy.DesignThe data were collected using a self-completion questionnaire. Data included sociodemographic information, measures of the Food-Related Lifestyle scale (FRL) and self-reported weight and height. A logistic regression model was fitted for the sample with obesity as the dependent variable and sociodemographic characteristics and FRL dimensions as the independent variables.SettingThe survey was carried out in Italy between October and November 2010.SubjectsOne thousand respondents were recruited with equal quotas for men v. women. The sample was representative of the Italian population in term of age groups and geographic areas. The participants were over 18 years of age and were solely or jointly responsible for the family's food shopping.ResultsOur analyses revealed that sociodemographic, economic and cultural variables affect the increasing rate of obesity in Italy. Obese respondents appeared to find more enjoyment from shopping and interest in cooking compared with non-obese ones. Moreover, they were more likely to find self-fulfilment in foods. However, obese respondents appeared to be less interested in the nutritional content of foods, suggesting their weak involvement in nutritional aspects when they eat. In fact, the obese respondents gave preference to snacks over meals.ConclusionsThe outcome of the study would suggest that in targeted interventions for public health purposes in order to address obesity, attention should be placed on the role that food plays in obese consumers’ lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than half of Danes buy organic food products every week; however, this has not been reflected in the retail sale of organic fish and shellfish. Therefore, this paper aims to perform consumer segmentation through the food-related lifestyle (FRL) instrument and determine the factors influencing intention to buy organic fish among Danish consumers applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Survey data were collected using a validated questionnaire from 237 Danish convenient consumers. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between the TPB constructs. Consumer segmentation was based on the FRL instrument (incl. The shopping scripts, higher-order product attributes, and meal preparation scripts) as a basis for consumer segmentation. Factor analysis with hierarchical clustering yielded four consumer segments: the "Careless" (31.6% of the respondents), the "Rational" (17.3%), the "Cooks" (31.6%), and the "Eco-moderate" (19.4%). Consumers from the Careless segment had the highest percentage of respondents buying organic fish (39.1%), followed by those from the Cooks (33.1%). However, consumers from the Cooks segment purchase organic fish regularly, followed by the Careless segment (27.3% and 11.5%, respectively). The results from SEM indicated that past experience, perceived barriers such as difficulty to judge the quality, and availability of organic fish were significant predictors of the intention to buy organic fish. However, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived price were not significant predictors of the intention to buy organic fish. The intention to buy organic fish showed a strong positive correlation with the reported consumption frequency of organic fish. Hence, focusing on perceived barriers, past experience with buying organic, and promoting availability among consumers is likely to trigger a behavioural intention of buying organic fish, thereby potentially increasing the purchasing frequency of organic fish. • We performed consumer segmentation and quantify the effect of factors influencing intention to buy organic fish. • Food related lifestyle instrument and the theory of planned behaviour were utilized. • Four consumer segments were identified. • Past experience, availability and perceived barriers are the most important factors driving intention to buy organic fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To distinguish consumer typologies on the basis of their food-related lifestyle in the principal municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, and to characterize these according to their food consumption habits inside and outside the home, sociodemographic characteristics and their level of satisfaction with food-related life. Materials and methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 951 people in the principal municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago (more than 100,000 inhabitants). The instrument for collecting data included an adaptation of the food-related life (FRL) questionnaire and the satisfaction with food-related life (SWFL) scale. The food consumption habits inside and outside the home were asked about as well as sociodemographic classification variables of those surveyed. Results: Using a cluster analysis, five typologies were distinguished with significant differences in the five components obtained from the FRL with a factorial analysis of the principal components. The typologies presented a different gender, age and socioeconomic level profile and differed in the scores obtained on the SWFL. They differed in the frequency with which the person has lunch, tea (“once" in Chile) and dinner at home. With respect to the meals outside the home, the typologies were distinguished according to the frequency of meals in restaurants, fast food outlets and in the purchase of prepared food. Conclusions: A lifestyle where eating is related to low involvement and enjoyment of food is associated with a person's higher socioeconomic level and lower age. Additionally, a greater frequency of meals in restaurants and the purchase of prepared food combined with a lower frequency of meals at home is associated with unhealthy eating habits of little benefit to the person, which might have a bearing on a lower level of food-related life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objectives of this study are to examine the Generation Y consumer segments’ selection attributes and behavioral intentions toward green restaurants. A survey was administered to college students between the ages of 17 and 30 at a university in a Southeastern United States city. This study identified four different consumer segments of Generation Y college students according to their food-related lifestyles. Across the four segments, there were significant differences in selection attributes. In addition, significant differences were identified between the four segments regarding their behavioral intentions toward green restaurants. Finally, the marketing implications for the target groups are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Though previous studies have closely examined public perceptions of various types of food hazards as well as trust and risk communication issues, no adequate attention has been directed to understanding an individual's trust-in-food-safety typology in terms of reflexive-non-reflexive and trust-distrust praxes associated with food-related lifestyles regarding the assessment, preparation and actual consumption of food products. The aim of this study is to understand ifpeople with different trust-in-food-safety typologies will have different food-related lifestyles. The ANOVA results in this Taiwanese case reveal that Denying respondents always obtained the lowest scores for all subscales of the food-related lifestyles scale except one (the recognition that cooking is a woman's task). Naive respondents not only recognise that cooking is woman's task but also enjoy looking for new ways and have self-fulfilment in food. Sceptical respondents express high interest in specialty shops, price criteria, health, price/quality relation, organic products and freshness but do not recognise that cooking is woman's task. Sensible respondents express high interest in the importance of product information, shopping lists, whole family, planning and social relationships. But for each trust-in-food-safety typology, all respondents' food-related lifestyles in terms of consumption situations and their attitudes toward advertising, their enjoyment from shopping and their interest in cooking are the same. Moreover, taste, convenience and security are equally important among the four types of respondents who have different degrees of trust in food safety. Some suggestions for the food policy makers and the marketers of the food industry are also provided here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]